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1
Pollution Control Department
An Overview of Hazardous Waste Management & Prevention
in Thailand
ContentsType of HWCurrent situation and Impacts from HWLaws and regulationsGovernment PolicyGeneral Practices of HW managementPilot programsControl of transboundary movement of hazardous waste and other wastesNew developments
2
Industrial HW
The Notification of the ministry of industry on Disposal of wastes or unusable materials B.E. 2548 (2005)
HW means wastes that contain or contaminate with hazardous materials or exhibit the hazardous characteristics including flammable, corrosive, reactive, toxic, or having the specified constituents.
HW means wastes listed in the Annex.
4
Hazardous Waste Definition by Laws
5
HW Classification and Identification
HW Listing in accordance with Factory Act and HSAHazardous Characterization defined in the Notification of MOI on Disposal of Wastes or Unusable Materials B.E. 2548 (2005) issued pursuant to Factory Act
Infectious WasteRegulation of MOPH B.E. 2545 (2002)
The term “infectious waste” includes Body parts or carcasses of human and animal from surgery, autopsies and researchSharps, such as needles, blades, syringes, vials, glass wares, slides and cover slidesDiscarded materials contaminated with blood, blood components, body fluids from humans or animals, or discarded live and attenuated vaccines, such as cotton, other cloths and syringesWastes from wards as specified by MOPH
6
Infectious WasteSources• Hospitals/Clinics• Health care center• Research facilities and laboratories• Autopsy Centers and Mortuaries and
injections• Blood Collection Facilities
7
Blade and needle Infectious waste
Household HW
8
Fluorescent Lamps
Dry Cell Batteries Used Lead Acid Batteries
Painting Spray & Insecticide Containers
Used Printer Cartridges
Example of Hazardous Wastes
WEEE
9
E-O-F Electrical and Electronic Equipments
3. IT Equipments2. Small Home Appliances
6. Monitoring & Control Instruments
4. Consumer
Products
7. Electrical & Electronic Tools
5. Lighting Equipments
8. Medical Instruments 9. Electrical & Electronic Toys 10. Automatic Dispensers
1. Large Home Appliances
Example of Hazardous Wastes
11
Situation on HW Management
Household HW 0.6 MT
2.4 MT
Industrial HW
Recyclable
Solvents Used oils Used lead acid batteries Flurescent lampsTV/Computer CRTs Other WEEEs
Hospital Incinerators
65%
Private sectors 7%
Disposal LAO 28% (Co-disposal with MSW 1.7% , Secured landfill 7.4% , Incinerators 2.5% , etc. 16.5%)
0.037 MT
Infectious W.
ImproperManage 60%
Proper Manage 40%
12
Region Hazardous wastePercentage (%)
North 3.5Central 54.5Northeast 2.8South 4.1East 30.6West 4.5Total 100.00 Source: DIW May 2008
Estimated hazardous industrial wastes distribution in Thailand
16
Poor facilities
No appropriate segregation & collection system
No properly disposed
Lack of awareness & knowledge
20
Legal obligations on hazardous waste handling
Waste Type Key Legislation Relevance Authorities
Industrial Waste(Hazardous & Non-Hazardous Waste)
Major laws: Factory Act 1992 (FA), Industrial Estates Act 1992 (IEA), Hazardous Substance Act 1992 (HSA)Relevant Laws:Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act 1992 (NEQA)
-Empower MOI & IEAT to set up and enforce the criteria & stds for controlling the HW management
-Establish the EIA system applied for high pollution industries & central treatment facilities as well as empower MNRE & NEB to set up the ambient & emission stds.
