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HANDS ON RELAY SCHOOL, MARCH 2018
SYNCHROPHASOR APPLICATIONS EXISTING AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS Galina S. Ant onova , Technica l Sa les Eng ineer
Int roduct ion Phas or-enhanced s t a t e ca lcula t o r
Power s ys t em s t ab ilit y ap p lica t ions
Fault loca t ion ap p lica t ion
Wid e-a rea cont ro l ap p lica t ions
IEEE Guid e on us e o f s ynchrop has ors fo r p ro t ect ion and cont ro l ap p lica t ions
Synchrop has or p ro ject s :
Nort h Am erican Synchrop has or Init ia t ive (NASPI)
Wes t ern Int erconnect ion Synchrop has or Prog ram (WISP)
Ways t o lea rn:
PG&E Synchrop has or p roof o f concep t facilit y
Slid e 2
Agenda
Synchrophasor-based applicat ions
Slide 3
Phasor-Enhanced St at e Est imat or
Slide 4
ED EE EF
EG
EH
EJ
EK
EL EM
EN
EO
EP
EQ ER
ES
ET
DE F
G
K
J
L
O P
M
S
H
N
R T
Q
Y
X
Z
ZPS
ISP
ISR
ISM
IST
PMU
PMU
PMU
Phasor-Enhanced St at e Calculat or
Slide 5
Benef it s are increased observabilit y, redundancy, accuracy, and bad data detect ion capabilit y The applicat ion of a suf f icient number of PMUs across t he system will improve t he State Est imat ion solut ions t o t he point t hey will be called state calculat ions.
% of
Base
Error
10 20 30 40 50 60 908070 100
% of System Busses with PMUs
Base error or standard deviation without PMUs
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
MagnitideAngle
Loadabilit y of (AC) t ransmission lines are limit ed by • Therm al cons t ra int s • Volt ag e cont ra int s • Dynam ic ang le cons t ra int s - Os cilla t o ry s t ab ilit y - Trans ient s t ab ilit y • St ead y-s t a t e ang le cons t ra int s
WAMS Ap p lica t ions p rovid e a way o f m onit o ring t he p roxim it y t o t he s t ab ilit y lim it s and cons t ra int s
Power Syst em St abilit y Const rains
Slid e 6
Power Syst em St abilit y Applicat ions
Thermal
Frequency Stability
Ambient Transient
Oscillatory Transient Steady-state
Rotor Angle Angle Stability Voltage Stability
Stability
Detection Intentional
Islanding
WAMSTarget
Phenomena
POM PDM PAM
VSM
LTM
Slide 7
PSGuard: Wide-Area Monit oring Syst em
PSGuard Applicat ions
Phase Angle Monit oring
Volt age Stabilit y Monit oring
Line Thermal Monit oring
Event Driven Data Archiving
Power Oscillat ion Monit oring
Power Damping Monit oring
SCADA/ EMS integrat ion
Communicat ion gateway
Slide 8
Volt age Inst abilit y Predict or
Slide 9
I V V Z
I V
Z
EQ EQ
APP
− =
=
VEQ V
ZAPP
ZEQ
PMU
VIP
I
Impe
danc
e Ohm
sTime
ZAPP
ZEQ
Volt age Inst abilit y
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Rece
iving
Bus
Volta
ge, V
R (pu
)
Power Delivered, PD (pu)
Load
Lines 1 and 2 in service
Three Phase FaultPD = 0, VR = 0
Line 1 Out
Line 2 Out
No LoadPD = 0, VR = 1.0
PMAX
UNSTABLE
PD
VEQVR
ZEQI ZAPP
Slide 10
Volt age St abilit y Monit oring (VSM) Principle
3 transmissioncorridor
Volta
ge
Power Transfer
* PML
Power Margin
Assessment of dist ance t o Point of Maximum Loadabilit y, PML – Ident ify net work equivalent –St ay on t op sect ion of PV Curve ! –Trigger emergency act ions when Power Margin t oo small –Pat ent ed Met hod
Slide 11
Volt age St abilit y Monit oring (VSM) Applicat ion
PMU measurements f rom both ends of t he line are used
PD
VEQVR
ZEQI ZAPP
APPLICATIONS
PMU PMU
Slid e 12
Volt age St abilit y Monit oring (VSM) User Int erf ace
Slide 13
Line Thermal Monit oring (LTM) Applicat ion
Transmission Line Thermal Monit oring Compute average conductor t emperature t o provide –Real-t ime assessment of loadabilit y –Early warnings in case of overload –Available line capacit y –Indirect est imat ion of line sagging
RVS
IRIS
VR
XC2
XC2
Slid e 14
Line Thermal Monit oring (LTM) Example
Field result s correlat e increased power t ransfer f rom 950 MW t o 1150 MW leads t o an average t emperat ure increase f rom 46C t o 49C over 30 min
Slide 15
Line Thermal Monit oring (LTM) User Int erf ace
Slide 16
Ambient and Transient Power Oscillat ion Monit oring
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 6049.85
49.9
49.95
50
50.05
50.1
Time (sec)
Freq
uenc
y (Hz
)
ambient
transient
ambient
POM detect ing t ransient oscillat ions
PDM det ermining modes and charact erist ics based on ambient variat ions
Slide 17
Power Oscillat ion Monit oring (POM) Applicat ion
Detection of power swings in a high voltage power system.
