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CIT 100

Norm Downey

Hardware & Input/Output

Why Binary? Binary is a numbering system that uses only two

digits – 0’s and 1’s

Electricity within a computer’s circuitry can only be in one of two states: On

Off

Binary can be used to represent the two states of an electrical circuit 1 for on

0 for off

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Counting in BinaryDecimal Binary

0 0

1 1

2 10

3 11

4 100

5 101

6 110

7 111

8 10004

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Units of MeasurePrefix Abbreviation Amount

Kilo K 1000 (thousand)

Mega M 1,000,000 (million)

Giga G 1,000,000,000 (billion)

Tera T1,000,000,000,000

(trillion)

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All are abbreviated using single a CAPITAL letter

Binary and DigitalDigital devices store the data in a

binary format

Binary data is measured in two common ways

bits

Bytes

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bitsbit – short for binary Digit

One bit can either a 1 or 0

Data transfer rates are measured in bits per second (bps) Kbps – Kilo (thousand) bits per second

Mbps – Mega (million) bits per second

Note lower case b for bits7

BytesMemory (or storage) size is measured

in Bytes

One Byte = 8 bits

One Byte = one printed character

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Bytes One Byte represents a value from 0 to 255

Commonly used to represent data storage

KB – KiloBytes ~ Thousand Bytes (1024 bytes)

MB – MegaBytes ~ Million Bytes (Floppy disks)

GB – GigaBytes ~ Billion Bytes (Flash drives)

TB – TeraBytes ~ Trillion Bytes (Hard disks)

Note capital B for Byte.

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bits & Bytes bits are used to measure data transfer speeds

Example: the speed of your Internet connection in bits might be 8 Mbps (8 mega bits per second)

bits = small b

Bytes are used data storage or memory capacity

Example: the amount of RAM installed on your PC might be 6 GB (6 giga Bytes)

Bytes = capital B

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Hardware

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Integrated Circuits and Moore’s Law

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Integrated Circuits

A small, wafer thin chip, usually made of silicon, that can function as an amplifier, timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory

Can contain millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors

Can perform calculations and store data digitally

Moore’s Law

A 1965 observation made by Gordon Moore, co-founder of microprocessor maker Intel, that the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit doubles roughly every 2 years

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Mother Board A printed circuit board

that contains:

The Central Processing Unit (CPU),

Support chips (integrated circuits),

Random Access Memory and

Expansion slots

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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“Brains” of the computer - where most calculations take place In terms of computing power, the CPU is the

most important element of a computer system

CPU is a microprocessor

Multi-core technology refers to housing more than one CPU on a chip

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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CPU size compared to coins

Heat SinkPart of a computer’s cooling system, mounted above the

CPU and composed of metal or ceramic fins or blades designed

to draw heat away from the processor

Instruction Cycle

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Cache Memory

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Cache Memory chips sit physically closer to the CPU for faster access

Faster than RAM

More expensive than RAM

CPURAM

MemoryL1Cache

L2Cache

Internal PC Components

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Data Bus

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Internal bus Sometimes called the Front-Side-Bus, connects the

CPU, memory, hard drive and other internal components of the computer via pathways on the motherboard

External Bus

Electronic pathways that connect external devices, such as a printer to the computer

Universal Serial Bus is an example of an external bus

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RAM – Random Access Memory

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Fast, temporary memory, requiring electricity, that is used for holding data while computer is on

Most computers have 4 GB or more

DIMM• Dual Inline Memory

Module• Found in desktop

computers

SODIMM• Small Outline Dual

Inline Memory Module• Found in notebook

computers

Video RAM (VRAM)

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Used to store image data for a computer display in order to speed the processing and display of video images

Video Ports

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VGA Video Graphic ArrayUsed for external monitors

HDMIHigh Definition Multimedia

Interface Compact audio/video

interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data

Variant of USB

Networking Ports

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RJ-11

TelephoneSmaller than RJ-45

RJ-45

Network (Ethernet)Larger than RJ-11Indicator light showing active network

connection

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Ports

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USB – Universal Serial Bus

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Can connect up to 127 devices

Used for mice, printers, phones, etc.

