Harvard & Slavery Book.pdf

7/28/2019 Harvard & Slavery Book.pdf

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SLAVERYHARVARDAND

Seeking a Forgotten Historyby Sven Beckert, Katherine Stevens and

the students of the Harvard and Slavery Research Seminar


2/37

SLAVERYHARVARDAND

Seeking a Forgotten History

by Sven Beckert, Katherine Stevens andthe students of the Harvard and Slavery Research Seminar


3/37

2 Harvard & Slavery

About the Authors

Sven Beckerti Li B P iy

H Uniiy n -

cming The Empire o Cotton: A Global History.

0 Sn Bck n Kin Sn

Cover Image: Memorial Hall

PHOTOGRAPH BY KARTHIK DONDETI, GRADUATE

SCHOOL OF DESIGN, HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Katherine Stevens i g n in

Hiy Amicn Ciiizin Pgm

H ying iy p y n cng ninmn in

nm U.S. S.


4/37

Introduction 3

In 00, H ng-

n cm g in min m

c nn ignicniic myy: c iic cn-

ncin wn H Uniiy n y.

Inpi y R Simmn p-king wk

Bwn Uniiy, min g w

gin nning iy

iniin in wic w w ning n

cing, n ing c m n

g i Amicn iy: y. Bn n iing in m n i

mm y ny i w w w n.

Wi mc i n H iy

in n y, i w nc w H

ny ink y, n i , w y w.

A y w mk nny

c, n ciiy in c

nknwn n i impi my iic cin w w

wi ning, mny m

icncing. T n w picip

in i inii n qn min

c H ci c, w cn

pi m m i iy ck, m

c inpcin niging cni

gy, n cy inpc H iing. Mc w y n w

piing: H pin w g

i wi m n cmp, ignicn nw-

mn wn m xpiin ,H miniin n m i cy

ing ppin pic n

y. A q gn wi ning

ning n wi nw qinw w i

niiy i ng ngg

wi i pnin pc i iy?

T wing pg wi mmiz m

ning n c. Ty w iy y i c iy:

H, ik m iniin in Uni

S w iy c ck 8,

, pc, n p y

wn in i y ic. B pp m

impn n w n in min w

i y mc m n . W

ny nn m m p y,n i wi p gnin n

c n xp i iy.

Si, nw i mmn m

ning wi g cmmniy. W

wn inpi ig p in i

iy, n m w wn ncg

n w i iy mn

y. Wi n c n g nw c mmiizin, mmnc,

i n t r o d u c T I O N


5/37

4 Harvard & Slavery

iin H n w wn

i wy p c c c n

in iy. Mw Ccn, Ciin Hp-

kin, J Hn, n Ein W pp,in i wy, piing n

c. My cg Eyn Higginm

n mc-n picipn

ng, n I nk pp. An,

n , ig nk y H

Pin Dw F pning i pi-

cin, ngging wi f ng wy,

n ncging y p cniin impicin n c.

Sn Bck

Cmig, Spm 0

iin w pppi pn

H, y g cmm-

niy n wn in i icin. I i

cmmniy w n ciw n n.

I c n mk pn i pjc

wi pp mny pp. Fi, I wn

picy nk mzing gp H

n w icin n nim

i pjc w m ni.

Tcing w Kyn By n Kin

Sn, w m wiing impniin n iy y, w

pi cg: Engg, pinin,

n giing i im p n

wi i c. Wi nm ngy n

icin, c- Kin Sn k

n impn in cncpizing, wiing

n pcing i picin. Acii n


6/37

H U w f g g Am. F 1636 g g pgm, pz bm g m ,

b m w, gb w.N pg, , H g g Nw Eg, U S

A w wm m g w p. Nwg g p m mmb g , H w g

.H

ARVAR

DU

NIVERSIT

Y


7/37

6 Harvard & Slavery


8/37

in the Colonial Era 7

T y H n y gin

in i ning. By mi-

nn cny w p ic yy i in cni Mc.

Ty i n in cny. Ti

wn w n piic n

pminn mii. I n pi

w cin i n

cmp, wking in H iing, ping

g H y, ing in

H mni, ing i cy. Ofcmp, i i cni mny

n n niiy.

Si, w imgining cni H, in

p pin, inc mng c

n n w pc i y. Wy

i ? F n, nm, ccpin, n

pnc in Mc n

mc cmmn img y , in Uni S, cm n my

g n ninn-cny

S. W pic n cn pnin

in Miiippi n ic pnin in c

S Cin. Sy in Nw W, w-

, mc ng n p iy, in

wic H py i wn p.

N ng i win, c-ni in Mc n Nw Engn

w i min cnc cc y in

cnncin y ic pnin c-

ni S n pciy Cin.C W Ini y Bii cni,

in Cin n n c

S Amic w pimy cnmic n-

gin mj Epn mpi in Nw

W. On pnin in W Ini,

in g nm, my pcing

g; p m ing g, m, n

i ypc nic Ep n i NwW inmii.1 Tg n cn

wy m Cin, Mc

cnmy w n impn x cm-

pic, gy ing Anic . F

0 y H iy, n

ny H , py

i in npcn ppciin

w y Nw Engn mcn i nin H w-c

cin iniin.

Slaves at Harvard

Sy w g in Mc ni

Amicn Rin. I n pi

, n, ing m cni y

H n w py nng wi-wning. Ty ci i n

h a r v a r d & s l a v e r y in theC E


9/37

8 Harvard & Slavery

-wning p ik J Mni

n y y -wning

pin ik Inc M n Bnjmin

Ww. Ty m n p in pp y gnin Bmn

miy, cg w, w mny

iky i m c cking n

cning. On Sny y n cc

Fi Cc Cmig, w y

in mn y -wning mini,

Wiim B, im H g

c 80.2Wn y g, mny H

n cm wn m: Wi

Si Winp (c DNG) wn

nm Ming, i Cck Ng, w w

xc in ; Cn M (c 8)

wn nm Onim, w xpin

Aicn pcic incin i m

ing mpx pimic in 0; JnCming (c 0) w n minn pyicin

in Cnc, Mc, w Bi

n Jm nw wi i i n-

ing q H

Mic Sc; Jn Hncck

(c ) wn

nm My, Agn, C,

Pinc, n Hnni, w Fnk, w i i

Hncck mnmn in

Gny Bying Gn

in Bn.3 Ny, Pin

iin n H Pin

Inc M w in i

8 wi i c

Spni n my Dc; I

n gi Him i Liy: L im m

F Ng.4

Sn in H n Sy Smi-

n n ny gmny inc wking H: in ing in in iy n-

i, in wi, in p c, n mim

n gn. In c, i wk g

Cmig i gn nm

w i in Cmig. Tg

w w-cmn i i

m, c inc nn p

pnc H n gg imp-n wy i cniin in

cny mncipin. T m c

gmn xi p w p

iy i H. A i m cing

g w-p mncip ing

i n i cnncin H

in mc c.