Algorithm is fed with the selected voltage and current phasors.
Detection of the various swing (power oscillation) modes.
Quickly identifies the amplitude and frequency
Negative damping identification
Slide 18
Power Oscillat ion Monit oring (POM) Use Int erf ace
Slide 19
Power Damping Monit or (PDM) Applicat ion
Determine in real-t ime f rom ambient oscillat ions –Modal f requencies and
damping –Phase in each measurement
signal –Modal act ivit y Challenge –Ambient noise small
5600 5800 6000 6200 6400 6600
T86T77T76T74T62T61T16T01G16G15G14G13G12G11G10
G9G8G7G6G5G4G3G2G1 1
23456789101112131415161718192021222324
time/sample interval
normalised trend MW1
Slid e 20
Power Damping Monit or (PDM) User Int erace
Slide 21
Power Damping Monit or (PDM) Example
East -west mode - ~0.13 Hz Nort h-sout h mode - ~0.25 Hz Former east -west mode - ~0.17 Hz
Slide 22
Power Damping Monit or (PDM) Out put
20 30 40 50 60 70 800.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
Damping (%)
Mod
e Fr
eque
ncy
(Hz)
Result s for Oct ober 25, 2011 event
14:30 -14:59 CET during fault
15:00 – 15:30 CET post fault
Trip reduced damping of t he former east -west mode by 10%
PDM report ed around 60% damping of t he east -west mode before and dist urbance (nearly unaf fect ed)
-10 %
Slide 23
Phase Angle Monit oring (PAM) Principle
jX1 1V δ∠ 2 0V ∠
maxP
180°90°
90− °180− °δ
* 1 21 1 siRe nP
XVv Vi δ= { } =
21 0V VijX
δ∠ − ∠=
Phase Angle Monit oring Phase angle dif ference (δ) is indicat ive of : –Relat ion between grid st rength and
power t ransfer Abnormal values of t he phase angle dif ference is indicat ive of –Unusual power t ransfer –Line t rips –Abnormal volt age levels
∞
Slide 24
Phase Angle Monit oring (PAM) User Int erace
Slide 25
Angular Dif f erent ial Prot ect ion Example
Source: E.Martinez Angular Difference Protection Scheme, Conference on Actual Trends in Development of Power System development and Automation, Sept 2009, Moscow, Russia Slide 26
Angular Dif f erent ial Prot ect ion Example
Source: E.Martinez Angular Difference Protection Scheme, Conference on Actual Trends in Development of Power System development and Automation, Sept 2009, Moscow, Russia Slide 27
Int egrat ing SSO and PMU Funct ionalit y
AND
OR
Filter 1
Filter 2
OV (59)
OV (59)
Measurements V, F, etc PMU report
DFR report
...
SSO Mode 1 detectionSupersynchronous
Subsynchronous
SSO Mode 1 reporting
SSO_TripSSO_Mode 1
SSO_Mode X
3-phase Voltage
PMU data
f2 V2
f1 V1
To SSO Mode X detection
...
V1_59_Trip
V2_59_Trip
Slide 28
SSO = Subsynchronous Oscillat ions
29
Typical SSO Paramet ers (V, I, F) St reaming
Act ion (Alarm mit igat ion or prot ect ion)
SSO Oscillography Point s (t ypical)
Measurem ent s and SSO Filt e rs
Simulat ion model and syst em
St eady St at e Operat ion
Slid e 30
Conf igurat ion and SSO Filt er Out put
PG&E Proof of Concept Facilit y
St eady st at e operat ion
Slide 31
SSO Oscillography (f i lt er out put )
Measurement s and SSO f ilt ers Simulat ion: Overvolt age
Slid e 32
• One of possible fault locat ion t echnologies described by IEEE C37.114 Fault Locat ion Guide.
