A LEAF HAIRINESS INDEX FOR 11111K COTTON CL'LTXVARS S. T. Ravhurn, Jr.

Agricultural Engineer. U.S. Cotton Ginning Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776

A h q t r a c t

The 9uantitv of leaf hair, (trichome,) on cotton

plants .iffucts the leaf trade of ginned lint and is a genetIc trait that varies widely for commercial cotton varieties. 'line cul tivars were investigated in the Mississippi Delta in I°R'i and their trichome densities were divided into three rups and assigned indices. The trichome counts of the lro"ps averaged 72, 365,

and 641 per cm . DPI. 30 and 10 were in group 1; PD 6196, AC 1517, and TC .l'17!! were In group 2; and

McIlalr 235, STy 825, SI'.' 506 and DES 119 to group 3. The Indices or groupings provide a rapid assessment

of the expect.'i c101nahilitv of cotton varieties.

'ev (lords: Cotton, Cu) tivars, Hairiness, Trichome

counts, Cleanahility.

lot r,'tuc t (on

Upland cotton, the most widely cultivated form of

C. htrqutum, is commonly described as having either smooth or hairy leaves. Smooth-leaf cultiv.ars are not trichome (plant hair) free but have decidedly fewer trichomes than hairy varieties (Lee. 1968), In pre-

liminary studies by Rayburn and Lihous (2) it was established that the foreign matter content remaining

In the ginned lint was lowest for the cottons with the lowest trichome counts. The highest, most valuable

lint grades were also associated with the lower trichome counts. The objective of this study was to establish a trichome count range or hairiness index

for nine commercial cult (var,.

'(.atert,ala and 'ethndq

On April 23, 1595. eight row, each of nine cuitivars

were planted in Field 7 at Delta 9ranch Expertoent Station, Stoneville, MS. The 72 rows were 120 meter,

long and were planted in a completiv randomized design to minimize differences within the field. The cult Ivara were: 1) DPI 90, 2) DPI 50, 1) ST.' 506, 1) STV 825, 5) DES 119, 6) McNair 235. 7) AC 1517, 8) PD 6186, and 9) TC SP374, DPI, STV, DES. AC, PD, and TC are abbreviations for Delta and Pine Land, Stoneville Pedigreed Seed Company, Delta Branch Experiment Station, AcaLa, Pee Dee and Tancot, respec-tively. The AcaLa, Pee Doe, and Tamcot cottons used in this experiment are not commonly planted in the Mississippi Delta but were included to increase the spectrum of hair densities. ALL rows received the same cultural practices throughout the growing season. On June 19-24, 1985, leave, were selected from the 72 rows. Four plants (subsample,) were taken from each row for a total of 288. The area of each leaf was measured and recorded with a LI-COR 3100 area meter. Leaves were refrigerated at 40F to prevent wilting before richome count, were made. From each leaf a 0.11 cm disc was taken from the lamina midway between

the central and lateral primary veins (Rayburn and

Libous, 1983). The discs were cleared in a chloral hydrate solution and mounted in Hoyer's medium. Trichome counts, (the total number of hair pro-

trusions) were made on the top and bottom of each disc with a dissecting microscope.

Results

The analysis of variance for the completely random-

ized design in shown in Table 1. The experimental error of row within variety was used as the error term

to determine thâ varietal differences. Subsampling

improved the precision of the experiment by removing the plant to plant variation within rows. The F-values show no significant differences in the meas- ured leaf area,. It dots show highly significant differences in trichome counts due to varieties. Means for the leaf area and trichome counts are shoan ID Table 2. Average 'eaf areas ranged from 54.5 cm

(TC SP37H) to 61.7 cm (AC 1517). There were no

significant differences between the size of the Leaves

sampled for this study. The trichome counts show

three significantly different hairiness levels or groups for the varieties tested. DPI 10 and TiP!, 50 were assigned to group I and considered smooth" and

had trichome2counts ranging from 54 to 89

trtchomes/ctn . Group 2 was considered "moderately

hairy" and was composed of IC SP374, AC 1517, and PD 6186. The trichome founts of group 2 ranged from

317 to 387 trichones/cm. Group 3 was considered

"hairy" and consisted of DES 119. STV 506, STV 825,

and McNair 235. This group had trichomes in the range

of 605 to 675 trtclaomes/cm.

Ohser',at Inns

SIgnificant differences were observed between trichome counts for the citltivars tested and were

divided into three groups:

1. "Smooth" - 56 to 8') trichomes/cm - DPI 90 and

DPI. 50

2. "Moderately hairy" -347 to 387 trichomes/cm 2

IC 5P3714, PT) 6186. and AC 1517

'I. "Hairy" - 605 to 675 trichome/cm - DES II'),

STS' 506, STV 825 and McNatr 235

Raqed on the results of this study, hatriness levels

should he divided Into three groups as follows:

Hairiness ind.x Trtchone coon /cm**

!.e,, than 300

2 300 to 600

3 More than 600

This ,t,i'Iv will he expanded to correlate lint foreign

matter and grades with trichome density for these

varieties.

Disclaimer Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or

specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the II.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply approval of the product to the

exclusion of others that may he available.

Reference,

I. Lee. J. A. 1968. (lenetical studies concerning the distribution of trichomes on the leave, of

(losqvium hirq,it,,r'al.. (lvnetic't. 60:561-575.

2. Rayburn, S. T. and Lihous, L. 1983. Preliminary

investigation of clesnahillty of cotton with varying degrees of plant hairiness. Proc. 1583 Heltwide

Cotton Prod. Res. ConE., San Antonio, IX, pp 152-153.

Table 1. Analysis of variance for the leaf area and

tr(cho'ne count of cotton leaves. Degree, Mean qouares (or F-values for

Source of of leaf Tr(chome Leaf Trichome

variation 'reedon area count ares count

Variety 8 141.62 2 1889 .21 1 . 2/na 42.12**

Experimental error row -

(var) ( 63 - 111.44 519,63 .96ns 1.55ns

Sampling error (plants (row) ( 216 118.11 335.83

os Indicates lack of significance. --indicates significance at the LI level of

prtfhahility. - Error term used to compare the Leaf area and

trichome count means.

Table 2. Means of 1 leaf area and leaf trichome counts

for nine cult ivars -

Lef area, Trichome cO9t,

Cultivate cm trtchome./cm

McNair 235 59.82 a 675.82 a

STV 828 60.65 a 658.27 a

sTy 506 57.58 a 625.55 a

DES 119 59.86 a 605.09 a

PD 6186 58.86 a 387.50 b

AC 1517 61.66 a 358.55 b

IC SP3711 56.54 a 366.91 b

DPI 50 60.59 a 88,91 c

DPI 50 59.23 a 54 . c

'"cans in a column followed by .a different letter

are significantly 4iffer,nt at the lot level of

alcotf I - inca' .,,,,r'ting'.o ..iller'D,incan.

434

How Leaf Hairiness Affects Lint Grades

S. T. Rayburn MEMBER

ASAE

ABSTRACT

THE affects of leaf hairniness and lint cleaners on classer's grades of spindle harvested cotton,

Gossypium hirsutum L., were evaluated in a two-year study. In 1984 the classer's grades of four smooth-leaf cultivars were compared to those of four hairy-leaf cultivars cleaned with one and two stages of lint cleaning. In 1985 classer's grades of three smooth-leaf cultivars were compared to four hairy-leaf cultivars cleaned with two stages of lint cleaning.

Data indicated that the smooth-leaf cultivars exhibit higher classer's grades than hairy-leaf cultivars when both are cleaned with two stages of lint cleaning.

