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c_g cKvk deqvwi 1963

cKvkK gynv` kvgmyi ingvb mUvix Bmjvn&I Bikv` c~ecvwKvb Avygvb Avng`xqv 4 eKkxevRvi ivW, XvKv-1|

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wZxq msiY deqvwi 2009cKvkK wRjyi ingvb GKvWgx di IwiqUvj vwWR

12-wW, 27/32, cjex, wgicyi, XvKv-1216

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msLv 1000 Kwc M^Z Bmjvg BUvibvkbvj cvewjKk wjwgUW wUjdvW, hyivR

Abyev` ^Z Avng`xqv gymwjg RvgvZ, evsjv`k

fQv g~j ccvievK : 125 UvKv (US $ 5.00) nvWevK : 150 UvKv (US $ 6.00)

Hayat-e-Tayabah(Original in Urdu) Published by

Zillur Rahman Academy for Oriental Studies

12-D, 27/32, Pa llab i, Mirpur, Dhaka-1216, Bang ladesh

Cover Design : Hamidur Rahman

ISBN978-984-992-005-2

By Sheikh Abd ul Qadir (Saud agar M al)

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wZxq msiYi fywgKvnvqvZ ZvBqev nhiZ wghv Mvjvg Avng` gwmn gvID` I gvn`x

gvID` (Av.) Gi Rxeb I Kgi welqwfwK GKwU cvgvY MelYvjgwjK M| h Kvb Av`vjbi ceZK weklZ: Kvb AvavwZK

Av`vjb m~PbvKvixi Rxeb AvjvPbv mB Av`vjbi cwiwa, evw Iwelqe g~jvqbi mnvqK nq| Avng`xqv gymwjg RvgvZi m`m`iwbKU nhiZ gwmn gvID` (Av.) Gi GKwU cvgvY Rxebx M_vKv hgbGKvcqvRb wVK Zgwb hviv Avng`xqv gymwjg RvgvZ m^ RvbZ

AvMnx Zv`iI Zuvi Rxeb-PwiZ Rvbvi cqvRb iqQ| GB MwUcwZkZ gwmn (Av.) Gi NUbvej Rxebi GKwU `qMvnx wPvKlK

weeiY| GwU co cvVK AvZnviv nZ cvieb Ges Ggb GK ewievwZ I ghv`v m^ aviYv KiZ cvieb huvK ^qs Avjvn ZvAvjvcwZkZ gwmn I gvn`x wnmve gbvbxZ KiQb Ges hvi dj gynv`(mv.) Gi fwelvYx cwic~YZv jvf KiQ| Avgiv Avkv Kwi cvVK GB

eBwU co DcKZ neb| GiKg eB cZK Avng`xi AekB covDwPZ| aygv AbycvwYZ nevi Rb bq, eis `vIqvZ Bjvjvn I ZejxMiDcKiY wnmeI eBwU AZzjbxq| evsjv Abyev`KZ eBwUi PwjZ iccyb:cKvk eZgvb mgqi h_v_ `vwe c~iY GKv cqvRb wQj| GB

eBqi jLK gig kL Ave`yj Kvw`i GK wn`ycwievi RbMnY KibGes wZwb Lye A eqm Bmjvg ag w`wZ nq RvgvZ Avng`xqvqhvM`vb Kib| ci wZwb Bmjvg agi GKRb mdj cPviK ev wgkbvwi

wnme RvgvZ Avng`xqvi m`i gyiwe nb| wZwb RvgvZi AbK eBcyK iPbv KiQb|

nvqvZ ZvBqev g~j eBwU D`yfvlvq jLv Ges lvU `kKi c_g w`K(1963) evsjvq Ab~w`Z nq| g~j D`y cyKi c_g Li c_g evsjv

Abyev` Kib gjex gynv` Avjx Avbvqvi| gjex gvnv` mvne Icvb m`i gyiex gjvbv gywneDjvn mvne h_fve Abyev` KgwU g~j

D`yeBqi mv_ wgwjq `LwQjb| cvVK c_g evsjv msiYi fywgKvqGwelq wevwiZ RvbZ cvieb|

K kl nq hvIqvq AbKw`b _K eBwU `yvc wQj| Avng`xqvwLjvdZ kZevwlKx D`hvcb Dcj K _K Avng`xqv gymwjg RvgvZ,

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evsjv`kK nvqvZ ZvBqev g~j eBwU cwic~Yfve cyb:cKvki `vwqZ`qv nq| KvR nvZ w`q `Lv Mj h evsjvq c_g cKvwkZ nvqvZ

ZvBqev g~j eBqi c_g Li Abyev` gv| (m~Y eBwUi Abyev`bq)| nqZ eBwUi evwK Ask cieZxKvj Abyev` Ki cKvk Kivi K_vfvev nqwQj| wK AbK Abymvb KiI evwK Aski evsjv Abyev`nqQ wKbv m m wbwZ nIqv hvqwb| eZgvb evwK Aski Abyev`iKvR nvZ bqv nqQ| wmv bqv nq h AvcvZZ: evsjvq c_gcKvwkZ nvqvZ ZvBqev PwjZ fvlvq icvi Ki h_vwkMwMicyb:cKvk Kiv nvK| wZxq LI Abyev` Ki ciewZZ cKvk Kiv ne|

Avng`xqv gymwjg RvgvZ, evsjv`k Gi m`m I meK wnmve wRjyiingvb GKvWgx di IwiqUvj vwWR Zv`iK wLjvdZ RywejxieiKZ jvfi Avkvq GB RvgvZi c nvqvZ ZvBqevi evsjv Abyev`cyb:cKvk Kivi BQv cKvk Ki| Zv`i Ave`bi cwicwZ bvkbvj

RvgvZ Zv`iK GBgg AbygwZ c`vb Ki| wRjyi ingvb GKvWgxim`m Rbve nvwg`yi ingvb I m`i gyiex gvIjvbv mvjn Avng` mvne

h_fve c_g Abyev`wUi fvlv PwjZKiY, cwigvRb I cvj KiQb|m`i gyiwe gvIjvbv mvjn Avng` GB icvi cybivq g~j D`y eBqimv_ wgwjq `LQb| Avjvn Avgv`i mKji GB cPv MnY KibGes GB cyK cyb:cKvki mv_ hviv RwoZ Zv`i mKjK Dgcyivi f~wlZ Kib| evW I jxfm Gi ^ZvwaKvix Rbve gynv` byij

Bmjvg wgVy gy`Yi i`vwqZ cvjbi cvkvcvwk cd wiwWs Gi KwVb

`vwqZI cvjb KiQb| Avjvn Zvi GB bK cPvi Dg cyivi w`b|Avwg wRjyi ingvb GKvWgxi GB cPvi cksmv KiwQ Ges RvgvZimKjK GKvWgxi m`m`i Rb `vqvi Ave`b RvbvwQ| gnvb AvjvnZvAvjv Zv`i mKj Pv mdj Kib Ges Zv`iK kw c`vb Kib hbZviv KvR Ki hZ cvi Ges GB mvgvb m~Pbv mgqi mv_ mv_ AviIAbK cmvi jvf KiZ cvi|

gvevkkiDi ingvbbvkbvj AvgxiAvng`xqv gymwjg RvgvZ, evsjv`k

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c_g cKvki f~wgKv

Akvwi Avuavi evi evi c_ nvivbv hgb gvbe RvwZi ^fve, kvwi

mywegj Avjv I mykxZj Qvqvq Zv`iK wdwiq Avbvi Rb Zv`iB ga_K Riwi mgq GK GK gnvcyilK Avwef~Z KivI Zgwb Avjvn&ZvAvjvi wPib wbqg| Gfve AKvii ci Avjv Ges Akvwi cikvwi De Avgiv nhiZ Av`g (Av.)-Gi hyM _K wewfbmgq wewfbvb L L AvKvi NUZ `LwQ| wKGK wbavwiZ mgq RMrevcxgnvwZwgi wbw` wQj | mB gnvwZwgi `~ixf~Z Kivi Rb nhiZ Bevwng(Av.) Zvui cy nhiZ BmgvBj (Av.) K wbq KvevNi wbgvY Ki Avjvn&

ZvAvjvi KvQ `vqv KiwQjb :

n Avgv`i ive&, Zv`i ga _K GK cwiZ cyili Avwefve Ki,whwb Zv`i KvQ Zvgvi AvqvZ cvV Kieb, cyK Ges vb wkv

w`eb Ges Zv`iK cwe Kieb; wbqB Zzwg gnv-kwkvjx Ivbx| [m~iv-Avj& evKvivn&, iKz-15]

GB `vqvi KeywjqZ nhiZ gynv` (m.)-Gi Avwefve| wZwb wekGKAL gvbeZv vcb Kivi Rb GK Agi kvwc~Y weavb w`q MQb |Avjvn& ZvAvjv ZvuK wekbex ivn&gvZzwjj& Avjvgxb Ki cvwVqwQjb|Zuvi ingZi aviv mKj RvwZi KvQ cuQvZ _vKv gymjgvb`i KZe

wQj| wKQzKvj Zviv Avgj I ZejxM viv G KZe cvjb KiwQj| hZw`bZviv G KZe wi wQj, ZZw`b Zviv weRqx I DbwZkxj wQj GesBmjvg ag`Z cmvi jvf KiwQj| wKev`kvnx cq fvMwejvm gZZviv hLb Avgj I ZejxM Qo w`j, ZLb Zv`i `Z Aa:cZb nj GesAwPiB `vvwjqZ A_vr weKZ wLag cej nq DVj| mKj RvwZi

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ga ZejxM Kiv gymjgvb`i Rb diR Kiv nqwQj, wK gymjgvbivZejxM Qo w`j| ewb BmivBj eski evBi ZejxM Kiv wLvb`i Rbwbwl wQj| wK wLvbiv ivR wevii mv_ mv_ RvwZ ag wbweklZejxM i Ki w`j Ges mKj RvwZK Zv`i ag gk: Ub AvbZjvMj| GK w`K hgb Zviv gymjgvb`i ivRmg~n Ko wbZ jvMj,Aci w`K Bmjvg agi IciI wewfb w`K w`q iZi AvNvZ nvbZjvMjv| GKw`b wQj hLb RMZi Kvb RvwZ gymjgvb`i cwZ PvL ZzjK_v ejZ cviZ bv| wK cieZxZ gymjgvb`i wbR`i `vl Ggbw`b Avmj, hLb wLvbiv Zv`i `k wbqB vnj bv Zv`i agKI

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wbR`iK `ykgbi mnRj wkKvi cwiYZ KiZ jvMj| RMZi eyK

gnv`yw`b bg Avmj| Avjvn&ZvAvjv nhiZ gynv` (m.) K cvwVqwQjbwekbex Ki I BmjvgK wekagKi| wK RMZi gv GK-cgvskjvK Zvui Kjgv cvV Kij| wK wLvbiv nhiZ Cmv bexK Avjvnicyic mvwRq RMZi AaKiI ewk jvKK Zv`i ag `xwZ Ki

wbj| GB `k mvgb iL Avjg Djvgv wbfve em _K nhiZgynv` (m.)-K wekbex I BmjvgK wekagej AvZcmv` jvf KiZKzveva Kij bv| nhiZ gynv` (m.)-Gi `vwe hw` mZ nq Ges wbqBZv mZ, Ze Ggb Aev _K Dvii Dcvq wK wQj? K G AevicwZKvi Kie?

cZK bvgvhi klfvM Avgiv webv ewZg h `i` kixd cwo Ges hvidwRjZ meRb ^xKZ, Gi gaB GB Aevi cwZKvi PvIqv nqQ|eZgvbi wec` I evwa hic iZi Zvi cwZKvi cwZI mic weivU| MZPZz`k kZvx hver h cwigvY `i` cov nqQ Ges AvRI nQ Gi mgwicej ebvq MMYPzwRvjI ZYLi gZ fm hZ eva| `i` kixdi

mviK_v Avjvn&ZvAvjvi KvQ GB KvZi cv_bv h, nhiZ Bevwng (Av.) IZvui AbyewZ`i hfve AvavwZK I cvw_e KjvY f~wlZ Kiv nqwQj,nhiZ gynv` (m.) Ges Zuvi AbyewZ`iKI hb mic KjvY f~wlZ Kivnq| nhiZ Bevwng (Av.) Gi eo Miei e nhiZ gynv` (m.)|

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ZrKvjxb AKvi RMZ Gm wZwb nhiZ Bevwng (Av.)-Gi AbymiYRMZK AvjvwKZ KiwQjb| AvRKi RMr wkv I mfZvq Af~Zc~eDbwZ KijI Gi fwelr gnv AKvi| GB AKviK `~i Kivi Rb`i` kixdi cv_bvi KeywjqZi djkwZZ AvR nhiZ gynv` (m.)-GiAbymiY GK gnvgvbei Avwefvei cqvRb| hnZznhiZ gynv` (m.)agi wkv I Av`kK c~YKi MQb, mRb GLb ay Zuvi wkv I

Av`kK cybixweZ Ki RMZ cPvii Rb GK cwiZ cyilicqvRb| gvbyl hLb Avjvn& ZvAvjvi agK ZvM Ki, Avjvn& ZvAvjv

^qs ZLb ^xq agK mxweZ Kivi eev Ki _vKb| gymjgvbiv hnZz

mZagi ZejxMK ev` w`q BmjvgK imvZj w`qQ, Avjvn&ZvAvjvZvB Gi mwVK ZejxMi Rb GK bex ciY Ki Bmjvg I BmjvgimvbK DPZi wgbvi vwcZ Kivi eev KiQb| cwe KziAvbifvlvq evcviwU GB :

wZwb (Avjvn&ZvAvjv) Avcb imyjK n`vqvZ mnKvi cvwVqQb hbZuvi viv wZwb G (Bmjvg agK) mKj agi Ici Rqhy Kib| [m~ivAvm&mvd, iKz1]

GB AvqvZ cvV eySv hvq h, cwZkZ gnvcyil mKj agi Zzjbvg~jKmgvjvPbvi gvag AKvU cgvY I hyw viv Bmjvg agK mKj agiIci Rqhy Kieb| nhiZ gynv` (m.) kixqZK c~Y KiwQjb|

gymjgvb`i KZe wQj Gi Avgj viv cPviK c~Y Kiv Ges mgMgvbeRvwZK wbq GK AL gvbeZv Kvqg Kiv| cwiZ GB KvR KivcwZkZ gnvcyili Rb wbw` wQj| agi Zzjbvg~jK wePvi Bmjvgi

mZK mKj RvwZi KvQ mnR MnYhvM Kivi Rb Avjvn& ZvAvjvAvM _K cZK `k I Kvji bexi gvag Zv`i RvwZK eZgvbhyMi wevwiZ wec`-mZ w`q G hyM GK DviKZvi AvMgb evZvRvwbq ZvuK MnY Kivi Av`k w`qwQjb| m Abymvi cZK RvwZAvcb Avcb agi cwZkwZ Abyhvqx G hyMi DviKZvi AvMgbi AaxicZxv KiwQj| gb nqwQj hfve Zviv cZxv KiwQj, cwZkZ

gnvcyil AvmjB hb mevB ZvuK mv`i MnY Ki wbeb | cweKziAvb Avjvn&ZvAvjv L`vw KiQb :

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nvq! Avgvi ev`v`i Rb cwiZvc| Ggb Kvb imyj Avmb bv, hviAvMgb Zviv ZvuK Vvv we`c bv Ki| [m~iv Bqvwmb, iKz2]

GB L`vw GeviI mZ cwiYZ nqQ| cwZkZ cyil h_vmgqwec`i mwYB Avwef~Z njb| wKgvbe RvwZ ZvuK Dcnvm Kij|Zvui weivwaZv Kij| Ggb wK, h gymjgvb`i agK wZwb webv ewZgcwZv KiZ Avmjb, ZvivI Zvui Pig weivwaZv Kij|

huvi cwe Rxebx GB eBZ wjwLZ nqQ, wZwb nhiZ wghv Mvjvg Avng`(Av.) mKj RvwZi Rb mB cwZkZ gnvcyil| cZK agM ZuviAvMgbi jYvejx wjwce AvQ| myZivs ZvuK Pbvi I MnY Kivi RbKvb Amyweav wQj bv| Zvui AvMgbi mymsev` I Avnvb Zvui mZ RvbviI ZvuK MnY Kivi cwieZ gvbyl ZvuK wg_vev`x cwZcb Kivi RbBewk Zrci nq coj| Aek, RMZ beyqZi AbK wg_v `vwe`viI

Avwef~Z nqQ| wKwg_v bexi Avwefvei KviY KLbI mZ bexi `vweevwZj nq bv Ges wg_v bexi Avwefvei mvebv AvQ ej Kvb mZbexi `vweKI weePbv Kie bv ejj RMZ AvR Kvb ag _vKZ bv|wg_vi fq mZK `LZ A^xKvi Kij wZM nZ ne| myZivs,mKj `vwe cwYavbhvM| weklZ:, hLb hyM I Gi jYvejx Kvb bexiAvwefvei mv `q|

beyIZi `vwe wZb kYxi ewiv Ki _vK| h_v:- mZ bex, wg_vev`xGes cvMj| djB MvQi cwiPq nq| dj `L hv mZ ej cwZcb

nq, ZvB gvbZ ne| cvVKi wePvii myweavi Rb wZb kYxi `vwe`viicwiPq ZvwjKv wbP `qv nj :

cvMj :1| Zvi `vwei mg_b Kvb hyw, wb`kb I mdjZv _vK bv|

2| Zvi Kvb Kgm~Px _vK bv|3| Zvi mv_ Avjvn&ZvAvjv I gvbylKviv mvnvh _vK bv|4| Zvi KD AbyMvgx nq bv|5| Zvi Rxekvq ev Zvi gZzi ci Zvi Kvb RvgvZ _vK bv|6| Avgv` DcfvM KiZ AcwiYZ eqmi evjK Qvov cwiYZ eq

ewMY Zvi cwZ c ev Zvi weivwaZv Ki bv|

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7| wbRi `vweZ wbRI m Kvqg _vK bv|

wg_vev`x t1| Zvi `vweZ AvswkK hyw _vK, wKwb`kb I mdjZv _vK bv|2| wbRK cwZwZ Kiv Qvov Zvi Kvb Kgm~Px _vK bv|

3| Zvi wg_v Inx I Bjnvg jvfi `vwe _vK, wK Zvi mv_ Avjvn&ZvAvjvi mvnvh _vK bv|

4| wKQzgvbyl cvw_e ^v_wmwi Rb Zvi mx nq, wKZvi gZzi ci Zvi

Kvb AbyMvgx ev RvgvZ _vK bv|5| Zvi weivwaZv nq Ges Gi djB Zvi mg~j webvk NU|6| giYi ci wg_vev`x wnme Zvi Awfk bvg _K hvq|

mZ bexi cwiPq t1| Avjvn&ZvAvjvi KvQ _K cv Iwni wfwZ wZwb `vwe Ki _vKb

Ges Zvui `vwei mv_ c~YZg hywhy wb`kb I mdjZv _vK|2| Avjvn&ZvAvjv m`v Zvui mv_ evKvjvc Ki _vKb Ges Avjvni KvQ_K mvnvh I weRq me`v Zvui mv_x nq|

3| Zvui Rxekvq GK cwe RvgvZ jvf nq Ges giYi ci ZvDbwZkxj _vK|

4| aghvRKiv Zvui cavb k nq _vK, wK Zv`i Pig weivwaZvmI wZwb weRqx nb Ges Zviv civwRZ I jvwZ nq|

5| Zvui gZz ci Zvui bvg I cqMvgi mvb Aq nq hvq|

Dciv cwiPq ZvwjKvi AvjvZ nhiZ Avng` (Av.)-Gi `vwechvjvPbv Kij Zvui mZ gav m~hi bvq ``xcgvb nq co|cwe KziAvb Avjvn& ZvAvjv wg_v `vweKvixi cv_K cKvkv_ gynv`

imyjyjvn&mvjvjv AvjvBn Iqv mvjvg m^ ejQb :