-MoI, OPS, DIW, IEAT
-MNRE
Infectious Waste(generated from hospitals or clinics)
Major laws: Public Health Act 2007 (PHA), Determining Planning and Staging of Decentralization Act 1999
Relevant Laws: NEQA
-Specify LAO’s responsibilities to provide the proper waste management services including the infectious waste and household HW management-Set up emission std. for IW incinerator as a pollution point source
-MoPH, LAO
-MNRE
21
Waste Type Key Legislation Relevance Authorities
Radioactive Waste
Major laws: Atomic Energy for Peace Act 1961 Amended in 2008Relevant Laws: -
-Empower OAP and the National Committee on Atomic Energy for Peace to set up and enforce the criteria & stds for controlling the nuclear & radiation material as well as the radioactive waste
-MoST(OAP)
Laboratory Waste
Major laws: Factory Act 1992
Relevant Laws: Public Health Act
-Empower MoI & IEAT to set up and enforce the criteria & stds for controlling the lab license-Set up the certified system for chemical laboratory including the lab waste management- No specific law to regulate lab waste generated from non-industrial sector such as academic institutions
-MoI(DIW)
Legal obligations on hazardous waste handling
22
Waste Type Key Legislation Relevance Authorities
Household Hazardous Waste (from community incl. e-waste)
Major laws: PHA & Decentralization Act for HHW
Relevant Laws: HAS
-no specific law for the management
-Set up the criteria for controlling the Import of used e-products and e-wastes
-MoPH, LAO-MNRE -MoI
Product oriented
Major laws: Industrial Standard ActRelevant Laws: -
- Restriction on the use of certain hazardous substance in products
-MoI(TISI)
MoPH = Ministry of Public Health, LAO = Local Administration Organization;MNRE = Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment;MoST = Ministry of Science and Technology, OAP = Office of Atoms for Peace;MoI = Ministry of Industry, DIW = Department of Industrial Works, IEAT = Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand, OPS = Office of the Permanent Secretary.
Regulations on hazardous waste prevention
23
Legal obligations on hazardous waste handling
Industrial Estate Act, B.E. 2522 (1979)The Act governs the powers of the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand, including enforcement of regulations and taking action on hazardous waste practices within industrial estates.
Factory Act, B.E. 2535 (1992)The Act authorizes the Ministry of Industry to issue standards and specify methods for the control, handling, and disposal of waste by a factory and to license, permit, and inspect factory operations, including waste management. It also governs the licensing, permitting, and inspection of waste treatment, disposal, and recycling facilities.
24
Legal obligations on hazardous waste handling
The Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act , B.E. 2535 (1992)The Act generally applies to industrial and infectious waste management through environmental planning and environmental quality standards and monitoring. It also establishes EIA system, which applies to high pollution industries and central treatment facilities.
Hazardous Substance Act, B.E. 2535 (1992)The Act Governs a broad range of hazardous substances, including hazardous and infectious waste. It allows the handling, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste to be specified in a ministerial decree.
Household Hazardous WastePublic Health Act (3rd edition) B.E. 2550 (2007)
Revised definition of “municipal waste” to include community-generated hazardous waste
Household hazardous waste management is under municipality’s duty
Municipality can give concession to private company
No detailed regulations on how to handle such waste (PCD’s proposing the code of practice)
25
27
Hazardous Waste
CommunityGenerated HW &
WEEE
IndustrialGenerated HW
Private Collection
Rec
over
y
InfectiousWaste
Formal SectorWaste ExchangeDeposit RefundRecovery Unit
Type
Sou
rce
Trea
tmen
t & D
ispo
salC
olle
ctio
n
Municipal Collection
Improper HW Disposal
Illegal Dumping
Discharge to Sewer/ Environment
Co-disposal with Municipal Waste
Proper HW Disposal
Thermal Disposal / Incineration
Secured Landfill
Integrated Disposal Facility
Functional Elements of Waste Practices
Informal SectorJunk Shop
Waste BuyerScavenger
28
Government Perspective and Policy
Implement Environment-friendly WM System Integrated WM Center (WTE) /
CGHW Center /
Prevent Thailand become a waste dump
illegal traffic of HW / end receiver of waste /
2nd hand market
GreenConsumption
LCA oriented
Promote the Private
Sector’s RoleGreen supply
chain / 3Rs / CT / Eco-design
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENTCapacity building for
Local governments
public participation
Promote an environment-friendly waste management systemEnhance waste management capacity of local administrative authoritiesPollution Prevention and reduction from Production & ConsumptionProtect the country to become an end receiver of waste
29
HWM policy
Economic instrument to derive the environmentally sound segregation & collection system of hazardous wastePlan to establish regional hazardous waste transfer stations and treatment facilitiesEncourage HW recycling before final disposal
30
Promote an environment-friendly waste management system
31
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 3Target
Zone 1: Central & north-eastern region
Zone 2 : Northern region
Zone 3 : Southern region
Establish HW transfer stations and HHW facility
1st Center
Pilot on Collection
Fuel Blending Unit
Blending Used Oil, Spent Solvents and Additives to be used as Alternative Fuel
33
Co-processing of HW in Cement Kiln
35
Example of HW used as alternative fuels: Paint sludge, Solvents, Used oil or oily contaminated material, Polymer Cake, Resin, Etc.