INTRODUCTION

Income to a cotton producer is determined by the quality and quantity of the cotton after ginning. Classer's grade index, staple length and micronaire are factors that determine the price a producer receives. This study focuses only on the quality aspect of the classer's grade index (United States Department of Agriculture, 1982). Two of the components that determine classer's grade are color and leaf. Weather plays a vital role in determining the color grade and a gin can do little to improve color of individual fibers, however, lint cleaners by their blending action can improve the average color readings for many cottons. Gins can improve leaf grade substantially by varying the quantity and intensity of cleaning machinery.

It has been suggested that plant hairiness, in particular leaf hairiness, is one of the factors that contributes to retention of foreign matter in ginned lint which in turn decreases leaf grade and classer's composite grade (Kirk et al., 1977).

The objective of this study was to relate leaf hairiness to classer's grade.

Studies were conducted in 1984 and 1985 to determine the relationship between leaf hairiness and classers grade for different cultivars, gin treatments and growing conditions.

1984 Study The initial foreign matter in the seedcotton averaged

TABLE 1. LEAF HAIR COUNTS PER cm2 FOR SMOOTH VERSUS HAIRY-LEAF

CULT! VARS FOR 1984 AND 1985 CROPS

Cultivars Hair counts/cm2 Classification

DPL 90 54.3 Smooth

ST213SM 60.5 Smooth DPL 50 88.6 Smooth DPL NSL 92.7 Smooth DES 422 605.1 Hairy DES 119 612.3 Hairy STV 506 628.4 Hairy DPL 41 642.3 Hairy ST 825 658.3 Hairy MN 235 675.8 Hairy

6.8%. There were no significant differences between the smooth and hairy cottons.

Ten rows each of eight different cultivars were randomly planted at the Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville, MS on May 9, 1984. These cultivars* were:

Smooth 1. Stoneville 213 Smooth (isoline) (ST 213 SM) 2. Deltapine 90 (DPL 90) 3. Deltapine NSL (DPL NSL) 4. Deltapine 50 (DPL 50) Hay 5. Deltapinc 41 (DPL 41)

6. Delta Experiment Station 422 (DES 422) 7. Stoneville 825 (ST 825) 8. McNair 235 (MN 235)

All rows received the same cultural practices during the growing season. Leaf samples were taken in July for hair count determinations and cultivars were classified into smooth and hairy groups (Rayburn, 1986). Cultivars classified as smooth-leaf had hair counts of less than 300 hairs/cm2, whereas, hairy-leaf cultivars had haircounts of more than 600 hairs/cm2 (Table 1. The 80 rows werespindle-harvested on October 9, 1984. Prior to ginning, the 13.6 kg (30 lb) lots of seedcotton were conditioned for 24 h at 23.9 °C (75 °F) and 55% relative humidity. On October 13, 1984 these lots were randomly ginned using the microginning system at Stoneville, MS (Anthony and McCaskill, 1974). The following processing equipment was used for each test lot: (a) tower dryer, (b) six-cylinder cleaner, (c) stick and greenleaf machine, (d) tower dryer, (e) six-cylinder cleaner, (0 extractor-feeder cleaner, (g)

- / PROCEDURES

Article was submitted for publication in October, 1987; reviewed and approved for publication by the Food and Process Engineering Institute of ASAE in March. 1988.

The author is: S. T. RAYBURN, Agricutural Engineer, USDA-ARS, U.S. Cotton Ginning Laboratory, Stoneville, MS.

*Mention of a trademark, proprietary product or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may also be suitable.

t .'•-,. S\F

TABLE 2. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF SMOOTH VERSUS HAIRY-LEAF CULTIVARS FOR 1984 CROP

F-values for

% Waste in lint by Classers grade (manual) Shirley Analyser

Degrees of Color Leaf Composite

Source freedom Visible Total index index index

Cultivars 7 7.38t 7.40t 0.52ns 19.81t 4.00t Smooth 3 1.58ns 3.01* 0.15ns 6.98t 3.64* Hairy 3 3.56 3.88* 0.82ns 3.26* 0.88ns Hairy vs smooth 1 36.25t 31.14t 0.72ns 107.93t 14.42t

Lint cleaners 1 49.95t 44.09t 3.93ns 20.62f 10.33t Cultivars X LC 7 1.20ns 2.86* 0.97ns 2.21* 1.61ns

Smooth X LC 3 0.80ns 1.90ns 0.62ns 1.20ns 1.84ns Hairy X LC 3 0.65ns 2.47ns 1.59ns 2.24ns 1.70ns (Hairy vs smooth) X LC 1 4.08* 6.90* 0.13ns 5.16* 0.65ns

Error 64

ns Indicates lack of significance at the 5% level of probability Indicates significance at the 5% level of probability. Indicates significance at the 1% level of probability.

20-saw gin stand, and (h) one or two stages of saw-type lint cleaning.

Representative lint samples of each lot were taken for standard classing procedures. Lint samples were also taken for Shirley Analyser (Shepherd. 1972) testing to determine the foreign matter remaining in the ginned lint. The Shirley Analyser tests were conducted at the U.S. Cotton Ginning Laboratory, Stoneville, MS. The classing samples were classed manually at the USDA \MS classing office, Greenwood, MS.

1985 Study Eight rows each of seven different cultivars were

Planted in field 7, located on Delta Branch Experiment Station at Stoneville. MS on April 23, 1985. These cultivars were:

Smooth 1. Stoneville 213 Smooth (isoline) (ST 213 SM) 2. Deltapine 90 - (DPL 90) 3. Deltapine 50 (DPL 50) Hairy 4. DES 119 (DES 119) 5. Stoneville 506- (ST 506) 6. Stoneville 825 (ST 825) 7. McNair 235 (MN 235)

All rows received the same cultural treatments during the growing season. Leaf samples were taken in July and classified into hairy and smooth groups. This cotton was mechanically harvested on October 2, 1985. These 56 samples were conditioned for 24 h at 23.9 °C (75 °F) and aS% relative humidity. On October 16, 1985 the test lots were ginned using the microginning system. The Processing equipment sequence was the same as the 1984 study except that all lots were processed using two lint cleaners. Ginning lot sizes for this study averaged 13.6 t30 lb).

Sampling technique was the same as in the 1984 study. Sample testing was also identical to those of the previous study, except classing samples were also classed by High Volume Instrument (United States Department of \iriculture. 1982).

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The study was designed and analyzed as a completely random design. Mean comparisons were made using the least significant difference (lsd) test of paired means (Steel and Torrie. 1960). Cultivars were randomized within the field to minimize field differences. The 1984 study included five replications of eight cultivars with two ginning treatments for a total of 80 test lots. The 1985 study included eight replications of seven cultivars for a total of 56 test lots.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Foreign Matter: The initial foreign matter of the seedcotton averaged 6.8%. There were no significant differences between the smooth and hairy cottons.