Ges wZwb hw` wbRi Kvb K_v Avgvi bvg evwbq ejZb, ZvnjAvgiv Zvui `wY n ai wbq Zvui Rxeb wkiv KU w`Zvg| [m~ivAvj&-nvv, iKz2]

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Avjvn& ZvAvjvi GB wbqgK mvgb iL nhiZ wghv Mvjvg Avng`(Av.) dviwm fvlvq Zvui GK cv_bv Zvui mZ wbYqi Rj Kwcv_i

^ic iL MQb :

n Rwgb I Avmgvbi mwKZv, mekwgvb!n `qvkxj KiYvgq c_c`kK,n Ahvgx! Zvgvi `w _K wKQzB Mvcb bB|

hw` Zzwg AvgvK cvc I `yvwgZ fiv `L,hw` Zzwg Avgvi AiK Kjyl fiv `L,(Ze) Avgvi gZ `yK Zzwg UzKiv UzKiv Ki `vI|

Avgvi weiev`x `jK m Ki `vI|Avgvi Ni `iRvi Dci AwMew Ki-Zzwg Avgvi `ykgb nI Ges Avgvi mgKgKvK b Ki `vI|

Dciv cv_bv cvV Kij AivZv I mev Kuc IV| Kvb wg_vev`xic Ggb fqsKi cv_bv Kiv Ges D cv_bvi ci wUK _vKv Ame|

nhiZ Avng` (Av.) 40 eQi hveZ Avjvn& ZvAvjvi Kvjvg jvfi `vweKi KvMR, cyK, eVK, Rjmvq ej cPvi Kib| RMZi mKjagvej^xi c _K Zvui weivwaZv GgbwK cvYbvki Pv Kiv nq| wK

Zvui mv_ Avjvn&ZvAvjvi Iqv`v wQj :

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Avwg gvbyli nvZ _K ZvgvK iv Kie| G Bjnvg Avjvn&ZvAvjvi AviI Iqv`v wQj t

Avwg ZvgvK ^vfvweK gZz `e Ges mmvb ZvgvK Avgvi w`KDVve|

Avjvn&ZvAvjv ^xq cwZkwZ Abyhvqx weievw``i me loh I cPvKwedj Ki h_vmgq ZuvK mvbRbK ^vfvweK gZz w`qQb|

cvVK! Zvui cwe Rxebx cvV `LZ cveb Zvui Rxeb KZ cwe, KZ

gnvb| Zvui hyw wKic AKvU| Zvi wb`kbvejx KZ Dj| wZwb wKicmvdjgwZ| Zvui weievw`iv wKfve c` c` jvwZ I AcgvwbZ|Zvui c` c` wKfve Avjvn& ZvAvjvi mvnvh we`gvb I Zvui weievw`ivAvjvn&ZvAvjvi mvnvh nZ Kgb ewZ Ges KVvi kvwZ wbcwZZ|Zvui RvgvZ KZ `Z DbwZ I cmvi jvf KiQ| AvR RMZi Ggb Kvb`k bB, hLvb Zvui RvgvZ cwZwZ nqwb| wZwb BmjvgK AvR Rxe

KiQb| Zvui wkliv AvR jv Bjvnv Bjvjv gynvv`yi& imyjyjvnKjgvi SvvK DbZZi nDxb Ki wbfxK wP mKj `k cweKziAvb I nhiZ gynv` (`.)-Gi wkvi kZi Zzjbvg~jK AwfhvbPvwjqQ| Zvui wkl`i nvZ Zxi, Zjvqvi, Kvgvb, wgmvBj, GUg evgev iKU bB| wK AvQ cwe KziAvb, imyj Kixg (`.)-Gi mybZ IAvjvn&ZvAvjvi AcivRq mvnvh| AvR nhiZ gynv` (`.)-Gi wkv IAv`k RMZi AKvi `~i Ki kvw AvbZ mg| mB KvRB AvRAvng`xqv RvgvZ iZ|

ARvbv GK Mvgi wZwb GK APbv gvbyl wQjb| wKAKvji gawZwb mviv wekcwiwPZ nq coQb| Zvui hyw I wkvi mvgb h Kvb`ki QvU nZ eo chh KD `wcvZ KiQ, ZvK gv_v bZ KiZ

nqQ| Zvui fwelvYxwji c~YZv gvbeRvwZK gkt Awff~Z KiQ|me `ki me agi mZv^lxiv Zvui wkvi AvjvK Bmjvg MnY Kiab nQ| AwPiB Ggb Aev I mgq Avme, hLb mviv wekBmjvgBGKgv agne Ges RMZ AL gvbeZv vwcZ nq MivR cwZwZ

ne|

wKKviI wkv MnYi c~eZvi Rxebx Rvbv cqvRb| fvlvi eeavbiRb evsjv fvlvfvlx fvBqiv GB gnvcyili Rxebx m AvZ wQjb|

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AvR mB Afve c~iY Kiv nQ| nhiZ Avng` (Av.)-Gi Rxebxi c_gL cKvk Kiv Mj| wZxq L, Bb&kvAvjvn, wkMwMi cKvk Kiv ne|

GB cyK g~j E`yfvlvq wjwLZ nvqvZ ZvBqevi evsjv Abyev`| GBcyKi jLK Rbve Ave`yj Kv`i mvne wn`y wQjb| Zvui bvg wQjmI`vMi gvj| wZwb A eqm Bmjvg MnY Kib Ges Avng`xqv agwkvjq DPZg wkv jvf Ki e eQi Avng`xqv RvgvZi wgkbvixwnmve KvR KiQb| wZwb e cwikg mnKvi GB cyK msKjb Kib|Gi evsjv Abyev` KiQb gjex gynv` Avjx AvbIqvi mvne| gjex

gynv` gywneyjvn mvne Ges Avwg h_fve G Abyev` `LwQ| Abyev`iKvR Lye KwVb| myZivs wU _vKv Lye ^vfvweK| cvVK Zv Dcv Ki g~jwelqwU Abyaveb Ki Avjvn&ZvAvjvi cwiZ cyili mZi cwiPq `ZvuK MnY Ki I Zvui c`wkZ c_ Pj ^qs kvwjvf Kib Ges RMZcPvi Ki RMZ kvwGb Avjvn&ZvAvjvi Avwkm jvfi AwaKvix nvb| Avgv`i kl K_v, mKj cksmv GKgv Avjvn&ZvAvjvi Rb|

BwZ-LvKmvi

gjex gvnv`Avgxi, c~ecvwKvb Avygvb Avng`xqv|

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m~wPc

c_g AavqRbMnY _K evivnxb Avng`xqv cYqb chwelq cv1| esk cwiPq .. 012| wghv nv`x eM .. 02

3| nhiZ AvK`vm (Av.) Gi wbRnvZ wjwLZ Lv`vbx Aev .. 024| wghv dqR gynv` mvne .. 035| wghv j gynv` mvne .. 046| wghvAvZv gynv` mvne .. 067| wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvne .. 078| mvi jvcj wMwdbi mv .. 079| wbevmbi msw BwZnvm .. 0910| nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZvhv mvnei weevn .. 1011| nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZvhv mvnei mvb .. 1012| nhiZ AvK`vmi eskZvwjKv .. 1113| wekl `e .. 1214| nhiZ wghv Mvjvg Avng` (Av.) Gi Rb .. 1215| nhiZ AvK`vmi kke .. 13

16| nhiZ AvK`vmi wkv .. 1417| cPwjZ Ljvq AskMnY .. 1518| c_g weq .. 1619| nhiZ AvK`vmi wbRbwcqZv .. 1620| AZwaK covbv .. 1721| gvgjv-gvKgvi Z`&wei .. 17

22| webq, DbZ Pwi .. 2123| wghv xb gynv`i weewZ .. 2224| Avu-nhiZ (m.) Gi wRqviZ .. 2225| wcZv-cy ev`vbyev` .. 2426| wkqvjKvU PvKwi .. 2527| PvKwi KvivMvi .. 26

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28| Avjvn&ZvAvjv KZK wec` _K iv Kivi AjwKK NUbv .. 2629| wkqvjKvUi wKQzwKQzNUbv .. 26

30| fviZevmxK wLvb Kivi `p msK I GZ wkqvjKvUi wLvb wgkbi f~wgKv .. 27

31| cv`x evUjvi mvne, Gg.Gi Ici Zvui ewZi cfve .. 2832| wLxq gZev`i g:eagvb cvebi cwZiva .. 2933| wkqvjKvU Aevb mK gjvbv mq` gxi nvmvb mvnei c_g weewZ .. 29

34| mq` gxi nvmvb mvnei wZxq weewZ .. 33

35| gybwk wmivRyxb mvnei mv .. 3436| PvKwi Qo Kvw`qvb cZvMgbi Rb wcZvi wb`k .. 3537| nhiZ AvK`vmi kqv gvZvi BKvj, 1868 mvj .. 3538| cvijwKK welq nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvnei AbyivM .. 3639| Kcyi_jv ivRi wkv wefvMi DPZi c` cZvLvb .. 3840| cvw_e Svgjv _K m~Yfve gy _vKvi Rb wcZvi

KvQ Ave`b .. 3841| AvaywbK MelYv g~j mec_g Bjnvg Ges Dj fwelr .. 4042| cI Kvkdi AvwaK Ges Kvw`qvbi

wn`y`i Rb wb`kbvejx .. 4243| Kvk&d c~eeZxKvb Kvb eyRyMi mv_ mvvr .. 4444| AvU bq gvmevcx ivhv Ges Mxq RvwZi AeZiY .. 4445| nhiZ Ave`yjvn MRbex I KwZcq eyRyMi mv_ mvvr .. 4646| nhiZ AvK`vmi kq wcZvi BKvj, Ryb 1886 .. 4747| wcZvi BKvji ci Hkx Zveavb .. 4848| gmwR` AvKmvi cvk wcZvi `vdb .. 4949| cvwievwiK mvb I cwZcw Kvqg _vKv mK

wKQzBjnvg .. 5150| ejvKvi Hkx evKvjvc i .. 52

51| R fvBqi Avgj .. 5252| eo PvPx Gjb .. 5353| c~ecyili mwZ wghv Avhg eMi Iqvwikx

`vwei gvKgv .. 5454| WvK wefvMi gvKgv .. 55

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55| gvivZK ivM _K AjwKK AvivM jvf .. 5756| RR beve mi`vi gynv` nvqvZ Luvi c`P~wZi ci

cybenvji mymsev` .. 5857| AZzjbxq AvavwZK cwieZbi GK ivZ .. 58

wZxq Aavqevivnxb Avng`xqv cYqb _K c_g eqAvZ MnY ch

58| evivnxb Avng`xqv cYqbi cUf~wg .. 5959| ev Av`vjbi AKZKvhZv .. 6160| evivnxb Avng`xqv cYqb I cKvk .. 6261| evivnxb Avng`xqv m^ gjex Aveymvqx` gynv`

mvBb evUvjexi AwfgZ .. 6462| mywd Avng` Rvb mvnei AwfgZ .. 6563| gjex gynv` kixd evvjvixi AwfgZ .. 6664| evivnxb Avng`xqvi wewfb L cKvki mgqKvj .. 6765| evivnxb Avng`xqvi cKvki Rb nhiZ AvK`vmi Pv .. 6766| beve wmwK nvmvb Lvui Avh eenvi .. 6867| evivnxb Avng`xqvi cKvk gyjZex .. 6968| gyRv`xqZ I gvgywiqZ mwKZ c_g Bjnvg .. 7069| wghv Mvjvg Kv`i mvnei gZz .. 73

70| wghv myjZvb Avng`i Znkxj`vix(GKv GwmvU Kwgkbvi) cixvq KZKvhZv .. 73

71| hyi AvK`vmi wZxq weevn .. 7472| jvj Kvwji wQuUvi AjwKK wb`kb .. 7873| wewfbagi bZeMK wb`kb `Lvi Avnvb Ges

gyRvw`qZ I gvgywiqZ NvlYv .. 80

74| PvPvZv fvB`i cwiRb m^ fwelvYx,5B AvM, 1885 mvj .. 8175| DvcvZi wb`kb .. 8276| b D`qi wb`kb .. 8377| mvi mq` Avng` LvumsvfxwZc` msev` .. 83

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78| gnvivRv w`jxc wms msvmsev` .. 8479| wkqvicyi mdi Ges g~mjn gvID` msv fwelvYx .. 8480| ingZi wb`kb, A_vr gymjn gvID` .. 8781| nhiZ AvK`vmi cwievi I Ai ezMY mKfwelvYx .. 8882| nhiZ AvK`vmi mvb mwZ .. 9083| wghv Avng` eM m^ fwelvYx .. 92

ZZxq AavqeqAvZi NvlYv _K gmwR` gyeviKi mmviY ch

84| eqAvZi NvlYv .. 9385| eqAvZi `kwU kZvejx .. 9486| eqAvZi kZvejx NvlYvq wej^i KviY .. 9587| wmjwmjvi wfw vcb I gymjn gvID`i RbMnY

GKxf~Z nIqvq Hkx msKZ .. 9788| jywaqvbv I wkqvicyi mdi .. 9889| c_g eqAvZ MnY, 23k gvP, 1889 mvj .. 9890| `vij eqAvZ .. 9991| eqAvZi w`b .. 9992| eqAvZ MnYKvix`i wgK b^i .. 10093| eqAvZi kvejx .. 100

94| AvjxMo mdi .. 10195| jywaqvbv cZvMgb .. 10296| nhiZ mvneRv`v cxi wmivRyj nK mvne bygvbxi

eqAvZ 23k wWm^i, 1889 mvj .. 10297| nhiZ beve gynv` Avjx Lvumvnei eqAvZ, 19k bf^i, 1890 mvj .. 103

98| gwmn gvID` `vwe, 1889 mvji klvsk .. 10399| dZn Bmjvg I Zwhn-givg cKvk .. 103100| k wkwei gjex gynv` mvqb mvne evUvjex .. 104101| gjex gynv` mvqb mvnei gybvhvivi AvKvv .. 105102| cvjvci KwZcq K_vevZv .. 106

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103| gjex gynv` mvqbi mv_ c Av vb c`vb e .. 108104| gjex gynv` mvqbi Qbvg QveiY .. 108105| GKwU Riwi wew .. 109106| gjex gynv` nvmvbi mv_I c Av`vb c`vb e .. 110107| jywaqvbvi gyevnvmvi KviY .. 110108| jywaqvbvi gyevnvmv .. 111109| nhiZ cxi wmivRyj nK mvnei weewZ .. 111110| gjex gynv` mvqb mvnei vav DRbv

I jywaqvbvi WcywU Kwgkbvii wb`k .. 114

111| gjex wbhvgywb mvnei eqAvZ .. 115112| mvuB jve kvn gRhyei mv .. 117113| Bhvjvq AvInvg cYqb I cKvk .. 118114| ZvIqvwd ki A_m^ Pvj I GK nvRvi

UvKv cyivi NvlYv .. 120115| Bhvjvq AvInvg Abvb MelYv .. 121

116| nhiZ gxi bvmi bvIqvei NvlYv .. 122117| nhiZ gjex Mvjvg bex mvne Lvkvex (ivwh.)-ieqAvZ MnY .. 122

118| w`jxi mdi, 1891 mvji 28k m^i .. 127119| KziAvb I nvw`m _K Cmv gwmn RxweZ _vKv

cgvYi Rb cyivi NvlYv .. 130120| 1891 mvji 20k Aveii gyevnvmv mfvi

msw KvhweeiYx .. 130121| w`jxi Djvgv`i Kzdix dZIqvi AaviY Ges DRbv mw .. 130122| gjex gynv` ekxi mvne f~cvjexi mv_ gyevnvmv,

1891 mvji 23 k Avei .. 136123| gjex gynv` ekxi mvneK nhiZ AvK`vmi m^vab .. 137

124| divi c_ cvwUqvjv Mgb .. 139125| Avmgvbx dqmvjv MnYi Rb Avnevb .. 140126| Kzdii dZIqv .. 141127| Kzdii dZIqv m^ nhiZ AvK`vmi AwfgZ .. 144128| c_g mvjvbv Rjmv, 1891 mvji wWm^i .. 146

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129| 1890-91 mb cYxZ wKZve .. 147130| GKRb BsiRi Bmjvg MnY, 1892 mvji 13B Rvbyqvwi .. 148131| jvnvi mdi, 1892 mvji 20k Rvbyqvwi .. 148132| nhiZ nvRx-Dj-nvivgvBb gjvbv nvdh nvKxg

b~ixb mvne fiexi eZv .. 149133| nhiZ AvK`vmi Pig (gnvb) AvZmshg .. 150134| jvnvii Kvb Kvb ezi eqAvZ MnY .. 151135| gvn&`yweqZi `vweKvixi AvgY .. 151136| nhiZ gjex mq` gynv` Avnmvb mvne

Avgvivnxi jvnvi AvMgb, 1892 mvji deqvwi .. 152137| gjex Ave`yj nvKxg Kvjvbyix mvnei mv_ gyevnvmv .. 152138| gjex gynv` mvqb mvne evUvjexi cwZ RbMYi kvi

AebwZ i .. 153139| wkqvjKvU mdi .. 154140| gjex gynv` mvqb evUvjexi wkqvjKvU Mgb .. 155

141| Kcyi_jv mdi .. 156142| Kcyi_jv RvgvZi weklZ .. 156143| Rji mdi .. 158144| jywaqvbv mdi .. 158145| mdijvi dj .. 159146| mZv^lx`i Rb invbx ZejxM .. 159147| nhiZ gjex Ave`yj Kixg mvnei wnRiZ .. 161148| 1892 mvji iwPZ Mvejx .. 162149| 1892 mvji mvjvbv Rjmv .. 162150| 1892 mvji mvjvbv Rjmvq nhiZ gxi bvmi

bvIqve mvnei hvM`vb .. 163151| Avqbvq KvgvjvZ Bmjvg cKvk,

1893 mvji deqvwi .. 163

152| GB cyK cYqb `yB evi ivmyjyjvn mvjvjv AvjvBnIqv mvjvgi wRqviZ .. 164

153| AvZ-ZvejxM .. 164154| gnvivYx wfvwiqvK Bmjvgi cwZ Avnvb .. 164155| cv`x`i DM .. 165

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156| nhiZ mvnehv`v wghv ekxi Avng` mvnei Rb, 1893 mvji 20k Gwcj .. 166157| gjex gynv` mvqb mvne evUvjexK Aviv

GKwU vbg~jK AvavwZK gvKvwejvi Rb Avnvb .. 166158| Agymjgvb`i gyevnvmvi Avnvb .. 168159| evivKvZz`-`vqv cYqb, 1893 mvji 20k Gwcj .. 170160| gjex gynv` mvqb evUvjex m GKwU fwelvYx .. 171161| R gyKvvm gyevnvmvi KvhweeiYx .. 172162| WcyUx Ave`yjvn&Av_g gyevnvmvi kZf Kijb .. 179

163| GKwU AvhNUbv .. 179164| cv`x Ave`yjvn&Av_g m^ fwelvYx .. 180165| gyevnvmvi mgq eqAvZ .. 181166| gyevnvjv _K gjex gynv` mvqb mvne evUvjexi cjvqb Ges gjex Ave`yj nK MRbexi DcwwZ .. 181167| nvdR gynv` BqvKze mvnei eqAvZ .. 183

168| GB gyevnvjvi cwZw

qv .. 183169| AgZmix gjex Rvb gynv`i gmwR`i wbgKAvZMvcb .. 185

170| nZfweovji Lv^v LvgPvbv .. 186171| Av_g mvnei Aev .. 187172| GK ivZ Pwjk nvRvi Aviex avZzwkv .. 190173| nhiZ nvRx-Dj-nvivgvBb gvIjvbv nvKxg b~ixb

mvne ivwh Avjv Avbi wnRiZ .. 191174| 1893 mvj iwPZ Mmgyn .. 193175| 1893 mvji mvjvbv Rjmv wMZ .. 195176| nhiZ kV Ave`yi ingvb nvRx Avjvn ivLv mvne gv`vRxi m

gjex nvmvb Avjx mvnei Kvw`qvb AvMgb .. 196177| Avmgvbx wb`kb- P`I m~hMnY, 1894 mvji Gwcj .. 201

178| LvRv Kvgvjyxb mvnei eqAvZ, 1894 mb .. 201179| gjex imyj evev AgZmixi Dk kl hyw .. 202180| gjex imyj evevi cM gZz, 1902 mvji 8B wWm^i .. 203181| 1894 mvji M .. 204182| 1894 mvji mvjvbv Rjmv .. 205

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208| Kvw`qvb ZzKxKbmvj mvqb Kvgxi AvMgb,10B ev 11B g, 1897 mvj .. 252

209| ZzKx Kbmvji c`vduvK .. 253210| PuayCu-mv`x-cwKvi eyRyMi ZIev .. 253211| AvdMvwbvbi AvgxiK ZejxM .. 254212| gvngy` Kx Avgxb .. 254213| gnvivYx wfvwiqvi lwZg Rywejx, 19k Ryb, 1897 mvj .. 255214| gvkvqL I myjvnvK Avjvn-Rvjv-kvbyi Kmgmn Avnvb,

15B RyjvB, 1897 mvj .. 256

215| gmwR` gyeviKi AvqZb ew .. 257216| cwZ jLivg nZvi GKRb cZ`wki mv .. 258

dUvm~Px

1| nhiZ wghv Mvjvg Avng` cv

(Av.) cwZkZ gwmn I Bgvg gvn`x ..

