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From toFARM CONSUMER
NOT NEW TO INDIA – FAIRLY WELL ESTABLISHED FOR MILK & MILK PRODUCTS
-- TO SOME EXTENT FOR FISH, MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS - - STILL AT INFANCY FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
1. CONVENTIONAL COLD STORAGE2. PACKHOUSES, PRECOOLING & COLD
STORAGE3. C.A.STORAGE4. FROZEN FOODS PLANTS5. A.C / VENTILATED STORAGE6. DISTRIBUTION CENTERS7. SUPER MARKETS / RETAILERS8. REFRIGERATED TRANSPORT
NEW PRODUCTS GETTING ADDED LIKE TURMERIC, CARROTS etc
DRY
FRUITS
FRESH F&V SPICES
PULSES JAGGERY BEANS MILK
PRODUCTS
POTATOES / APPLES /
RED CHILLIES / RAISINS
BULK C/S at Producing Centre
Multipurpose C/S at
Consuming Centre
FARM IBULKPACKING ITRANSPORT I ICLEANINGSORTINGGRADINGPACKING ITRANSPORT ICOLD-STORAGE I(DRYING) I ITRANSPORT DISTRIBUTIONCENTER/ SUPER MARKET / RETAILER
Cold Store - 1971
TYPICAL CONVENTIONAL MULTI-FLOOR STRUCTURE WITH MANUAL LOADING
MODERN MULTIPRODUCT MULTI FLOOR STRUCTURE WITH MECHANISED LOADING
PRECOOLING IS A PROCESS OF ACCELERATED COOLNG IMMEDIATELY AFTER HARVESTING
THE ITEMS, WHICH, USUALLY, FOLLOW THE PRECOOLING ROUTE, ARE GRAPES, STRAW-BERRIES, POMEGRANATES & ALSO FLOWERS - PRECOOLING WITHIN A SHORT TIME AFTER HARVESTING
NUMBER OF UNITS ESTABLISHED IN MAHARASHTRA, KARNATAKA ANDHRA, U.P, M.P ETC,. OTHER STATES ARE FOLLOWING SUIT.
GRADING & PACKING - MANUAL / MECHANISED
FARM IBULKPACKING ITRANSPORT I ICLEANING(WASHING)(DRYING)SORTINGGRADINGPACKING IPRE-COOLING ICOLD-STORAGE I IREFRIGERATEDTRANSPORT
DISTRIBUTIONCENTER/ SUPERMARKET / RETAILER
PROCESSING FACILITIES
USED TO EXTEND THE STORAGE LIFE OF SEASONAL PERISHABLES. INVOLVES DELAYING THE NATURAL RIPENING PROCESS. LARGELY USED IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ESPECIALLY FOR APPLES AND TO SOME EXTENT FOR PEARS AND PLUMS (APPLES CAN BE STORED UPTO 8 MONTHS) CA TECHNOLOGY IS AT IT’S INFANCY IN INDIA AND THE ESTIMATED PRESENT CAPACITY IS AROUND 50000 MTIT HAS A GOOD POTENTIAL FOR GROWTH
FARM IBULKPACKING ITRANSPORT I I I ICLEANINGSORTINGGRADINGPACKING I I C.A SORTING I IREFRIGERATEDTRANSPORT
DISTRIBUTIONCENTER/ SUPERMARKET / RETAILER
FROZEN FOODS PROCESSING, (PACKING) & FREEZING STORAGE IN FROZEN STATE POPULAR ITEMS ARE : GREEN PEAS, CORN, OKRA, MIXED VEGETABLES, TOMATO PUREE, MANGO PULP, MANGO SLICES DICES, PINEAPPLE SLICES ETC FISH, MEAT, POULTRY PRODUCTS, DAIRY
PRODUCTS & COOKED FOOD
FARM I BULKPACKING ITRANSPORT ICLEANINGSORTINGGRADINGPACKING ISHORT TERMUSAGE IPROCESSING I(PACKING) IFREEZING IBULK PACKING IFROZEN FOODSTORAGE I IREFRIGERATEDTRANSPORT
DISTRIBUTIONCENTER/ SUPERMARKET / RETAILER
MODERN MEAT PROCESSING PLANT
PRE-FROZEN FOODS
UNDERGO PROCESSING AND FREEZING AT THE MAIN PROCESSING PLANTS
ITEMS LIKE ICE CREAMS, BUTTER, CHEESE, FISH, MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS
TRANSPORT THROUGH-OUT IN REEFER VANS/ CONTAINERS TO DISTRIBUTION CENTERS / SUPER MARKETS
NORMALLY LOCATED AT CONSUMER CENTERS AND ARE A PART OF MULTI-PURPOSE COLD STORES
FARM IBULKPACKING I TRANSPORT I I PROCESSEDPACKED &FROZENFOOD IREFRIGERATEDTRANSPORT
FROZEN FOOD STORE I IREFRIGERATEDTRANSPORT
DISTRIBUTIONCENTER/ SUPERMARKET / RETAILER
VENTILATED STORAGE
SOME PROCESSED AND PACKED ITEMS
NEED AIR CONDITIONED STORES (Eg. CHOCOLATES,CONFECTIONERY
PRODUCTS, TOBACCO) CONTROLLED VENTILATED STORES ARE
BEING USED FOR ONIONS ALSO.
