The System Unit

Hardware for teachers

Presented by: Garrett Rogers, Lyndsie Backus, Lindsey Mullen, and Raquel Meade

Chapter 4

Analog Digital Binary Bit Byte American Standard Code

for Information Interchange (ASCII)

Data Representation

The Motherboard Motherboard Chip

The CPU Central Processing Unit (CPU) Processor Microprocessor Dual-Core Processor Multi-Core-Processor

The Control Unit Control Unit Fetching Decoding Executing Storing Machine Cycle

The Components of the System Unit

The Arithmetic/Logic Unit Arithmetic/Logic Unit Arithmetic Operations Comparison Operations Logical Operations

The System Clock System Clock Clock Speed Gigahertz (GHz)

The Components of the System Unit

Memory Memory Address Kilobyte (KB0) or (K) Megabyte (MB) Gigabyte (GB) Terabyte (TB) Volatile Memory Nonvolatile Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM) Synchronous Dynamic Ram

(SDRAM) Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

Read-Only Memory (ROM) Read Only Memory (ROM)

Flash Memory Flash Memory

The Components of the System Unit

Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards Expansion Slot Adapter Card Peripheral Plug and Play

Removable Memory Devices Hot Plugging Flash Memory Card USB Flash Drive PC Card Express-Card Module PC Card Slot ExpressCard Slot

Ports and Connectors Ports Connectors Universal Serial Port (USB) USB 2.0 USB 3.0 Firewire Bluetooth

The Components of the System Unit

It interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer.

CPU can also be called a processor or microprocessor because it manages most of a computers operations.

Central Processing Unit

Most of the devices connected to a computer communicate with the CPU to carry out a task.

This chart represents the flow of data.

There is a four step process that shows the process of data.

Processing Data

Fetching is the process of obtaining a program instruction or data item from memory.

For example: If a student is wanting to solve a math problem on the computer, the control unit would fetch the math problem’s instructions and data from memory.

Step 1: Fetching

Decoding is the process of translating the instruction into commands that the computer can understand.

For example: The control unit decodes the math problem’s instructions and sends the instructions and data to the ALU, which performs the execution

Step 2: Decoding

Executing is the process of carrying out the command

For example: The ALU performs the calculations on the data

Step 3: Executing

Storing is the process of writing the result to memory.

For example: The results of the math problem are stored in the memory.

These four steps make up the machine cycle.

Step 4: Storing the Result

Input is what you enter into the memory of a computer.

When the input is in the memory, the CPU can access it and process that input into output.

There are four types of input: data, programs, commands, and user responses

Input

Data is a collection of unprocessed items.

A computer manipulates and processes data into information that is useful, such as words, numbers, pictures and sounds.

Data

A program is a series of instructions that tells a computer how to perform the tasks necessary to process data into information.

Programs are kept on storage media such as hard disk, CD or DVD.

Program

A command is an instruction given to a computer program.

Commands can be issued by typing keywords or pressing special keys on the keyboard.

A keyword is a special work, phrase, or code that a program understands as an instruction.

Command

User response is when a program asks a question that requires a response.

For example: “Do you want to save the changes you have made?”

Based on your response the program performs specific actions.

User Response

An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer.

Examples: keyboards, pointing devices, optical scanners, and reading devices.

Input Devices

A pointing device is an input device that allows you to control a pointer on the screen.

For example: A mouse, touchpad, pointing stick trackball, joystick and wheel and touch screen.

Pointing Devices

A keyboard is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer.

A keyboard includes keys that allow you to type letters, numbers, spaces, punctuation marks and other symbols.

Keyboard

A numeric keypad is a calculator-style arrangement of keys.

Arrow keys can be used to position the insertion point on the screen.

Keys such as home end, page up, and page down that you can press to move the insertion point .

Toggle keys can be switched between two different states. (ex: Num Lock)

Keyboard Characteristics

A wireless keyboard is a battery-operated device that transmits data using wireless technology, such as radio waves or infrared light waves.

Also called a cordless keyboard Popular in K-12 classrooms.

Types of Keyboards

Text: consists of characters that are used to create words, sentences, and paragraphs. A character is a letter, number, punctuation mark, or any other symbol that requires one byte of computer storage.

Four Types of Output

Graphics: are digital representations of nontext information, such as images, drawings, charts, pictures, and photographs. Displaying a series of still graphics creates an animation- a graphic that has the illusion of motion.

Many of today's software programs support graphics; others are designed specifically to create and edit graphics. Graphics programs, called image editors, allow you to alter graphics by including enhancements, such as blended colors, animation, and other special effects.

Four Types of Output Cont.

Audio: is any music, speech, or other sound that is stored and produced by the computer. Recall that sound waves, such as the human voice or music, are analog. To store such sounds, a computer converts them from a continuous analog signal into a digital format.

Four Types of Output Cont.

Video: consists of photographic images that are played back at speeds that provide the appearance of full motion in real time. Software and Web sites often include videos to enhance understanding. Vodcasts and vblogs, for example, add a video component to the traditional podcast and blog.

Four Types of Output Cont.

Display Devices Printers Data Projectors Facsimile Machines Multifunction Devices Interactive

Whiteboards Speakers Headphones Earphones

Types of Output Devices

Nonimpact Printers: forms marks on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper.

Ink-jet Printers: type of nonimpact printer that forms marks by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper.

Photo Printer: a color printer that produces photo lab quality pictures.

Laser Printer: a high-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer. Similar to a copy machine. Uses powered ink called toner.

Different Types of Printers

• Memory in which data, instructions, and information are kept..

• To understand storage: know the difference between how a computer uses memory and how it uses storage.

• RAM (Random Access Memory)

What Is Storage?

OPTICAL DISC

READ WRITE ERASE

CD-ROM Y N N

CD-R Y Y N

CD-RW Y Y Y

DVD-ROM Y N N

DVD-R Y Y N

DVD+R Y Y N

DVD-RW Y Y Y

DVD+RW Y Y Y

DVD+RAM Y Y Y

BLU RAY DISC

Y Y Y

Optical Disks

A secondary storage is the physical material on which data, instructions, and information are kept: commonly used ones are:

Hard disk Solid state drives CDs, DVDs, PC cards USB flash drives Smart cards

Storage Media and Devices

Allows mobile users to transport digital images, music, or documents to and from computers and other devices

Smart cards: uses include storing medical records, vaccination data, and other healthcare info.

Miniature Mobile Storage Media

Formatting: is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing by organizing the disk into storage locations called tracks and sectors.

A track: is a narrow storage ring around the disk –similar to the annual rings on a tree-

A sector: is a pie-shaped section of the disk, which breaks the tracks into small arcs.

A cluster: is the smallest unit of disk space that stores data and information.

Tracks and Sectors

SectorsTracks

and Clusters!