2| nhiZ wghv ekxixb gvngy` Avng`LwjdvZzj gwmn&mvbx Avj&-gymjj&gvID` (iv.) .. 96

3| nhiZ AvjnvRnvKxg gvIjvbv b~ixbLwjdvZzj gwmn AvDqvj (iv.) .. 194

4| nhiZ mvneRv`v wghv ekxi Avng` (iv.) .. 1675| nhiZ mvneRv`v wghv kixd Avng` (iv.) .. 2046| nhiZ Cmv (Av.) Gi `ywU Qwe .. 2088| Kvgivb DcZKvi `k Mnii ga c_g cixwZ

Mnii `k .. 211,2129| nhiZ evev bvbK (ingZzjvn AvjvBn) Gi Pvjv mvne

bvgK wcivnvb .. 21610| cwZ jLivgi gZzkhv .. 241

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cKvkKi wbe`b|

1963 mvj nvqvZ ZvBqev c_g L mvayfvlvq Ab~w`Z nq| `xNw`b ciwLjvdZ Rywewj Dcj Avng`xqv gymwjg RvgvZ, evsjv`ki wmvAbymvi mvayfvlvq Abyw`Z nvqvZ ZvBqevi c_g msiYwU PwjZ fvlvq

icvi, cwigvRb I mijxKiY Ki wRjyi ingvb GKvWgxKcyb:cKvki `vwqZ`qv nq|

Abyev` GKwU `yin KvR| Z`ycwi mvayfvlvq Ab~w`Z GKwU Abyev` KgKcybivq PwjZ fvlvq icvi AviI `yin| Avgiv h_vmva Pv KiwQ c_gcKvki fyjwU h_vme mskvab Ki PwjZ ixwZ Abyhvqx c_g

msiYi fvlv mij I cwigvwRZ KiZ| ZeyI wKQz fyjwU _vKv

^vfvweK| wZxq Li Abyev`i KvR PjQ| ciewZZ wZxq Limv_ c_g L GKwZ Ki cKvkKvj eZgvb msiYi me fyjwUmskvab Ki cyb:cKvk Kiev| BbkvAvjvn|

hv nvK, eZgvb msiY cvVKMY h mKj fyjvw j Kieb,Avgv`iK Rvbvj evwaZ ne| Aekl, Avjvn ZvAvjvi KvQ KvZicv_bv- wZwb Avgv`i fyj-vwgv Ges MLvwbK mevZfve MnxZ I

KjvYgq Kib| GB cyK cKvki mv_ mswk mKjK Avjvn ZvAvjvDg cyivi f~wlZ Kib| Avgxb!

webxZ

GWfvKU gyRxeyi ingvb

wRjyi ingvb GKvWgx di IwiqUvj vwWR XvKv|

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nvqvZ ZvBqev

1 g L

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nvqvZ ZvBqev

c_g AavqRbMnY _K evivnxb Avng`xqv cYqb chesk cwiPq :nhiZ wghv Mvjvg Avng` (Av.) Bgvg gvn`x I gwmn&gvID` AvjvBnm&

mvjvZzIqvm&mvjvg cvim `kevmx weLvZ eijvm Kzj RbMnY Kib|GB eski Avw` cyil KvivPvi wnRix l kZvxZ Bmjvg MnY Kib|KvivPvi whwb PzM&ZvB Gi DwRi I GKRb LvZbvgv mbvcwZ wQjb| wZwbmgiK`i `wY cvq wk gvBj `~i wKk Aj Zvi Mvi jvK`iwbq emwZ vcb Kib| Zvui c eiKvki `yB cy wQjb| GKRbibvg wQj ZzivM Ges AciRbi bvg wQj nvRx eijvm| cwm Bivb mgvU

Zgyijs1

mvne-KivY ZzivMi cy wQjb| wKk ivR nvRx eijvmiAaxb wQj| wKnvRx mvnei vZzy Zgyi kwkvjx nq DVj nvRxeijvm GB GjvKv cwiZvM KiZ eva njb| ZrKvjxb BwZnvm _Kh fMvwjK Aev Rvbv hvq, Zv _K wbYxZ nq h, fjMv nZcvimvcmvMi Ges AvdMvwbvb I ejywPvb nq eyLviv ch weZ

f~-fvM cvim bvg AwfwnZ nZ| eis Kviv Kviv gZ AwaKvskAvdMvwbvb, eZgvb ejywPvb Ges KvkMo evwc weZ Mvi Drcw

vbi DivjI Gi Afy wQj| wKkI DwjwLZ mxgvbvejxi AeZxf~-fvMi gaB AewZ| wKAvevmxq LwjdvMYi mgq GB GjvKvgv-Iiv-Db-bnii Askxf~Z ej MY nZ|2

(1) fviZ gyNj mvgvRi cwZvZv hnxi Dwb evei kvn&Zgyijs Gi esk RbMnY Kib|(2) Avb-bvRgym- mvKe; 2q L, 182 c:|

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wghv nv`x eM :wKk ivR _K hLb Zgyi Zvui wcZe nvRx eijvmK ewnKZ Kijb,

ZLb wZwb Lyivmvb Avkq MnY Kib Ges mLvbB cvYZvM Kib|AZ:ci, Zgyi Lyivmvb GjvKv Rq Ki Zvi PvPvi mvb`iK RvqMxic`vb Kib| GRb Zviv mLvbB emevm KiZ _vKb|

wK wKQzKvj ci GB eski GKRb eyRyM wghv nv`x eM mvne Zvuicwievi cwiRbK wbq cybivq c~ecyil`i evmvb mgiK` Aj Mgb

Kib| mLvb wKQzKvj Aevbi ci Kvb ARvbv KviY c~ecyil`i

wcq `k ZvM Ki fviZvwfgyL AvMgb Kib| nhiZ AvK`vm (Av.)Zvui GB wnRiZ cm ejb :

PzM&ZvB myjZvbvZi cwZvZv evei ev`kvni mgq GBwbqvhg`-Gjvnxi (A_vr Avjvni Kcvi wfLvix) eyhyM (c~ecyil) Lvm

mgiK`1 _K Kvb ARvbv KviY e jvKRbmn wnRiZ Ki w`jxAvMgb Kib| cKZc, cv KvMRc _K GK_v cwivifve evSv

hvq bv h, Zviv eveii m fviZelAMgb Kib, bvwK Zvi AeewnZciB G`k AvMgb Kib| wK AwaKvsk KvMRc chvjvPbv vivGK_v ic cgvwYZ nq h, eveii mB Gm _vKzb ev wKQzKvjciB Gm _vKzb, G kvnx Lv`vbi mv_ Zv`i Ggb Kvb wekl m^

wQj hvi dj Zviv GB miKvii `wZ mvwbZ cavb`i ga MY nb|mgmvgwqK ev`kvni KvQ _K Zvuiv e Mvg RvqMxi ic cv nb GesZvu`iK GKwU eo Rwg`vixi ZvjyK`vi Kiv nq|2

nhiZ AvK`vm (Av.) Gi wbR nvZ wjwLZ Lv`vbx Aev :nhiZ AvK`vm (Av.) Zvui iwPZ Kvb Kvb cyK Zvu`i cwievi m^wbR nvZ h eYbv wjwce KiQb GLvb DZ Kiv mgxPxb gb Kwi|hyi (Av.) ejb :

Avgv`i esk njv gyNj eijvm| Avgvi c~ecyil`i cvPxb KvMRc_K hv GLb chmsiwZ AvQ, Rvbv hvq h, Zviv G`k mgiK`_K AvMgb Kib| Zv`i m AbyPi, fZ, cwievii jvK I AvZxq

(1) ZzwKvb|(2) Bhvjvq AvDnvg c_g msiY, nvwkqv 112-22 c:|

02 nvqvZ ZvBqev

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^Rbmn cvq `yk ew wQjb| Avgv`i Avw` cyil GKRb mv iBmic G`k cek Kib Ges jvnvi _K AvbygvwbK cvk vkDi-c~e w`K mKvj GKwU Rsjv cwZZ f~wgZ emwZ vcb Kib|

GUvB GB Mvg| Zviv GUv Avev` Kib Ges Bmjvgcyi bvg AwfwnZKib| ci Zv Bmjvgcyi KvwhgvwS ej LvwZ jvf Ki| KvjgjvK Bmjvgcyi k fyj hvq Ges KvwhgvwS j ay Kvwh Aewk_vK| ci GwU Kvw` k icvwiZ nq Ges weKwZ jvf Ki Kvw`qvbcwiYZ nq|1KvwhgvwS bvg cPwjZ nIqvi KviY ic ejv nq h, cvq

lvU vk evcx weZ GB m~Y GjvKvwU ZLbKvi w`b gvSv bvg

cwiwPZ wQj| meZ: GUv GB KviY gvS bvg AwfwnZ nZ h,GZ`vj e gwnl wQj Ges G`kxq fvlvq gwnlK gvS ejv nq|Avgv`i c~ec~ilMY Mvgmg~ni RvqMxi`vix Qvov AvwjK kvmb KZZIjvf Kib| mRb Zvuiv Kvhx ej weLvZ wQjb| wK KviY, Kb,Avgv`i c~ec~ilMY mgiK` _K G`k AvMgb Kib, m m^Avgvi wKQzRvbv bB| wKKvMR-c _K mvb cvIqv hvq h, IB

`kI Zviv mv Dgviv Ges wiqvmZi gvwjK wQjb| cvwievwiK Kvbweiva I AbKi KviY Zv`iK `k ZvM KiZ nq| Zvici, G`kGm mgmvgwqK ev`kvni KvQ _K e Mvg RvqMxi cv nb| dj,GZ`j Zviv GK wPivqx wiqvmZ jvf Kib|2

wghv dqh gynv` mvne :

wghv nv`x eMi IdvZi ci Zvui cwievii cfve, cwZcw ew cZ_vK| beg cyil wghv dqh gynv` mvnei KZZKvj gyNjmyjZvbvZi mv_ GB cwievii Aviv Mfxi mK vwcZ nq| 1716wLv kvnvbkvn diiLwmqvi wghv dqh gyn` mvneK nvdZ-nvhvixc` AwawZ Ki Avh`y`&-`vDjv Dcvwa c`vb Kib| Avh`y`&-`vDjvi

A_ wZwb ^vaxbfve mvZ nvRvi Rvqvb m^wjZ dR ivLZ cviZb|GB mvb ZrKvj Kejgv ivi k wekewivB cv nZb|

(1) Kvw`qvb evUvjv _K 12 gvBj, AgZmi _K 36 gvBj Ges jvnvi _K 70 gvBj `~i AewZ| (MKvi)(2) wKZveyj-evwiqv, nvwkqv, 134 c:|

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wghv j&&&gynv` mvne :nhiZ AvK`vm AvjvBnm& mvjvZz Iqvm& mvjvg wghv j&& gynv` mvne

cm wKZveyj-evwiqv-Z wjLQb :wkL kvmbvgji c_g w`K Avgvi cwcZvgn wghv j&& gynv` mvne G

Aj GKRb ^bvgab, weLvZ iBm wQjb| ZLb Zvi KvQ 85wU MvgwQj| e Mvg wkL`i Dchycwi AvgYi dj Zvi nPzZ nq| ZeyIZvi Ggb wP ckZv I `vbkxjZv wQj h, GB cKvi Aewk mw_KI wKQz Mvg wZwb Kvb Kvb AvZKjniZ gymjgvb iBmK `vb

Kib| IBjv GLbv Zvu`i KZZvaxb AvQ| eZ:, wZwb `kgqAivRKZvi mgq Zvi GjvKvi GKRb ^vaxb iBm wQjb| me`v Kgewkcvq cvuPk ew Zvi `iLvb Avnvi KiZb| GKkiI ewk Djvgv,

mvaycyil I KziAvb kixdi nvdR Zvi KvQ evm KiZb| Zv`i Rbh_ ew wbavwiZ wQj| Zvi `ievi AwaKvsk mgq Avjvn& I Zvuiimyji (mv.) nv`xm wbq AvjvPbv nZ| Zvi KgPvix I mswk ew`iga KDB ebvgvhx wQjb bv| Ggb wK, huvZv cwiPvwjKv xjvKivI`wbK cvuP Iqvi Ges Zvnvy`i bvgvh Av`vq KiZ| cwZekx mvgymjgvbiv hv`i AwaKvskB AvdMvb wQjb, ZrKvj Bmjvgcyi bvgAwfwnZ Kvw`qvbK gv ejZb| KviY, mB ecweK hyM cZKgymjgvbi Rb GB KjvYcyix, Avkqi vb wQj Ges Abvb AwaKvskvbB Kzdi, AbvPvi I Ryjyg cwijwZ nZ| Kvw`qvb Bmjvg, agvbyivM,cweZv Ges bvq wePvii myMw cvIqv hZ| Avwg wbR ZLbKvi

mgmvgwqK ew`i `LwQ| Zviv Kvw`qvbi Ggb my`i Aevi K_veYbv KiZb, hb mKvj mBmgq GUv GKUv gbvig D`vb ^ic wQj|mLvb agi mvnvhKvix mvay, vbx Ges AwZkq f`I mr-mvnmx kZ

kZ ew ZiivwRic weivRgvb wQjb| G Aj Gic e NUbv cwmAvQ, hvi viv cgvwYZ nq h wghv j&&&& gynv` mvne gig ZrKvjxbgvkvqL (kxlvbxq AvDwjqv) Ges KivgZ mb ew`i ga

GKRb wQjb| Zvi m jvfv_ e mvjn Ges we ew Kvw`qvbmgeZ nqwQjb| Aviv Avhi welq, Zvi Ggb Kvb Kvb KivgZcwm AvQ h, Zv`i mZZv m^ msLvMwi weiev`x GK mc`vqI

mv `vb Ki AvmQ| eZ ivR Ges AwabvqKZ QvovI mZZv,agkxjZv, cil, `pwPZv, agi mvnvh Ges gymjgvbMYi

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mnvbyf~wZg~jK Yvejxi Rb Zvui AZ myLvwZ wQj| Zvui gRwjmAskMnYKvix mevB agfxi, m`vPvix, Bmjvgx ghv`veva mb, cvcvPvi_K weiZ, mrmvnmx I cfvekvjx ewZ wQjb| Avwg eevi Avgvi

wcZvi KvQ bwQ ZrKvj gyNj ivi GKRb DwRi Kvw`qvb AvMgbKib| wZwb wMqvmy`&-`Ijv bvg AwfwnZ wQjb| wZwb wghv j&&gynv`mvnei Mvxh, gav, mvnwmKZv, gnvm, ahkxjZv, weeK eyw,Bmjvgi ccvlKZv, agi mvnvhv_Drmvn, agfxiZv, cweZv GesZvui `ievii Mvxh `kb Kib| Zvi Avo^inxb `ieviK eywgvb,m`vPvix I exi cyilMY cwic~Y `LZ cvb| ZLb wZwb mRj bqb

ejwQjb, hw` Avwg AvM RvbZ cviZvg h GB Rji ga gyNjeski Gic GK ew AvQb, hvi ga ivRvwPZ AZvekKxq Yvejxwe`gvb AvQ, Zvnj Avwg Bmjvgx ivK AyY ivLvi Pv KiZvg|PzMZvB ev`kvn`i AjmZv, AhvMZv Ges YnxbZvi w`b ZvK w`jxiZLZ emvZvg|

GLvb DjL Kiv wbi_K ne bv h, DwjwLZ Ymb Avgvi cwcZvgn,

A_vr wghv j&& gynv` Abvb DcmMmn wnvivM cvYZvM Kib|ivMi ZxeZvi mgq wPwKrmKiv GKgZ nq ejb h, GB ivM wKQzw`bg` eenvi Kij DcKvii mvebv AvQ| wKZvui mvgb GUv wbe`bKivi gZ mvnm KviI nqwb| Aekl, Zv`i ga KD GKRb bgfvlvq GUv wbe`b Kijb| ZLb wZwb ejjb, hw` Lv`v ZvAvjvAvgvK AvivM `vb KiZ Pvb, Ze Zvui mwZ Aviv e Ilya AvQ|

Avwg GB Acwe e eenvi KiZ PvB bv| Avwg Avjvni KvRv IK`i, Zvui wb`k I wbqwZZ m~YivwR AvwQ| Aekl, KqKw`b ciwZwb GB ivM Bnavg cwiZvM Kib|1Zuvi gZz AeavwiZ wQj| wKZvi agfxiZvi GB Awfew wPiiYxq nq iqQ| wZwb g`cvbicwieZgZzK eiY Kijb| gZz _K AenwZ jvfi Rb gvbyl KZ

wKQz Ki _vK| wK wZwb cvc wj nIqv Acv gZzK kq gbKijb| Avc, IB mKj beve, Avgxi Dgviv Ges f~cwZMYi Aevi

Rb! GB wKQzw`bi Rxeb Zviv Avcb Lv`v Ges Zvi Av`kvejx m^m~Y ecivqv nb Ges Lv`v ZvAvjvi mv_ hveZxq mK wQb KicvcvPvi wbgM _vKb, cvwbi bvq g` cvb Kib Ges GB cKvi(1) wghv j&&& gynv` mvne h_vme wLxq 1800 mvj cijvK Mgb Kib|

(wmivZzj-gvn`x, 1g L, 129 c: e)