Sy in cni Mc w mpi y pic w mn in,

g pp, n cm, wic

im n c pc. F xmp,

wn y cni in 00 w

n nciy Aicn. Fm n-m in

Mc n g Nw W

inc inn i Epn,

nmn cp wi ipcInin, n nmn Aicn n i

cnn.5 Tw n Pq W

8, xmp, y-ig Pq

cpi w ii in Mc-

, wi n nn w ipp f

y in W Ini. T ipDesire,

wic ci n Pq y n w

wmn Pinc In in , nwi cg inc m

The diary of

Harvard Presi

dent Benjamin

Wadsworth,

recording his

purchase of

Venus, a negro

wench.COURTESY OF THE

HARVARD UNIVER-

SITY ARCHIVES


10/37


Aicn in Nw Engn. I

g ck n Desire w

cm Mc m W Ini y

w n mk n ing , ing Aicn.6

T i ppn mnin n

H cmp cc n ng

Desire i. In 9 wi H

cm, Nni En, cn

cmmi n mimng

cg. Amng fn i n

w im pn c Mp in n Sm Hg n

piw-i. S mi n

cmpin ing m

M.7Dwn m Spni nm

N Aicn, M w cmmn

m Aicn . F xmp, Emmn

Dwning, cpnn cni gn

Jn Winp, gg cny cn i ni w g ck cin

in. I pp y knw

y w, i Winp, w w

minin 0 M cp n n Engi

n. I M w in ,

w iky cnnc H.

Mny m w.

T M n Inc M Spniw p w iin I Bin c

N Amic c gnin .

Ti gnin w p n Anic

ym cnnc Aic, W Ini

n cni N Amic. M w

iing, pking ngg

i i n cny in wic

y w n. Inc M Spnimy n iing, i nm gg

iii gin in i pg g Spni

pin.1 S i gnin mig

n pnin in C

n Spni ip ing cg p in Nw Engn-n cpin . In i y

pi mncip ik Spni mig

n pc, w m,

pp wiin ci in wic y

nc n .

By mi n 00, iiy

c i in Mc

w n. A M, w pi-n n w w H wn .

F i gnin iy Aicn y

w m my nnc n mncipin

w cnqny mc cmmn.11 T

cn H pin knwn wn

w Bnjmin Ww, w

m . Unik M, i

cg in m i i miy in .Ww miy wn n nm

Ti n, pn ming in nw ,

pc m . Bpim c m

Fi Cc Cmig i

w nm Vn.12 A Ti n Vn,

m wk in Ww H, nw

ccpi y i cc Ew Hyk, w

w ppin in . T ii imm Hyk miy mnin

ifn : J, C n Bi.

In ni y pp nning n

Bn, mim ing i, n n ing

cn in yy miy wig-in.13 S ik

Vn, Ti, J, C n Bi w

p cni ciy n p m i.

Ty w n impn ik pping m, minining ,


11/37

10 Harvard & Slavery

n ning nim.14 A Hyk ii

, y qny ccmpni mm

miy w w ing in Bn. Ty

w iky knwn iing inCmig. In , innc, J mi

Cicy, wn y J Mni, H

p Hw.15

Tg ii n w in

inip ( in c J), w

nmn p m

mii wn m n cmm-

niy Cmig. Vn, Ti n C,

xmp, w gin Rmn in Ci-in nm. Bi w iic, nc

Jc cncin m Bk Gni.

N n c nm.

Unik y 00, in ign cny

mncipin n mmip in ciy

pn w n

i cin. Cg w Anw B-

mn, xmp, kp Jn, g i R, ni in .16 Pp

gwing nm, in cni

Mc incingy i miiy

ci y ciy innc.17 T cy n

mini H c i wn

gin minin c in wn

n mm cg. In 0 y

nm Ti, piy m nc wn y Bnjmin Ww, m

ning cg n ciing wi ny

n.1

In iy, ncn, n n nnic

wy pp i n ning nH cmp. Ty i mk in

iic c c

wk y i, i

in g cmmniy,

n , inicy, c

i ppy.

Einc i pnc

i i y nCmig . Amng pip in

Cmig i gn i n Jn,

Ng Sn. T Anw Bmn Eq. Di

Mc Ag y & Mn.1 W-

w H, w Ti, Vn, J, C,

n Bi i n wk, i pn i n

n y Mc An, n i

ck m n H cmp.

The West Ides Trade

S w p yy i H,

slavery, iing c Nw W

cnmi, c H in wy w

immi n pn. M-

c w p g Anic cnmy

cn n g, m n wn W Ini, Nw Engn, Ep

n Aic. Lik Nw Engn cni,

Mc piin W Ini,

ning , nim, m, ic n

ncii pnin gw ny g.

En m in n m c mk

mny in piining y ing i

g ying in ip.2 W Ininpnin wn n g-c w

In their correspondence, the Perkins brothers did not ruminate upon theethical implications o purchasing humans, but rather the practical realities.One letter admonishes a seller not to send any more unsalable inants

Robert G. Ma, Moe ad Meor,


12/37


13/37


m n cf. Occin-

y, Tnik ip

wn in

in W Ini.2

By 80Tnik cn i w

nncm ppy

pw $00,000. By

n i i, m

n m $,00,000

in cncy i im.2

In i pp y

n H ycniing nw

pip n giing ccin

k n Amicn iy.3

F H pn Jm n Tm

Pkin, W Ini n wy

in mgging p

g n in m pc .

Ty gn i c cmmiin gnin Fnc cny Sin-Dming,

m pci g in in Cin.31

Wn Jm i n in in 8, i

ppin wn 00,000 n 00,000

.32 T Pkin m mny

y mcing y n n

-gwn cmmii. Py, y

n m mp ci n xc Amicn ip. In 80

n y 90 y cm -mgg,

cging pmim cmmiin g -

ici w. By 88 y wn i wn ip

n w inging in m Aicn p

Anm.33

Eing w gin ing w

ci Pkin , i w ikyn m n in 9, wn

n Sin-Dming gn i in-y-

ng in, cing

in.34 Lking nw ppnii

ng i y- p,y in in in, picy

ing n wi Cin. Ty

cm y in in ini

w i Mc cnmy in

800, i n xi mncing.

Hing in m p mgg ing

cnmy Cin wy

n pc in, y n nmBn c iniin n i

c, incing H.35

Slaver ad La

Lking g y ik

Pkin n -wn ik Bnjmin

Ww, i i y y nxcp-

in, j n in ppniy, impy wy i. T ppci mi

w y w cng n qin

g cni , n y .

Pic , pi , n inc

n p mn y

ciy pp y w n ci cm.36

Pp cg p in Riny pii

im, in H pic cmic n T Lgiy Ening Aicn.37

B i n n inpnnc,

w, H ci ccmpimn w

ining cni w g

iniin n c minnc n

iinc n iy -

n ci . W pi

y mig , g mi-00,cni pn iniiy

Correspondence

in the Perkins

Brothers letter

book, accepting

the importation

of slaves from

Africa.COURTESY OF

SCHLESINGER

LIBRARY, RAD-

CLIFFE INSTITUTE,

HARVARD

UNIVERSITY.


14/37


y n wi wi icin,

pnimn n inc.

Bwn 0 n Aicn-cn

ppin in Mc n ,00, . pcn cny

ppin, n w n m ii, ci

p ciy.3 A pnc pp

Aicn cn, mny m , gw

g 00, i icin n

i i. In , xmp, ciy Bn

c n Ng in S

nin in Ening wi ick mi m; n i ny w n y

H Ccin n wipp

. . .3 A w y w

pii m ing in mk n n-

y in 8 m wning nim ik

pig.4 Fw xmp, w, i

i igning gip n i n n incin

k pc n H p in .T y, H n Cmig win

xcin w . In Spm

Mk n Pii w cnic pining

i wn Jn Cmn ny Cwn,

Mc. Ty w n ci g

Cmig, p cg, n

xc mi m Cmig Cmmn

n Gw L in w i nw An Hinig. A p H ci

cn [] i pcc in Cmig.

ng nging Cp. Cmn C-

wn xc pi n, m i

m y pin.41 Mk w ng n

Pii n . A xcin,

Mk y w ipy in Cwn

n ning mg wn .H cnncin xcin Mk

n Pii wn w yn mk m

k wing Y. T

jic w w c, w

pcing ny, w H g.42

Ty, H in nin . In

cni , H mc m

wiin Mc By Cny. In

00 i in Pin mini w

pii n m ii in

y cny. In 00, H g

incingy i cciin p

w.43

T jic n pcing nyin i Mk n Pii xmpi i

yp. H w i pping-n in

ip c cny. A mm

Mc Spi C, jic Spn

Sw, Bnjmin Lyn J., Cm R,

n Any Gn Emn Twig

c ig cn cni gn-

mn. Ty g wn c

A newspaper

report of

the trial andpunishment

of slaves Mark

and Phillis in

Cambridge,

Massachusetts.

