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Harvesting Wildlife
Greg Baxter
School of Geography, Planning & Environmental Management
The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus
Presentation at Geography Day
July 25th 2014
Wildlife includes living, wild harvested resources
Includes;
• animals and their products (e.g. skins, ivory)
• plants and their products (e.g. seeds, wax, natural pigments)
Each type of harvesting
• has different driver
• different aerial extent
• different mode of operation
Therefore different modes of control/enforcement are applicable
Types of harvesting
• Commercial
• Subsistence
• Bush Meat
• Cultural
• Collector
Areal Extent
International Trade
Drivers Economic Momentum
Endangered
Commercial Large Yes Econ. Imperative
Huge Taken, maybe not targeted
Subsistence Local but widespread
No Subsist-ence
Nil Taken
Bush Meat V. widespread
Yes &Increasing
Tradition, taste & econom.
Large & growing
Taken
Cultural Local but widespread
Yes Tradition & econ.
Small, except medicine
Often targeted
Collector Global Yes Desire/ fashion
Huge Often targeted
Different harvests require different controls
Mode of harvest variesMode
Commercial Firearms, live & lethal traps, mustering, lassoing
Subsistence Firearms, lethal traps, snares
Bush Meat Firearms, lethal traps, snares
Cultural Firearms, lethal traps, snares
Collector Live traps (transport), hand
Photo: Ruben De Koch
Photo: Ruben De Koch
Photo: Ruben De Koch
Photo: Ruben De Koch
Photo: Ruben De Koch
Photo: Ruben De Koch
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international• Policing and enforcement insufficient
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international• Policing and enforcement insufficient• Must address poverty
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international• Policing and enforcement insufficient• Must address poverty• Must address cultural issues
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international• Policing and enforcement insufficient• Must address poverty• Must address cultural issues• Understand there powerful vested
interests
Different harvesting requires different controls
• Must be international• Policing and enforcement insufficient• Must address poverty• Must address cultural issues• Understand there powerful vested
interests• Recognise economic and conservation
outcomes can be achieved
Controlling Harvest
• Quotas• Regulating effort• Spatial control
Quotas
Preselected proportion of population(s) taken
Requires;
• Accurate & precise population estimate EACH harvest
• Regular population monitoring (absolute abundance)
• Good control over non-quota (illegal) take
Obtaining an estimate of absolute abundance
• Time consuming• Costly• Complex
Regulating Effort
Limit how and/or when harvest can occur
e.g. nest mesh size, rifle calibre, closed season(s)
Requires;• Compliance with regulations• Appropriate effort is specified• Monitoring of population trend
Does Not Require;• Estimate of absolute abundance
Control is self-tracking with changes in population size
Spatial Control
Limit WHERE animals can be taken, not how many, or how
= places where animals can be harvested
Spatial Control
Harvest between 0 – 100% in black squares
Animals disperse into hunting areas
Then, monitor trend in non-hunted areas
Monitoring in Spatial ControlIf population in non-hunted areas is about constant, maintain situation
Monitoring in Spatial ControlIf population in non-hunted areas is decreasing, restrict hunting areas
Monitoring in Spatial ControlIf population in non-hunted areas is increasing, increase hunting areas
Spatial Control
Requires;
Estimate of relative abundance – easy, cheap, repeatable
Used;
Fisheries, marine parks e.g. GBRMPA
How is harvest set for quotas?
Must understand the link between harvest size and population size and know what population size is
Assumes sustainable harvest
Harvest
Population Size
How is harvest set
Population Size
Sustained Yield (SY)
There are two population sizes (A & B) that will deliver any given SY
Harvest at the higher one
A B
How is harvest set
Population Size
Sustained Yield (SY)
MSY
There is only one populations size (A) that will produce the maximum sustained yield (MSY).
A
Harvesting at MSY is dangerous
Population Size
Sustained Yield (SY)
MSY
Even a small error in population size estimate will lead to over-harvest
Population usually discounted by 15% and population harvested there
AA – 15%
Can harvest have a conservation benefit?
If the following conditions are met:
• Benefit accrues to the land owner/occupier
• Exploitation does not endanger the species (or look alikes)
• Populations are monitored and managed
• Exploitation enhances habitat
Questions ?