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wbR`i RxebK wbZvAwP I Acwe Ki Ges vfvweK RxebKvj_K ewZ I bvbv cKvi fqi evwaM nq kxNB cvYZvM Kib Ges

fwelr cRbi Rb AZNwYZ AbyKibxq Av`k iL hvb|

wghv AvZv gynv` mvne :GLb, mvi K_v, Avgvi cwcZvgn cijvK Mgbi ci Zvi vb Avgvi

`v`v mvne A_vr Zvui myhvM cy wghv AvZv gynv` mvne Zvi jvwfwlnb| Zvi mgq Lv`v ZvAvjvi inmgq weZv I wekl Dk wkLMYhy Rq jvf Ki| `v`v mvne gig Zvi wiqvmZ iv_e Pv Kib|wK wbqwZ Zvui Awfcvqi AbyKj bv _vKvq AKZKvhnb| cwikl `v`vmvne gigi KvQ Kejgv Kvw`qvb iq Mj| Kvw`qvb ZLb GKwU`~MvKvii emwZ wQj|1Gi PviwU M^yR wQj| M^yRjvZ wKQz wmcvnx IZvc _vKZ| PZzw`K cvq evBk dzU DuPzcvPxii ebx wQj| cvPxijvGic ck wQj h, wZbwU Nvov Abvqvm Gjvi Ici w`q `o hZcviZ| NUbvg ivgMwoqv bvgi GK `j wkL c_g Pvc~eK AbygwZ

wbq Kvw`qvb cek Ki| AZ:ci GUv AwaKvi Ki em| ZLb Avgv`ic~ecyilMYi LyeB `yMwZ njv| BmvBjx RvwZi gZ Zvuiv aiv cojv Gese`x njv| Zv`i abiZ me jyU njv| e gmwR` I fvj fvj evwoNiaywjvr Kiv njv| AZv I welek evMvbjvK KU djv njv|Kvb Kvb gmwR`K agkvjv A_vr wkL gw`i cwiYZ Kiv njv| Zvi

ga GKwU gmwR` Hfve GLbv wkL`i AwaKvi AvQ| ZLb Avgv`i

c~ecyil`i GKwU cvVvMviI fxf~Z Kiv nq| GZ nvZ jLv cvuPk KwcKziAvb kixdI AZ eqv`wei mv_ cvovbv nq| Aekl, wkLiv wKQzUvwPv Ki Avgv`i c~ecyil`iK Ab Pj hvIqvi wb`k w`j Ges xcyil mevBK Nvovi MvwoZ Pwoq mLvb _K ei Ki w`j| Zvivcvvei GKwU z`ivR Avkq MnY Kijb|3wKQzw`b ci, IB me ki

Pvi dj Avgvi `v`v mvneK wel cqvM Kiv njv|

(1) Kvw`qvbi `yM hvZvqvZi Rb PviwU dUK wQj| Gjvi bvg wQj evUvjx `iRv,cvnvwo `iRv, gyix `iRv Ges bvx `iRv| (kL gvngy` Avng` Bidvbx mvne

gig cYxZ Kvw`qvb, c_g msiY, 6 c:)(2) AbygvwbK 1802 wLv| (Kvw`qvb 79 c:)(3) A_vr, Kcyi_jv ivR|

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wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvne :AZ:ci, iYwRr wmsni ivRZKvji klfvM Avgvi Iqvj` mvne

(wcZv) wghv Mvjvg gyZhv Kvw`qvb cZvMgb Kib| wcZvi Mvgmg~niga cvuPwU Mvg wZwb wdi cjb | KviY, GB mgqi ga iYwRr wmsnAbvb AwaKvsk z` z` ivR nMZ Ki GKwU eo iv vcbKiwQjb| Avgv`i mgMvgwjB iYwRr wmsni Kivq wQj| GKw`Kjvnvi _K ckvIqvi ch Ges Aciw`K jywaqvbv ch Zvi ivRweZ wQj| hv nvK, Avgv`i cvPxb wiqvmZwU f~jywZ nq AeklcvuPwU Mvg gv nvZ _vKjv| Zey cyivZb esk wnmve Avgvi Iqvj`

mvne A_vr wghv Mvjvg gyZhv GZ`vj LvZbvgv I abvX ew iBmwQjb| Mfbi Rbviji `ievi DcekbvwaKvix ivRbeMi AfyMY Ki ZvK me`v AvgY Kiv nZv| mvi jvcj Mxwdb mvneI

Zr-cYxZ cvvei ivRbeMi BwZnvm Zvi welqI DjL KiQb|hv nvK, wZwb kvmK KZci `wZ AZwcq I kq ew wQjb|AbK mgq Zvi gbvZzwi Dk DP ivRKgPvwiiv, h_v Kwgkbvi,

WcywU Kwgkbvi Zvi mv_ mvvr Kivi Rb Zvi evwoZ AvmZb|1

mvi jvcj wMwdbi mv :Avgv`i weePbvq, Gj mvi jvcj wMwdbi weewZwU mwbwe KijAcvmwK ne bv| mvi jvcj Zvi wjwLZ cvve Pxd&m bvgK cyKcvvei ivRbeMi BwZnvm nhiZ Avng` Kvw`qvbx (Av.) Gi cwievi

m^ wjLQb :mgvU eveii ivRZi kl eQi A_vr 1530 wLv nv`x eM bvgK

RbK mgiK`evmx gyNj ^`k cwiZvM Ki cvve AvMgb Kib Gesi`vmcyi Rjvq emwZ vcb Kib| wZwb wKQz jLvcov RvbZb Ges

Kvw`qvbi PZzcvkcvq 70wU2Mvgi GK Kvhx A_vr gvwRU wbhynb| Kw_Z AvQ, wZwb Kvw`qvb cwZv Kib Ges Gi bvg Bmjvgcyi

KvRx ivLb, hv gk: cwiewZZ nq Kvw`qvb bvg aviY Ki|3e cyil(1) wKZveyj-evwiqv, c_g msiY, nvwkqv, 134-46 c:|(2) GwU wVK bq, 85wU Mvg wQj| G m^ AvM ejv nqQ| (MKvi)(3) cvve Pxdm cyK GB vb UxKvq wjwLZ AvQ, cvvex fvlvq hv` ( ) Aii

DPviY AwaKvsk j AviweZ ` nq co| hgb, ^R-^`, IvR- Iv`|

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evcx GB cwievi ev`kvni Aaxb mvwbZ ivRKvh AwawZ wQj|wkL`i Afyvbi mgq Zviv nxb`kvMwQjb| j&& gynv` I Zvi cyAvZv gynv` ivgMwoqv I KvbnvBqv wkL `jjvi mv_ AweiZ msMvg

wj _vKb| Kvw`qvbi cvkeZx vbjv G`i Aaxb wQj| AvZvgynv` Zvi mg mwPzZ nq weMvqvj m`vi dZn& wmsnAvnjyIqvwjqvi kiYv_x njb Ges Zvi iYvaxb wZwb evi eQi Kvjwbivc` emevm Kib| Zvi gZzi ci ivgMwoqv `ji iYwRr wmsn mgRvqMxi nMZ Ki Ges wZwb Mvjvg gyZhvK Kvw`qvb wdi hvIqviRb Avnvb Ki Zvi c~e-cyil`i RvqMxii GK en`vsk Zvi nvZ

mgcY Kib| AZ:ci, wZwb Zvi fvB`i mn gnvivRvi mwbK wefvMhvM`vb Kib Ges Kvkxi mxgvI Abvb vb hvMZvi cwiPq `b|bIbnvj wmsn, ki wmsn Ges jvnvi `ievii Avgj Mvjvg gyZhvme`v iY KvR KiQb| 1841 wLv Rbvij fUzivi mv_ ZvKgw I Kzjy cvVvbv nq| 1840 mvj GK `j c`vwZK mbiAwabvqKic wZwb ckvIqvi hvb| nvRvivi we`vn `gb wZwb wekl`Zvi cwiPq `b| 1848 mvji we`vn wZwb Zvi miKvii mv_wekZv iv Kib Ges miKvi c hy Kib| Zvi fvB MvjvggywnDxbI GB mgq Dg mvgwiK KvR mv`b Kib| hLb `Iqvb g~jwmsni mvnvhv_ fvB gnvivR wmsn mmb gyjZvbi w`K AMminwQjb, ZLb Mvjvg gywnDxb Abvb RvqMxi`vi ji Lvu mwnIqvjGes mvne Lvu wZIqvbvmn gymjgvb Awaevmx`iK DrmvwnZ Kib Ges

wgm mvne `qvji evwnbxi mv_ GKhvM we`vnx`iK AvgY Ki

m~Yic civwRZ Kib| Pbve b`x eZxZ Aci Kvb w`K kz`icvjvevi ivv _vKjv bv| kci Qqki ewk jvK cvwbZ Wye

gijv|

hLb BsiR AwaKZ `ki mv_ cvveKI mshvwRZ Kiv njv ZLbGB cwievii RvqMxiI evRqv njv| wKmvZk UvKvi GKwU cbkbMvjvg gyZhv I Zvi fvBK `qv njv| Kvw`qvb I cvkKqKwU Mvg

Zv`i gvwjKx ^Z envj _vKjv| 1857 wLv miKviK wmcvnxwe`vni mgq GB cwievi cf~Z mvnvh Kib| wghv Mvjvg gyZhv AbKjvKK mbvevwnbxZ fwZ Ki `b| Zvi cy Mvjvg Kv`i ZLbRbvij wbKjmbi evwnbxZ wQjb, hLb D mbvcwZ wkqvjKvU_K cjvZK 46 bs `kxq c`vwZK we`vnx evwnbxK wgyNvU asm

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Kib| Rbvij wbKjmb Mvjvg Kv`iK GKwU mb` `b| GZ jLvAvQ h, 1857 wLv Kvw`qvbi cwievi Rjvi Abvb cwievi AcvAwaK wekZv iv KiQ|1

wbevmbi msw BwZnvm :Dci GKwU cv`UxKvq Avgiv ejwQ, wghv j&gynv` mvne 1800wLv cijvKMgb Kib| Zvi gZzi ci wghv AvZv gynv` mvneimgq wkLiv ezZg~jK mvvZi Qj wfZi cek Ki Kvw`qvb AwaKviKi2Ges wghv AvZv gynv` mvne cwievi cwiRbmn Kcyi_jv ivRi

weMvqvj bvgK vb Avkq MnY KiZ eva nb| GUv 1802 ev 1803wLvi NUbv| ivRv dZn&wmsn ZLb Kcyi_jvi ivRv| wZwb wghv AvZvgynv` mvneK mv`i MnY Ki ck A:KiYi cwiPq `b| RxweKvwbevni Rb ZvK `ywU Mvg `qvi AvMn cKvk Kij wghv mvne ZvKGB ej cZvLvb Kijb h wZwb GB Mvgjv MnY Kij Zvi mvb`i

gbvej nvm cve Ges cvwievwiK wZ ivi wPv Zv`i gb _K jvc

cZ _vKe|wghv AvZv gvnv` mvne wbevwmZ Aevq gvMZ GMviv eQi evcx eKfvMi ci AvbygvwbK 1814 wLv Kcyi_jvZB gZeiY Kib|3Zvi cy wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvne ivZi ejvq Zvi Rvbvhv Kvw`qvbwbq Avmb Ges wkL`i evav `vb mZI AZ mvnwmKZvi mv_cvwievwiK Keivb ZvK mgvwa Kib| Zvi gZzi ci evwnKfve

cwieviwU m~Y wbicvq nq cojv| A wei 20 eQi ch GfveKvUjv wK GY nhiZ AvK`vm gmxn cvK (Av.) Gi RbMnYi mgqwbKUeZx nwQj| Lv`v ZvAvjv A`k nvZ w`q Zv`i Kvw`qvbcZveZbi eev Kijb| 1834 ev 1835 wLv gnvivRv iYwRr wmsn

Zvi wcZv nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvneK Kvw`qvb wiqvmZi cvuPwUMvg c`vb Kijb| wkL Avgj ch A_vr gvMZ P eQi GBMvgjv Zvi KZZvaxb _vKjv| wK1849 wLvi 27k gvP, cvvec`k BsiR kvmbvaxb Avmj Kvb Kvb we`vnx m`vii RvqMxijv

(1) cvve Pxdm, 2q L, 67-68 c:|(2) GB evcvi Kvb Kvb vbxq gymjgvbI wekvmNvZKZv KiwQj|(3) Kvw`qvb| 78 c:|

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mgZ Kvw`qvbi RvqMxiI Ko bqv njv| e`vbZv ^ic mvZk UvKviGKwU gvgyjx cbkb gv cwieviwUi Rb avhKiv njv| cvve BsiR

kvmb mycwZwZ nj, wZwb Zvi `xNKvjxb bxwZ Abyhvqx GB bZzb

MfYgUK c~Y mnhvwMZv Kib| nhiZ AvK`vm (Av.) Gi RxebxAvjvPbv cm Avgiv vb vb Zvui wcZvi Rxebi cvmwK wKQzAskwbqI AvjvPbv Kiev BbkvAvjvn&|

nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvnei weevnnhiZ Avng` Kvw`qvbx AvjvBnm mvjvZz Iqvm mvjvgi kq wcZv

nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvnei weevn wkqvicyi Rjvi BgvgMYiGKwU mvwbZ gyNj cwievi nqwQj| nhiZ AvK`vmi kqv gvZvibvg wQj PivM wewe| cwiZvl `w, AvwZ_qZv Ges `wi` cvjb ZviPwii AbZg ewk wQj| wZwb Mwie wgmwKbK wekl hZmnKviAvnvi KivZb Ges AfveM ewMYi cqvRbvw`i cwZ wekl jivLZb| Kvb `wi`ewi gZy nj ZrYvr Zvi Rb Kvdb Zwi KiZvi Ni ciY Kiv Zvi wPiKvjxb Afvm wQj|

nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvnei mvbnhiZ PivM wewe mvnevi MfnhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvnei cvuPwUmvb RbMnY Kib|

(1) gyiv` wewewkqvicyii wghv gynv` eMi mv_ Zvi weq nq| GBgwnjv mZ cI Kvkd `kb KiZb|

(2) wghv Mvjvg Kv`i mvneBwb nhiZ AvK`vmi (Av.) eo fvBwQjb| BsiR miKvii Aaxb wZwb wKQz mvbRbK ivRKvhAwawZ wQjb| Gici wbR Rjv A_vr i`vmcyii Rjv `iimycvwiUbWU c`I mgvmxb _vKb| cmg GB cyKi bvbvvb Avgiv Zvi m^ AvjvPbv Kiev|

(3) Zvi Aviv GKwU cy RbMnY Kib| wKwKQzKvj ciB Zvi gZz nq|(4) RvbvZ weweGB Kbv nhiZ AvK`vmi (Av.) m hgR RbMnYKib Rbi KqKw`b ci Zvi gZz nq|

(5) nhiZ wghv Mvjvg Avng` mvne Kvw`qvbx gmxn gvID` I gvn`x gvmE`AvjvBnm&mvjvZzIqvm& mvjvg, hvui mv_ GLb weki fvM RwoZ|

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wghv Bgvgywb

nhiZ wghv Mvjvg Avn&g`Bgvg gvn&`x I gmxn&gvID` (Av.)Avng`xqv gymwjg RvgvZ-Gi cwZvZv

wghv Mvjvg Kv`i

wghv bhvgywb wghv Kvgvjyxbwghv Mvjvgmvqb

(wZwb wbik nb)

wghv MvjvgnvB`i

wghv MvjvggywnDwb

wghv MvjvgAvng`

wghv Mvjvggyvdv

wghv MvjvggyZhv

wghv nv`x eM(Bwb 1530 wLv mgiK` nZ Kvw`qvb AvMgb Kib)

`xb gynv` gynv` MDm gynv` myjZvb

Ave`yj evKx

Mvhx eM Rvdi eM Ave` eM

Avhxh `xb Avjvn&`xb evnvDxb

dqhyjvn gynv` dvhj gynv` `jvIi

kv`x eM gxi gynv` gynv` Kvqg

`xb gynv` gynv` mvqb wghv dqh gynv`

gynv` mv`K gynv` Avmjvg

Ae`ybex inxg eM gynv` eM Avdhj eM Pvu` eM

wghv Kvmg eM wghv AvZv gynv` wghv Mvjvg gywnDxb

wghv j&&&gynv`

11nvqvZ ZvBqev

nhiZ AvK`vmi esk ZvwjKv :

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wekl `e :

(1) nhiZ AvK`vm (Av.) gynv` myjZvbi eskai wQjb ej GLvbaygv ZviB eskai`i msw ZvwjKv mwbwe nqQ| wevwiZweeiYi Rb wmivZzj-gvn`x, mvneRv`v nhiZ wghv ekxi Avng`mvne (gvv-whjyj Avjx) cYxZ, c_g msiY, 116 c: `Lyb|

(2) wghv dqh gynv` mvnei cieZxAev wevwiZfve Rvbv hvq|GRb Zvi cieZxesk ZvwjKvI `qv nj|

nhiZ AvK`vm wghvMvjvg Avng&` (Av.) Gi Rb :wkL Avgj nhiZ AvK`vmi Rb nq| ZLb Rbi w`K, Y, ZvwiLiKvb mwVK KvMRc ivLv nZv bv| Zv`i cwieviI ZLb DMgq

Aevq wQj| GKviY mb`ic MnxZ nZ cvi Gic Kvb `wjj cvIqvhvq bv, hvi Dci wbfi Ki Rb ZvwiL mwVKic wbicY Kiv hvq|

Aek, B`vwbs nhiZ mvneRv`v wghv ekxi Avng` mvne Gg, G, nhiZAvK`vmi Kvb Kvb jLv Ges wKse`x Abyhvqx wbaviY Kib h,nhiZ AvK`vm 13B deqvwi 1835 wLv gvZveK 14B kvIqvj1250 wnRix evi dRii bvgvhi mgq f~wg nb| GK_v wekl ic

DjLhvM h, Zuvi (Av.) Rbi m mB Zuvi (Av.) cwievii wbevmbAev I A_-K `~ixf~Z nq|

Avgiv ejwQ hyi hgR RbMnY Kib| wZwb f~wg nIqvi AvM h KbvmvbwU RbMnY Ki, KqKw`b ciB Zvi gZz nq| GB NUbvi cwZBwZ Ki wZwb KLbv KLbv ejZb, Avgvi gb nq, GB cKvi Lv`vZvAvjv Avgvi ga _K bvixmyjf fve myYic `~ixf~Z Kib| ZvuihgR RbMnY Kivi ga Aviv GKwU welq wbwnZ wQj| GZ mBfwelvYx c~Y njv, hv Kvbv Kvbv Bmjvgx cyK wjwLZ wQj, A_vr,cwZkZ gvn`x hgR RbMnY Kieb|1

(1) dmymyj&-nKvg, nhiZ gywnDxb Beb Aviwe cYxZ, 1308 wnRix mvj gyw Z

gjvbv Avj&-dvhj gynv` gyeviK Avjxi Abyev` 36 c:|

12 nvqvZ ZvBqev

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nhiZ AvK`vmi RbMnYi KqK eQi AvM Zi kZvxi gyRv`nhiZ mq` Avng` eijex (ingZzjvn AvjvBn) Ges nhiZ BmgvCjknx` mvne nvRviv Rjvi AeZx evjvKvU bvgK vb knx` nqwQjb

Ges BsiR kvmb kwi Aaxb wLvb ag ebvi bvq cvve eZxZfviZeli Aewk mgMAskK Mvm KiZ PjwQj| Gi ciB cvveicvjv wQj| wLvbiv mec_g, wVK 1835 wLv, A_vr nhiZ AvK`vm(Av.) Gi Rb eQi jywaqvbvq Zv`i c_g cPvi wgkb Kvqg Ki|

myZivs Zv Kgb Hkx nc wQj h, GKw`K zkxq agcPvii eevnIqvi mB Aci w`K Lv`v ZvAvjv GB wdrbvi Ayi webvki Dk

zk-fKvixK wbKUeZx GK Rjvq Avwef~Z Kijb| AZ:ci, GB zkfKvix hLb `xv MnY Kivi Rb Avw` njb, ZLb wZwb mec_geqAvZ wbevi vb wnmve jywaqvbvKB gbvbxZ Kijb|

nhiZ AvK`vmi kke :GKwU dviwm cev` AvQ, nvbnvi `vivLZ K wPK&b wPK&b cvZ| wVK

GB cev` evK Abyhvqx nhiZ wghv Mvjvg Avng` Kvw`qvbx (Av.) GikkeI AwZkq cwe Ges Dj wQj| Ab Qjgq`i mv_ Ab_KLjvayjv ev `yvwgZ hvM`vb Kiv Zvui Afvm wQj bv|1bexMYi wPib

ixwZ Abyhvqx GKevi Zvui QvMj Pivevi myhvM NU wQj| Zv GicNUGKevi wZwb Mvgi evBi GK Kci Dci emwQjb| evwo _KZvui Kvb wRwbm Avbvi cqvRb njv| GK ew cvkB QvMj PivwQj|wZwb ZvK ejjb, Zzwg AvgvK evwo _K AgyK wRwbm Gb `vI|mB ew ejj, Avgvi QvMjjv `Le K| wZwb ejjb, Zzwg hvI,