Analyses of variance indicated significant differences existed across cultivars and lint cleaners for visible and total foreign matter in the ginned lint (Table 2). Visible and total foreign matter percentages (Table 3) show that

TABLE 3. MEANS FOR FOREIGN MATTER IN GINNED LINT BY SHIRLEY ANALYSER FOR SMOOTH VERSUS

HAIRY-LEAF CULTIVARS FOR 1984 CROP

% Foreign matter for

One lint cleaner Two lint cleaners

Visible Total Visible Total Cultivars % % %

Smooth ST 213 SM 1.23 2.97 0.89 2.90 DPL 90 1.31 3.34 0.81 2.65 DPL NSL 1.33 3.33 1.23 3.25 DPL 50 1.45 3.56 1.06 3.09

Avg. 1.33 3.29 1.00 2.97 Hairy

DPL 41 1.56 3.51 1.16 3.21 DES 422 1.90 4.03 1.17 2.91 ST 825 1.94 4.04 1.23 3.14 MN 235 2.10 4.19 1.50 3.56

Avg. 1.88 3.94 1.27 3.21 lsd 0.05 0.135 0.159 0.135 0.159

953

TABLE 4. MEANS FOR CLASSER'S GRADE INDEX FOR SMOOTH VERSUS HAIRY-LEAF CULTIVARS FOR 1984 CROP*

Cultivars Color

index

Ginning treatments

One lint cleaner

Leaf Composite index index

Two lint cleaners

Color Leaf Cuitiposite index index index

Smooth ST 213 SM 82.8 100.8 89.6 85.4 100.0 89.0 DPL 90 83.0 94.0 84.0 85.0 96.4 87.8 DPL NSL 82.8 95.2 84.6 83.8 99.6 90.2 DPL 50 84.0 94 84.0 810 94.6 86.2

Avg. 83.2 96.0 85.6 84.3 97.7 88.3

Hairy DPL 41 83.0 90.4 83.0 86.6 92.2 86.6 DES 422 85.0 86.8 85.0 85.0 92.2 85.0 ST 825 85.0 85.0 85.0 84.0 94.0 84.0 MN 235 81.0 85.0 81.0 85.0 88.6 85.0

Avg. 83.5 86.8 83.5 85.2 91.8 85.2 lsd 0.05 1.41 1.45 1.37 1.41 1.45 1.37

*Equivalent descriptive grades arc: 81Strict good ordinary plus; 85=Low middling; 90Low middling plus; 94=Stricz low middling; 97=Strict low middling plus; 1 00=Middling.

the smooth-leaf cultivars generally have significantly less foreign matter than the hairy-leaf cultivars. The two lint cleaner treatment significantly decreased the foreign matter remaining in the ginned lint. Visible foreign matter for the one lint cleaner treatment averaged 1.33% for the smooth-leaf cultivars and 1.88% for the hairy-leaf cultivars. Total foreign matter averaged 3.29% for the smooth-leaf and 3.94% for hairy-leaf cultivars. Two lint cleaners further reduced the visible foreign matter remaining in the ginned lint up to 38% for DES 422. Visible and total foreign matter averaged 1.00% and 2.97% for the smooth cultivars and 1.27% and 3.21% for the hairy cultivars. Classer's Grades: Significant differences existed across cultivars and lint cleaners for leaf and composite grades (Table 2). Means of the classer's grade indices are shown in Table 4 for the smooth and hairy cultivars and also for the effects of one and two lint cleaners. There were no significant differences in the color grades for the cultivars or lint cleaner treatments. The color index averaged 83.3 for one lint cleaner and 84.7 for two lint cleaners across all cultivars. The lower than expected color grade index was due to several weeks of rain at the beginning of the 1984 harvest season. The average leaf grade index was significantly higher (96.0) for the smooth cultivars as compared to the hairy cultivars (86.8) with the one lint cleaner treatment. Leaf grade indices were significantly higher for the two lint cleaner treatment than for the one lint cleaner treatment and averaged 97.7 for the smooth-leaf cultivars and 91.8 for the hairy-leaf cultivars. The composite grade, which is determined by combination of color and leaf grade, is the grade by which the value of the cotton is determined. The composition grade index averaged 85.6 for the smooth-leaf cultivars and 83.5 for the hairy-leaf cultivars with the one lint cleaner treatment. For the two lint cleaner treatment, composite grade index for the smooth-leaf cultivars averaged 88.3 and 85.2 for the hairy-leaf cultivars. These differences were significantly different

and signify higher grades for smooth-leaf cultivars at either level of lint cleaning. The smooth-leaf cultivars processed with two lint cleaners produced the highest composite grades.

1985 Study Foreign Matter: The initial foreign matter found in the

seedcotton prior to ginning averaged 6.5% with no significant differences due to the smooth and hairy cottons.

Analyses of variance (Table 5) indicated significant differences, in the foreign matter in the lint after ginning for both visible and total foreign matter. The mean foreign matter content for the smooth-leaf cultivars ranged from 0.84 to 1.04% and from 2.29 to 2.57% for visible and total foreign matter, respectively (Table 6). The foreign matter content for the hairy-leaf cultivars ranged from 1.32 to 1.55% and from 2.89 to 3.07% for visible and total foreign matter, respectively. The means demonstrate that the smooth-leaf cultivars had significantly lower foreign matter than did the hairy-leaf cultivars.

TABLE S. ANALYSES OF VARIANCE OF SMOOTH VERSUS HAIRY-LEAF CULTIVARS FOR 1985 CROP

F.valucs for

%Waste in lint by Clauer's grade (HVI)

Shirley Analyser Degree,

of

Color Trash Composite Source freedom index code index Visible Total

Varieties 6 1.37ns 9.975 6.475 20.945 11.455 Smooth 2 0.50ns 9.281 6.96t 15.225 10.04t Hairy 3 1.75ns 12.62t 8.155 28.371 15.65t Hairy vs Smooth 1 1.97ns 3.39' 0.44ns 10.06t 1.68ns

Error 49

ns Indicates lack of significance at the 5% level of probability. Indicates significance at the 5% level of probability. Indicates significance at the 1% level of probability.

954 TRANSACTIONS :e

r j5LE 6. MEANS FOR FOREIGN MATTER IN GINNED LINT AND LASSERS GRADE (HVI) FOR SMOOTh VERSUS HAIRY-LEAF

COTTON FOR CROP OF 1985

Lint toreign matter Classer's grade by HVI

Visible Total Color Trash Composite*

tsars % % index code index

ST 213 SM 0.84 2.29 96.5 3.1 97.8 DPL 90 1.04 2.56 98.5 3.4 97.0 DPL 50 1.01 2.57 97.0 3.4 95.9

Avg. 0.96 2.47 97.3 3.3 96.9

DES 119 1.43 3.06 96.5 4.0 92.3 ST 506 1.49 3.07 95.6 3.9 94.1 ST 825 1.55 3.03 97.7 4.0 95.1 \1N235 1.32 2.89 93.1 4 91.3

Avg. 1.45 3.01 95.7 4.0 93.2

.1 o.05 0.06 0.09 1.48 0.12 0.94

. jiv.iient descriptive grades are: 90= Low middling plus; 94Strict w middling; 97=Srrict low middling plus; lOOmiddling.

Classer's Grades: Classer's grade indices were determined by the HVI system. The analyses showed .,jt.nificant differences between cultivars for the trash ,:Ode. but no significant differences between cultivars for the color grade indices (Table 5). The means of the Liassers grades are shown in Table 6. The trash code range from 3.1 to 3.4 for the smooth-leaf cultivars and from 3.9 to 4.0 for the hairy-leaf cultivars. This trash code range of 3.1 to 3.4 is the equivalent of leaf grade indices of 94 to 90 whereas the trash code range of 3.9 to 4.() is equivalent to a leaf grade index of 90. The average numerical leaf grade for the smooth-leaf cultivars was significantly higher than that for the hairy-leaf cultivars. Ilie composite grade index for the smooth-leaf cottons ranged from 95.9 to 97.8 as compared to 91.3 to 95.1 for the hairy-leaf cultivars. The composite grades for smooth-leaf cultivars had an average index of 97 as compared to the hairy-leaf cultivars average of 94.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

For the crop years of 1984 and 1985 effects of leaf hairiness on classers grade were evaluated from cotton grown in replicated plots in the same field at Stoneville. MS. Field treatments were the same for all cultivars. Ginning treatments were the same for all lots ginned with the exception that in 1984 one and two stages of saw-type lint cleaners were compared whereas two lint cleaners only were used in 1985.