FROM THE

BOSTON EVENING

POST


15/37


i pw n Mk n Pii, ing xm

pic inc icg ci

. Iningy, Mk n Pii w n

i m. Ty w cc m cim pi n, m

pi y in.44 T jic c

cy w w ing

nncing. Mn cnic py n w

ng n wmn n, xc

Mk n Pii c n Gw L.

I ci , w, c

i. Am iy y xcin Mk n Pii, imiy H-in

jiciy w inmn in ning

y in Mc p Amicn

iny gg. Ani-y i

gin cin ing Riny

y mg wi nin ni ig n

ci p ming cni .45

En i, nw Mc Cniin 80 i n xpiciy w y. Ening

y in Mc k

n n ji n jic. T

inii jici inpin nw

Cniin cm m

H-c Ci J-

ic Wiim Cing in

8 c Qck Wk.Wk, w wn

im wn i ,

i m

n cg i wn wi

. In cimin c Cing

inc jy y w incmp-

i wi i cniin n

cn n c ing ppi in C.46 A C-

ing ing n imi n y jg,

-mncip in Mc c

ny njy pcin w.

On the aternoon o Thursday, September 18, 1755, Cambridge witnessed a

spectacle usually associated with the horrors o mob violence or Southernplantation slavery: the burning o a slave at the stake.

J Hele, Harvard ad the Juste o Slaver,


16/37

in Antebellum America 15

Wi m i mini my

mc mncipin, n

y in Mc i n H i y. In 80, y

cnin xi in Amic in pc

c Bn Nw Yk Ciy n wy

Nw On, C n Bzi. Tg n-

in, inmn, n nnci mngmn,

H cnin i pc w

y w g n n m

. In c, m nin m niiy y W Inin mcn n n

pnin wn ik Ic Ry J. ppn

y w m ig in Mc.

By ninn cny, H

p inip wi pn

w in pn n cn m

pnin. Mc -pc

g n cx cnmy in cni- Bii Anic, -pc

cn mncing, n nnc

in p-Cii W c. A wi W

Ini , iy cn in

nm w n m pnnc.

Bii n Nw Engn xi mi w n

cn w gwn, pick, ginn n

g wk n mn n wmnin Uni S S. In c, y

80, Sn ccn ny

00 pcn miin pn cn

cnm in Uni S, pcn 800 miin pn cnm in Biin,

90 pcn 9 miin pn in

Fnc, 0 pcn miin pn

pn in Gmn Zin n mc

9 pcn 0 miin pn mnc-

in Ri.47 In n, cn pnin

wn pn n ci pc

n ppi, mc wic cm m nkwi gn in cii ik Bn. Tg n

m, Nw Engn wn

xi mi n gn Bii nk w

inipn cn-pnin cnmy.

An, in n, i nin n ic

nm H m pcci

pip cni cmy mj niiy

g innc.T iy H n y, w,

i n ny wing mny. I i

pp, piic n i. In cm, c

n inc cim, mc in nnc,

H w cnnc y. In 800,

xmp, mny pp Sn mii

n i n n H. Angi

yng mn m Mc, Snn cm cmp n mm

h a r v a r d & s l a v e r y inAbm Am


17/37


H m xci c. Tg w ig-

y ink Mc -

iinim, inii w k pn n c-

i piin gin y w xcpin n in n, pp

m , H. I k ni 80

ni-y cii m wip n

ii pp; n n n, y c ppi-

in m c n nin ip.4 I w

n cin mm H cmm-

niy i n i wn pi

miy y. H pin in 80, Ji Qincy, w-cmn ni-

y ning. Y n H

icg cy n n w wn

picy qin iniin y n

w c piic iin.

Harvards Rse the 800s

Ty H i p i niiy wi

mi c, i w n wy

wy. T y 800 mk i Hin nc pic n pi n;

mic inc in pi nin i w

H cg in

Uni S. By 80 H w

im Y n im

Am n Wiim cmin. In

ninn-cny, H gw in

i pc ing nin niiy. Bwn800 n 80 i wn m n

$0,000 $,0,000. O m pi

pin cniin m pi c

9 pcn.4

A w y n, mny H

mj pi n ing i pi gw

pp in - cnmi

g n cn. Mcn I Tnikn Jm Pkin n H in

80 n 80. L y w jin y

w m n in W Ini ,

ik Bnjmin By, ip-wn n

g, cn n cf. P C. Bk, n

mj n, cm n wi mn

in Mc y ining ip ik

wn y Tnik n By.5

Bginningin 80 xi n cy wn

cm n c nin H.

A Lwnc, xmp, n m

pcin n iiin i

xi iny. H wn n p cn

xi ci in Mc, ng wi

ing m pc i mi.51

In 8 n 89 n $00,000 i cinic c H.52

Private

donations

put Harvard

ahead of other

colleges in

the 1800s.

FROM THE

NEWBURYPORT

HERALD


18/37


T mnTnik, Pkin, Bk,

By n Lwncw ny mping

wny- inii w m mj

pn nin H wn 800n 80.53 Y i cmin cniin

$9,00 ccn 0

pcn

mj inii nin

in pi.54 H n-

mny n

y nming iing, p-

ip n c m. Cg ciiy n i n.55 Ti gci

min in m H m w-knwn

iniin. Lwnc gi Lwnc

Scinic Sc, pc H Sc

Engining n Appi Scinc. By

niin gic c gg n

pc niiy, ny mging

wi c in igic cinc. Hi in Jmic Pin, w, cm p

H c Am. Vii y B-

nin y-n, n Am m

i i By Hinm mn

w m i n in -gwn

gic cmmii.56

In iin ccping nin, H

m mny y piing n wn mi nwmn mcn. T mcn

mny pc in ign . F

xmp, mcn Ei Hwy, w

in -pc cf mng ing,

i nw ip c Roman in 89;

m y H n Hwy $,800.

Hwy c n i n i,

mking i nc w H p-ic n. H my n i cmp

pymn n ip pc i

cg in Cin. T w n H-

wy mny, w g inmn

H. In 8 pi ck n wiin n k cn n $,000.57

Wi w n knw w Roman ni yg, w knw y 8 i w

ing Ri Jni pc cf,

-gwn cmmiy, wi w mny.5

Hw mc H pi w m p

n mcn ik Hwy w c

m pc -pc cm-

mii i n knwn. Ln n mgg,

w, w ky p H nwmn,mking p pcn i in 80.5

Byn mny, H n m

nnci ki mn w cc in

cn . In 8 Jn Di ign

niiy m igi-

i n H in ing

i n.6 F y , H cqi

ic Tm Wn W ign -in niiy nnc. Wi

W T H, w

mpy Amicn nc

Bing B. Bing B, n

w m impn nnci , w

mj in cn n pi ni

mn cpi pn U.S.

S, w i cqi m gwing cn.

Private donations, in part earned in the slave-economy, helped osetdeclining public interest and provided new resources.