Avwg Gjv `Lev| Z`byhvqx wZwb Zvi QvMjjv PivZ jvMjb GBcKvi Lv`v ZvAvjv GK wnmve bex`i bxwZ (mybZ) Zvui viv cvjb

Kivjb|2

Zvi Rxeb PwiZ jLK, mjmjvi mycwm HwZnvwmK nhiZ kL BqvKzeAvjx Bidvbx mvne (ivwh Avjv Avb) Zuvi kkei GKwU AZvhRbK NUbv wjLQb| GKevi QvUejvZB GKRb mgeqv gqK(ci hvi mv_ Zvui weq nq) wZwb ejZb, `vqv Ki hb Lv`v AvgvK

(1) Avj&-nvKvg; 14B Ryb, 1932 wLv 10g c:|(2) wmivZzj gvn`x, 1g L, wZxq msiY, 250 c:|

13nvqvZ ZvBqev

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bvgvh covi mfvM `b|1

Zvui cwe ^fve, mvayPwi I Afvmi RbB h KD ZvK APzw`q

`LQb m-B Zvui f nqQb| ejywPvb wbevmx wgTv gynv` mvqbmvne bvgK GKRb Avng`x wkK ejb, AvgvK gjex eyinvbyxbmvne (ivwh Avjv Avb) ejQb h, GKevi nhiZ gwmn& gvID`AvjvBnm mvjvZz Iqvm mvjvg, wKjv wgTvwmsni gjex Mvjvg imyjmvnei KvQ wMqwQjb| ZLb hyi Kej evjKgv| IB gRwjm Kvbwelq wbq AvjvPbv nwQj| K_v cm gjex Mvjvg imyj mvneejjb, G Rvgvbvq Kvb bex nIqvi _vKj, GB Qj beyqZi hvM|

gjex Mvjvg imyj mvne GKRb Awj I KivgZmb ew wQjb|wZwb nhiZ gmxn gvID` AvjvBnm mvjvZz Iqvm& mvjvgi `n mn-fi nvZ eyjvZ eyjvZ GB K_v ejwQjb| gjex eyinvbyxb mvne(i.) ejb h, wZwb wbR IB gRwjm DcwZ wQjb|2

nhiZ AvK`vmi wkv :

BsiR kvmbi AvM cvve wkL-ivRZ wQj| wkvi cwZwkL-MfYgUi Av` Kvb `w wQj bv| `ki mv ewiv AvcbAvcb NiB wkK`iK Mn-wkKic ivLZb| BsiR Avgjicv_wgK hyMI wkvi evcvi Awei GB eevB cPwjZ wQj| nhiZ

AvK`vm (Av.) Gi wkvi RbI Ggb eev Kiv nqwQj| nhiZ wbRBZvui cv_wgK wkvi welq eYbv KiQb| GRb hyii fvlvZB Gi

DjL mgxPxb gb Kwi| hyi ejb : Avgvi eqm hLb 6/7 eQi, ZLbGKRb dviwm fvlvwe`& Avgvi Rb Dchy eZb wkK wbhy Kiv nq|wZwb KziAvb kixd Ges wKQz dviwm KZve AvgvK cwoqwQjb| GBeyRyMi bvg wQj dhj Bjvnx| Avgvi eqm AvbygvwbK `k eQii mgqGKRb Aviwe fvlvwe` gjex mvne Avgvi wkvi Rb wbqvwRZ nb|

Zvi bvg wQj dhj Avng`| Avgvi gb nq Avgvi wkv Lv`v ZvAvjvidhji Zvi wekl Kcvi GKUv cv_wgK exR _vKvi dj mB wkK`i

bvgi c_g kI dhjB wQj| Dciv gjex mvne GKRb `xb`vi IeyRyM ew wQjb| wZwb AZ gbvhvM I cwikgi mv_ AvgvK

(1) nvqvZzbbex 1g L, 2q msLv, 158 c:|(2) ivIqvBqvZ mvnvev, (AcKvwkZ) L 12,104-105 c:|

14 nvqvZ ZvBqev

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covZb| Avwg Aviwe-evKiYi Qvidi Kvb Kvb KZve Ges bneiKvb Kvb wbqgvejx Zvi KvQ cvV Kwi| ci Avgvi eqm hLb 17/18

eQi njv, ZLb AviI GKRb gjex mvnei KvQ KqK eQi wkv

jvfi myhvM NUwQj| Zvi bvg wQj j& Avjx kvn&| ZvKI Iqvj`mvne eZbfy Ki AvgvK Kvw`qvb covevi Rb wbqvM Kib| GBklv gjex mvnei KvQ Avwg bne, hyw wevb Ges `kb kvcfwZ cPwjZ vbwevb, hZLvwb Lv`v ZvAvjv PvBjb ARb Kijvg|

wPwKrmv kvi Kvb Kvb wKZve Avwg Iqvj` mvnei KvQ cvV Kwi|wPwKrmv we`vi w`K _K wZwb GKRb mywbcyY wPwKrmK wQjb|1

GB weewZZ h wZbRb wkKi K_v ewYZ nqQ Zv`i ga c_gwkK A_vr gjex dhj Bjvnx mvne Kvw`qvbi evwm`v Ges nvbvdxwQjb| wZxq wkK, A_vr gjex dhj Avn&g` mvne RivbIqvjvRjvi AMZ wdivhIqvjvi Awaevmx wQjb| wZwb Avnj nvw`m

mc`vqfy wQjb| ZZxq wkK gjex j&&Avjx kvn&evUvjvevmx Geswkqv mc`vqi wQjb|2gvU K_v Lv`v ZvAvjv Zvi wkvi Rb Ggb

me wkK wbqvwRZ Ki wQjb, hvuiv gymjgvbMY`i cwmmc`vqjvi Afy wQjb| Ggb Kivi KviY GB h Zvui Dci A`~ifwelZ gymjgvb`i msvii mygnvb Kvhfvi b nIqvi wQj| GBeevi dj, wZwb Gme wkK`i KvQ _K cZK mc`vqi agwekvm I wqv-Kg, AvKvq` I Avgj m^ ek wKQzUv RvbZciwQjb|

cPwjZ Ljvq Ask MnY :Avgiv h mgqi K_v wbq AvjvPbv KiwQ, m mgq mvaviYZ Kzw,KvevwW, gy i fvuRv Ges fvi gy i Dvjbi evqvg I Ljv cPwjZ wQj|Kgnxb jvK`i ga cvwL aiv, cvwL cvjb Ges gviM jovB-Gi mvaviYcPjb wQj| nhiZ AvK`vm (Av.) klv hveZxq Avgv`-cgv`jv

^fveZ cQ` KiZb bv| Z_vwc wbw` mxgvbvi ga _K wZwb wbqwgZkixi PPv Ges xov-KZzK Ask MnY KiZb| evjKvj wZwb mvuZviKvUv wkLb| KLbI KLbI Kvw`qvbi cyKzijvZ wZwb mvuZvi KvUZb

(1) wKZveyj&-evwiqv, 140-50 c:|(2) nvqvvZzb&-bex, 1g Rj&d, 51 c:|

15nvqvZ ZvBqev

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Ges c_g Rxeb Nvovq PovI wkLwQjb| GZ wZwb wekl cvi`wkZvjvf Kib| wKZvui wekl evqvg wQj cvq nuvUv Pjv| kl eqm chwZwb Zv Kvqg iL wQjb| gYv_ AbK `~i `~ivnuU hZb Ges

AZ`Z nuvUZb|1

c_g weq :cbi lvj eQi eqm Zvui cig fwfvRb wcZv Zvui weq Zvui Avcb

gvgv wghv RwgqZ eM gigi gq igZ wewei mv_ mv`b Kib|GUv Zvui c_g weq| GB weqi dj Zvui `yB cywghv myjZvb Avng`

mvne Ges wghv dhj Avng` mvne h_vg meZ 1853 wLv Ges1855 wLv RbMnY Kib| wghv dhj Avng` mvne eKvj ci

wbtmvb Aevq gZzeiY Kib| wKnhiZ wghv myjZvb Avng` mvneBsiR miKvii Aaxb wewfbivRKvh AwawZ _K WcywU Kwgkbiic` DbxZ nb Ges Aekl evnvIqvjcyi ivRi A_gxic Aemi MnY

Kib| cbkb cvwi AKvj ci wZwb Zvui QvU fvB nhiZ wghv

ekxixb gvngy` Avng` LwjdvZzj gwmn mvbx AvBqv`vjv ZvAvjvinvZ eqAvZ Ki Avng`xqv mjmjvq hvM`vb Kib| wZwb ayGKRbmyhvM ivRKgPvixB wQjb bv, cvi wZwb GKRb cwm jLK Gese Mi cYZv wQjb| Zvui cYxZ cvq 50wU cyK gyw`Z nq cKvwkZnqQ| GK_v weklfve DjLhvM h, Zvui R cy nhiZ wghv AvhxhAvng` mvne Gg G evjKvjB wcZvgn nhiZ gmxn gvID` AvjvBnmmvjvZzIqvm&mvjvgi nvZ eqAvZ Kib| wZwb GwWGg c`& _K AemiMnY Ki cbkb cqQb| GLb wZwb wmjwmjvi K` bvhi Avjvic` wbhy AvQb| Lv`v Zvi AvqyZ eiKZ w`b| Zvi mgMRxeb AZ

AvwiKZv Ges agcivqYZvi mv_ KvwUq hvQb| PvKwi Rxeb mZZv,bvq, wbv, KZecivqYZv, Ges mywePvii AZzP Av`kvcb KiQb|

nhiZ AvK`vmi wbRbwcqZv :

`ki mvaviY wbqgi wecixZ weqi ciI nhiZ AvK`vmi wbRbwcqZvq wZjgv cf` NUwb| Kvw`qvbi wbKUeZx GKRb wn`y RvUejZb h, nhiZ wghv mvne _K wZwb 20 eQii eo wQjb| eo wghv

(1) wmjwmjv Avng`xqv, nhiZ mvneRv`v wghv ekxi Avng` mvne cYxZ, 10 c:|

16 nvqvZ ZvBqev

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mvnei1 KvQ cvqB Zvi Avmv-hvIqv wQj| Zvi mvgb eevi GicNUQ h Kvb DP ivRKgPvix ev iBm eo wghv mvnei mv_mvvZi Rb AvMgb Kij K_v cm Zviv wRvmv Kib wghv mvne,

Avcbvi eo Qji (A_vr wghv Mvjvg Kv`i mvnei) mZv mvvrnq wK Avcbvi QvU Qji m KLbI nq bv| ZLb wZwb Diw`Zb, nvu, Avgvi wZxq cy Mvjvg Kv`ii QvU| wK m wbRbB_vK| Zvici, wZwb KvDK cvwVq wghv mvneK WK AvbZb|

wZwb AvbZ bqb DcwZ nZb Ges wcZvi cvk mvgvb eeavbemZb| AwaKvsk mgq gyLi Dci evg nvZ ivLv Zvui Afvm wQj| wZwb

Kvb K_v ejZb bv| Kviv cwZ ZvKvZb bv| eo wghv mvneejZb, GLb Zv GB beea~K `Ljb| Aviv ejZb, Avgvi GBQj gymxZvi|2 m PvKwiI Ki bv, Kvb Dcvq-DcvRbI Ki bv|

Zvici, wZwb nm ejZb, Pj, ZvgvK Kvb gmwR` Bgvg Ki `B|GZ AZ `k gY km Lvevi Rb Ni Avme| GB DcvLvb ejvi cimB RvU ejZb, AvR wZwb RxweZ _vKj `LZ cZb h, BwbKgb kvnvbkvn&ic wbRMn mgvmxb Ges KZ kZ kZ jvK `~i-`~iv_K Zvui `iRvq Mvjvgxi Rb Avm|3

AZwaK covbv :cvV wnmve, mevcv AwaK wZwb KziAvb gRx` ZjvIqvZ KiZb|Ggb wK, Kvb Kvb `kK ejb, Avgiv ZvuK m`v KziAvb Kixg cvV

iZ `LwQ|

Zvi R cy nhiZ wghv myjZvb Avng` mvne eYbv Kib h, nhiZAvK`vmi KvQ GKwU KziAvb gRx` wQj| wZwb GwU cvV KiZb Ges wPwZKiZ _vKZb| wZwb Aviv ejb, Avwg Kvb cKvi AwZkqvw bv KiBejZ cvwi h, meZ: `k nvRvi evi wZwb Zv cvV KiwQjb|4 wKZvecvV wZwb Gic wbgM_vKZb h, ZLb Zvui evnvb wejy nq hZ|

(1) nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvne|(2) Bnv GKwU cvvex fvlvi k| Gi viv Gic ewK eySvq, whwb Zvi AwaKvsk mgq gmwR` bvgvh Ges KziAvb kixd cvV AwZevwnZ Kib|(3) ZvhKivZzj-gvn`x, wZxq L, 30 c:|(4) nvqvZzb-bex, 1g L, 108 c:|

17nvqvZ ZvBqev

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Gcm nhiZ AvK`vm (Av.) ^qs ejQb :

H mgq wKZve `Lvi cwZ Avgvi Gic SvuK wQj, hb Avwg G RMZ

_vKZvg bv| cvQ ^vnvwb nq GB fq Avgvi Iqvj` mvne AvgvKAZ mnvbyf~wZi mv_ evi evi GB Dc`kB w`Zb h, cyK cvVKgvbv DwPZ|1

gvgjv-gvKvgv Z`&weinhiZ AvK`vmi cig fwfvRb wcZv nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvne

`Ljb h wZwb agMmg~n cvV Ges bvgvh, ivhv cfwZ Hkx wb`kvejxcvjb wbgM_vKb, wKmvsmvwiK evcvi GKRb Rwg`vi wnmve ZvuiKvQ h mKj KvR-Kg AvmZ, wZwb IB me welq m~Y D`vmxb_vKZb| GRb Zvui wPv nZv Zvi AeZgvb GB cy AMRi MjMn bv

nq cob|2 myZivs, gvKvgvw`i Z`&weii Rb wZwb ZvuK Av`kw`Zb| wZwb wcZvi Av`k cvjbi BQvq IB me gvKvgv cwiPvjbvKvR eZx nZb mZ, wK^fveZ: wZwb GB KvR AcQ` KiZb| wZwb

wbRB wjLQb :Avgvi Iqvj` mvne wcZ-wcZvgn`i Mvgmg~n cybivii Dk

BsiR Av`vjZ gvKvgv cwiPvjbv Kijb| wZwb Zvi mevq AvgvKIwbqvwRZ KiwQjb| GK my`xN mgq Avwg me KvR evcZ wQjvg|Avgvi `ytL nq, Avgvi e mgq GB mg wbi_K weev` b nj| GKBm Iqvj` mvne Rwg`vixi welqvw`i Zveavbi wbwg AvgvK wbhy

Kijb| Avwg Gic iwP I ^fvemb ew wQjvg bv| GRb cvqBIqvj` mvne Am nZb| Avgvi cwZ Zvi mnvbyf~wZ I `qv AZewk wQj| wK wZwb PvBZb h, mvaviY gvbyli bvq AvwgI

Ni-msmvii cwZ AvK nB| wKAvgvi gb G welq m~Y wegyL wQj|GKevi GKRb Kwgkbvi Kvw`qvb AvmZ PvBjb| Avgvi Iqvj` mvne

KqKevi AvgvK ejjb, Zvui Af_bv_ `yB wZb vk GwMq wMq

ZvK wbq Avmv DwPZ| wKGKvR KiZ Avgvi gb AZNYv RbvjGes Avwg AmyI wQjvg ZvB Avwg hZ cvwiwb| myZivs, GB welqwUI

(1) wKZveyj-evwiqv, wZxq msiY, cv`wUKv 150 c:|(2) nhiZ LwjdvZzj gwmn mvbx AvBq`vjv-ZvAvjv ebvmwiwnj Avhxh KZK weewZ, Avj-nvKvg, wmivZ gvwmn gvID` msLv, 5c: g- Ryb 1943 hy msLv|

18 nvqvZ ZvBqev

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Zvi Amwi KviY nj| wZwb PvwQjb Avwg mvsmvwiK KvRKg cwZgyn~Zwj _vwK| Avgvi viv Zv nwQj bv| Z_vwc Avwg gb Kwi h, Avwgm`yk cw_exi Rb bq, ay wcZvi AvvbyewZZvq cyYvRYi wbwg

Avwg Iqvj` mvnei mevq m~Yic AvZwbqvM KiwQjvg Ges ZvuiRb `vqvq gkj _vKZvg| wZwb AvwiK wekvmi mv_ AvgvKgvZ-wcZ-f ej RvbZb| e mgq ejZb, Avwg ay`qvciek nqAvgvi GB QjK mvsmvwiK welq Kgi cwZ gbvhvMx KiZ PvB| bvnq, Avwg Rvwb hw`K Zvi gb co AvQ, A_vr agi w`K- cKZ ImZ welq ZvB| Avgiv Avgv`i Rxeb Ah_v b KiwQ|1

agBwZnvm cvV Z: Rvbv hvq h, Avjvn&ZvAvjv hvu`i Dci gvbeRvwZi msvii `vwqZ AcYi Awfcvq Kib, cZvw` Kivi AvMZvu`iK Ggb me Aevi ga w`q cwiPvwjZ Kib, hvi AwfZvwek-msvii KvR bvbv cKvi mvnvh Ki| `v ^ic, nhiZAvK`vmi Aevi cwZB `wcvZ Kib| Zvui mgq bvq wePvi jvfiRb BsiR Av`vjZjv cwZwZ nq| GB me wePvivjq Dfq ci

DwKjiv mvaviYZ: mZevw`Zv, mZZv I mvayZvK Rjvwj w`qgvKvgv cwiPvjbv KiZb| wZwb Gi wecixZ, gvKvgv cwiPvjbvqGgb AZzjbxq Av`kvcb Kib h KD ejZ cviZv bv wZwb KvbgvKvgvq we`ygv mZi Acjvc KiQb| cieZxcvjv _K GUv

my ne h, wZwb Gevcvi GK cKvi AZzjbxq Av`k vcb KiMQb| Zuvi AwZ eo kI GUv A^xKvi KiZ cviwb h, wZwb G

AwZ gnvb Av`k iL MQb|

AvcvZZ: GB evcvi Zvui gvgywiqZ ev cZvw` nIqvi c~eKviKqKwU NUbv D`vniY wnmve DcwZ KiwQ|

(GK) GK gvKvgvi Z`&weii Rb ZuvK jvnvi hZ nqwQj|jvnvi wZwb mq` gynv` Avjx kvn& mvnei evwoZ Aevb Kib| kvn&mvne Kvw`qvbi GKRb mv iBm wQjb| eb wefvM PvKwi ekZ:

jvnvi evm KiZb| Pxd KvU gvKvgv wQj| kvn& mvnei KgPvixnhiZ AvK`vmi Rb Lvevi cQvZb| GKw`b jvKwU Lvevi diZwbq Avmjv| kvn mvne wRvmv Kijb, wghv mvne wK Lvevi Lvbwb?