The 1984 study included four smooth-leaf cultivars and four hairy-leaf cultivars. Data indicated smooth-leaf cultivars subjected to two stages of lint cleaning produced the least foreign matter in the ginned lint and the highest classer's grade.

In 1985, three smooth-leaf cultivars were compared to four hairy-leaf cultivars. This data confirmed the 1984 study as the smooth-leaf cultivars again produced the least tbreigh matter and the highest classers grade.

Both studies show that with identical field and ginning treatments, significant grade increases can be expected with smooth-leaf cultivars.

References I. Anthony. W. S. and 0. L. McCaskill. 1974. Development and

evaluation of a small-scale Cotton ginning system. U.S. Dept. of Agri. ARS-5-36. 9 pp.

2. Kirk. I. W.. C. K. Bragg, E. F. Young. and J. E. Ross 1977. Ginning and spinning performance of standard and pubescent strains

of Americian pima cotton. Prod. Res. Report No. 171. 13 pp. 3. Ravburn. S. T., Jr. 1986. A leaf hairiness index for nine cotton

cultivars. 1986 Proceeding of Beltwide Cotton Research Conferences.

p. 434. 4. Shepherd, J. V. 1972. Standard procedures for foreign matter

and moisture analytical tests used in cotton ginning research. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Handb. 422. 13 pp.

S. Steel. R. G. D. and J. H. Tot-ne. 1960. Principles and

procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill. New York. 481 pp. 6. United States Department of Agriculture. 1982. Cotton testing

set-vice: Test available, equipment and techniques. and basis for interpreting results. Agri. Market. Serv., Cotton Div.. Agr. Handb. 594. 27 pp.

YIELD RESPONSE TO RATE, METHOD AND TIME OF APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL

YIELD ENHANCERS Shelby H. Baker, Research Scientist

Agronomy Department, University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, CA

Abstract

There are a number of chemicals being marketed as yield enhancers. Most of these are a coisbina- tion of plant nutrients, various plant hormones, fermentation by-products, growth inhibitors, bacteria, etc. In 1986, studies were initiated to determine if in fact these chemicals would increase yields significantly or economically.

In 1986, Triggrr, Burst and PGR IV were applied at 8 ozs. per acre at early bloom (ES) and in combination with the yield enhancement rate of chlorodimeform of 4 applications of .125 lbs. per acre at weekly intervals beginning at the 5-6 leaf stage. Pix was applied at 16 ozs. and 8 ozs. at EB and 8 ozs. 2 weeks past ES. The 16 oz. rate of Pix at ES also was applied with the yield enhancement rate of chlorodimeform. In 1986, there were no significant differences between treatments and the untreated check, but there were differences among chemical treatments. The 16 oz EB Pix treatment was significantly better than the B ozs. of Burst at ES and the Burst + chlorodimeform or Triggrr + chlorodimeform. The PGR IV - chlorodimeform was also significantly better than the Burst + chlorodimeform and Triggrr 4- chlorodimeform.

There were no differences in any of the treatments in 1987. Since there were no differences in 1987, it can be assumed the low yields of Burst + chlorodimeform and Triggrr + chlorodimeform in 1986 were not the results of an antagonistic reaction.

The only difference in the two year average yield of chemical treatments in 1986 and 1987 was that the 16 oz. ES Pix and the chlorodimeform treatments were better than the 8 oz. Burst treatment. The untreated check also was significantly better than the 8 oz. ES Burst treatment.

Multiple applications of Triggrr and PGR IV were studied in 1987 and 1988. There was no yield difference in 8 ozs. of Triggrr applied in a single application at EB or when it was applied in 4 applications beginning at matchflead square (?S). Similar yields were obtained with PGR IV when 4 applications of 2 ozs. initiated at MRS or the 5-6 leaf stage or 6 applications of I oz. beginning at the 5-6 leaf stage. In 1988 Triggrr and PGR IV, 8 ozs., were applied two weeks after ES. The yields of these treatments were similar to the- other treatments. The untreated check produced the highest two year average yield, 1190 pounds of lint.

These tests have resulted in inconsistent significant or economic yield increases resulting from the application of yield enhancers. These data also indicate where comparisons can be made that there was no difference between single or multiple applications.

VIDEOGRAPRY: NON INTRUSIVE APPROACH TO RESEARCH AND FIELD MANAGEMENT

C. A. Stutte and M. J. Urwiler Physiologist, Department of Agronomy

Altheimer Lab., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR

G. W. Stutte Physiologist, Department of Horticulture

University of Maryland College Park, MD

tact

Videography ii. a scans or proviflan lccat.on ,nd quantification of problem areas tna ­e1_4 '.or use .n

field crop management. Video images are acquired in an interactive image capture and analysis system (ICAS) using 'Biovision 3-tube infrared modified JVC POD camera and Panasonic Digital 5000 ROB CCD camera with and without 710 cutoff filter as image sensors. The toages are recorded and stored in 'INS format with a Panasonic 2400 portable recorder. ICAS supports special features for image enhancement including image filtering zoom , expand, and pseudo-color sapping. It also includes statistical analysis of definable areas and plots intensity distribution histograms, and provides mean and standard deviations of a defined image. The analysis system was evaluated for feasibility as a tool to Locate and manage stress in cotton. Images were made of individual leaves under laboratory conditions, crop canopies at ground level, and the entire field through low-level aerial imaging. Analysis of reflectance video images from the cotton field using ICAC analysis system has potential for evaluation of crop management. Evaluation from other crops were correlated with ,vail-able soil moisture, leaf nitrogen, and canopy tenperature differentials at the time of imaging.

Intra-fiold variability makes management of a field difficult and often masks underlying environmental limitation to higher yield. Early site Locali:atton of variable growth vigor within a field provides .1 valuable management tool. Cotton fields in Arkansas represent a range of environmental, varietal, and cultural problems. The monitored fields during the growing season showed various stresses. It was concluded that the variability in the fields can be identified, and given some prior knowledge, decisions can be made to enhance productivity and profitability. Videography spectral analysis can provide an instantaneous view of an area and produce a permanent record for analytical comparisons. Research on expanding and evaluating ICAS analysis programs are continuing. The ICAS analysis programs have application in many areas of research and crop management.

EVALLTII24 OF PLANT HA=1ESS TRA= FCR TWO (I4 CULTIVARS

W. Stanley Mtixxrf and William P.. Meredith. Supervisory Agricultural Dthr as

Supervisory eearth Geneticist, respectively, M, L, Stoneville, ?

Previous research established that 1o.r leaf grades wers obtained frum hairy-leaf varieties than froe mmotri-leaf cotton (G1il hlrzti L.) varieties. }ver, some studies reported conflicting information that confa lee grms with varietal effect z. Thi.g study evaluated the cleaning .Lficiazy, fir-e-attachment for, -at frit level, and fiber 1qth disib.itizx of smooth and hairy isolirms of Daltapine 16 and Stoneville 213 at two planting dates. Reatilts 1itsi that cleaning efficiency was directly related to the loaf hairiness trait but not related to the variety. Seed-mat fragments, motes and lint perm were variety related. Plant dates significantly influenced more rtçsrties than either leaf hairiness or variety.