Mee Shallert, For a Uverst,


19/37


S-pnin n n . Pn

pc yingcn , piin,

, n n n ci, pnning

i cn n n mk ck ifnc n n m. S-wning pn

w cnnc i iin ci g

cin gn c p cii ik

Bn n Nw Yk n ny Bii

inmn ik Bing B. W

w cgniz xpning Bing in

in Uni S, picy y incing

i nm cn cnignmn.61

W wimiy impn iizing n imping

nnc H, ing n n

in mnging y- g cn

cnmy. H i nm im ign

m i piin H , ciing

i n c n wk. Unik Di,

W w n y. H cnin gi

i ic niiy ni 8, n $,000 H in i wi.62

The Polts o Slaver at Harvard

Ty mny iin ii nm

Uni S wn n , w

pp im, wi xcpin ,

i i i wiin ni. Nw

Engn c w mmim inin wi pnin mii S

Cin, n H w w mny p

n i n.63 W mig xpc p-

nc n m ing mii

c i cg, i nying,

ppi w . M n n n

H ip n n y i

ccp ing i n picypp i. W knw i H

g w wn n cm iini

, c Tm Wnw Higginn,

T Pk, C Smn; w knw

n w cm H n mk pn c

ming pn gin.

J ik i mii in Bn, mny

S Cin mii n i n

H. I Sn n w ciiciz

nn c i mii wn ,

y y w i.64 M c w

n m ing n nn--ing mii ccing in n H n

y, niy ing m n ing.65

Ony i pi in cnni 80

i n m m pci Sn

c.66 Owi, y w mk n

ing Sn i cc in

H ci cn. Ec y w m

ig n n c p H m xci ci c, Pc-

in, cm m Sn mii. Bwn 9

n 8, iy-nin Pcin i m

Cn, S Cin, ng-ning

c cpi ing S.67

O Sn n w ccim y

n y. N Cinin, Jm

Bnjmin Ck, xmp, w c CO y i w n in 8.6 Six y

, w g in Cn Amy.

Sn n cc i n mk

H n iniin n c y.

R, i ppiy -

ing w n . F mny n, n

m Nn mii, ing w n

n c f inip, p, jin p c. S wn w


20/37


p nin i, n, mm

i, wnip mn ppy w

nxcpin. H, m, w y

niq ccping .In cn, ni-y cii, pciy

w c immi iin, w

c m nm . In 8,

xmp, ciy (incing my

Bn) n ni-iini ming.6

Ei y cw g in ciy

pn Bii iini Gg Tmpn

m pking ming Bn FmAni-Sy Sciy. T Boston Gazette,

wmn in nnc w my gp

iy y m. 7 Ony y

80 i ni-y cin cm

m ccp in minm, n n

n, c m H cmp i

immi g mncipin

min .A H, in Bn, n ci

iini w n i. T H

p w c jin ni-y gniz-

in p i j n i in jpy.

P Hny W J. n C Fn

w ning mm Cmig

Ani-Sy Sciy n n ni-

y cii in . Jn W, Hny, ci cin Hny cin

y in n cg. Mny i wm

in, n in Uniiy, w

W, mn wi im y ny.71

P W w ppny i

ny c nngmn wi xciing m-

mn y. Jn W w ympic

igp i , nwpp iccnm i ccn pp cin. I

i g, w Boston Gazette,

ny pin P H Cg

cnnnc wi n mici

cm ni-y gi, w impny ming wi ppy pn-

n n . T Gazette

wn n ing ign ik P

C Fn, w piic pcin

in Gmny. Mm cgy ik W,

pp gg, y k

i impinnc n y. 72

T p, Hny W J. Cmig Ani-Sy Sciyn kp i

piin H. C Fn, in cn,

ck i i n cg wn i

pip w n nw in 8. In

cpnnc H pin im,

Ji Qincy, minin ni

p i j n n ccn

ni-y ciii.73

I i pi niQincy n H Cpin g i

p n imm. I i imgin,

w, W n Fn m i

ciin niy inpnny ck

gin m.

In mig c, Pin Qincy

inn icy w y q

icin iin n cmp. In My 88, n H Diiniy Sc

Pinpic Sciy w ging i-

in n i ming. T y m-

ing, Qincy n Diiniy Sc cy

mm qing y cni

wim n pnc pp ic-

in. A i Qincy w pic

n. A i i m ming, Pin-pic Sciy n iniin pp


21/37


in cmmniy w w n m H.

In cn gp, Qincy

pp ming n gn i w

pn pic. H q cypii ni y m m , n

jc, ny ming ciy, wiin w Diiniy Cg n , wic

n c n n xciy

pmi n. Qincy ipin

n giin n cmp. In i wn w,

i w n pn iin

in miny ning, cmp yng

mn m y q cny; mng

wm mny w pjic, pin nin py impic 74

Rae See at Harvard

Wi H miniin wk q

n y, n ccmm

g ppin n -wn n

cmp, m i p iigny

n n inc pp mig jiyy. In Uni S jiicin

cm m niy n i

ck iniiy. Iniiy, Aicn

n in Nw W w cni

n n w cpi. Ti nmn

w n c n igin, n mny

w pn cning Ciiniy.75

Ony , Aicn cm mjiy ppin, i ckn cm i

nmn; n ny in ninn-cny

i c cm n igic cgy

mking pp Aicn cn inny

ini n nmny ifn mpp pci wi. B

n nn- ik

i ck

iniiy. In 80,

i n impin w

mp in ing

n cinc y

ci cini. Pminn mng m wH P Li Agiz.

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im, mc i i

c. In 80 Agiz pi n ic

ni T Diiy Oigin Hmn

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pm gg ci i ck

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m n i , y gg

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ifn, m wi pp, y w k,

w c c cn m Am?

Agiz g y Am ppi

ny wi pp n G c c ifn cim, gin, n

cym in w.76 Agiz y w

knwn pygni, ing mny

igin mn c. I i i ng

n ny m i pin Ciin n,

m i ciin wi Agiz

nwn wk n igin nim pci.

Agiz ppi i iw nim xnmy mn. W m cknwg

Agassizs theories lived on in the work o his students, magniying theirimpact and extending the lietime o their acceptance in the mainstream.

Zoe Weber, The Ialulable Lea,


22/37


iiy mng nim i c min

y wi C, Agiz w, n

i ggpic iiin p n g

gnic cncpin: wnc i w w c mn c iinc pimi

m yp mn. 77

Rci i, w, w n y

pyic ifnc. A pcic y Ag-

iz, i p, n i n, c cinc

n pniy i, pi, n miy

in igic cciic c. Agiz,

xmp, c i pyic nyi inc cncin n ng ipiin.

Hmn fi wi nc c

c, w Agiz, gi y

cncin ifnc xiing -

wn n m n y ing m

wi qiy.7 Amng ifnc w n

Aicn piiiy pnn imi

mng w i, n pci py, pci inifnc ng f

y ciiiz ciy. 7

T inip wn Agiz n

H w ymiic. Tg H, Ag-

iz (w w iginy m Swizn) m p-

n cinc mng Bn i. Tg

Agiz, H g pp i xpning

cinc c. A , Agiz ning mH q $80,000, gy $.

miin in y . T pp inc

n n iy ccin, zgi-

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igg n niiy cm wn

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gn mm, g i w in

niiy pc. In 8 i ciy cm p

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i niiy pimy c ncinc c.