(1) wKZveyj&-evwiqv, wUKv, 150-52 c:

19nvqvZ ZvBqev

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jvKwU cZzi Kij, wZwb ejQb, ci wMq Lvevi Lveb| AYciB wZwb AZ cdzjgyL kvn& mvnei evwo cuQjb| kvn mvne

wRvmv Kijb, Avcwb AvR GZ cdzj Kb? wK dqmvjv nqQ? wZwb

ejjb, gvKgv LvwiR nq MQ| wK Avjvn& ZvAvjvi kvKi h,fwelZ Zv Avi Pje bv|1G msev` kvn&mvne AZ`ytwLZ njb|wK wZwb GKUzI wePwjZ njb bv| Kvb msmvix jvK nj, DPAv`vjZ gvKvgvq civRq nIqvZ Zvi `ytL I gbvKi A_vKZbv| wK wZwb Avb` DcfvM Kijb| Avjvn&ZvAvjvi KZZv vcbKijb| gvKvgv _K AevnwZ cq Lv`v ZvAvjvi cwZ gbvwbeki

myhvM mw nqQ|(`yB) nhiZ AvK`vm ejb :Avwg evUvjvq GKwU gvKvgvi Z`&weii Rb wMqwQjvg| bvgvhi mgq

njv| Avwg bvgvh coZ jvMjvg| Pvcivkx WvK w`j| Avwg bvgvhiZwQjvg| Ggb mgq cwZc DcwZ nj| Zviv GK Zidv ivqi gvagjvfevb nZ PvBj Ges Gi Dci AZRvi w`j| wKAv`vjZ Zv Mvn

Kijb bv| wZwb gvKvgv Zv`i wei wbw Kijb| wWwAvgvic nj| Avwg bvgvhi ci DcwZ njvg| ZLb Avgvi Lqvj wQj,meZ: wePviK AvBbi PvL Avgvi AbycwwZK `LQb| wKAvwgDcwZ nq hLb ejjvg Avwg bvgvh cowQjvg, ZLb wZwb ejjb, AvwgZv Avcbvi c wWww`qwQ|2

(wZb)nhiZ AvK`vmi eqm hLb cuwPk ev wk eQi, ZLb GKwU MvQ

KvUv wbq cRv`i mv_ Zvui kq wcZvi weev` `Lv `q| fwfvRbwcZvi gZ f~wgi gvwjKvbv Zg~j MvQiI wZwb gvwjK| GRb cRv`iwei `vwe Ki wZwb gvKvgv `vqi Kib| hyiK gvKvgvcwiPvjbvi Rb i`vmcyi cvVvb nj| Zvui m `yB Rb mvxI wQj|

wZwb Lvj cvi nq cvVvbIqvjv Mvg Kvw wbeviYi Rb GKUz emjbGes mx`iK m^vab Ki ejjb, Iqvj` mvne Ah_v `ywv

Kib, MvQ Zi gZ| Giv `wi` ew| hw` KU bq, ZvZ wZ wK?Avwg Av`vjZ GK_v ejZ cvie bv h, MvQjv m~Y Avgv`i|Aek, Avgv`i Ask _vKZ cvi| Zvui Dci cRv`iI AMva wekvm

(1) nvqvZzb-bex, c_g L, 57 c:(2) nvqvZzb&-bex, c_g L, 56 cvt

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wQj| gvwRU cRv`iK cKZ evcvi wK wRvmv Kij Zviv wb:mvPejjv, wghv mvneKB wRvmv Kib| gvwRU wRvmv Kij wZwbejjb, Avgvi gZ MvQ Zi gZ| Z hgb Avgv`i Ask AvQ,

Zgwb MvQI Ask AvQ| Zvui GB Dwi dj gvwRU cRv`i cwggvsmv Kijb| evwo Avmvi ci Zvui Iqvj` mvne evAeMZ nqZvui cwZ Am njb|1

webq I DbZ Pwi :nhiZ AvK`vmi R cy nhiZ wghv myjZvb Avng` mvne gig

(ivwh.) ejZb, Iqvj` mvne GKRb gyNji bvq Rxebhvcb Kibwb,dwKii bvq Rxeb AwZevwnZ Kib|2

Kvw`qvbi KvbvBjvj cvvii weewZ :

GKevi nhiZ wghv mvneK evUvjv hZ nqwQj| wZwb AvgvK GvKi w`Z ejjb| Lvji Ici cuQ hyii iY njv Ni Kvb wRwbm

dj GmQb| wZwb GvIqvjvK mLvb iL cvq nuU Ni wdiAvmjb| cyji Dci GvIqvjv Ab hvx cq evUvjv Pj Mj| wghvmvne meZ: cvq nuUB evUvjv wMqwQjb| ZLb Avwg GvIqvjvKWK gvi w`q ejjvg, nZfvMv, wghv bhvg xb nj ZvK mLvb wZb

w`b em _vKZ njI em _vKwZ| wK Bwb mvayI `iek cKwZi gvbylej ZzB ZvuK dj Pj Mwj? hLb wghv mvne G welq RvbZcvijb, wZwb WK AvgvK ejjb m Avgvi Rb wKfve em _vKZv?m fvov cqQ Pj MQ|3

nhiZ AvK`vmi GK Lv`g wghv BmgvBj eM-Gi mv GB : nhiZAvK`vm cZvw` nIqvi AvM Zvui kq wcZvi Av`k hLb gvKvgvcwiPvjbvi Rb hZb, ZLb AvivnYi Rb m NvovI _vKZ| AvwgIcvqB m _vKZvg| wK wZwb cvq nuUB iIqvbv nZb Ges AvgvKNvovi Dci mIqvi KivZb| Avwg evisevi A^xKvi Ki ejZvg, hyi

Avgvi jv eva nq| wZwb ejZb :

(1) wgTv Avjvn Bqvi wVKv`vi mvnei eYbv, ivIqvBqvZ mvnvev, beg L, 192-93 c:|(2) wmivZzj&-gvn`x, c_g L, Zxq msiY, 219 c:|(3) Avj&-nvKvg, wmivZ gwmn gvID` msLv, g-Ryb 1943 wLv|

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cvq nuU Pjvq Avgvi jv nq bv, Nvovq PoZ Zvgvi jv wKmi?

Kvw`qvb _K iIqvbv nIqvi mgq me`v nhiZ AvgvK c_g Nvovq

PovZb| A wei AaK c_ hvIqvi ci Avwg Nvov _K bvgZvg GeswZwb mIqvi nZb| mfve, Av`vjZ _K divi mgq c_g AvgvKAvivnY KivZb| ci wbR AvivnY KiZb| ZLb Nvov h PvjPjZv mB PvjB PjZ `qv Zvui ixwZ wQj|1

wghv xb gynv`i weewZ :Avwg c_g nhiZ gwmn gvIE` AvjvBnm&mvjvZzIqvm& mvjvgi mv_cwiwPZ wQjvg bv| A_vr, Zvui L`gZ hvIqvi Afvm Avgvi wQj bv|

nhiZ wbRb, wbiki bvq Rxebhvcb KiZb| wZwb bvgvh ivhvicve` Ges kixqZ-wcq jvK wQjb| GB YB AvgvK Zvui KvQcuQvj| Avwg Zvui L`gZ _vKZ jvMjvg| hLb gvKvgvi Zveavbi

Rb hZb, ZLb Nvovi Ici Zvui mv_ AvgvK cQb emvZb GesevUvjv cuQ wbR`i evmfeb Nvov evuaZb| GB evmfeb GKwU

DciZjvi K wQj| wZwb ZvZ Aevb KiZb| GB evwo `LvkvbviKvR GKRb ZveavqKi Ici wQj| m GKRb Mwie jvK wQj| wZwbmLvb cuQ `yB cqmvi iwU AvbvZb| GUv Zvui wbRi Rb Avbv nZ|

Zvi ga GKwU iwUi GK-PZz_vski GK UzKiv cvwbmn LZb| AewkiwU, Wvj hv m _vKZ Zv mB ZveavqKK w`Zb| AvgvK LvIqviRb Pvi Avbv w`Zb| wZwb AwZ A LZb| Zvui Kvb cKvi imbv

wejvmi Afvm wQj bv|2

Avu-nhiZ (mv.) Gi wRqviZ :1864 A_ev 1865 wLv hLb Zvui eqm wk wK GKwk ZLb wZwb

AvunhiZ (m.) K `kb Kib| Avu-nhiZ mvjvjv AvjvBn IqvmvjvgicwZ ZLb Zvui h cg Ges cxwZ wQj Zv GB Kvkd ev RvMZ ^ci

gvag cKvwkZ nq| GUv Zvui Mievj fwelr wb`k Ki| GRbcvVK-cvwVKvK hyii invbx gvKvg A_vr AvavwZK ghv`vi mv_

(1) Avj&-nvKvg, 21 k-28k g 1934 wLv|(2) nvqvZ Avng`, wZxq L, 196 c:|

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beRxebcv evwK w`jvg| m Zv ZrYvr Lq djjv|1 Avwg`Ljvg, Gi dj Avu-nhiZ mvjvjv AvjvBn Iqvmvjvgi Avmb Da

DwZ nq (Ki) Qv` k Kij| Avwg `Ljvg ZLb, Zvui cwe

Pnviv Ggb `xwgq nq DVj, gb njv Gi Dci m~h I Puv`i AvfvwbcwZZ nqQ| Avwg Avb` wefvi nq Zvui cwe Pnvivi cwZ Pq_vKjvg Ges Avgvi PvL w`q Ak wbMZ nZ jvMjv| Zvici Avwg

RvMZ njvg| Avwg ZLbv Kvu`wQjvg Ges Avjvn& ZvAvjv Avgvi `qmsKZ w`jb h mB gZ ew Bmjvg Ges Avjvn& ZvAvjv ZvKAvu-nhiZ mvjvjv AvjvBn Iqvmvjvgi invbx KjvY GLb Avgvi nvZ

mxweZ Kieb| Avjvgv mvjAvjv gynvv`I Iqv eviK& Iqvmvjg,BbvKv nvgx`yg&gvRx`|2

wcZv-cy ev`vbyev` :nhiZ AvK`vmi kq wcZvi Zxe AvKvv wQj Zvui cy ay KziAvbgRx` I Abvb ag cyK cvVB wbgM bv _vKzK eis Kvb mvbRbK

ivRKvh AwawZ _K fwelr msmvi RxebI DbwZ jvf KiK| GBDk wZwb KqKevi PvKwii w`K Zvui gbvhvM AvKlY KiZ PvKiwQjb| wK cwZeviB Zvui agvbyivM Ges mvsmvwiK KvR-Kgwb:n`LZ cq v nq hZb| `v^ic, GKevii NUbv, GKRb

BsiR Awdmvi i`vmcyi Rjvq AvMgb Kib| wZwb Zvui wcZvi c~ecwiwPZ| wcZv GK eo myhvM gb Ki Kvnjvqvb Mvgi GKRb wkL

Svv wmsnK ejjb, hvI, Mvjvg Avng`K WK Avb| Avgvi cwiwPZGKRb BsiR nvwKg Rjvq GmQb| m BQv Kij ZvK Kvb fvj

PvKwi wbq w`Z cvi| Svv wmsn ejbt Avwg wghv mvnei KvQ wMq`Ljvg Pvi w`K cyK ivwki Zci ga em wKQzcvV KiQb| Avwg

eo wghv mvnei evZv cuQvjvg| wghv mvne nm cZzi Kijb,hLvb PvKwi bqvi wQj, Avwg wbq wbqwQ| eo wghv mvne ejjb,evweK PvKwi wbqQ? wghv mvne ejjb, nvu wbqwQ| GZ eo wghv

mvne ejjb, AvQv, hw` PvKwi wbq _vK, Ze fvj|3eywgvb wcZvZvi fvMevb cyi msKZ Dgic eySZ cviZb| hLb wZwb Rvbvjb

(1) evivnxb-Avn&g`xqv, ZZxq L, 248-49 c: cv`UxKvi UxKv|(2) Avqbvq KvgvjvZ Bmjvg, 548-49 c:|(3) wmiZzj-gvn`x, c_g L, c_g msiY, 48 c:|

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h cvw_e Kvb PvKwii Zvi cqvRb bB, wZwb GKgv cig AvivaiPvKwi MnY KiQb| Zvui kvfvRb wcZv mv_ mv_ GUv `qg KijbGes ejjb h evweK, PvKwi wbq _vKj fvj| wKZv GZ mvgwqK

DQvm wQj, hvi cfve Zvui Iqvj` mvne Pzc nq Mjb| bv nq ZvuiAvKvv GUvB wQj h cvwievwiK cfve cwZcw eRvq ivLvi Rb cyKvb bv Kvb vb PvKwi MnY Ki cvw_e Hkhjvf KiK| eZ:, ZvuK

PvKwii Dk Kvb Kvb vb ciY KivI nqwQj| wKKv_vI Zvigb wUKjv bv| Aek, fwelr Rxeb Avjvn& ZvAvjvi c _K ZvuiDci h gnvb Kvhfvi b nIqv wbavwiZ wQj, Zrmsvwelq wZwb e

AwfZv jvf Kijb|

wkqvjKvU PvKwi :1867 wLvi wbKUeZxmgq AwbQv mI KqK eQi ZvuK miKvwi

PvKwi KiZ nqwQj| GB PvKwii dj wZwb Pvi eQi wkqvjKvU AevbKib| mLvb h AwfZv jvf Kib, m cm wZwb ejbt

GB AwfZv viv Avwg RvbZ cvijvg h, AwaKvsk PvKwiRxwe AZMwnZ Rxebhvcb Kib| Zv`i ga AwZ AmsLK jvKB cyivcyix

bvgvh-ivhv cvjb Kib Ges cixvi mgqhv Zv`i Rb DcwZ nq-Aea Avb` _K AvZiv Kib| me`v Avwg Zv`i gyL `LAvvhvw^Z nqwQ| AwaKvskKB `LwQ ea ev Aeafve A_vcvRbigaB Zv`i mgK AvKvv mxgve| eRbiB w`evivwi hveZxq Pv

ayGB mvgwqK Rxebi cvw_e DbwZi Rb wbe _vKZ `LwQ| AvwgPvKwiRxwe`i ga Lye AmsLK jvK Ggb cqwQ hviv ay Lv`vZvAvjvi gwngv iYc~eK DbZ Pwi, Mvxh, `qv, `vwY, mZZv, mshg,webq I bgZv, m Rxei cwZ mnvbyf~wZkxjZv, cwe wPZv, ea Avnvi,mZevw`Zv Ges cinRMvwii Y Yvw^Z| AwaKvskKB Anvi,AbvPvi, ag welq ecivqv Ges bvbv cKvi nxb Pwi kqZvbi fvBwnme `LwQ| hnZzAvjvn& ZvAvjvi GB nKgZ wQj h, me cKvime iKg gvbyli mKAvgvi AwfZv jvf nq, m Rb AvgvK meaibi jvKi mv_ evm KiZ nqQ|1

(1) wKZveyj&-evwiqv, wZxq msiY, 153-154 c:|

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PvKwi KvivMvi :wkqvjKvUi PvKwii mgq GKevi Zvui kqv gvZv nvqvZ bvg RbK

bvwcZ Gi gvag ZvK Pvi Rvov Kvco ciY Kib| `vbkxj ^fveekZt Zv _K GK Rvov ewZwb IB bvwcZK c`vb Kijb, A_P GUvwekl hZmnKvi Zvui RbB Zwi Kiv nqwQj| bvwcZ K_v cm ZvuKPvKwi m^ wRvmv Kijv h, PvKwiwU wK Zvui cQ` nqQ? wZwbejjb, GwUZv KvivMvi wekl|1

Avjvn&ZvAvjv KZK wec` _K iv Kivi AjwKK NUbv :wkqvjKvU hvIqvi ci c_gw`K ZvK SvvbIqvjvq `vZvjv Nii GKwUK evm KiZ nq| GB Ki eviv`v f~cwZZ nIqv Ges gvRhv icZvui KjvY emevmiZ ew`i meviB iv cvIqvi NUbv DjL cmnhiZ AvK`vm ejb GK ivZ GK evwoi Dci Zvjvq Avwg NygvwQjvg|GKB K Avgvi mv_ cbiv lvj ew NygvwQj| ivZ Qv`i

KwoKvV KoKo k nwQj| Avwg mevBK RvwMq ejjvg KwoKvVi

Aev AvkvRbK gb nQ| GLvb _K ei nIqv Riwi| Zvivejjb, gb nq, Kvb Bu`yi ne| fqi Kvb KviY bB| GB ej ZvivNywgq cojb| wKQzY ci Avevi Haibi k nj| ZLb AvwgZv`iK Avevi RvwMq Zzjjvg| wKZeyZviv c Kijb bv| ZZxqevi KwoKvV Avevi k njv| ZLb Avwg Zv`i mevBK Rvi KiDwVq Ni _K ei Ki w`jvg| mevB ewiq hvIqvi ci AvwgI mLvb

_K ei njvg| Avwg wmuwoi wZxq avc cv `qv gv Qv`wU wbP amcijv Ges wZxq Qv`wUmn f~cwZZ nj| ejc~eK mevBK ei KivqmevB iv cj|2

wkqvjKvUi wKQzwKQzNUbv :wZj Ni am civi ci nhiZ AvK`vm wKQz mgq Kvkxix gnjvq evm

Kib| Aekl wkqvjKvUi Rvg gmwR`i mvgb nvwKg gbme Avjxmvne `wjj jLKi mv_ GKwU eVKLvbvq wKQzw`b _vKb| wZwb wgTvdhj xb mvnei Kwb fvB Dgiv bvgK GK Kvkxixi evwoZ evm(1) wmiZzj&-gvn`x, c_g L, 236 c:|(2) nvqvZzb&-bex, c_g Rj&`, wZxq bs 170 c:|

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KiZb| ^qs MKvii GB evwo `Lvi myhvM nqwQj 1940 wLv|wgTv dhj xb mvnei AvZxq`i ga KD AvgvK ejwQj ev, nhiZmvne m^ vZ wQjv h, wZwb KvU _K Gm `iRvq ceki ci

wcQb ZvwKq `iRvi KcvU e KiZb bv, KviY wcQbi Zjvi KvbAcwiwPZ xjvKi cwZ bRi bv co| Ni cek Ki c_g `yB nvZwcQb w`K Ki c_g `iRv e KiZb, Zvici wdi wkKj jvMvZb|AZ:ci Ni KziAvb gRx` cvV Ges bvgvh `xN mR`v Kiv Qvov ZvuiKvb KvR wQj bv| Kvb Kvb AvqvZ wjL `qvj SvjvZb Ges ciIjv m^ wPv KiZ _vKZb| Kvb Kvb mgq Awdmi KvR Kvb

Rwg`vi Zvi evwoZ Gm mvvr KiZ PvBj wZwb wgTv dhj xbmvneK ejZb, wgTv dhj xb Zv`iK ej w`b h, Avwg Zv`iKvR AwdmB Ki w`e| GLvb iY Kwiq `qvi cqvRb bB|

Rbmevi ciYvI Zvui A:KiY AZ cej wQj| gvmevcx PvKwii ciAwdm _K h eZb wZwb Ni AvbZb, Zv _K Lvevi BZvw` eve`mvgvb LiP nvZ iL Aewk UvKv w`q gnjvi weaev I AfveM

ew`i Kvco Zwi Ki w`Zb ev bM` eUb KiZb|1wPwKrmv kvIZvui h_ eyrcw wQj| h ivMxB AvmZ, wZwb Zvi wPwKrmv KiZb GesAvivM jvfi Rb Avjvn&ZvAvjvi KvQ `vqv KiZb|

fviZelK wLvb Kivi `p m I GZ wkqvjKvUi f~wgKv :1857 wLv wmcvnx we`vni ci BsiRiv fvjvfve eySZ cvij

kvmb eev Ges cPvi kwi gvag G`kevmxK wLvb KiZ bv cvijcybivq we`vnRbK Aevi mw nIqv wewP bq| GB Dk jb eoeo cwiKbv cYqb nZ jvMj| ewUk cvjvgUi GKRb m`m wg:Gjm IB mgq wLvb`i Dk GKwU cvbvxcK eZvq ejb :

Lv`v ZvAvjv Avgv`iK myw`b w`qQb Ges fviZ mvgvRK BsjviAaxb Ki w`qQb hb wh Lxi weRq cZvKv fviZi GK cv_K

Aci cvch Dxb nq| fviZelK wLvb Kivi gnvb KvRK c~YZv`vb Kivi Dk cZKiB Zver kw eq Kiv KZe| GZ KvbcKvi kw_j Kiv DwPZ bq|

(1) wmivZzj-gvn`x, ZZxq L, 94 c:|

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1862 wLv Bsji cavbgx jW cvgwb Ges fviZ mwPe PvjmDWi KvQ GKwU cwZwbwa `j DcwZ nq| jW mfv Ges mvaviY mfvim`mMY QvovI AviI AbK MYgvb ew GZ wQjb| Bsjvi me

cavb cv`x KUvievixi AvP wekc GB cwZwbwa`i cwiPq Kwiq `b|fviZ mwPe GB cwZwbwa`iK j Ki ejb:

Avgvi cZq AvQ h, fviZel wLag `xv MnYKvix cZK bewLvb Bsjvi mv_ GK bZzb GKZvm~ Ave ne Ges ewUkmvgvRK my`~p Kivi Rb m GK bZzb Mw^ic ne|1

wLvb`i cavb cavb gwj jvi G cKvi Pv-PwiZ _K Z:cZxqgvb nq h, wLvb RvwZ gb KiwQjv Zviv wLvb agi cPvicyivcywi Rvi w`j AKvji gaB Zviv Zv`i Awfcvq wmw jvf

KiZ cvie Ges `ki AwaKvsk AwaevmxK wLvb Ki mvgvRK `pwfwZ cwZwZ KiZ mg_ne| cvvei wgkb jvi ga wkqvjKvUwgkbi GKwU ``xcgvb weklZwQj| KviY, GB wgkb `k ivi GKwekl cwiKbv Abymvi vwcZ nq| nhiZ AvK`vmi viv zk f

Kivi KvR MnY Kiv Avjvn ZvAvjvi Afx wQj| GRb wZwb Zvui cKwZiga wLvb agi cwZKj GK AmvaviY D`gi mw Kib Ges cviKvj _KB Gi Rb myhvM DcwZ KiZ _vKb|

cv`x evUjvi mvne Gg. G.i Dci nhiZ AvK`vmi ewZicfve :

h me cv`x mvnei mv_ Zvui ag welq gZ wewbgqi myhvM nqwQj,Zvi ga cv`x evUjvi mvne Gg. G. k ew wQjb| Zvui eZv Ihywmg~n cv`x mvnei `q Ggbfve cfve wevi KiwQj h, wZwbcvqB KvPvwii kl mgq nhiZ AvK`vmi KvQ DcwZ nq Zvui mv_

Avjvc KiZb Zvui evmvb ch hZb Ges AZwP mB QvUMnwUZ Zvui m emZb| Kvb Kvb mxY-PZv wLvb cv`x mvneK

GZ evav c`vb Kijv Ges ejjv h GUv Zvui c gvbnvwbKi Ges(1) Djvgv-G-nK&AvIi DbK gyRvnv`vbv Kvibvgv RwgqZzj- Djvgv-G- wn`i bvRg gjvbv mq` wgTv mvne cYxZ, 25-26 c:|(2) The Mission by R. Clerk 1904 Page 234 (vide Life of Ahmad, by A.R. Dard M.A. Ex. Muslim Missionary, London.)