Market value of cotton is currently a Antii of mitsaaix., length, and leaf factors. )8 researds (Anthony and Sxnie. 1386: Anthony, 1988; Anthony at a). • 1986: Kirk at el., 1377: Lee, 1986: Novick et a)., 19887 Raybuzn and Uba 1983: Paybirn, 19861 Wilhifoxd Ut a)., 2987) have reported that plant hairiness (p J..e......) adversely 1nflu ths final grade of

However, so= contradictory evidence has bun r rtad for stripper-hazvsetad cotton (Laird at a)., 19871 Qaiasrzy at al., 1983) although data rrm spindis­+Arveffted is consistent. rier of plant hairs (tris) per unit area varied rrxn 54 to 676 per cm2 in a study ztad by ftyb= (1986). He gr,.ipoi tricho density into three indices and related those indices to leaf grade. Anthony and Bridge (1986) evaluated 20 czsttfxa cultivars and found a direct correlation bsst'.aa cleaning efficiency and plant hairiness. Williford at al. (1987) c=rparod economic value and grade of five a sjltivmrm in a :-year -study rr Stoneville, ?. They also rtçxsrt a negative influence an loaf grade of the Qiltivars with hic6a !cvels of plant hairs.

76

t of the reported stuclies do not segregate the leaf hai.rirxss trait fram other effects such as variety and plant date .tidi air-o if1uenre the cleaning efficiency of cotton during the gin prss.

The prL'airy pirpone of this study woe to evaluate the effect of the leaf hrines.s trait on fiber proper-ties as isolated in owe cs.iltvzirs of ont050.

tho1o1crw

Stoneville 213 and ()iltapire 16 have been t-,o of the rcst popular varieties successfully grtn across the entire Cotton E!elt. Sisal plots of Stoneville 213 hairy, Stoneville 213 saxth, Deltapine 16 hairy and i)iltapine 16 smooth caltivara ware planted rear StQville, MS. Two planting dates (April 30 and May 12, 1987), and eight replications were used and two rows ircijt 120 feet long ware planted for each of the eight replications. tlsusi were tcozi at anthesis for the April 30 plant date to provide nucaro x,esn halls for measurement of the force-of-attachment (FDA) of the fiber to the cottonseed before the cotton was seusucally harvested. Ss1es were also collected at the wswon after mecr=ucal harvesting for R2A osuneasIts. After harvesting, the seed cotton was stored in the ftt -cgin (Anthony and ?"i5j.ski11, 1974) and -iiiticx at 70F and 551 relative humidity (R-I) for 48 hours before giniurr. The cotton was gthriid in the M.tth using the normal seed cotton cleaning rudiirry for spindle-picked cotton which cn'eisted of cylinder clearer, stick zxadürxe, cylinder clearer, extractor- fxder clearer, gin stand • and to lint ciaanez.

FOA ona.Irnta were rode with the Shirley Limited Cottonseed Attadrmint Tester. Data collected iciixdal percent reading on the Shirley-(ttaiseed Attodnt Tester, heam reacting on the ?rasaley Fiber-Strth Tester and waight in milligram of each aalTple. Pressley strength readings were taken from fibers on the crçcsjta side of the seed from wt'-iid-i the FOA fiber sample was removed. Cilinration of the Shirley-Qottcx-eeei Attachment Tester was done by releasing the p itslcra from its horizontal position with no sample and adjusting the indicator noodle until it rued zero on the parcem scale. Calibration checks were e on the Cahn Electrobalanco using operator xxrixal prtmhiras. calibration chocks were rode on the two iretrtxiieits at the t:*xjlrstlrq of each replication wtiith was comprised of 10 cottonseeds.

Values for attachment index, Pressley Index and the attadt-Pressley ixc ratio were calculated as fofl.ia:

Al - 1378.5 x Afl/A1W (1) P1 - PcD/wr (2) Ratio - Al/Pr (3)

Al - Attachment Izc P1 - Pressley Index X1'I' - irley-tta-eeed Attachment Tester reading, % PREhD - Pressley Fiber-Strength Taster heas re&ili-q AlWI - Weight of )3TC1' sample, gr wr - Weight of WF?.D sample, grs

1378.3 - Energy delivered by penchilum,

The ta1, hand-picked toils were placed on racks in the cotton testing 1aatory and conditioned for 24 hours before testing. The laboratory was mmin;tained at aprsciutm1y 72? and 68% 181.

laboratory analyses of the rsel foreign setter and trash samples wars &z* using standard laboratory procedures (Shepherd, 1972). Seed-mat frb.t data was cbtaix by sen.Ially separating 000CI-cOdt fmgsa..uts and ficoli from 3-gram Lift s1 es, and counting and weighing the fragments and ttn-IiQlli. A lighted, magnified vi.frq glass was used to enhance visibility. Sasplas were conditioned at least 24 hours before moazuremerits vers taken.

Nep r.ecilne were detemined by AM, USDA at Clemson, SC (1982). Fiber length seazseita were made with the Pr instrument using standard operator prras (Y.aar,iy, 1988). Thesecond cbsomtion sample t_a3ct during glnli-q was used in the .4a1uat1.

Analyses of variance were - e for 42 variables that included moisture and foreign setter (wagon, feeder and lint), fiber length dietritotion (Peyer), nepe k, A), fiber-to-­saad for -of-attachment, and s-coat fragments (Steel and Terrie. 1960).

Probability values of obtaining a greater F for the analyses of variance are given in Tables 1-3 and main effect means for variety and leaf type are presented in Table 4. Significant cotton properties for the leaf hairiness trait are given in Table 5 and generally consisted of foreign matter after partial and couplets gin processing, lint tori-cot and fiber length.

Smooth-leaf cotton had a larger usa.11 leaf cxIrpsient in the wacxx sa,rple but it was lca.ier at the fder i.tiica suggests that the small leaf particles were rote difficult to remove from the hairy-leaf cotton. Initial (wagon) total foreign rotter levels were identical (7,11) but final lint foreign ratter levels were significantly higher for the hairy cotton (3.351 as compared to 2.571, Table 5).

Significant interactions occurred between leaf and variety for fier fractionation mrell leaf, lint thnx-xxzt, teen length, and upper quartile length (Table 6). For the leaf hairiness trait, other properties in the experiment such as seed-coat fragments and FOPS ware not significant.

Averages for mrcoth- and hairy-types are given in Table 3, and as in previous studies, show that smooth-leaf cottons produce significantly clearer lint and are cleaned with higher efficiency than hairy cottene. The hairs (trid') of oath-leaf cottons ray be detached from leaves and st,sx ai easier than those on hairy cottons. Site lint hairs on the seed are part of the s genetic-physiological system as leaf and stes ha-Ira, we reasoned that th-leaf cotta's might have a lQ.er FOA between lint and s, have less seed-coat fragments and less neps than that of hairy cotta-is. Ho6KNpr, for these characteristics no significant differences ..i th-leaf and hairy-leaf cotta-is were detected. Small but significant variety X leaf hairiness interactions for fer — 11 leaf, mean length, and upper quartile length were detected.

Significant differences irred due to the variable 'variety" for several properties as fol-lows: Lint moisture, fr roistore, Shirley Analyser visible waste, lint tiizisjt, ns of s-coat fraxxse-xts, s-coat fragment weight, rzer of

tea, and r (Tables 1 and 3). Prm for those properties are given in Table 7. The most important diffr.es of practical importance were t1e of lint turnout, number of seed-coat tragxxnts, and rir of totes in the ginned lint. Lint b.srrs,at was lower for S'IV 213 than for DPL 16 whereas number of seed-coat fragments and rier of totsa were higher. SlY 213 averaged significantly higher nIers and weights of seed-coat tracmts, more rotes and low neps than CPL 16. 'I1e results aspissiza that breadam have the lxrtas'rtial of re-x rig seed-coat fragments and r. The total potential of breeding for improvement in these two diaractaristica is probably much greater than the range exhibited by comparing

two variety types.