Environmentally sound Infectious waste managementDevelop household hazardous waste management scheme suitable for local government
37
Enhance waste management capacity of local administrative authorities
EcoDesignRoHSWaste Exchange ProgramGreen purchasing and green public procurement
38
Pollution Prevention and reduction from Production & Consumption
45
Master Plan on Industrial Waste ManagementScope of Master Plan
Minimization of waste and environmentally sound management of waste
Minimization of waste to be landfill with promotion of appropriate reuse & recycle
Enhance capabilities for collections,storage, and transport from WG to WP
Enhance capabilities forrecycle and treatment facilities
47
standards and procedures controlling the management of hazardous waste in the country
-Shall not store HW on-site more than 90 days, except with prior approval from DIW;-Shall not take HW out of the factory without a permit & not take it to non-permitted facilities;-Shall register in the manifest system, complete a manifest doc & ensure that it shall accompany each transport, and retain its copy ≥ 3 years for monitoring;-Shall be liable for losses, accidents, illegal dumping of HW;-Shall appoint certified personnel for the factory’s EMS; -Shall prepare a contingency plan; and-Shall keep up-to-date records of HW details & notify them annually to DIW
-Shall receive only allowed HW to be processed within
the facilities;-Shall register to the manifest system, complete a manifest doc, retain its copy ≥ 3 years
for monitoring; -Shall electronically notify DIW once receiving HW;
-Shall obtain the HW analysis from the certified lab;
-Shall be liable for the receiving HW;
-Shall appoint certified personnel for the EMS of
facilities; -Shall prepare a contingency
plan; and-Shall keep up-to-date
records of HW details & notify them annually to DIW
Waste Transporters
-Shall carry HW to the permitted facilities & not
possess it >10 days;-Shall register in the manifest system, sign & accompanya manifest doc with each
transport, retain its copy ≥ 3 years for monitoring, submit a report to DIW every year;-Allow designated agents by
WG & WP to collect and transport of HW in which they
share liability;-Restrict to comply with the rules of HS transportation &
ensure that a driver shall carry a driving license type 4 (for the transport of HS); and
-Shall arrange insurances covering the liability for the loss of life, property, and costs of HW disposal &
environmental reinstatement. (only for land transportation)
Waste Generators
WasteProcessors
48
Criteria, standards and procedures controlling the management of hazardous waste in the country
Waste Transporters
Waste Generators
WasteProcessors
Contingency PlanProcedures and code of practice for responding to fire, explosion, HW leaking or spillingPreparation with local organization including LOAs, police station, fire station, hospitals, rescue team, etc. for providing the assistances Contact details of responsible persons or coordinators List of ER equipments and where they areMigration planPost recovering plan
50
Public Health Act B.E. 2535 (1992): section 18, 19, and 20The Regulation of Ministry of Public Health issued pursuant to Public Health Act B.E. 2535 (1992) on Infectious Waste Management
Definition & CategoriesComplianceSegregation & CollectionTransportationTreatment & Disposal
Notification of Ministry of Public Health B.E. 2546 (2003) on Analysis Methods for testing Biological Standard (4 March 2003)Notification of Ministry of Public Health B.E. 2546 (2003) on Hazard Symbol for labeling on Infectious Waste Container (4 March 2003)
National Legislation on Infectious Waste Handling
51
National Legislation on IW Handling: Definition
The term “infectious waste” includes • Body parts• Sharps• Discarded materials • Wastes from wards
Sources• Hospitals/Clinics• Health care center• Research facilities and laboratories• Blood Collection Facilities• Autopsy Centers and Mortuaries and
injections
52
National Legislation on IW Handling: Scope of Application
• Government and private hospitals
• Pathogenic Laboratories
• BMA, Pattaya, Municipalities
• Private Collectors/Disposers
53
Segregation at sourceContainers : Red Plastic Bag/Box/Drum labelling with “Infectious Waste” &biohazard symbolAll types of IW excluded sharps shall be packed in the red bag which do not exceed to 2/3 of the total volume.Sharps shall be packed in the boxes which do not exceed to 3/4 of the total volume.If it is necessary to store IW, the specific temp. control area at least10 °C shall be provided.Trained workers for on-site collection shall be required.