FARM I BULKPACKING ITRANSPORT I I I IPROCESSED ANDPACKED FOOD I I IAIRCONDITIONEDORVENTILATEDSTORAGE I I ITRANSPORT
DISTRIBUTIONCENTER/ SUPERMARKET / RETAILER
FOOD DISTRIBUTION CENTERS
RELATIVELY A NEW CONCEPT IN INDIA
CARRY OUT THE FUNCTION OF PROCUREMENT OF LARGE VARIETY OF FOOD
AND RELATED ITEMS INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PROCESSING AND FREEZING FOR SOME
ITEMS LOGISTICS
THEY WOULD PLAY A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE COMING YEARS
A TYPICAL FOOD DISTRIBUTION CENTER NORMALLY PROVIDES FOR:
(A) DRY GOODS STORE FOR STORAGE OF NON-PERISHABLE GOODS WITH VENTILATED AND AIR-CONDITIONED AREAS (B) RAW MATERIAL RECEIPT AND STORAGE BLOCK (C) PROCESSING, FREEZING AND PACKING ZONE (D) CLEANING, DRYING, GRADING, PACKING / PRECOOLING ZONE (E) RIPENING ROOMS (F) COLD AND FROZEN FOOD STORAGE (G) DELIVERY DOCK (H) SERVICES FOR WORKMEN, UTILITY SERVICE BLOCK AND ADMINISTRATION ETC.
UTILITY
SERVICE BLOCK
SERVICES
FOR WORK-MEN
RAW MATERIAL RECEIPT & STORAGE
BLOCK
PROCESSING & FREEZING
CLEANING, DRYING,
GRADING, PACKING /
PRECOOLING BLOCK
COLD & FROZEN
FOOD STORAGE
BLOCK
DRY GOODS
STORE
DOCK ADMINISTR-
ATION
TYPICAL LAYOUT FOR FOOD HANDLING / PROCESSING / STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION FACILITY
TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT VARIES WIDELY FROM 20 DEG. C TO (-) 30 DEG. C FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS.
CURRENT SCENARIO IN THE COLD CHAIN SECTOR
THE PERISHABLE FOOD PRODUCTION IN INDIA IS ESTIMATED AS:
Milk : 115 Million MT (No.1 in the world)F & V : 200 Million MT (No.2 in the world)Fish : 6.4 Million MT (No.6 in the world)Meat : Largest cattle population in the worldPoultry : One of the largest in the world
CURRENT CAPACITIES OF THE COLD STORAGE & FOOD PROCESSING :
Cold Storage : Around 6000 nos - Capacity : 26 Million MT
Food Processing : 5 to 6 % of production.
OPPORTUNITIESWith the growing fruit & vegetable production there is a great potential for development of Cold Chain in F&V sector.
Food processing recognised as a Priority sector by Govt. Incentives offered by the govt.
Multi-products Cold Stores – more and more products such as carrots, turmeric are being added in this category.
Food Parks –designed for overall development of the food handling, processing & storage facilities. Govt. promoting 30 Mega Food Parks
Terminal markets managed both by APMCs & Private players..
Pack Houses with Precooling facilities for relevant products in different regions.
OPPORTUNITIES
Controlled Atmosphere Stores for Apples, Pears etc.
Frozen food plants for fruits & vegetables, milk products, fish, meat & poultry products.
Scientific Ripening for Banana & Mango.
Development of Refrigerated Transport for processed & preserved food.
With the changing lifestyles of small nucleus families, demand for processed & refrigerated food is increasing
National & International Food chains setting up Food Malls/ Food courts & stores in various parts of the country .
INDIA TO BE SOURCE BASE FOR PROCESSED FOOD?
Excise concessions, Service Tax exemption, Govt. grants, incentives etc thru’ NHB/NHM/MoFPI/APEDA
Latest move by Govt is FDI in cold chain / retail sector - Food (Fresh & Precooled) covers 62% OF Retail.
Task force on development of cold chain
National centre for development of cold chain - NCCD
NHB – TECHNICAL STANDARDS - TECHNICAL SCRUTINY
NCCD - TRAINING
CHALLENGES IN THE COLD CHAIN SECTOR
1.Lack of quality Road network in most areas.
2. Rising cost of land
3.Shortage and erratic supply of power in most areas
4.Rising energy costs - a cause for concern as the plants are energy intensive.
5.Availability of required quantity & quality of water in most regions.
CHALLENGES IN THE COLD CHAIN SECTOR
6. Inconsistence in quality & quantity of food production –Dependence on weather.
7. Excessive use of pesticides.
8. High initial project costs (Break-even period almost 5 to 6years)
9. Lack of training on good agricultural practices, pre & post harvest technology & hygiene.
10. Lack of availability of trained personnel for plant operation.
11. Lack of awareness about maintenance, hygiene, safety issues & energy efficiency aspects.
Article which appeared in Times Of India dtd.15.12.04 (Front Page)
CHALLENGES
EXCISE EXEMPTION PROCEDURES RELAXED CONCESSIONAL (AGRICULTURAL) ELECTRICAL
TARIFF IN ALL STATES. A CENTRALISED REGISTRATION PROCESS FOR
ALL COLD CHAIN PROJECTS.
IMPROVED ROADS & TRANSPORT FACILITIES.
SPECIAL INCENTIVES FOR USE OF “GREEN TECHNOLOGY”’.
ConclusionConclusionConclusion
CONCLUSIONWhere as huge opportunities exist in the development of Cold Chain as a whole, there are issues such as high project costs, high energy requirements & infrastructure aspects. The need for training of personnel on operational & food safety aspects etc. has to be addressed.
There is a strong case to promote the concept of “Green Cold Chain” to ensure ecofriendly & energy efficient plant construction & operation.
Govt. initiatives with financial incentives & thrust on sound technology & energy efficiency is a welcome feature, which will hopefully, bring in a healthy development in the Cold Chain.