Supplies small amount of power to charge or run device

Supports hot swapping and plug & play

Many types of connectors and variations

Hot Swapping

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Ability to add and remove devices to a computer while the: Computer is on and

Have the operating system automatically recognize the change (Plug and Play)

Types of Computers

Desktop Laptop/Notebook

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Types of Computers

Netbook Tablet

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Types of Computers

Notebook Replacement Phablet

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Types of Computers

Smart Phones

Apollo

Command Module

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Did I mention Embedded Computers?

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Computers found in ordinary devices such as gas pumps, supermarket checkouts, traffic lights and home appliances

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Input Devices

Input/Output Defined

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An input device assists in capturing and entering raw data into the computer system

An output device allows you to observe the results of computer processing with one or more of your senses

Input Devices - Keyboards

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Cabled vs. Wireless Keyboards

Types of Keys

Letters and Numbers

Cursor movement ()

Numeric keypad

Toggle Keys (Caps Lock, Num Lock)

Function Keys (F1, F2…)

Modifier Keys (Ctrl, Alt, Shift, Windows Key ())

Multifunction Keyboard

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Input Devices – Pointers (Mice)

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Seven things you can do with a computer mouse: Point (includes roll-over) Click (left mouse button) Double-Click (left mouse button) Right click Click and drag (left mouse button) Right click and drag Triple click (left mouse button)

Assumes mouse with no scroll wheel

Scanners

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RFID

Radio Frequency Identification

Digital tag containing tiny antennae for sending/receiving and storing data

Commonly used for inventory tracking, toll collection, WDW Magic Bands, and tracking pets

QR Codes

Digital code that when scanned acts as a pointer to website

QR Code to Bing.com

Output Devices

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Output

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Output enables the user to see, hear or feel the results of the processing operations

Two main types of output:Visual

Audible

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Audible Output

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Visual Output

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Text

Words and numbers printed and on screen

Graphics

Images printed and on screen

Video

You know what video is, right?

On screen, often including audible component

Visual Output – Monitors

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LCD – Liquid Crystal Display Found on most desktop and notebook computers

LED – Light Emitting Diode Electronic Component that emits light when an electrical

current is passed through it

OLED – Organic Light Emitting Diode Extremely thin panels of organic molecules sandwiched

between two electrodes

AMOLED – Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes Screen type found in mobile devices – sharp display with

wide view angles

Visual Output Hardware - Printers

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Impact – Some part of the printer hits or touches the page

Line Printers

Letter Quality Printers

Dot Matrix

Non-Impact – Only ink touches the page

Inkjets

Laser Printers

You do NOT own one of

these types of printers

You MIGHT own one of

these types of printers

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Visual Output – Ink Jet Printers

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Spray ink onto paper

Common household printers

Cheap to buy (under $100)

Expensive to run (that is, they are expensive to own because ink cartridges are generally expensive and ink jet printers use up lots of cartridges)

Slow – compared to laser printers

Visual Output – Laser Printers

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Works like a copier: A laser is used to create an electric charge on a

rotating drum Toner is attracted to areas on drum that are charged Toner is then applied to paper from the drum

Expensive to buy

Cheap to run – lots of prints per cartridge

Faster than Ink Jets

Color is still expensive

Computer Data Storage

CIT 100Norm Downey

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Storage

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Why is storage necessary?

To store data when the PC is off. RAM

memory is volatile and loses it contents

when powered off, storage is non-volatile

and does not lose it contents when

powered off

Data storage is

◦ cheaper than RAM memory

◦ easier to transport than RAM memory which

requires a power source

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RAM vs. Storage

RAM Storage

Power required? Yes No

Cost Expensive Cheap

Speed Fast Slow

Portable? Not really Yes

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Speed vs. Cost

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Faster Speed, More Expensive

Slower Speed, Less Expensive

Memory vs. Storage

DeviceAccess Speed

Cost Per MB

Memory

Cache Memory

Fastest Highest

RAM Fast High

Storage

Hard Disk Medium Medium

CD ROM Slow Low

Back up Tape

Very Slow Lowest

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Storage Capacity Measurements