National Legislation on IW Handling: Segregation and Collection
54
National Legislation on IW Handling: Transportation
Specification/qualification for the collection vehicle are specified as follows:
• Minimum controlled temp of 10ºC• Required Placard of “Use for IW
Transport Only” and the biohazard symbol
• Required emergency response and communication equipment
Qualified personnel in B.Sc. & B.E. for the transportation system control shall be required.Trained drivers and workers for transport shall be required.
55
National Legislation on IW Handling: Treatment & Disposal
By using the IW incineration, the incinerator shall have 2 chambers and have to control as follows:• Temp. of 1st chamber not less than 760 ºC• Temp. of 2nd chamber not less than 1,000 ºC• Emissions shall be met the MOPH’s Std.
For the other disposal methods, the residue shall be met the specified biological standard and may treat or dispose as the solid waste in the environmental sound manner.IW shall be disposed within 30 days after collecting and transporting from sources.Qualified persons in B.Sc. and B.E. for treatment and disposal system control shall be required.Trained workers for treatment and disposal operation shall be required.Monitoring & operating report shall be submitted to the local government every month.
Area with existing incinerator
Area w/o existing incinerator
1. เชียงใหม่ ลาํพูน ลาํปาง แม่ฮ่องสอน
11. พษิณุโลก ตาก สุโขทยั อุตรดิตถ์
3. นครสวรรค์ อุทยัธานี กาํแพงเพชร พจิิตร ชัยนาท
4. พระนครศรีอยุธยา อ่างทอง สิงห์บุรี สระบุรี
2. สุพรรณบุรี ราชบุรี นครปฐม กาญจนบุรี
4. สมุทรสาคร เพชรบุรี
ประจวบครีีขันธ์ สมุทรสงคราม
5. ภูเกต็ พงังา กระบี่
9. นครศรีธรรมราช ตรัง พทัลุง
10. ยะลา ปัตตานี นราธิวาส
1. เชียงราย พะเยา แพร่ น่าน
6. อุดรธานี หนองคาย หนองบัวลาํภู เลย
2. มุกดาหาร นครพนม กาฬสินธุ์ สกลนคร
7. ขอนแก่น มหาสารคาม ร้อยเอด็
5. เพชรบูรณ์ ชัยภูม ิลพบุรี
6. นครราชสีมา บุรีรัมย์ สุรินทร์
7. ฉะเชิงเทรา นครนายก สระแก้ว ปราจีนบุรี
8. ชลบุรี(พทัยา) ระยอง จันทบุรี ตราด
8. สุราษฏร์ธานี ชุมพร ระนอง
9. สงขลา(หาดใหญ่) สตูล
3. นนทบุรี กทม. ปทุมธานี สมุทรปราการ
10. อุบลราชธานี อาํนาจเจริญ ศรีษะเกษ ยโสธร
Area-based co-disposal of infectious waste
Clustered provinces for co-disposal
Infectious Waste Incinerators
59
HW Situation
Air Pollution Controlled Unit
Waste Water Treatment Unit
66
Recycling
Disposal: secured landfill, incineration
Transportation
Collection to transfer station
HHW
Community
Incentive
Awareness raising
Household HW management scheme
Drop off or Special
Collection Day
67
People’s manual/Bouchoure
HHW Mascot “Mr. Toxic”HHW’s Campign Poster
A Famous Singer assist PCD to promote HHW management in the Community
People learn “What is HHW?”from playing games in community’s festival.
Household HW management scheme
1. Awareness Raising
68
2. Separation Methods
Door to DoorDrop OffSpecial Day
Door to door collection Special collection day
Drop off designated point
Household HW management scheme
70
Household HW management scheme
Separated HHW by Drop Off
MP Battery
Dry Cell Battery
Aerosol Can and others
Straight FL
Other FL
71
Household HW management scheme
Government Bldg.
