LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS• Haiti

• Mexico

• South America

WHAT FORCES ARE DRIVING THESE REVOLUTIONS?

Enlightenment thoughtAmerican Revolution

French RevolutionSlave trade

HAITI French colony occupying the western third of Hispaniola

Largest and valuable island in the Western Hemisphere Perfect climate for sugar, coffee, and cotton plantations Produced 30% of the world’s sugar and 50% of coffee Trade with the island accounted for ½ of France’s foreign

trade and equaled that of the United States

500,000 slaves lived and worked on the island

In 1791, 100,000 slaves rose up

TOUSSAINT LOUVERTUREFormer slave

Property owner

Led slave uprising

Guerilla tactics

French perspectives of revolution

Haitian Perspective

1793 – AS THE REBELLION SPREADS THE SPANISH AND BRITISH INVADE…WHY?

French government grants freedom to slaves

Consolidated mulatto/slave forces defeat foreign invasion under TLo by 1800

ENTER NAPOLEON IN 1802!

Napoleon reinstitutes slavery and attempts to reconquer the island

FRENCH VS HAITIANS

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French army torches island and slaughters inhabitants

Never able to pacify whole island

Malaria and yellow fever devastate French forces

French forces withdraw in 1803 and island declared independent in 1804

United under Jean Jacques Dessalines

Leclerc’s, the commanding general, letter to Napoleon regarding the situation on St. Domingue

“50 prisoners have been hung; these men die with an incredible fanaticism; they laugh at

death; it is the same with women…it appears to me from the orders that you send me that you have not got a clear idea of my position here…It is not enough to have taken away

Toussaint. Here is my opinion. You will have to exterminate all the blacks in the mountains,

women as well as men. Except for children under twelve. Wipe out half the population of the lowlands, and do not leave in the colony a single black who has worn an epaulet…Send 12,000 replacements immediately, and 10

million francs in cash, or St. Domingue is lost forever.”

MEXICAN REVOLUTION…1810-1821

CRY OF DOLORES…

MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1810 - Cry of Dolores launches revolution against the Spanish

Padre Morelos keeps fighting after Hidalgo’s execution

1815 - Iturbide, a Creole officer fighting for Spain, defeats Morelos in

1820 – Revolution led by Iturbide and the creole class defeat Spanish

Why would Iturbide revolt?

1821 – Spanish independence

MEXICAN STATE ESTABLISHED IN 1821

SANTA ANNA (1830S-1850S) – CAUDILLO WITH TERRIBLE FOREIGN POLICY. LOSE TERRITORY AND PRESTIGE – WHAT WAR?

JUAREZ (1860S-1876) – PROGRESSIVE, LIBERAL RULERREDISTRIBUTE LAND AND HELP POOR

DIAZ (1876-1911) – CONSERVATIVE, AUTOCRATIC RULERRULERS THROUGH FEAR: “BREAD OR CLUB”

LEADS TO REVOLUTION IN 1910

Build up to internal revolution

MEXICO’S TURBULENT 19TH CENTURY• Santa Anna

• Benito Juarez

• Porfirio Diaz

CIVIL WAR ENDS WITH THE CREATION OF CARANZA’S CONSTITUTION IN 1917

SOUTH AMERICAN INDEPENDENCESpanish and Portuguese Colonies

Brazilian Independence

BRAZIL’S PEACEFUL INDEPENDENCE

Napoleon’s influence Royal family fled Portugal for Rio de Janiero in 1807

Post 1815 the royal family returned to Portugal Son (Dom Pedro) stayed behind to rule

Brazilian creoles wouldn’t accept a return to colonial status Petition to have Dom Pedro independently rule Brazil

Independence was granted bloodlessly in 1822