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picy i i ck

ifnc, min inni

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iz n Nni S

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wn Aicn n Epn

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ppiz i cinc, wiingic mgzin ikAtlantic

Monthly. In n 890 ic, S g

gin inci mig.3 In n pic

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ik m, , S wn, ckcin n , i nim

n mg.4 S i n c

n y, , i wiing

cm ing mmn wn mny ig

xn ck pp Cii W w

ing kn wy. N i inc, S

cn mng i yng T

R, w min in wi p- ging.5 Lik n q

Harvard

Professor Louis

Agassiz.

COURTESY OF THE

HARVARD UNIVER-

SITY ARCHIVES


23/37


H y mcn in cnmy,

gcy Agiz n i i xn

yn i wn im.

Eaato ad the Lea o Slaver

In 8, Cii W, y w m

ig g Uni S. Emncip-

in w w-ing cng, gcy

y w ning. Sy n

p impc n q ng

w n m y n cn-

in iy w n n.A mncipin, mn n wmn in

Uni S ig m in c

miy py, g ip n

ng c migin n n-

. F pp i wi

y c pm. Ty wn n

n n w gin i mn pc ny.

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n; n in innc, nn in

g p pnin.

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wk in wy c m in m

pc i i .

6

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miy w m H nwmn,

ci pc Ggi pnin c

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ng , y w c wk

Cnm n min n

cpic pnin nw wn. Emnci-

pin mig n y, i -

ncmping gcy cnin p pp

i. Byn Cnm, ci i

inc ik H Agiz n Spi jicin nw f gy

gg n n innci Amicn

Aicn cn.


24/37

in Memory 23

Lik nin, H cnin

mp y ng i iin.

Wn in Oc 90, xmp, H-

ni Ok Am i m

Cn pnin S, ny n

y p inc cny gin i m. Nw, pnin w

wn y H Uniiy nc Ewin

F. Akin, n 900-c w

cm igic c in

niiy. In y, c n n

w ifn ii g cn n

ppy n y ic pn i

y cn.

On ning in 90,w, P Ok Am w inpi

c n i pnin p. Wi gzing

n, Am pnin

in n ing, mic n Am

iqi im imgin w

w n pnin ,

cing im w iy i xinc.W p Am, c, w ning

incngiy wn y pnin,

i nw cinic , n nni

injic c i n n c

i wn n. In i wi, Am

i n y cing p cii

ing in ng n w mni y

inging , wic inj n pn nz .1

A view of Sole

dad Plantation

in Cuba, home

of the Harvard

Botanical

StationCOURTESY OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS

HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

h a r v a r d & s l a v e r y inMm


25/37


Ti y n n f H,

n w njy i np in-

c c, in ny mmn

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mm pn m i i i ic-

in g pinking

ci cncin w w xpi-

nc pn. T p i n ,

Fkn nc i, i i n n p. Hw w

, mm, n pmp mm pnc p i mmy. H

cmp i p wi cnci mmi

i Pin n, i Riny gi,

n i w ing Cii W,

k y i pping c

wi n ny g pic mk.

Meoral Hall ad Elood

Mmi n mnmn m n mk

pic gn. Ty i n c

mning n y c.

2

Ppcing in in mnmn cnncing

H n y mig nny k

Mmi H, immn Hig Vicin

iing wi mic i

incin Cmig i. Mm-

i H w i in 80 n H

n w g Unin Amy ing

Cii W. F c m Unin, Cii W w i c

y. I w pmpi pnin

innin in i iniin, y

ci mng m. F nn- , p-

ciy n ik Mc w cn-

mi n inwn wi

, pp Cii W w m

cmpic. Bck Nn n wg m in Unin in c

i mncipin in pic pcpin

w, mny ni g p

Unin, n nciy n y.3 H

Cii W mnmn mi migiy.

Sy, g i w nying c

Cii W, w n p i mmiiz-

in H. A Cii W mnmn,Mmi H c n Unin n w.

In, wn H Pin Jm Wk

pp cing imp mnmn

H Unin i, m

y icin y mining i

inc Unin i g n

cm mimpying iin

p ingiy nin n minin pmcy w.4

Elmwood

House, built

by Antiguan

plantation

owner Thomas

Oliver, has beenthe residence

for Harvard

Presidents

since 1971.

PHOTOGRAPH

BY JESSE RONALD

HALVORSEN


26/37

in Memory 25

T cmmi c Mmi H

i n w Wk pn imp mn-

mn, y i cy i inpin

w. Nn igin incipin

in Mmi H c y c

cin;

nn mnin

mncipin

w. A

Cii W,

H nc cny, impnc mncip-

in n Aicn Amicn ig w pp

in n mic nin wn

N n S.5 A i mmy, Mm-

i H min ii Unin i

cic. I inc, m n i incipin,

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in y.P icy mming y

n H cmp i Cmig

iic iing pi w pic c

i cmp iy. Emw H,

xmp, i n iing ng-

ing H. I mg pw

ym cmmniy ng iy n

y pi H pin.I w i in y H g n

Anign pnin wn Tm Oi, n

y wn m n i wi

H n mn, p, p,

n. Emw i knwn ing i

ing Riny W n ing

m w-knwn piicin, p, n

p Oi p.6

Hm ping i iy n ing

iing igin Cni y cmmimn

wn i cqi Emw in 9. AHarvard

Crimson ic m y

w i igin

gnc. T m ic gg

xpinc pni iy

y imgining cn m i

p.7Vii y min Emw

iy y Cmig Hiic Sciy

ign i in y Tm Oi,

w inc piicin Eig Gy

n p Jm R Lw.

Tg iy n iic niciy mpiz Emw, ning

i iiy ink Emw y. B i

inpnn c , w

k c ncm mmnc,

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W Inin pn-c n in

Nw Engn iing g pnin

in Cin. Oi , ik Lw Sc nc Ic Ry J., m

i miy n n n nm

Mc in . Wn Oi cm

g, ini pnin in Anig n

i Emw i wn miy. S iky

i n wk Oi in Emw, n

g Emw w n pnin i,

mny Oi i m cm mpnin w mny m .

Recognizing Elmwood as standing at the intersection o Harvard and slaveryundamentally changes the way we understand it as both a resource and a symbolor Harvard University.

Katl Terr, Elood ad Slaver,


27/37


Ey mning wn H Pin k

n wn, mig w king

gn nc .

Hstor the Preset

By inping c iy w n

in yy i, cmmnii, n

w, w cn p n cnx

pcpin pn. T cmin ning

m c n H n

y pn p zn pc n cmp

n yn nw mning n ignicnc.

W cn k pn Emw gn pp-

in wi m m cncn Ok

Am i wn cnmp

n H S pnin. Wi

wcing c, n, n ii in p

i Ww H n M-

c An, w cn imgin i Ti, Vn n w wk

mm niiy n knw i n.

In iin iic iing, w cn

cni nmk n pip wi

i cing nc w pp in

- cnmi g, c, cn,

n mim n i.

T ny ing, c, qi ing ci wk in

mncip, nwpp, n picin.

Sn in H n Sy Rc

Smin n g in iy,

gn pp, n cnnc

n n ping nc in , ing

i k p in mking

i g iniin. F y n, w,

i ming i n. Di B-

mn miy iy pkp ni-

iy gnin i wn

w w cg? W m cn

w n Bin, Ic Ry J.w piin Mc gi

pnin Ry N Sci wi

i w, p w, piin ,

n ccm y wn iny, n

w gmn y i. Fm

n wk w nw knw g

pi nin

niiy, w i knwny i iy

H nwmn,

pic wi iic

n cnmpy nnc.

I i iw cmmn

n cin, i i niiy

pp c

n n f mk ning p pic cnin.