In Communities
Commercial Shops
Schools
Drop Off Centers
79
Household HW management scheme
5. Transportation to Recycling or Disposal Facilities
Only by permitted transporters
80
Household HW management scheme
Only by permitted recycling facilities
Courtesy of Toshiba Lighting
6. Recycling
81
Household HW management scheme
Only by permitted treatment or disposal facilities
7. Treatment or Disposal
Courtesy of Siam Cement Courtesy of BWG
83
Tax incentive derived the segregation & collection of HHW: case study of used lead acid batteries
Battery
Manufacturer
End Users/
Customers
Shops/
Service Center
Collectors
Lead Smelters
Battery
Importer
Other Manufacturing that Used Recyclable Lead
Battery Products
Used Battery/
Recyclable Lead
Tax reduction 5%
If 50% of recyclable lead is used
Their EMS is extraordinarily audited by WG.
84
Lead smelting partnership program
Initiate the tax incentive program for the environmentally sound recycling of the used lead acid batteries.
Lead Smelting Unit
Cutting and Removing Plastic Case Separating Lead Plates from Plastic CaseMixing, Smelting & RefiningLead Ingot => BatteryPlastic case => Recycling
85
86
Pilot Project onMobile Phone Battery Taking Back System
Producer
Service Provider
Retailed Shop/Service Center
UserSecond- hand
Market
End-of-life product
Designated Retailed Shop/ Service Center
Collection Center
Dismantle/ Recycle
Final Disposal
89
Household Users Municipalities
2
1
3Provide containersContact producers
4
Municipalities collect WFL from Business Users
5 Producers collect WFL from municipalities
PR
Makers may collect WFL directly from Business
Users
- Focal point- Facilitate collection activities- Develop main guideline- Manifest document- PR
PCD
3
3
Producers
4
5
Registered to PCD
Business Users
PR
Collection
Provide containers
Pilot Project on Fluorescent Lamp Recycling
Control of transboundary movement of hazardous waste:
To protect Thailand from illegally imported HW and other wastes
92
Basel ConventionKey Objectives
Reduce transboundary movements of hazardouswastes to a minimum consistent with their environmentally sound management;Dispose of hazardous wastes as close as possible totheir source of generation;Minimize generation of hazardous wastes in termsof quantity and hazardousness.
93
Approach to HWM and Existing Program
Pillars• Regulation of all Transboundary Movements
of Hazardous Wastes• Environmentally Sound Management of Hazardous
Wastes and Other Wastes and of Their Disposal
Basel ConventionSigned in 1990 Ratified in 1997Designated the implementing agencies as follows:
DIW as the Competent AuthorityPCD as the Focal PointSeveral supportive agencies, e.g.Customs Dept., Port Authority of Thailand, Marine Dept., Dept. of Insurance, etc.
94
Approach to HWM and Existing Program
Legal system
Transboundary Movement
95
Hazardous Substances Act B.E. 2535 (1992)– Defining the list of Basel wastes (List A, Annex VIII) and
special wastes to control the import and export– Setting up the specific permitting criteria for controlling the
import and export of hazardous wastes (List A, plastic scarps)
Hazardous Waste ManagementFactory Act B.E. 2535 (1992)– Notification of MOI B.E. 2548 (2005): Control of
industrial wastes within the countryPublic Health Act B.E. 2535 (1992)– Regulation of MOPH B.E. 2545 (2002): Control of
infectious wastes within the country
Approach to HWM and Existing Program
Control System
Permission Procedure
96
The Import and export of hazardous wastes and special wastes (i.e. plastic wastes) are required the permission from Department of Industrial Works in accordance with the national law and the Basel Convention
Perform the waste sample & its analytical compositions and the condition of waste container/packaging
Report the work plan for the importation of hazardous waste on the yearly basis
Notify/declare the necessary documents before importation not less than 15 days
Notification/
Apply the Permit
Waste Samples
Waste Compositions
Waste Conditions
Yearly plan for importation/shipment
Approach to HWM and Existing Program
Control System (con’t)
Illegal Traffic Investigation and Cooperation
97
Discrepancy in document(false declaration) or unclaimed goods (> 2 months) Inform shipping agent/ consignee in 15 daysSet up the investigation team incl. customs investigators, port officers & other agencies Investigate the container and other relevant evidenceConsult with the authorized agencies for further legal actions
False declaration/unclaimed goods
Inform agent/ consignee
Set up investigation team
Investigation
Legal actions
Approach to HWM and Existing Program
98
Training Course on Identification and Prevention of Illegal Traffic of Wastes
Approach to HWM and Existing Program
HW definition
Legislation for controlling
the HW importRoles of Customs, Port Authorities, shipping agents
Illegal shipment Inspection
Environmental and waste sampling
99
DIW Notification on the Import of Used EEE & Its Parts/ Components, 2007
32 items of used EEE are required the import permission from DIW.