Planting dates were very important as Indicated by their significant affect on 18 properties (Tables 1, 2 arid 3). The variation among replications was used as a measure of planting data err. Means for several of those variables are given in Table 8. The istet important of those significant physical prqsrtis. were lint tLzxrcut, FCA, sn, funicult, r and notes. Lint turnout was 1.08 percentage points higher for the latter plant date than for the earlier plant data. SIC was higher (7.97%) for the second plant data (Hay 12) by about 27%. Neça were also higher by about 30 for the second plant date. MA number of totes and the rota wai4it were c1ramatically higher for the first plant data (Ai]. 30) than for the second y 12).

Tmmd Bolls

EOP seasrerents for boll tagged at anthesia were rot significantly different for any of the variables or their interactions.

Cleaniru Efficlenv

Seed cotton cleanim officierov

The clearebility of the seed cotton was evaluated by determining the percent of foreign rotter rtcaoved on the heals of the foreign rotter in the raw seed cotton ((w fracticnaton- fonder fracta-ution ),'waci froctiriuts ax) -

77

Seed cotton cleaning efficiency was significantly influenced by only the leaf factor and was 59.85% and 64.921, respectively, for the hairy-and th-leaf cotta-s.

Lint cleaning efficiency was calculated by dividing the total fer fractiaat.iai by the lint turnout which essentially

ivertid the value to lint basis, subtracting the tots]. Shirley Analyser foreign setter, and dividing by the fer fractionation (list basis).

Lint cleaning efficiency was significantly thfluersxi by the rep (plant date) interaction as well as the leaf factor. Means were 37.01% and 42.111, respectively, for hairy- and smooth-leaf sotts.

The overall clearuxx3 efficiency was significant for plant dates and leaf. Means for the leaf factor were 74.81% and 79.83%, respectively, for hairy-aid mouth-leaf cottons. Overall cleaning efficiency means were 78.101 and 76.54%, respectively, for the April 30 and May 12 plant dates.

Mr.-Nnag-Mar-HARIM "" In order to detersire the influence of the leaf hairiness

trait on fiber properties of cotton, smooth and hairy iso! ins of OPL 16 and Sty 213 were planted an two dates at Stville, ?. Ten balls were also tagged for each of 8 replications for plant date 1 for subsequent FOP. testing after ball opening.

Ccttso frtin the 64 trmtmants (2 varieties, 2 plant dates. 2 leaf types, and 8 reps) were harvested, stored and later ginned in the Miorogis with the L-rsssdid machinery sequence. Data were collected for foreign setter, moisture, fiber length distribution, seed-at frsnts, fiber-to-seed form-of -attachment, r, and cleaning efficiencies.

Analyses of variance Indicated that initial trash levels were not different but small leaf trash was lower for thesmooth-leaf treat than for the hairy-leaf treatment. Final lint trash levels were also significantly higher for the hairy-leaf

List visible trash, list tnTTIIt, and sat frsts were different for the varietal effect. Lint turnout was higher for DPL 16 wtereas the nmer and weight of seed-coat trsiits and number of mates were less. Planting data significantly influenced more fiber properties than leaf hairiness or varietal treatments. Cleaning efficiencies were strongly influenced by the leaf factor but not by variety.

Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, orspif Ic .iipssit dees not cxxtituta a guarantee or warranty by the

U.S. rit of )igricsltire and does not imply apçroval of the product to the exclusion of others that may be available.

Refcrers

1. Anthony, W. S. and 0. L. McCaskill. 1974. Cvekpsr,t and evaluation of a esail-ecale cotton ginning system. U.S. Dept. of Agri. )J-S-36. 9 pp.

2. Antiriy, W. S. and R. R. Bridge. 1986. Evaluation of the gurww-p sharacteriatica of Midsaith orttni ojltivars. ASAE Paper No. 86-6548. 19 op.

3. Anthony, W. S. 1988. Overview of the cleanability of Midsaith catton aiLtivars. Pr. BeJ.twide Cotton Prod. Res. Qxf. p 70.

4. A.ntlxxy, W. S. R. V. Baker, and S. E. HLxhs. 1986. Ginning for iinasiss grade without excessive short fibers, nepe, and trash. The cotton Gin and Oil Mill Press. 87(3):14-17.

5. Kirk, I. W., C. K. Bragg, B. F. 'Icerxg, and J. B. Roes. 1977. Ginning and cpLnnlrq periorriir of standard and pubescent strains of American pirs cotton. Prod. Res. Report No. 171. 13 op.

6. Laud, Weldon, A. D. [Ira-shears, R. V. Baker, and G. L. Parker. 1987. Efforts of plant haLro on trash levels in eighty-nine asttcn genctyxn. Pr. 8eltide Cotton Prod. Res. Cont. p. 526.

7. Lee, 5. A. 1986. Coriatical sti.xiies concerning the dthtribatjso of tridaes on t leaves of Ccsypi't hirautri L. Genetics. 60:567-575.

8. Novick, R. G., 5. B. J, J. I. Dickerson, W. )uillard, and W. S. Anthorr. 1988. Effects of leaf shape, bract type, and leaf pubescence on non-lint trash and nap content of Upland sottce. Prcc. Beltdide (atton Prod. Res. Conf. pp 126-130.

9. Qj.iaenberr/, J. B. • P. B. Oilbak, J. W. Laird, A. D. Brashoara, and P. V. Baker. 1983. Marpfclggical traits related to harvest and gin performance. 1983 Pr. Seltwide Cotton Prod. Pea. Conf. p. 101-102.

10. Rayburn, S. T. and Liia, L. 1983. Preliminary investigation of cleanability of sottso with varying degrees of plant hatriniass. Proc. 1983 altwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., pp 152-153.

11. Rayburn, S. T. 1986. A leaf hairiness index for nine sottso cii tivars. 1986 Proc. of Balt.,ide Oattso Res. Of. p. 434.

12. Robert. Kearny. 1988. PerzsoaJ. communication.

13. shepnerd, J. V. 1972. Standard procedures for foreign matter and moisture analytical tests used in o=tcn ginning research. U.S. Dept. of Agri. Ha. 422. 13 pp.

14. Steal, R. G. 0. and J. H. 1rie, 1960. Prdxiples and procedures of statistics. McCraw Mill, New York. 481 pp.

15. United States Department of Agriculture. 1982. Cotton testing service: Test available, equipment and techniques, and basis for interpreting results. Agri. Market. Ser. • Cottan Div., ?qr. Han. 594. 27 pp.