W w wi knwg nc

y i gp igy mi n ic

H n i pic yn mi

i iw. Mny n-c i,

w, mk i wn ggin. Sn

Sy Tm w, cing mmi

Ww H n incing ikVn, Ti, n J in cmmny n

Erecting a memorial at Wadsworth House and including slaves likeVenus, Titus, and Juba in the commentary on the building will be a signo respect or all o the men and women who were orced into slavery and

or all o the individuals who would die never having known reedom.

Shelle Thoas, Chas the Yard,


28/37

in Memory 27

iing wi ign pc

mn n wmn w w c in y

H cm Kiin Ty g H

m icin n gn

Emw, ymicy incing

cknwgmn Emw pc w

H n y inc. 1 T pn

j w mny. Wi , Sy n

Kiin ning n i cm

icin, w my

Emw inmy in niiy -

wy n cm. A Sy Tm pin

, w ck y i ck

pc mn i i ni n

mg i i n m mn n

wmn ni i mniy. Rcping

iy H i n ici

imini i cimn, in n-

in wn w wi mk H

n i , w, n mk p.


29/37



30/37

Endnotes 29

Rin Bckn, The Making o New World Slavery:From the Baroque to the Modern, 14921800 (Lnn: V,99). T ci wk n c

nn inic wn gn pic pic cw wn m n y y giing ciin y n i. A i n y ipin n n.

J Mni Cicy i mnin in VitalRecords o Cambridge Massachusetts, to the Year 1850 (Wig nP Pin C., 9), . Rc Bmn cn n g Papers o the Bordman Family,HUG 8, H Uniiy Aci; ckgn nOnim Knn Simn, The Lie and Times o Cotton

Mather(Nw Yk: Hp & Rw, 98), , 99. WiimB Cicy g i ii in Cmigi gn. Wiim Hi .,Epitaphs rom the oldburying-ground in Cambridge: With Notes (Cmig: J. Own,8), 8.

F Ming i n xcin, The Diary o SamuelSewall(Bn: Mc Hiic Sciy, 88), n-i /9/, /0/, //. F m n Sqi JnCming, Bi, Jm, n Cnc, Ei Lmi,Black Walden: Slavery and its Atermath in Concord,MA. F Hncck miy , wi TmHncck, . Fnk gn () i i ii Gny Bying Gn.

Inc M, L Wi n Tmn, NwEngn Hiic n Gngic Rgi, (8),-; Tm, Cin in Y, 9.

Lnz Gn, The Negro in Colonial New England(NwYk: Cmi Uniiy P, 9), -0; S Rckmn,

T Un Oigin Amicn Cpiim in Cy

Mn, . The Economy o Early America, (Pipi:Pnnyni S Uniiy P, 00), -.

Jn Winp, The Journal o John Winthrop (Cmig:H Uniiy P, 99), 8; Amn L,IndianSlavery in Colonial Times Within the Present Limits o the UnitedStates (Nw Yk: Cmi Uniiy, 9), -.

Emy J. W, H n Bck Mn, 80,Varieties o Black Experience at Harvard(Cmig: HUniiy P 98), ; Bnjmin Pic, Appnix,A His-tory o Harvard University (Cmig, MA: Bwn, Sckn Cmpny, 8), -. Tm, Cin in Y, -.

8 Emmn Dwning Jn Winp, c. Ag, in Winthrop Papers . , Mcm Fig . (Bn:Mc Hiic Sciy), 8.

9 I Bin,Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centurieso Slavery in North America (Cmig, MA: Bknp P H Uniiy, 998), -8.

0 In m ncipin M wi Spniw n Spg, w cmncnm nm Spni. S, xmp, Emn M.

Bn, Rp Liin,Proceedings o the AmericanAntiquarian Society, 1887(Wc, MA: C Hmin,888), 9.

I Bin, Generations o Captivity: A History o Arican-American Slaves (Cmig, MA: H Uniiy P,00) -, 8-88.

Pp Bnjmin Ww, 9, UAI .88,H Uniiy Aci; Rc Cc Ci Cmig in Nw Engn, 80, 09. Tm, Cin

in Y, .

e n d n o t e s


31/37


Hyk miy, Hyk Fmiy Dii, HUM ,H Uniiy Aci; T Hyk Dii nin: p://www.ci.g/i/yki-i00wg; Tm, Cin in Y. C w nwn y Hyk n i m piiiy

w ck n. Einc in ii, w,pin iki w . F xmp,n Dcm , 8, ing y Mcmncipin, My Vi Hyk w, C i in Bn.

Bin, Generations o Captivity, 8-88; Gn, The Negroin Colonial New England, .

Vital Records o Cambridge Massachusetts, to the Year1850 (Wig n P Pin C., 9), . A nin p://www.ci.g/m/icc0cm#pg/n/m/p.

Hi,Epitaphs rom the old burying-ground in Cambridge, 90.

Bin, Generations o Captivity, 8.

8 H Uniiy, Fcy A n Scinc, EyFcy min, 80, UAIII ., H Uniiy

Aci; Tm, Cin in Y, .

9 Hi,Epitaphs rom the old burying-ground in, 90.

0 Bckn,Making o New World Slavery, ; RicP, Yankees and Creoles: The Trade Between North America andthe West Indies Beore the American Revolution (Cmig, MA:H Uniiy P, 9), -. Jm n Tm P-kin gn Ew w cpn y m mny cciny ing , , n . CSg, Sny Pn, n A D. Cn,Merchant

Prince o Boston, Colonel T. H. Perkins, 17641854 (Cmig,

MA: H Uniiy P, 9), 8.

Di By Gp,Bondmen and Rebels: A Studyo Master-Slave Relations in Antigua (Dm, NC: DkUniiy P, 98), .

V Lng Oi, The History o the Island o Antigua,one o the Leeward Caribbees in the West Indies, rom the First Settle-ment in 1635 to the Present Time, . III (Lnn: Mic nHg, 89), xxxi; Pii, H Ry Lgcy, -.

Axn A. Cn, Slavery in the Age o Reason: Archaeol-ogy at a New England Farm (Knxi, TN: T Uniiy Tnn P, 00), 0.

Cn, Slavery in the Age o Reason, . In 0 n 0

Ry S. gn ccming n in Nw Engn. Hwng n pnning Anig i nknwn, 0 n 0 n i wi pn, n pp Ry S. Ty c ninmnpm in m g n iiy m g . In , xmp, 00, n m Ry i, ck Pp.Gp,Bondmen and Rebels, 0, .

Pic Rc Ry Fmiy i p://y.g/cmn.pp. F g iy Ry miy n ik m in Mc C. S. Mng, Ten Hills Farm: The Forgotten History o Slaveryin the North (Pincn: Pincn Uniiy P, 00).

Wi Ic Ry, J., Im , in Rc gin nin, Bx , Vm , H Uniiy Aci,H Uniiy, Cmig, MA.

S Pip Lw in HUniiy, inProposals looking to the ounding o the Harvard Law

School, H Lw Sc Spci Ccin, R Liy,H Uniiy, Cmig, MA, ; L m ASn Pin Kikn, Jy 8, Mmnm, inProposals looking to the ounding o the Harvard Law School.

8 Inic, Thorndike Collection, H Bk LiyHiic Ccin; Thorndike Collection, H BkLiy Hiic Ccin, ci y Jn D. F,IsraelThorndike: Federalist Financier(Nw Yk: Expiin P,9), 9. Sc, Fging Uniiy, 0-.

9 Ewin M. Sn,History o Beverly, civil and ecclesiastical:rom its settlement in 1630 to 1842 (Bn: J. Mn, 8), .

0 Ji Qincy, The History o Harvard University . (Cmig: Jn Own, 80), .

Tm G Cy,Memoir o Thomas HandasydPerkins (Bn: Li n Bwn, 8), 9-0.