Import of used EEE is allowed only for activities of reuse, repair/refurbish as it original purposes, disassembly and recycle/recovery.
The definitions of used EEE & its parts are defined.
100
32 Items include: RadioTape-recorder player DVD Video playerVCD playerVideo PlayerTVAir conditionerWashing machineCloth dyerDry-cleaner machineRice cookerElectric potMicrowaveElectric ovenElectric fanRefrigerator
Water coolerHair dryerIronBurglar or fire alarm & similar apparatusCompressors of a kind used refrigerating equipment CalculatorElectric type writerPhotocopierTelephoneFax machineTelegraph machineMobile phoneComputer MonitorScannerPrinter
DIW Notification on the Import of Used EEE & Its Parts/ Components, 2007
101
• Criteria for determination in case of reuse: – Used EEE & its parts with special properties required for importer’s business. The purpose and plan of use are required.
– Used parts must be in the same condition as manufactured and will be used as spare parts for damaged parts.
• In case of repair:– In case that used EEE or its parts exported for repair are imported back, the export evidence is required.
– In case that used EEE or its parts are imported for repair, the schedule plan of repair and the consent that they will be taken back to the exporting country is required.
DIW Notification on the Import of Used EEE & Its Parts/ Components, 2007
102
• In case of refurbish:– Limited age (≤ 5 yrs for photocopier & its parts, except toner cartridge and fuser module; ≤ 3 yrs for others)
– Meet with TISI’s compulsory std.– Still have enough economic value– Facilities must obtain a permit in accordance with Factory Act, 1992
– Consent that all residues from the process will be taken back to the Exporting Country is required, if such residues can not be handled in Thailand.
• In case of dismantling & recycle/recovery:– This used EEE is hazardous waste that the importer must follow the Basel Convention.
DIW Notification on the Import of Used EEE & Its Parts/ Components, 2007
103
Other law/regulation to control import of certain waste
Export and Import of Goods ActBan the import of mixed plastic wasteBan the import of used tyres (with some exception)
Resolution of the National Environment Board
Ban the import of waste lead-acid batteries
Promulgate new laws and regulationsLaws related to hazardous waste management based on financial and economic instrumentHealth Impact Assessment (HIA) requirementImport of waste asbestos and PCB-contaminated waste to be banned
Improve management of industrial hazardous waste
Laws related to hazardous waste management based on financial and economic instrumentWaste processor/recycler ratingPromotion of Eco-town
105
Policy and regulation development
106
Financial Mechanism : Fund
Draft Law on the Environmental Economic Instruments
FUND
Draft Law related to Household HazardousWaste Management
Water AirOthers
Pollution Tax
BatteriesUsed TiresE‐wasteOthers
Product Charge
Tourisms
Climate changesOthers
Other Instruments for Environmental
Preservation
Proposed e-waste and HHW Management Scheme
EEE Producers
EEE Importers (new/used)
Export of EEE & WEEE
Distributors & Retail Shops
Consumers
Spare PartsShops
Dismantling & Recycling Facilities
EEE Repair Shops
Waste collectors(Tri-cyclers/Junk
Shops)
Final Disposal Facilities
Material Producers
Buy-Back Centers
Government Fund
Fee Collecting Agencies
Buy-back partners
Financial flow
Product-waste flow
108
Thank you
Pollution Control Department92 Soi Phahonyothin 7, Phayathai, Bangkok 10400 ThailandTel: +66 (0) 2298 2435Fax: +66 (0) 2298 [email protected]://www.pcd.go.th
One world, don’t waste it!