16. Williford, J. R., W. P. Meredith, Jr. • and W. S. Anthony. 1987. Factors influencing yield and quality of Mississippi Delta cotton. Tram. of )SAE. 30(2):31.1-316. -

Ible 1 • Analyses of variance for moisture and foreign setter of sethine-har,ested outtal-

of DsgX

of Source

Probability Of areeter F for

1'gi Feeder Lint wagon fracticnatiso variation' fras sistore soistire moisture Hulls SticX3/stems Small leaf Pin trash ?tes Total D 1 0.0259 0.9235 0.0001 0.5814 0.0038 0.1345 0.0001 0.2652 0.4304 R(D) 14 0.0050 0.2514 0.0002 0.4667 0.4331 0.2743 0.0001 0.0080 0.0307 V 1 0.7987 0.6316 0.0476 0.7248 0.7197 0.3403 0.2290 0.9433 0.4792 L 1 0.9709 0.4440 0.5300 0.4701 0.9800 0.0002 0.4340 0.0001 0.8839 V*t. 1 0.5364 0.0602 0.7267 0.9179 0.4487 0.1141 0.9886 0.5593 0.8018 D*V 1 0.6887 0.3896 0.8338 0.7503 0.8067 0.9029 0.6380 0.4084 0.5464 D*L 1 0.5364 0.8478 0.9442 0.6793 0.5540 0.1578 0.1061 0.8806 0.5329 D*V*L 1 0.2621 0.8478 0.5300 0.6026 0.2995 0.8891 0.9204 0.8126 0.6744

source of of Feeder fractionation

Shirley Analyser List Visi.bl. Total

varjpticn1 freedom Hulls Stic)/stee ea11 leaf Pin trash Mates Total 'ste waste turno= D 1 0.0045 0.6279 0.6146 0.3230 0.0053 0.0019 0.0115 0.0002 0.0001 R(D) 1 0.0998 0.1899 0.0625 0.4708 0.0161 0.0221 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 V 1 0.4253 0.6517 0.2642 0.3230 0.0046 0.0669 0.0001 0.2114 0.0001 L 1 0.0111 0.9866 0.0001 0.3230 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 V*L 1 0.3808 0.2136 0.0101 0.3230 0.6280 0.1312 0.7428 0.3403 0.0037 DV 1 0.1287 0.7506 0.8463 0.3230 0.0016 0.0029 0.0764 0.0015 0.1533 DL 1 0.6747 0.4332 0.5615 0.3230 0.4540 0.5247 0.4136 0.6501 0.5983 D*V*L 1 0.6174 0.9067 0.5107 0.3230 0.8633 0.7988 0.3274 0.9598 0.3732

$2 - Planting date, P - Replication, V - Variety, and L - Leaf type trait. 78

Table 6. Slificant variety x leaf hairiness ons.

Prrtv smooth

DPI 16

Variety mown for leaf

STy 213 DPI 16 Hairy

SW 213 Far mail leaf, % 0.56 0.64 0.32 0.30 Mean lth, In. Uboar CILIArtile lth. in.

0.90 1.08

0.92 1•11

0.91 1.08

0.88 1.05

Table 7. Means for the sitificant1v d1ffart fiber properties clue to the =in effect of variety.

Table 2. Anal',--es of variance for force-f -tait teti the fJr the cottonseed, Prca.bility of qreeter F for

1kx1rce Degrees Attachment Detacned Prs1ey of of Fero~-of- Attadrt reading, Pressley fibers fibers

vrirt1c rdim ., '?1tht. rq. 0 1 0.0188 0.7975 0.0188 0.1749 0.0001 0.7572 R(D) 14 0.4339 0.2958 0.4340 0.6335 0.1495 0.1780 V 1 0.1765 0.2340 0.1765 0.5701 0.7696 0.8362 1. 1 0.2481 0.8607 0.2482 0.6615 0.1496 0.8123 V*L 1 0.2736 0.8323 0.2733 0.1590 0.1279 0.0317 DV 1 0.1150 0.0219 0.1151 0.3846 0.2015 0.7546 0*1 1 0.4799 0.3415 0.4799 0.9988 0.5406 0.5293

1 0.8237 0.6068 0.8238 0.4797 0.5209 0.3959

Sire ree Prth.b11jty of qrt'r F for of of Prs1ey strerth Strength, Attadsant Pr51ey AP

fran zero qoqe, 1'$I q/tox iex rjp Ritlo' 0 1 0.0257 0.0257 0.7975 0.0255 0.2538 R(D) 14 0.0102 0.0101 0.2958 0.0102 0.0340 V 1 0.3616 0.3615 0.2340 0.3612 0.1629 L 1 0.5943 0.5939 0.8607 0.5942 0.8877 V'L 1 0.0028 0.0028 0.8323 0.0028 0.0189 0V 1 0.2778 0.2781 0.0219 0.2794 0.0486 0L 1 0.5415 0.5415 0.3415 0.5441 0.6433 0V*L 1 0.4826 0.4829 0.6068 0.4851 0.7296

- Planting date, R - Replication, V - Variety, and L - Leaf type trait. ratio - attachment irex divided by the Pressley irdex.

Table 3. Analysis of variance for fiber length distribution, se-at frssts, rxPs, and cleaning etliciencics.

Prbllitv of cm-Ater F for Scurce COrs ?n 00efficient sham t7çr '&ner weight

of of lerçth, of fiber quartile of of vrjati fro'dcr in, vriabi1ity, I comp-m. leqoth. in. fii.i1i f\mi.ijj. r. 0 1 0.9411 0.0001 0.0001 0.0029 0.0061 0.2357 R(D) 14 0.6409 0.1616 0.2164 0.6025 0.4922 0.3582 V 1 0.1260 0.6499 0.6872 0.3220 0.1764 0.1522 1 1 0.0001 0.1496 0.4219 0.0001 0.4140 0.8420 VAL 1 0. 000 1 0.5349 0.0721 0.0001 0.1064 0.0907 D'V 1 0.4182 0.3783 0.3070 0.4916 0.1379 0.1965 D*L 1 0.1652 0.5194 0.3668 0.1971 0.8912 0.3395 D*V*L 1 0.9411 0.9618 0.7170 0.9389 0.2227 0.1473

Source Degrees PrcbUitv of or'atcr For

U Clednina efficiency of of of of of Waignt. Seed Lint Overall

'Ziatiol ftvedcm ft- wait frn.it5, n. rctcs ru. cotton D 1 0.0709 0.3839 0.0001 0.0003 0.0001 0.1405 0.3583 0.0393 R(D) 14 0.0037 0.8100 0.0081 0.0721 0.0014 0.6168 0.0096 0.3502 V 1 0.0005 0.0161 0.0069 0.0599 0.0005 0.0663 0.3150 0.2803 L 1 0.8884 0.9557 0.6126 0.3415 0.0801 0.0004 0.0004 0.0001 VL 1 0.7790 0.8290 0.2805 0.4681 0.3942 0.6812 0.1196 0.5970 DV 1 0.2300 0.7745 0.1011 0.0411 0.2294 0.1062 0.1832 0.4561 DL 1 0.5516 0.1951 0.4272 0.5716 0.7216 0.7939 0.4317 0.5218 D*V*L 1 0.8884 0.4803 0.9422 0.5087 0.4771 0.9242 0.7207 0.9389 __ 42

Planting data, R - Phoplication, V - Variety, and I - Leaf type trait. 2 AM NM Teat

Table 5. Si.ificsnt cottcn orttrtie8 for the leaf hairiness -

tr&1t1 . Means for

Variable oth Hair.' wagon fractionation M.0 leaf, % 1.01** 0.86 ftedar fractionation tailla • 0.27* 0.19 F*odkw fractionation 13. lea!, %2 0.26 0.31** Feedier fractionation motes, % 1.73 2.16cc Fr fracticnation total, % 2.44 2.83cc Shirley Analyser visible waste, % 2.57 3.35cc Shirley klyee total waste, % 4.20 5.07** Lint zit, %4 33.48 35.00cc Mean lqth (Payer) in.2 0.91cc 0.89 tkcer quafti3A length (Payer), in 2 3.09** 3.06

.anlz efficiency: seed Oottxxt 64.92cc 59.85 Lint 42.11cc 37.01 Overall ioai*. lie, 'Initial, (g), lntaziata (far), and final (1.tht at

battery condenser), moisture contents were identified at 7.5, 7.6, arI 6.0%, respectively.