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wgkbi cI AcgvbRbK| wKcv`x mvne GKv Mxi I kvfvecZzi Kijb :

wZwb GKRb gnvgvbe| wZwb AZzjbxq| Zvgiv Zv eySZ cvibv| Avwgek eywS|1

wLxq gZev`i g:eagvb cvebi cwZiva :

wkqvjKvU Aevb Kvj wLvb agi g:eagvb cvebK wZwb Ggbmy`i, `p I myPvifve Zvui kwkvjx hyw viv cwZnZ Kib h, kwg mevB Zvui KvQ civRq ^xKvi Kib| wbg Avgiv mvgmyj Djvgv

gjvbv mq` gxi nvmvb mvne gig wkqvjKvUxi `ywU wevwiZ mvwjwce KiwQ, hvi gvag fve Rvbv hve h wZwb Kgb c~Z-cweRxebhvcb KiZb Ges Bmjvgi c mg_b wZwb Kgb iZc~YfywgKvcvjb KiwQjb|

wkqvjKvU Aevb mK gjvbv mq` gxi nvmvb mvnei

c_g weewZ :cvPi weLvZ E`~Kwe Wv: mvi gvnv` BKevji Iv` gig mvgmyj

Djvgv Rbve gjvbv mq` gxi nvmvb mvne ejQb : nhiZ wghvmvne1864 wLv PvKwi Dcj wkqvjKvU AvMgb Kib Ges mLvb

Aevb Kib| wZwb wbRbZv wcq I mvayew wQjb| wZwb hveZxq evRI Ah_v KvR I K_v _K weiZ _vKZb| GRb AwaKvsk mvaviY

jvKi mv_ mvvZ Ah_v mgqi AcPq nq ej wZwb Zv cQ` KiZbbv| DwKj jvjv fxg mb mvne Zuvi GKv ezwQjb| Zvi gvZvgn wgVbjvj evUvjvq AwZwi mnKvix KgKZv wQjb| evUvjvq wghv mvne Gesjvjv mvnei cii cwiPq wQj| GBRb wkqvjKvUI Zvu`i c~Y`Zv AzY wQj| wkqvjKvU wghv mvnei mevcv Ai ez hw`KD wQj Zv jvjv mvneB wQjb| jvjv mvne GKRb kv cKwZi,

dviwm fvlvwe` Ges gavex ew wQjb| wghv mvne we`vbyivMx wQjbej wZwb ZvK AZfvjevmZb|wghv mvnei cvwZ mK Awdmi KgPvixiv AcwiwPZ wQj| IB

(1) wgTv givR xb mvne Dgi wjwLZ, nhiZ gmxn gvID`i msw Rxeb PwiZ, PZz_msiYi evivnxb Avn&g`xqvi mv_ mvshvwRZ, 56 c:|

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eQiB Mxi cvi gynv` mvjn bvg GK Avie hyeK kni AvMgbKi| ZvK Pi ej m`n Kiv nq| WcywU Kwgkbvi nwiKmb mvne(ci wZwb ivIqvjwcw wefvMi Kwgkbvi nqwQjb) Zvi Av`vjZ

gynv` mvjnK wRvmvev` Kivi Dk Zje Kib| `vfvlxicqvRb nj| wghv mvne hnZz Aviwe fvlvq eyrcw ivLZb GesAviweZ Dgic eZv w`Z I iPbv wjLZ cviZb mRb ZvuK WKAv`k w`jb, Avwg h me K_v ejev Zv Avie mvneK wRvmv KiGi Di D`yZ AvgvK wjL w`b| wghv mvne GB KvR h_vhvMfvemv`b Kib| ZLb Zvui hvMZv jvK mgyL cwZfvZ nj|

m mgqB gjex Gjvwn eKm mvnei cPvq, whwb wkv cwZvbjvi Pxd gynviivi wQjb (eZgvb GB c`i bvg zj jvi Rjv

Bbmci) KvPvixi Kivwb`i BsiwR wkvi Rb GKwU bk we`vjqvwcZ nq| cbkbfvMx Wvvi gxi kvn&mvne AavcK wbhy nb| wghvmvneI BsiwR wkv i Kib Ges `y GKwU BsiwR cyK cvV Kib|1

ZLb ag AvjvPbvq wghv mvnei cMvp AbyivM wQj| cv`x mvne`i

mv_ cvqB Zvui AvjvPbv nZv| GK `kxq wLvb cv`x AvjvBkv mvneimv_ Zvui weZKnqwQj| cv`x mvne nvRxcyivi `wY w`K GKwU KzwVZevm KiZb| cv`x mvne ejjb wLvb ag MnY Kiv eZxZ gywmeci bq| wghv mne gywi A_ wRvmv Kijb Ges wevwiZ evLvPvBjb| cv`x mvne Kvb wevwiZ evLv w`jb bv| ZK_K GB ejwbe njb h, wZwb Kvb cKvi hywwe`v cvV Kibwb|

cv`x evUjvi mvne Gg. G. GKRb eo we ew I `vkwbK wQjb| wghvmvnei mv_ Zvui eevi agvjvPbv nq| wZwb Mvn`cyi Mvgi cvk evmKiZb| GKevi cv`x mvne ejjb, gmxn webv wcZvq RbMnY Kiviga GB inm wbwnZ wQj h wZwb Kzgvix gixqgi Mf Rb nIqvqAv`gi cvci DivwaKvi _K gy wQjb| KviY, Av`g cvcx wQjb|wghv mvne ejjb, gixqgI Av`gi eskai| myZivs Av`gi

DivwaKvi _K gy nIqvi A_wK? AwaK xjvKB Av`gK KzgYvc`vb Ki| dj Av`g wbwl ei dj Lq cvcx nqwQjb| myZivsgmxni Rb mske _KI gy _vKv DwPZ wQj| GZ cv`x mvne wbii

(1) mKvj c_g cy K eY cwiPq _vKZ Ges wZxq cy K Ai-mshvM mnRkMVbi cvv_wgK Abykxjb _vKZ| (wmivZzj&-gvn`x, c_g L, wZxq msiY, 159 c:)

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iBjb| cv`x evUjvi mvne wghv mvneK AZ mvb KiZb| Zvuimv_ AZ kvi mv_ K_v-evZv ejZb| wghv mvnei cwZ cv`xmvnei AZfvjevmv wQj| cv`x mvne wejvZ cZvMgbi mgq wghv

mvnei mv_ mvvZi Rb Av`vjZ Avmb| WcywU Kwgkbvi mvnecv`x mvnei AvMgbi Dk m^ wRvmv Kijb| cv`x mvne Di

ejjb, wghv mvnei mv_ mvvrKvii Rb wZwb AvMgb KiQb| wZwb`k Pj hvQb ZvB wghv mvnei mv_ kl mvvr Kieb| GRb

wghv mvne hLvb emwQjb, mLvb wMq gSi Dci emjb GesnhiZ AvK`vm Gi mv_ mvvr Ki we`vq njb|

wghv mvne cv`x`i mv_ ZK KiZ weklfve cQ` KiZb ej,Rjii gyiv` eM whwb wbRi Qbvg c_g kKv Ges cigyqvnn` ivLb, wghv mvneK ejjb, mq` Avng` Lvb mvneZivZ I Bwji fvl wjLQb| Avcwb Zvi mv_ cvjvc Kij AbK

mvnvh cveb| dj, wghv mvne mvi mq`K AviweZ c wjLb|

Av`vjZi Kivbx`i ga Awdmi f~Zc~e gynvdR kL Avjvn&-`v`

mvne gigi mv_ Zvui AZcxwZ Ges AKwg cMvp fvjevmv wQj|knii cvPxb`i ga gjex gvneye Avjx mvnei mv_ wghv mvneiAvwiK cxwZi mK wQj| gjex mvne GKRb wbRbevmx, m`vDcvmbviZ AZ mvayGes be`x ZwiKvi GKRb mywd wQjb|

h eVKLvbvq wghv mvne `wjj wjLK nvKxg gbme Avjxi mv_ GKevm KiZb, Zv evRvii Dci wQj Ges nvKxg mvgywb mvne gigi1

Jlavjq Lye KvQ wQj| GB Jlavjq nvKxg mvnei Ilya cZiDcKiY _vKZ| GLvb Ilya wew nZ Ges GUvB Zvi wPwKrmvjq wQj|GB KviY nvKxg mvne Ges wghv mvnei ga cwiPq NU| nvKxg

mvne wghv mvnei KvQ KvbybPv Ges gvRhi wKQz Ask AaqbKib|

wghv mvne PvKwi cQ` KiZb bv| GRb wZwb gyvwi cixvi Rb

cwZ i Kib Ges AvBbi cyKvw` cvV KiZ jvMjb| wKcixvq(1) cixvq KZKvh bv nIqvi GKwU evwnK KviYI wQj| 22 Rb cixv_xcixv

w`qwQjb| bvivqb wmsn bvgK GK ew cixvq `yywg KiZ wMq aiv co|dj, mKj cixv_xKB dj ej NvlYv Kiv nq| (wmivZzj&-gvn&`x, ZZxq L179 c: cwZ `exivgi weewZ|)

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mdjZv jvf KiZ cvijb bv1wK cKviB ev Zv KiZ cviZb? cvw_eKvRi Rb Zv Zvui Rb nqwb| eZ: weavZv cZK gvbylKB weklKvRi Rb mw KiQb|

IB mgq cvve BDwbfvwmwU bZzb cwZwZ nq| mLvb AviweAavcKi cqvRb wQj| gvwmK eZb 100 UvKv| Avwg Zvui L`gZAviR Kijvg, Avcwb `iLv w`b| Aviwe fvlvq Avcbvi eyrcw AvQ,Avwg wbwZ Avcwb GB c` wbhy neb| wZwb ejjb, Avwg AacbvcQ` Kwi bv| AbK vbvRbi ci e `ygKi Ges we`vK Aea

KvRi Dcvq I A ic eenvi Ki| Avwg GB AvqvZ ewYZ

mZKevYxK AZ fq Kwi| Avjvn ZvAvjv ejQb ejQb :

GB Di _K evSv hvq, wZwb KZ mvay-cvY wQjb|

GKevi KD GKRb wRvmv KiwQj, bex`i c`vl nq bv Kb? wZwbejjb, bex`i RvMZ Ges wbw`Z Dfq Ae vq Kejgv cwe wPvB _vK|

bvcvK wPv Zvu`i `q vb cvq bv| GRb Zvu`i wb`vZI ^c`vl nq bv|GKevi cvkvK m^ AvjvPbv Pj| KD ejjv, Lye PIov gyix`vi(wXjv) cvqRvgv fvj| wghv mvne ejjb, jvvb AveiYi Rb mxY

gyixhy cvqRvgv AwZ Dg| GZ AwaK c`v nq| KviY, Gw`q Rwgb_KI c`v Kiv hvq| mevB GB AwfgZ cQ` Kij|

Aekl, wghv mvne PvKwiZ exZk nq 1868 mvj c`ZvM Ki

GLvb _K Pj hvb| 1877 mvj GKevi wZwb Avmb Ges jvjv fxgmbi evwoZ Aevb Kib| wbgY Dcj wZwb nvKxg gxi mvgyxb

mvnei evwoZ hvb| GB eQi mvi mq` Avng` Lvb div jv(ZvK gv Kiv nDK) KziAvb kixdi Zdmxi cYqb i Kib| wZb

iKzi Zdmxi Avgvi KvQ cuQvj| hLb Avwg Ges kL Avjvn&-`v` mvnewghv mvnei gyjvKvZi Rb jvjv fxg mb mvnei evwoZ hvB ZLb

K_v cm mvi mq` mvnei m^ AvjvPbv nq| BwZga ZdmxiwbqI AvjvPbv i nq| Avwg ejjvg, wZb iKzi Zdmxi Avgvi nvZcuQQ| GZ A_vr Zdmxi `vqv Ges Iwn AeZiYi welq weZKKiv

(1) A_vr dik&ZvMYK ejv ne, hviv Abvq KiQ, Zv`iK Ges Zv`i mxKGKwZ Ki| (m~ivn&Avm&-mvd&dvZ, 23 AvqvZ)|

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nqQ| wghv mvne ejjb, AvMvgxKvj Avcwb Avmvi mgq ZdmximnAvmeb| ciw`b hLb mLvb Mjvg, ZLb Zdmxii Dfq vbB wZwbbjb| wZwb m njb bv Ges Zdmxi cQ` Kijb bv| jLK- gxi

nvmvb|1

gjvbv mq` gxi nvmvb mvnei wZxq weewZ :nhiZ wghv mvne c_g Kvwkix gnjvq GB Aagi MwieLvbvi Lye KvQBDgiv bvgK GK Kvwkixi evwo fvov wbq emevm KiZb| Av`vjZ _KGm KziAvb kixd cvV wbgMnZb| em, `uvwoq Ges cuvqPvix KiZ

KiZ ZjvIqvZ KiZ _vKZb Ges Lye Kvu`Zb| Gic fq I fwmnKvi cvV KiZb hvi Kvb Zzjbv bB| Z`vbxb c_vbymvimvvrcv_x ewMY KgKZv`i KvQ hfve DcwZ nZb, Zvui mvvrcv_xivI Zvui L`gZ mfve DcwZ nZb| DwjwLZ evwoi gvwjK

Dgivi eo fvB dhj xb mvne gnjvi GKRb cZvckvjx jvK wQjb|wZwb ZvK WK ejZb, wgTv dhj xb, Zv`iK eywSq ej w`b

GLvb Gm Zv`i Ges Avgvi mgq b bv Kib| Avwg wKQzKiZ cvwibv| Avwg nvKxg bB| Avgvi hv KZe AwdmB Zv Ki Avwm| dhj xbmvne Zv`iK eywSq we`vq Ki w`Zb| gjex Ave`yj Kwig mvneIGB gnjvq RbMnY Kib Ges GLvbB heb c`vcY Kib| wZwb ci

wghv mvnei wekl mnPi`i ga MY nb|

AZ:ci, Rvg gmwR`i mvgb wghv mvne GKwU eVKLvbvq gbme Avjx

nvKxgi m GK evm KiZb| wZwb (A_vr gbme Avjx) `wjjwjLKi c` cwZwZ wQjb| eVKLvbvi KvQ dhj xb bvg GKRbe `vKvb`vi wQjb| wZwb ivZI `vKvbB _vKZb| Zvi AwaKvskez-eve mvi ci `vKvb AvmZb| Zviv mevB fvj gvbyl wQjb|Kvb Kvb mgq wghv mvneI mLvb hZb Ges mgq mgq wgkb zjinW gvvi bmijvn bvg RbK wLvbI mLvb DcwZ nZb| wghv

mvne Ges nWgvi mvnei ga ag welq cvqB ZK nZv| wghvmvnei fvlY DcwZ ewiv DcKZ nZb|gjex gvneye Avjg mvne GKRb eyRyM, cig mvay, mr I mvaK cyil

(1) wmiZzj-gvn`x, c_g L, c_g msiY 154 c:|

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wQjb| wghv mvne Zvi KvQI hZb Ges jvjv fxg mbKI gjexmvnei KvQ hvIqvi Rb ZvwM` KiZb| dj, wZwbI KLbv KLbvgjex mvnei KvQ hZb| hLwb cxigywi`x Ges eqAvZi welq wbq

AvjvPbv nZ, ZLb wghv mvne ejZb h gvbyli c ^qs Pv Icwikg Kiv DwPZ| Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb,1

gjvex gvneye Avjg mvne GZ ivM nq ejZb h, eqAvZ eZxZ c_cvIqv hvq bv| agwelq wghv mvnei kZ I cvavb Zv mycKvwkZ|

wK ewnKfve kvixwiK `oI Zvui kZZLbKvi DcwZ ew`igaI cwivifve cwZcb nqwQj|

evcviwU Gfve NU| GKevi KvUi KvR mi KgPvixiv NiwdiwQjv| ZLb `Z `ovevi Ges cwZhvwMZvi welq AvjvPbv nq|cZKB AwaK `Z `ovevi `vwe Kij| Aekl, RbK wejv wmsn

mevcv AwaK `ovevi `vwe Kij| wghv mvne ejjb, Avgvi mv_`ovI| `Lv hve, K KZ `Z `ovZ cvi| Aekl kL Bjvn`v`

mvne wePviK wbhy njb Ges wi nj, mLvb _K KvUi ivv I

knii gaeZx mxgviLv mZzchLvwj cvq `oveb| RyZvwj GKew Zzj ivLjb| c_g GK ewK cyji Dci ciY Kiv nj hvZmv w`Z cvi h K cwZhvwMZvq Rqx nqQ| mZzi Dci c_gcuQ wghv mvne Ges ci wejv wmsn GKB mgq `o| Abiv mvaviYMwZZ wcQb iIqvbv njb| mZzi Dci cuQ Rvbv Mj nhiZ wghv

mvneB Rqx nqQb Ges wejv wmsn wcQb iqQ|2

MKvii webxZ wbe`b GB h, D cKvi agxq ghv`v mwKZ GKwUNUbv nhiZ gjex BmgvCj knx` (in.) Gi RxebI NU| GKRb wkLmvZvii mv_ Zvui cwZhvwMZv nqwQj Ges wZwb ZvK civwRZKiwQjb|

gybwk wmivRDxb mvnei mv :