In in ppin w 90,000; in8 i w 00,000. Bckn,Making o New World Slavery,


32/37

Endnotes 31

; C. L. R. Jm, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint LOuverture andthe San Domingo Revolution (Nw Yk: Ving Bk, 989), .

Jm Ei C, Exc m L-k Pkin, Bing, Pkin & C. n pnip

Tm Hny Pkin n Jm Pkin, 880(Bn), Scing Liy, H Uniiy, ;Nni Cing, Mc , 90, Cing Jn nLk, 898, Mc Hiic Sciy;Mnn, Mny n Mmy, .

C, Exc m L-k, 00. Mnn,Mny n Mmy, -.

H Uniiy, Gits and Bequests, 16381870,cmpi y A. T. Gi, 8, H Uniiy Aci.

Ey c c m y Nw Engn giy Aicn y. In Nw Hmp-i c c w n Aicc n nwy kn cpi. Gn, The

Negro in Colonial New England, 8. In iin, H g- Sm Sw pi T Sing Jp in 00,n ni-y c Amicn cni.

A Fnic D On T Lgiy Ening TAicn, H A T Pic Cmmncmn in Cmig,Nw Engn (Bn ) in Wn S .,Blacks at

Harvard: A Documentary History o Arican American Experienceat Harvard and Radclie (Nw Yk: Nw Yk Uniiy P,99), -9.

8 Gn,Negro in Colonial New England, 8.

9 Bnjmin Cmn R Ww, Bn, Jn, , inProceedings o the Massachusetts Historical Society

Proceedings (9): .

0 Gn, The Negro in Colonial New England, 0-.

An Cny G J., The Trial and Execution orPetit Treason o Mark and Phillis, Slaves o Capt. John Codman(Cmig: Jn Win n Sn, 88), -8; Hn,H n Jic Sy, .

H Uniiy,Harvard University QuinquennialCatalogue o the Ocers and Graduates, 16361930 (Cmig,MA: H Uniiy, 90); Hn, H n

Jic Sy, -.

Fm 0 nm H g n g pin gw , wi nm n cgy m g n i.S C R. McKiy, T Lwy Appnic: LgEcin in Eign Cny Mc, Suolk

University Law Review (9): .

G, Trial and Execution, -8.

F nnc icin i inc JnnPp Mi,Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and

Race in New England 17801860 (Ic: Cn UniiyP, 998).

T Cmmnw . Nni Jnnin inProceed-ings o the Massachusetts Historical Society (8): 9.

Sn Bck, Emncipin n Empi: Rcnc-ing Wwi W Cn Pcin in Ag Amicn Cii W,American Historical Review 09(Dcm 00), 08.

8 C Bc, Wn H Uniiy Cm Spp Aiini C,Journal o Blacks in Higher

Education (00). A nm gii c inBn i pp ni-y c in ciy,g ppin min ii. S Gy Cin,Shadrach Minkins: From Fugitive Slave to Citizen (Cmig,MA: H Uniiy P, 99); A J. Vn Fnk, TheTrials o Anthony Burns: Freedom and Slavery in Emersons Boston(Cmig, MA: H Uniiy P, 998).

9 Rn Sy, The Forging o an Aristocracy: Harvard andthe Boston Upper Class, 18001870 (Miwn, CT: WynUniiy P, 980), -.

0 Bk i, in c, in m Tnik

ip. On c picy : By i Picy Anc,Unwin in Oc kp y P Cn Bk,I Tnik, Eq. By mk innc, nc im in, n , m n , n Big Pigim n Cg, n n c, m I Fnc Bn, . SThorndike Collection, H Bk Liy Hiic Cc-in; Sc, Fging Uniiy, .

T Mimck Ri Gp n LwncMncing Cmpny, Mncip,Lawrence Manuactur-

ing Company, H Bk Liy Hiic Ccin.


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T L A Lwnc,Daily National Intelligencer,I , , Ag , 8.

Mj nin $,000.

T mj inii nin cmm Sm A. Ei,A Sketch o the History o Harvard College:

And o its Present State (Bn: C. C. Li n J. Bwn, 88);H Uniiy, Gits and Bequests, 880 (Cmpiy A. T. Gi, 8, H Uniiy Aci). Sc,

Fging Uniiy, , .

S, xmp, iy Jm Pkin, JmPkin, Eq.,Boston Daily Advertiser, Ag , 8.

H Sc Engining n Appi Scinc,

General Inormation by and about the School o Engineering andApplied Sciences, H Uniiy Aci; My Jn Mc-Cinck Win,Master o Woodland Hill: Benjamin Bussey o

Boston (17571842) (Bn: Aci An Am,00), .

T Lg, UAI 0.. Bx , H Uni-iy Aci; S, Sy n Ey InmnSgi, -9.

8 F i yg Hwy k n m BingB. A c n wn p in Tn Mc,

Reports o Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme JudicialCourt o Massachusetts V. IX (Bn: Li, Bwn nCmpny, 8) 80.

9 H inmn wi W Inin mcn in c pc nnci y. Imy pic y wi m cnmp-y nnc.

0 Qincy,History o Harvard, -.

F Bing B. iy piing ci pn-in wn n mcn , n W wk m, Rp W. Hiy, The House o Baring in AmericanTrade and Finance: English Merchant Bankers at Work 17631861(Cmig, MA: H Uniiy P, 99) 8-88.

H Uniiy, Gits and Bequests.

Ew B, Slaves in the Family (Nw Yk: F,

S, n Gix, 998), . S Cinin n Hn Jc R M w, T ig wcin wy min m N. Lnn in Diy Jc

R M, MySpm 8. HUD 8.. HUniiy Aci. Eny My ,8; My, T SnGnmn, -8.

N n c mc y n H

n wi US Cn c min w mny i miy wn. Sinc ning ci Hw cy, i i niky ny mii w n-wn. Ding gngic c c nw ignicn nking. Wn, xmp,Jm Bnjmin Ck w n in N Cin, imiy wn ix n iky mny 0.T cnin cm m c Cn iw Wiim Ck Pi Cny N Cin in 80; c w n min wic Ckw Jm .

S xmp Jm Ck,An Undergraduates Diary,pin inHarvard Graduates Magazine (Mc n Jn,9), ; Cc, Cmi n Cmpiciy, 9.

Tm P. Rg, A S Hiy A.E.O.C.,wi n incin y Jm P. Bckwi, J., The SouthCarolina Historical Magazine n. (Ap. 9); Spni,H Aic, .

Catalogue o the Honorary and Immediate Members o thePorcellian Club, Harvard University, Cambridge: Instituted in1791. (Cmig, MA: Hii, Mc, & C., 88). 8-9.My, T Sn Gnmn, -. Sn nypicy m p n n pcn ppin H, mning y w igy -pn, wny iy pcn, in Pcin. S niiyppin 88 in W.A. Lnc, Li SnSn Ami H wn 8 n 8,H Uniiy Aci.

8 Class Book, 8, H Uniiy Aci, . Fn iw Ck xpinc Wiim A. Bmn,

Jm Bnjmin Ck n Sn Expinc H Cg in Cii W E,Harvard College LibraryBulletin (98), 9.

9 Sm Ei Min, The Lie and Letters o HarrisonGray Otis, Federalist, 17651848, Vm (Bn: HgnMiin Cmpny, 9), .

0 Boston Gazette, T Aiin Qin xcp in

Gloucester Telegraph, Oc 8.


34/37

Endnotes 33

Jn W,Memoir o the Lie o Henry Ware, Jr., VmII (Bn: Jm Mn n Cmpny, 8), -8; Gi,H n i Aiini, .