Sitificant interactions jrr leaf and variety • indicates significance at the 51 level of probability.

indicates significance at the 1% level of probability.

Lint Moisture, %J. 6.04* 5.95 Yar fractionation tea, % 1.89 2.00 Shirley ?.nalyaer viaibla waste, % 3.06cc 2.87 Lim turnout, % . 33.63 34.71cc

&er of need-coat fragments per 3-<p lint 59.80* 46.40

Weight of seed-coat fragments, mg. per 3-gram lint 37.80k 30.54

M=bar of Mates per 3-grMMS lint ..• ......

2.75 II

1.53 & QA**

tJe values are rct different realistically. * ixtilcatea significance at the 5% level of prthability.

** irdic.tss siqrufic3J-13 at the 1% level of probability.

79

Table 4. Main effect rana for varietal and leaf factors.

Variety Soarm for

Leaf Varable SIV 213 DFL 16 Haix'? Srx,oth wagon fractionation, %:

Hulls 2.62 2.55 2.51 2.66 Sticks/stem 0.36 0.34 0.35 0.35 Small leaf 0.95 0.92 0.86 1.01** Pin trash 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.29 motes 2.94 2.93 3.11** 2.77 TbtaJ. 7.17 7.02 7.11 7.08

Far fractionation, Hulls 0.24 0.22 0.19 0.27* Sticks/stems 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 Small leaf 0.28 0.29 0.31* 0.26 Pin trash 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 motes 1.89 2.00 2.16** 1.73 Total 2.58 2.69 2.83** 2.44

tbizb,ire, 1: wagon 7.47 7.44 7.45 7.46 Feeder 7.59 7.56 7.55 7.60 Lint 6.04 5.95 5.98 6.01**

Shirley Analyser, Visible waste 3.06** 2.87 3.35** 2.57 Total waste 4.68 4.60 5.07 4.20

Lint turnout 33.63 34.71** 34.96** 33.38 For-f-attad'nt (FOA) 64.14 58.33 63.71 58.76

Attachment index (Al) 26.25 24.04 25.31 24.98 1l f. 50.19 41.23 49.63 41.79

Boll Al 16.87 13.69 16.50 14.06 Length, Peyer:

?an length, in. 0.90 0.91 0.89 0.91** Coefficient of variability 27.11 26.99 26.86 27.24 Short fiber content, t 7.18 7.05 7.24 6.99 Upper quartile length, in. 1.07 1.08 1.06 1.09**

Seed-coat fragments per 3-grans lint:

Nuxxr 59.75** 46.44 52.84 53.34 Weight, mg 37.83* 30.54 34.27 34.10

FWI.ica.li per 3-grams lint: Number 2.25 1.63 1.75 2.13 Weight, sq 1.32 0.82 1.03 1.10

t'tas per 3-grams lint: Number 2.75** 1.53 2.03 2.25 Weight, sq 12.08** 6.56 7.94 10.69

web) (per 100 sq. in. eb1) 21.53 24.84** 22.41 23.98 eanirq efficiency, %: Seed cotton 61.14 63.63 59.85 64.92** Lint 40.24

76.92 38.88 37.01 42.11**

çeral1 AMS Nep Test Machine.

77.72 74.81 79.83**

* indicates significance at the 5% level of probability. ** Indicates significance at the 1% level of probability.

Table 8. Means for the siificant1y different prtçurties as affected by ølant date.

Lint moisture, %' 6.11 5.88 Wagon fractionation sticks/stem, % 0.41 0.29 Wagon fractionation pin trash, % 0.21 0.35 Feeder fractionZiticin hulls, % 0.18 0.27 Fr fractionation s %2 1.89 2.00 Feeder fractionation total, %2 - 2.54 2.73 Shirley Analyser visible waste, % 2.91 3.01 Shirley Analyser total waste, %3 4.51 4.76 Lint thri.xt, % 33.63 34.71 Force-of-attachment. 66.40 56.07 Coefficient of variability 26.14 27.96 Shcirt fiber content, % 6.26 7.97 Uer quartile length, in. 1.07 1.08 Mr of fsü.o.ili per 3-grams lint 1.28 2.59 Ner of motes per 3-grams lint 3.09 1.19 Fete weight, -j3-A=s lint 15.01 3.62

variation replications we used as a measure of planting data e=mr to indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability leyela as indicated.

"Significant interactions occurred for date and leaf. 3significant interactions occurred for date and variety.

COTTON PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE MEASUREMENTS: RELATIONSItIP BETWEEN SINGLE LEAF AND WHOLE CANOPY S. Peng, D.R. Krieg and F.S. Girsa

Research Assistant. Professor of Crop Physiology and Research Associate, respectively, Plant and Soil

Science Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX

Abstract

Crop production is a function of leaf area development and photosynthetic rate. Photosynthetic rates can be measured at the canopy level, however the measurements are labor intensive and time consuming. If the relationship between the single leaf and canopy photosynthesis can be established, single leaf photosynthesis can be used as evaluation criteria for crop improvement. Both diurnal and seasonal measurements of canopy photosynthesis simultaneously with single leaf photosynthesis were made as a function of water supply and leaf morphology under field conditions in 1988. Cotton single leaf photosynthetic rates were reasonably well correlated with canopy photosynthetic rates.

Introduction

Ninety percent of the dry matter of a plant is derived from CO assimilated by photosynthesis (1). Dry matter accumuihion rates are highly correlated with leaf area index and amount of intercepted radiation. Theoretically, photosynthetic rates should have direct impact on plant productivity. Photosynthetic rates have been measured mainly at the single leaf level due to its simplicity. Lack of a strong positive correlation between the single leaf photosynthetic rate and economic yield has inspired measurements of photosynthesis at the canopy level for several species. Wells et al. (2 and 3) reported a positive correlation between canopy photosynthesis and yield in soybean and cotton. Canopy carbon exchange more accurately describes the photosynthetic activity per unit ground area and integrates genetic and environmental components responsible for productivity (3). However. It is not practical to use canopy photosynthesis 58 an evaluation criteria for crop improvement because canopy carbon exchange measurements are labor intensive and time consuming. Single leaf photosynthesis measurements are a better alternative if this method can he improved in terms of representing actual plant performance.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COTTON SPECIES C. R. Benedict and R. J. Kohel

Plant Biochemist, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,

Texas A&M University, USDA Supervisory Research Geneticist

College Station, TX

The genus Gossypium has approximately 40 species

comprised of 7 diploid genomes and 4 to 5 allotetraploid

genomes. The 2 diploid genomes (A and 0) are considered to be the putative parents of the allotetraplopids a. hirsutum L (AD)i and a. barbadense L. (AD)2 The CER values of a. klptzchiprium (03k), ,. rarnondii (05), a. herbaceum (Al) and .

hirijtum (AD)i were 31.6, 39.0±3, 38.0±5 and 45.0±6 mg CO2

dm -2h -1 and these are consistent with the CER value

determinations of several species of Gossypium by El Sharkawy j(1965). The level of rubisco activity was 29.1.

29.8. 39.1 and 41.7 mg CO2 d m-2 h 1 for D3k. 05. Al and ADi.

Leaf area (cm2 ) and cell volume (cm3 1 0.10) were 157.7.

267.3, 33.8, and 100.4 and 17.32. 10.32. 100.5 and 225.5 for

03k, D5, Al and (AD)i. The variation in the level of Rubisco

activity per mesophyll cell showed a positive correlation to

the amount of enzyme present in the cell when the enzyme was

localized wjjjj, by an indirect immunofluoerscence assay.

80