Rwg`vi cwKvi mv`K cwm gymjgvb bZv gjex Rvdi Avjx Lvumvnei kq wcZv gybwk wmivRDxb mvne gig wjLQb :

(1) hviv Avgv`i c_ mvabv Ki, wbqB Avgiv Zv`iK Avgv`i c_ c`kb Ki_vwK (myiv AvbKveyZ, kl AvqvZ)

(2) wmivZzj-gvn`x, c_g L, wZxq msiY, 270-72 c:|

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wghv Mvjvg Avng` mvne meZ 1860 A_ev 1861 wLv1wkqvjKvU Rjvq gynviivi wQjb| Avgiv cZ KiwQ hebI wZwbcig mvay, agcivqY I eyRyM wQjb| Awdmi KvR-Kgi ci Zvui me

mgq agvbykxjb AwZevwnZ nZ| memvaviYi mv_ AB gjvgkvKiZb|2

PvKwi Qo Kvw`qvb cZvMgbi Rb wcZvi wb`k :nhiZ AvK`vm wkqvjKvU nZ PvKwi Qo Avmvi KviY mKwjLQb :

Aekl, Avgvi Ab _vKv kq wcZvi KvQ AZ Amnbxq nqDVj| GRb Avgvi gZi AbyKj Zvi Av`k Avwg c`ZvM Ki AvgviiwP wei GB PvKwi _K gyw jvf Ki kq wcZvi L`gZ DcwZnjvg| gmbex cYZv igxi Dw Abyhvqx Avgvi IB w`bwj AZNYv,AwbQv Ges `y:L KUwQj:

Avwg mKj `j gbi gvbyli mvb Ku` wdiwQ| myLx I `ytLx mKj`jB wfowQ| cZKB wbR ^v_ Avgvi ez mRQ| wK AvgviAii inm KD Abymvb Kij bv|3

kqv gvZvi BKvj -1868 mvj :

Zvui kq wcZv hLb ZvuK c`ZvM Ki Ni cZveZbi Rb wb`k`b, ZLb Zvui kqv gvZv Kvw`qvb KwVb ivM AvvwQjb| gb nqivM khvq Zvui kqv gv ZvuK Ni wdwiq Avbvi Rb Zvui kq

wcZvK Abyiva Kib| cyi Rb gvZvi Ai AZ mn wQj|Lv`vf wcq cy `xNPvi eQi `~i _vKvq Zvui gb D`vm nIqv ^vfvweK

wQj| wZwb hLb AgZmi cuQ Kvw`qvbi Rb Nvov Mvwoi eev

KiwQjb, ZLb Kvw`qvb _K AviI GK ew ZvuK Avbvi Rb AgZmi(1) mvj Ges eqm wbicY gybwk mvnei iY kw wekZv iv Kiwb| cKZc

Zv 1864-68 wLvi GB NUbv|(2) Rwg`vi cwKv, g, 1908 mvj|(3) wKZveyj evwiqv, wZxq msiY, 153-55 c: nvwkqv|

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cuQj| IB ew MvwoIqvjvK ejj, `Z Mvwo PvjvI| Zvui gvqiAev Lvivc| GKUz ci ejj, LyeB mUvcb wQj| ZvovZvwo Ki,cvQ Zvui gZz bv nq _vK| GUv kvbvgv wZwb eySZ cvijb h, Zvui

kqv gvZv BKvj KiQb| Kvw`qvb cuQ wbwZfve Rvbjb, Zvuikqv gvZv cijvK Mgb KiQb| Bbv wjjvn Iqv Bbv BjvBnivRDb|1

wbqB Avgiv Avjvi Rb Ges wbqB Avgiv ZvuiB w`K cZveZbKvix|

hw`I Zvui c gvZweqvM fxlY e`bv`vqK wQj, wK wZwb bxie c~YahI hi mv_ GB gnvkvK m^iY Kijb| BwZc~e ejv nqQ h,Zvui kq wcZv ZvuK mvsmvwiK welq-Kgwbwj Ges agMmg~n cvVwbgM `L gvjv ej WvKZb | wK Gi wecixZ Zuvi kqv gvZvZvi mZZv agcivqYZv Ges cwe Rxebhvcbi Rb ZvuK AZ mnKiZb| Zvui Rb gvZvi Acvi mn wQj| z` z` evcvi Zvui RbAwi nq coZb| wZwb Zuvi hveZxq cqvRbi cwZ j ivLZb|

kqv gvZvi Rb nhiZ AvK`vmi gvqv Gi gvag mnR Abygvb Kivhvq h, hLbB Zvui m^ wZwb Kvb K_v ejZb Zvui PvL w`q AkSiZ _vKZ| Zvui Rxebx jLK nhiZ kL BqvKze Avjx Bidvbx mvne(ivwh Avjv Avb) cZ eYbv, GKevi hyi AvjvBnm mvjvg gY

Dcj cvwievwiK cvPxb Kievbi w`K iIqvbv nb| ivv _K miwZwb AveMfi Zvui gvZv mvnevi Keii cvk mnPiMYmn GK `xN

`vqv Kijb| Zvui `yPvL Akwm wQj|2

Zvui kqv gvZv nhiZ PivM wewe mvnevi gZzi ZvwiL GLb chwbw`ic Rvbv hvqwb| GUv wbwZ 1868 mvj wZwb gZzeiY Kib|ZuvK Kvw`qvbi cwg w`K C`Mvni msjM cvPxb Lv`vbx MvivbmgvwnZ Kiv nq|

cvijwKK welq nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvnei AbyivM :nhiZ wghv Mvjvg gyZhv mvne hLb c~ecyil`i mw Dvii Rbgvgjv gvKgvq AeZxY nb, ZLb Avcb KZKvhZv m^ Zvui m~Y(1) wmivZzj-gvn`x, c_g L, wZxq msiY, 43-44 c:(2) nvqvZ Avng`, c_g L, wZxq msLv 143 c:|

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cZq wQj| wK`xNKvj ai GB me gvKgvi UvbvUvwbZ wj _KhLb mdjZv jvf nj bv eis Kivq mw I mwZ ab web nZ`LZ cjb, ZLb ZvK AZ wPvw^Z _vKZ `Lv hZ| Rxeb

mwbxi weqvM e`bv ZvK AviI fvivvKi Zzjjv|nhiZ AvK`vm GB me NUbvi AvjvPbv cm wjLQb

Avwg hLb Avgvi wcZvi L`gZ cybivq DcwZ njvg, ZLb `i gZIB me Rwg`vixi KvR-KgB wbqvwRZ njvg| wK AwaKvsk mgq

KziAvb kixd wbq wPv Ges Zdmxi I nvw`mi wKZvemg~n covbv KiKvUZ jvMjv| AbK mgq kq wcZvK IB me cyK cvV KikvbvZvg| Iqvj` mvne Zvi AKZKvhZvi Rb cvqB kvKvZ I

wPwZ _vKZb| gvKgv cwiPvjbvq Zvi cvq 70 nvRvi UvKv eqnqwQj| cwiYvg, mdjZv jvf nqwb| KviY Avgv`i wcZ-wcZvgn`iMvgjv e eQi AvMB Avgv`i nvZQvov nqwQj Gme cybivi KivGK cKvi LvgLqvwj wQj| GB wedjZvi KviY kq wcZv AZMfxikvK mvc I AwiZvi ga mgq AwZevwnZ KiwQjb| GB me Aev

`L Avgvi wbRi ga GK cwe cwieZb Avbvi myhvM nj| KviYkq wcZvi welv`gq Rxebi wP AvgvK mB wbj Rxeb jvfiwkv c`vb KiwQj, hv cvw_e c_ _K cwe| hw`I nhiZ wghvmvnei f~mwi wKQzMvg Aewk wQj Ges BsiR miKvii c _KwKQzevwlK ewI avhwQj Ges PvKwi Kvji cb&kb wQj, wK wZwb h,we efe `LwQjb mB Zzjbvq Gwj wKQzB wQj bv| GRb wZwb me`v

wPvw^Z I welY_vKZb Ges evisevi ejZb, GB cvw_e msmvii RbhZ Pv KiwQ, hw` Avwg agi Dk Abyic Pv KiZvg, Ze AvRmeZ Avwg GKRb KzZze ev mgmvgwqK MvDm nZ cviZvg| wZwbcvqB GB Qov Avew KiZb :

(Rxeb AwZevwnZ nj, Avi KqKwU w`bgv Aewk AvQ| ZvuK iY

Ki wKQzivZ KvbvKvwU Ki fvi KivB kq|)Avwg AbK mgq `LwQ wZwb iwPZ GKUv Qov M`M`fve cvV KiZb|Zv wQj GB :

37nvqvZ ZvBqev

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n cwZZ cveb, wbivkqi Avkq, Zvgvi vi nZ wegyL nq diviAvkv bB|

KLbv AvwiK e`bvq ^iwPZ G Kvec` cvV KiZb :

(f`i AkI `xbnxbZv mnAvgvi `q Zvui Zi i ibi gvS Zvcjvf Ki|)1

Kcyi_jv ivRi wkv wefvMi DPZi c` cZvLvb :

wkqvjKvU _K Kvw`qvb Avmvi wKQzw`b ci nhiZ AvK`vmK Kcyi_jvivRi c _K wkv wefvMi cavb KZvi c` MnYi Rb Avnevb Kivnq| GB Avnvb cZvLvb Dcj wZwb Zvui wcZvi KvQ wbe`bKijb:

Avwg Kvb PvKwi KiZ PvB bv| `yB Rvov Lii Kvco Zwi Kiw`eb Ges hgb cQ` iwU cvwVq w`eb|

Zvui kq wcZvi Rxeb ZLb my cwieZb NUwQj| cyi GB Dib RbK Mvjvg bexK AveMfi m^vab c~eK ejjb, wgTv Mvjvgbex, GB welqB Zv Avgvi mw| mZ c_ GUvB h c_ m PjQ|2

cvw_e Svgjv _K m~Yfve gy _vKvi Rb wcZvi KvQAve`b :

wcZvi gb cwieZb Ges agi cwZ gbvwbek `L wZwb Abyfe KiZcvijb h, GLb Zvui KvQ cvw_e Svgjv m~Yfve Aemi cvwi Rb

Ave`b Kij meZ: wZwb gyi Kieb| eZ: GUvK myeYmyhvM gbKi wZwb kq wcZvi KvQ dviwm fvlvq GKwU Ave`bc wjLjb|wbgZv DjL Kiv njv :

(1) wKZveyj-evwiqv, wZxq msiY, 155-56 c:|(2) nvqvZzb&-bex, c_g L, wZxq msLv, 185 c:|

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cwUi Abyev` GB :

kq nhiZ Iqvj` mvne mvjvgZ,kvi mv_ Avcbvi L`gZ meKi webxZ wbe`b GB h, AvRKvj^P `LwQ Ges cwZw`b cZ KiwQ cZK `k I f~-L cwZ eQiGgbfve gnvgvwii cv`yfve nQ, ezK ezi KvQ _K Ges AvZxqK

AvZxqi KvQ _K wewQbKiQ Ges Ggb Kvb eQi hvQ bv h, fxlYAwMKv I fqven `yNUbv cKvk cvQbv ev Gi asm-jxjvi gvagwKqvgZ m`k Kvjvnj mw nQ bv| GB me Aev `L Avgvi gbmsmvi weivMx nq MQ, `q `ytL gwjb nqQ Ges cvqB nhiZ kLmv`x wmivRx ingZzjvn AvjvBn iwPZ GB cOwq iY nQ GesAvc I AbykvPbvi AkcvZ KiwQ h :

bki Rxebi Dci fimv Kviv bv,Kvj-P_K eLei _Kv bv|

dviiL Kvw`qvbxi1w`Iqvb _KI GB cOwq Avgvi KvuUv Nvq jeY

(1) wmiZzj gvn`x, c_g L, wZxq msiY, 255-56 c: Ges `vIqvZzj-Avgxi,(D`y) 261 c:|

1

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wQUv w`Q :

bki RMZi ga gb w`e bv

KviY gZz `evr DcwZ nq|GRb Avwg PvB, Aewk Rxeb wbRb, bxie K hvcb Kwi GesRbmvaviY I Zv`i gRwjm _K `~i _vwK Ges cwe Avjvn ZvAvjvKiY KiZ wbgMnB hb G w`q AZxZi wU c~iY nq|

AwaKvsk Rxeb AwZevwnZ nqQ,KqKwU w`bgv Aewk AvQ| GBivZjv AvjvnK iY fvi KivB kq|

KviY, cw_exi Kvb `pwfw bB Ges Rxebi Kvb wekvm bB| wYKRxebi Kvb fimv bB| h ew wbRi m^ wPvkxj, Zvi Kvbwec`i Avkv bB|

nhiZ AvK`vmi kq wcZv GB ci wK Di w`qwQjb Zv AvR chRvbv hvqwb| wKLye me GB c h g~jevb fveveM cKvk cqQ,wZwb wbqB Gi ghv`v iv KiwQjb|

AvaywbK MelYv g~j mec_g Bjnvg Ges Dj fwelr :1868 A_ev 1869 wLvi NUbv| cvve Avnj nv`xm mc`vqi

wei ZLb fxlY Av`vjb PjwQj| hw` Kvb gmwR`i gvjv RvbZcviZ h, Kvb Avnj-nv`xm (Zv`i fvlvq Kvb Invex) bvgvh coQ,

Ze Kvb Kvb mgq gmwR`i gS ch Luyo dj `qv A_ev ayq

djv nZ| IB mgq gjex gynv` mvqb mvne evUvjex, w`jx _Kgjex mq` bvwhi mvqb `njexi KvQ wkv jvf kl evUvjvq me

gv wdi GmQb| gymjgvb RbmvaviYi ga Zvi wei fxlYDRbvi mw nqQ| nhiZ AvK`vm Kvb KvRi Rb evUvjvwMqwQjb| AvjvPbvi Rb wekl Abyivai KviY GK ew ZvuKgjex gynv` mvqb mvnei evwoZ wbq hvb| mLvb gjex

mvnei wcZvI DcwZ wQjb| agwelq AvjvPbv kvbvi Rb e jvKevKzj nq Acv KiwQj| wZwb gjex gynv` mvqb mvnei mvgbwMq emjb Ges gjex mvneK wRm Kijb, Avcbvi `vwe wK?

(1) IB mgq nhiZ AvK`vm AvjvBnm&mvjvg GB Kve bvg eenvi KiZb GesGB cswZq ZvuiB iwPZ|

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gjex mvne ejjb, Avgvi gZ KziAvb gRx` mKji cavb Ges Zvici imyj (mv.) Gi nvw`mi vb; Ges Avgvi AwfgZ njv, Avjvni

wKZve Ges Avjvni imyj (mv.) Gi nvw`mi wei Kvb gvbyli Kvb

gZvgZ cgvY wnme MnYhvM bq| GB K_v b AmvP hyi ejjb,Avcbvi GB gZ m~Y hwK Ges Gi wei Avcw APj| myZivs

Avcbvi mv_ ZKi cqvRb bB| hyi GwU ejv gv RbZv Dbv`i gZwPrKvi Ki DVj, civwRZ nqQ, civwRZ nqQ| h ewweklAbybq Ki ZvuK mLvb GbwQj, m-I LyeB ivMvw^Z nq ejjv,Avcwb Avgv`iK Acgvb KiQb, jvwZ KiQb| wKwZwb ceZi

gZv APj, AUj iBjb| jvKi Kvjvnj, Kjie ZvuK Av` wePwjZKijv bv| hnZzwZwb GB ZKayAvjvni Dk cwiZvM KiwQjb,m Rb Avjvn ZvAvjv GB evcvi m nq ZvuK Bjnvg Ki Rvbvjb :

(Lv`v Zvgvi GB KvR m nqQb Ges wZwb ZvgvK e Avwkmc`vb Kieb| Ggb wK, ev`kvn Zvgvi Kvco _K Avwkm Abymvb

Kie|) AZtci, Kvkd wZwb IB mKj ev`kvnKI `kb Kib| Zviv6/7 Rbi Pq Kg wQjb bv| Zviv Nvovq emwQjb| hyi AvjvBnm&

mvjvg Zvui GKwU Aviwe KZve GB Kvkd cm wjLQb :

Avwg GKwU f ^c GK `j wbvevb gvgb I bvqcivqY ev`kvn`LwQ| Zv`i KD GB `ki (fviZeli) wQjb, KD wQjb

Aviei, KD cvimi, KD wmwiqvi, KD Zzii Ges KD Abvb`ki wQjb| Avwg Zv`iK RvbZvg bv| AZ:ci, Lv`v ZvAvjvi c_K AvgvK Rvbvbv njv Zviv Zvgvi mZZv NvlYv Kieb, Zvgvi

Dci Cgvb Avbeb, Zvgvi cwZ `i` cvV Kieb, Zvgvi Rb `vqvKieb Ges Avwg ZvgvK e eiKZ (Avwkm) w`e-Ggb wK, ev`kvnZvgvi Kvco _K Avwkm Abymvb Kieb|2

GB Bjnvg m^ Avgiv Avgv`i Kvb ge Kie bv| Kejgv GUzKz

(1) evivnxb-Avng`xqv, PZz_L, 52-21 c: nvwkqv I Abvb e KZve|(2) jvR&vbvZzb b~i, 3-4 c: nZ Abyw`Z|

1

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wbe`b Kiv cqvRb gb Kwi h, Zv IB mgqKvi Bjnvg, hLb wZwbm~YAvZfve wbRb evm KiZb Ges KD RvbZ bv h, Zvui fwelrwKic Miegq ne|

^c I Kvkdi AvwaK Ges Kvw`qvbi wn`y`i Rbwb`kbvewj :Bgvg gvn`xi Avwefvei mgq wbKUeZx nwQj| c_ gvbe RvwZi c_c`kbv_ wek mv ZvuK cZvw` cyili Avmb AwawZ KiZPqwQjb| GRb wZwb ZvuK ej cwigvY cI Kvkd c`kb KiZ

jvMjb| KLbv KLbv wZwb Hkx-evYxI cv nZ jvMjb| Kvw`qvbi`yRb wn`yjvjv kigcr I jvjv gjvIqvgvj Zvui KvQ Lye ewk hvZvqvZKiZb| Zv`i m^I wKQzwb`kb Zvui KvQ cKvwkZ nj|

1870 mvj GK gvgjvq Kvw`qvbi GKRb Avh mgvRx wn`y, jvjvkigcZi AvZxq weki `vm Ges Lyknvj Pv` bvgK Aviv GKRb wn`yiKviv` nqwQj| DP Av`vjZ Zviv Avwcj Kib| Avwcji dj wK ne

Rvbvi Rb jvjv kigcr nhiZ AvK`vmi KvQ Ave`b Kij| Zvui cGK wn`yi KvQ Bmjvgi kZ wbaviYi GUv DrK myhvM wQj| wZwb

Avjvn ZvAvjvi mgxc `vqv Kijb| ivZ Kvk&d-hvM ZvuK Rvbvbvnjv GB gvgjvq bw_ wPd&KvU_K mkb KvUdir Avm&e| mLvbZvi fvB`i Kviv`i AaK gvd nq hve| wKZvi Aci mv_x m~Ykvw fvM Kie| GB Hkx msev` Kvw`qvbi wn`y`iK ejv nj,

NUbv

g eySvi Kvb Mvjgvji KviY KqK w`b ci GB RbiecPvwiZ nj Avwcj gyi nqQ Ges weki `vm Lvjvm cqQ| nhiZGB Lei b `y:wLZ njb| Kvw`qvbi wn`yiv wN-evwZ Rvwjq AvjvK

mv Kij Ges fwelvYx wg_v nqQ ej NvlYv Kij| evRvi G chiUjv h, Acivaxiv Mvg wdi GmQ| wZwb hLb GB Lei cjb, ZLbGkvi bvgvhi cwZi mgq|

hyi ejb :GB wPvq Avgvi h Aev nj, Zv GKgv Avjvn& Rvbb| GB wPvqAvwg RxebZ ^ic njvg| Avwg e