Storage capacity is measured in Bytes

◦ Megabytes (MB –Millions of Bytes)

◦ Gigabytes (GB –Billions of Bytes)

◦ Terabytes (TB –Trillions of Bytes)

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Read/Write vs. Read Only

Read/write

◦ Can read from and

write to media

◦ Example: hard disks

Read Only

◦ Can read, but not write

to media

◦ Example: CD-ROM

disks

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Sequential vs. Random Access

Sequential Access

◦ Access data in a specific order

◦ Slower, cheaper

◦ Example: magnetic tape

Random Access

◦ Access data from anywhere on

the media

◦ Faster, more expensive.

◦ Example: hard disks or USB

Drive

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Magnetic Storage Media

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Storage Technology: Magnetic

Media (disk or tape) is coated with

tiny magnetically sensitive particles

Electromagnetic Read/Write Head

◦ Reading – senses recorded magnetic

pattern and converts them into

electrical impulses

◦ Writing – Rearranges magnetic particles

into meaningful patterns

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Magnetic Storage

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Sectors, Tracks and Clusters

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Data Fragmentation

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Virtual Memory

Method of using a computer’s hard disk as

an extension of RAM

When RAM is full, data is swapped back

and forth from RAM to the hard drive

Hard drives are slower than RAM – to

make any PC faster, get as much RAM as

possible

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Virtual Memory

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least recently

used data or

program instructions

page

swapped

out

swap

file

Virtual memory

management

hard disk

page

swapped

in

most recently

transferred data or

program instructions

memory

Optical Storage Media

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Storage Technology: Optical

Uses tightly focused laser to read microscopic surface of plastic disc

◦ Pits – indentations that absorb laser light –corresponds to a 0

◦ Lands – flat areas that reflect laser light –corresponds to a 1

◦ Remember that discussion about binary?

CD’s and DVD’s

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How does an optical disc work?

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CDs, DVDs & Blu-Ray Discs

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•CDs have the biggest Pits and Lands and uses the laser than covers

the most disc

•DVD’s use smaller Pits and Lands than a CD and the laser is focused

onto a smaller surface area and consequently can store about 6 times

as much data as a CD

•Blu-Ray discs use even smaller Pits and Lands than a DVD with an

even tighter focused laser allowing Blu-Ray discs to store about five

times the data of a DVD disc

CDs, DVDs & Blu Ray Discs

CD

◦ Compact Disc

◦ Storage Capacity ≈ 670 MB

DVD

◦ Digital Versatile (or Video) Disc

◦ Storage Capacity = 4.7 to 17 GB

Blu Ray Disc

◦ Named for the blue color laser beam used to read discs

◦ Storage Capacity = 25 to 50 GB

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Solid State Storage Devices

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Solid State Drives (SSDs)

No moving mechanical components

More resistant to physical shock than traditional

hard drive

Run silently

Have lower access time (means they’re faster than

hard drives)

Expensive

◦ While the price of SSDs is declining, they are still about 4

times more expensive than similar capacity hard drive

Typically found in netbooks and notebook

replacement computers

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USB Flash Drives

Also called thumb drives, pen drives, key drives & memory sticks

No moving parts

Flash memory is small, light and fast

Expensive compared to discs

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Other solid state storage devices

PC Card used with notebook PCs

For use in digital cameras

◦ Secure Digital cards

◦ Compact Flash cards

◦ Memory Sticks

Solid State storage devices have no moving parts

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CLOUD STORAGE

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Cloud Storage

Cloud = Internet

Allows user to access data from, and save data to, an off-site, Internet based storage system that is maintained by a third party instead of storing information locally

Examples:

◦ Microsoft’s One Drive

◦ Dropbox

◦ Google Drive

◦ Apple’s iCloud

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Cloud Storage

Advantages Disadvantages

Access from anywhere

No need for physical

storage

Fewer worries about

losing data

Data can be shared

Cost – might be

subscription based

Security of third party

storage

Requires Internet

connection

Limited in size

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Computer Data Storage

CIT 100Norm Downey

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