• Relies on negat ive sequence current and volt age measurement s f rom 2 ends (a t wo-t erminal met hod) • Dif ferent algorit hms and impedance mat rixes used for dif ferent fault s
• Dependent on t ime synchronizat ion and communicat ion
• Down t o 2% accuracy in fault locat ion were demonst rat ed
• Test ing performed at PG&E synchrophasor proof of concept facilit y
Det ermining f ault locat ion using synchrophasor measurement s
Slid e 33
Wide-Area Cont rol Applicat ions
Wide Area Power oscillat ion Damping cont rol WA-POD Choose feedback signals f rom any PMU equipped subst at ion Coordinat ed POD act ion f rom several act uat ors (SVC, FACTS, Generat ors) Prot ot ype WACS implement ed and t est ed – PMU-PCU400 PDC-MACH2 cont rol
syst em – Wide Area Power Oscillat ion
Damper (POD) wit h local signal based POD as backup
Deployed in 2010
Slide 34
region with loads
~ region with generation surplus
2004: Increasing capacit y wit h SVC
A A A increasing maximum transmission capacity
for active power
voltage
SVC
SVC: static var compensation
Slide 35
2004: FACTs f or Power Flow Cont rol ~
region with loads
region with generation surplus
A A A
FACTS
switched series compensation (SC) new 2004
thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC)*
dynamic flow control (DFC)* vision
* fast control
Slide 36
2004 vision: combining int elligent solut ions ~
region with load
region with generation surplus
A A A
FACTS
Step 2: increase reactance of
overloaded line
stable situation phasor unit
GPS satellite
central unit
Step 1: system analysis
free capacity available
temporary overload acceptable
Slide 37
Nordic Power Syst em Int erconnected power systems
–Finland –Sweden, –Norway, –East Denmark –West Denmark –Iceland (isolat ed)
Recent ly installed in Norway –PMUs (locat ions R, F, K, H) –SVCs (locat ions H, T, V)
R: Røssåga F: Fardal K: Kristiansand H: Hasle T: Tunsjdal V: Viklandet
R
F
H K
T
V
Slid e 38
Wide-area Power Oscillat ion Damper Cont rol
PMUs st reaming synchrophasors – Nedre Røssåga – Krist iansand
SVC is locat ed at Hasle – PDC
• receives volt age phasors • ext ract s volt age phasor angle
– ABB Mach2 Cont roller • Local cont rol • WAPOD Cont rol • Swit ch-over logic
Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.
Slide 39
Wide-area Monit oring and Cont rol Syst em
Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.
Slide 40
SVC Cont rol Implement at ion
Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.
Slide 41
Field Test Result s: Swit ching 420kV Hasle-Tegneby
Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.
Slide 42
SVC at Hasle (4 x 90 Mvar TCR)
Source: K. Uhlen, et c Wide-Area Power Oscillat ion Damper Implementat ion and Test ing in t he Norwegian Transmission Network, IEEE PES 2012.
WAPOD Field Tests:
Completed on 2011-11-15
Slide 43
Nort h American Synchrophasor Init iat ive
Slide 44
Nort h American Synchrophasor Init iat ive6
Source: NASPI Oct ober 2013
Slid e 45
Nort h American Synchrophasor Init iat ive
Source: NASPI March 2015
Slid e 46
West ern Int erconnect ion Synchrophasor Program
Slide 47
West ern Int erconnect ion Synchrophasor Program
Source: WECC WISP Western Interconnection Synchrophasor, Vickie VanZandt NASPI Work Group Meeting October 2011
Slide 48
WISP Communicat ions
Slide 49
50
PG&E Synchrophasor Proof-of -Concept Facilit y (POC) is a smaller scale synchrophasor syst em used t o t est , validat e, and demonst rat e va rious funct ions and int e rop erab ilit y b efore fie ld d ep loym ent
PG&E synchrophasor proof -of -concept f acilit y
Slid e 50
51
PG&E synchrophasor proof -of -concept archit ect ure
Source: Grid monit oring and sit uat ional awareness: PG&E synchrophasor proof -of -concept project present at ion at ABB APW 2013 Slid e 51
IEEE PSRC Report on us e o f Synchrop has ors fo r Pro t ect ion Ap p lica t ions Synchrophasor applicat ions f or prot ect ion
Slid e 52
Present ap p lica t ions – Wid e-a rea freq uency m onit o ring – Power swing d e t ect ion – Load shed d ing – Aut om at ic g enera t or shed d ing – Dis t rib ut ed g enera t ion ant i-is land ing – Line reclos ing s e lect ivit y – Dis t ance t o fault Fut ure ap p lica t ions – Bus d iffe rent ia l re laying – Line d iffe rent ia l re laying – Dis t ance funct ion – Line b ackup p ro t ect ion
Conclusions
Slide 53
Synchrophasor measurement s have been used for various power syst em applicat ions Power syst em st abilit y applicat ions Wide area cont rol and prot ect ion applicat ions Synchrophasors dependency on t ime synchronizat ion and communicat ion present challenges Research and development lead t o growing use of synchrophasor for enhancing power syst ems