Boston Gazette xcp in Gloucester Telegraph, Jy 8.

Qincy i q in Sm Ei Min, ThreeCenturies o Harvard: 16361936(Cmig: Bknp P H Uniiy P, 98), ; F n ic giQincy n , Dg C. Sng, TMking n Aiini My: H P CT Ciin Fn (980),Harvard LibraryBulletin, V. , N. (Jn 9).

Ji Qincy Jn G. Py, My 88, Pp Ji Qincy 88 n n, Bx , .88, H

Uniiy Aci. Lck, Appnin Pin, , .

Bckn,Making o New World Slavery, .

Li Agiz, Diiy Oigin HmnRc, in Christian Examiner and Religious Miscellany 9:(80), 8.

Li Agiz, N Pinc Anim Wn Ti Rin Difn Typ Mn, in JiN, Types o Mankind, Or Ethnological Researches (Pi-pi: Lippinc, Gm n C., 8) xxi.

8 Agiz, Diiy Oigin, .

9 Li Agiz Sm G. Hw, 9 Ag 8, inAgiz n Eiz C Cy Agiz,Louis Agassiz: HisLie and Correspondence (Lnn: Mcmiin, 88), 9-98;Wing, T Incc Lgcy, 0-.

80 Ew Li,Louis Agassiz: A Lie in Science (Cicg:Uniiy Cicg P, 90).

8 Gg R Agiz, Hiy M. C. Z. inNotesConcerning the History and Contents o the Museum o Compara-tive Zoology (Cmig, MA: H Cg, 9), -9.

8 Harvard Gazette, My 8, 90, Vm I, N. .

8 Nni Sg S, Scinc n AicnPm,Atlantic Monthly (890):

8 Nni Sg S, T Ng Pm,Atlantic Monthly, Nm (88): 98; Wing, TIncc Lgcy, .

8 L Ti Pi, Nwpp Unknwn, 90,

Nni Sg S Bigpic F, HUniiy Aci.

8 W. E. B. D Bi,Black Reconstruction (Nw Yk:Hc, Bc n C., 9); Eic Fn,Reconstruction:

Americans Unfnished Revolution (Nw Yk: Hp n Rw,988); Spn Hn,A Nation Under Our Feet: Black PoliticalStruggles in the Rural South rom Slavery to the Great Migration(Cmig, MA: Bknp P H Uniiy, 00).

8 Hny L Higginn, ng wi i (w

w H Ty Accn), w pn in L,Higginn & C., wic k mip n m Hin 80 n 80. S T Lg, 888,UAI 0.. Bx 0, H Uniiy Aci. S,Sy n Ey Inmn Sgi, -9.

88 Hny L Higginn,Lie and letters o Henry Lee Hig-ginson . , . Bi Py (Bn: Anic Mny P,9), -.

89 Rcc Sc, A Cn Cnncin: Ewin F. Akin,C Fnci Am, J., n Fm S SPnin,Massachusetts Historical Review 9 (00).

90 T gi pnin i c in Tmn 99 Gi Immi U, Ann R-p Pin/T H Uniiy (899),H Uniiy Aci nin, p://../c//AnnRp.m; n cn i M.Ewin F. Akin, Tm B, Bnic Gnin C Dic Cpnnc (8989), H

Uniiy Aci. Rmn, H Bnic Sin,-8.

9 Ok Am Bnc Am, Jny 90, Pp Ok Am, L i Fmiy n AigpicWiing (MSS) (9099), H Uniiy Aci;Rmn, H Bnic Sin, , 8.

9 S Di Big,Race and Reunion: The Civil War inAmerican Memory (Cmig, MA: Bknp P HUniiy, 00).


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9 I Bin, B Fi ., Slaves No More: ThreeEssays on Emancipation and the Civil War(Nw Yk: CmigUniiy P, 99).

9 Jm Wk,An Address Delivered beore the Alumni o

Harvard College (Cmig, MA, 8); Ann, MmiH, .

9 Big,Race and Reunion , 99-9. I i nwy,w, Mmi H n inc g H w g Cncy. Ti n pnni c cny. S xmp, Li Wn,

Gn Ininc: Rmming H CnAmni (Ti, H Cg, 99); Tmpn, Lgcy Sy, -.

9 V Lng Oi, The History o the Island o Antigua,One o the Leeward Caribbees in the West Indies, From the FirstSettlement in 1635 to the Present Time, (Lnn: Mic nHg, 89), -8.

9 Anw T. Wi, F Occpy R Emw, TheHarvard Crimson, Spm , 9; Ty, Emw nSy, -.

98 Oi,History o Antigua, , .

99 Ry E. Finknin, Bin Piin: Rpin Sy in Riny Mc npimncip ci in Bwn Uniiy,Slavery and Justice:

Report o the Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice(Pinc:Bwn Uniiy, 00), -8; Vincn C, .,Unchained Voices: An Anthology o Black Authors in the English-Speaking World o the Eighteenth Century (Lxingn: Uniiy Kncky P, 99), -.

00 Tm, Cin in Y, 0; Ty, Emw n

Sy,.


36/37

Student Essays 35

Eic Ann, Hiy, Mmy, Mmi: Mmi

H H Uniiy.

Mw Cc, Cmi n Cmpiciy: TR H in Fging Bn Finip wnNn n Sn H Sn in Dc Cii W.

Jnni Dw, T Lgcy P Cn Bk.

Bj Gi, H n I Aiini: Hw D nSy n Emgnc Ric Aiinim Sp

Picy n Uniiy in 80.

Mcm Gnn, Pini Pw: H n Lip Sp S D Ding AmicM Diii Dc.

J Hn, A Dk n Sicky T: Riiing Sy Nw Engn Mcn

Jin H, Sy, n Enmn: T U Sy y H Ai Bwn n 80.

Jim Hn, H n Jic Sy: TExcin Mk n Pii, .

Jn Knnck, H Pin: Sy n Piicin Dc B Cii W: 8080.

L Lck, T Appnin Pin:Pin Ji Qincy Innc in D n

Aiin in H Diiniy Sc.

R G. Mnn, Mny n Mmy: T PkinFmiy Lgcy.

Hiy My, A T Sn Gnmn: Cnin

H in Anm Pi.

Mn McKiny, In Ignnc Ti Own Pw: SOwn, S Mcn, n Aiini A HCg, 90.

Gy Pii, H Ry Lgcy: Sy n Oigin H Lw Sc.

Axn Rmn, A y pin in mn: EwinFnw Akin n Bi H Bnic

Sin n Fm S Pnin S.

Mik Sc, T Fging Uniiy: Hw HBn m S-Ecnmy, 80080.

Lin Spni, H Aic: R Wickif J., Pn Fnin Knwg in Kncky B G.

Gy S, Sy n Ey Inmn Sgi H Uniiy Enwmn.

Kiin Ty, Emw n Sy: Cnning HHin Hiy wi F Aniciy.

Sy Tm, Cin in Y: A Dicin SOwn n S Li n H Cmp Bwn n 80.

Kyi Tmpn, T Lgcy Sy HUniiy: Cnmpy Impicin H STi n Emging Cng Ciming IniinS Hiy.

s t u d e n t e s s a y s

from the Harvard and Slavery Research Seminar


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Bni W, Inii Mmy: Exping Un-gn Ri in H Wn H.

Z Wing: T Incc Lgcy: Rc Scinc H in 9 n 0 Cni.

Mw Wik, Fm Mn P HppyPn: T Lwi n Hi Hyn Scip H Uniiy.

Ay Wiimn, Sy Lgcy H.

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