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PMU
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Nati
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1.1
PHASOR MESUREMENT UNIT RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
By
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA
Under the guidance of
Mr. BALAKRUSHNA SAHU
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
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1.2
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW
• What is PMU ?
• Hardware Configuration of PMU
• PMU installation in power grid
• Application of PMU
• Markov model
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
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B.Tech Technical Seminar Presentation-2014N
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1.3
WHAT IS PMU ?WHAT IS PMU ?
•No rays reflected from the cloak-surrounded object - it can not be
seen & is invisible
A Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) has been defined by the IEEE as “a device that produces Synchronized Phasor, Frequency, and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) estimates from voltage and/or current signals and a time synchronizing signal”
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
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1.4MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
INFORMATION FROM PMUINFORMATION FROM PMU
GPS Time Synchronized measuring device: Inputs: 3 Phase Voltage 3 Phase Current
Outputs:
Voltage Magnitude & Angle (Phasor) Current Magnitude & Angle (Phasor) Frequency (deviation from nominal in MHz) Rate-of-change of frequency (ROCOF in Hz/s)
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1.5
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PMU MODELSDIFFERENT TYPES OF PMU MODELS
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
•MiCOM P594MiCOM P594 •MACRODYNE 1690 PMUMACRODYNE 1690 PMU
•SEL-421SEL-421
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1.6
HARDWARE CONFIGURATION OF PMUHARDWARE CONFIGURATION OF PMU
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
1PPS1PPS
GPS receiverAnalog signal
from CT and PTPhase –locked oscillator
16-bit A/D converterAnti-aliasing filters
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1.7
ANTI-ALIASING FILTERANTI-ALIASING FILTER
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
• An anti-aliasing filter is a filter used before a signal sampler, to restrict the bandwidth of a signal to approximately satisfy the Sampling theorem
• It is also called an Analog low pass filter
• Fs>2Fm over sampling (anti-aliasing)
• Fs<2Fm under sampling(aliasing)
• Fs=2Fm critical sampling
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1.8
GPSGPS
• GPS satellites are powered by solar energy• The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978.
• A full constellation of 24 satellites was achieved in 1994.
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
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1.9
GPSGPS RECEIVERRECEIVER
•The GPS receiver can determine the user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map. •GPS receiver receives 1pps from GPS
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
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1.10
PMU INSTALLATION IN POWER GRIDPMU INSTALLATION IN POWER GRID
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
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1.11
APPLICATIONS OF PMUAPPLICATIONS OF PMU
• Angle and Frequency Monitoring
• Transmission Fault Location and Estimation
• Control of WAMS
• Traveling wave fault detection
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
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1.12
WIDE AREA MONITORING (WAMS)WIDE AREA MONITORING (WAMS)
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
Wide Area Monitoring System use a GPS satellite signal to time-synchronize from Phasor measurement units (PMUs) at important nodes in the power system, send real-time Phasor (angle and magnitude) data to a Control Centre.
The acquired Phasor data provides dynamic information on power systems, which helps operators to initiate corrective actions to enhance the power system reliability
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1.13
• Reliability is the probability of a device performing its purpose adequately for the period of time intended under the operating conditions encountered.
• The ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated condition for a specified period of time
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RELIABILITYRELIABILITY
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
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1.14
MARKOVMARKOV MODELMODEL
MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
A Markov chain is a mathematical model for stochastic systems whose states, discrete or continuous, are governed by a transitional probability. In order for the basic Markov approach to be applicable, the behavior of the system must be characterized by a lack of memory, that is the future states of a system are independent of all past states except the immediately the preceding one.
Markov Property: The state of the system at time t+1 depends only on the state of the system at time t
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1.15MITHLESH KUMAR RANA (Roll No# 201110543)
REFERENCESREFERENCES [1]. R. F. Nuqui and A. G. Phadke, “Phasor measurement unit placement techniques for complete and incomplete observability,” IEEE Trans .Power Del., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 2381–2388, Oct. 2005
[2]. R. Billiton, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, and L. Bertling, “Bibliography on the application of probability methods in power system reliability evaluation: 1996–1999,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst.,vol.16,no.4, pp.595–602, Nov. 2001.