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

Publica�on date:

Produced by

The Centre de Facilita�on des Inves�ssements (CFI) Hai�

With support from

The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) through its Grant no. 2879/GR

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Official Name: Republic of Hai�

Capital: Port-au-Prince

Other Major Ci�es: Cap-Haï�en, Gonaïves, Les Cayes, Jacmel

Area: 27,750 km2

Popula�on:

Languages:

Life Expectancy:

Time Zone:

Poli�cal System:

Legal System:

Climate:

Currency:

GDP:

Economic Growth:

Infla�on:

HAITI AT A GLANCE

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11.1 million

O!cial languages are French and Hai"an Creole. English and Spanish are widely spoken in the business community and increasingly among #$%"$& '()*+

60 (men), 63 (women)

Unitary Semi-Presiden"al

Civil law system based on the French Napoldonic Code

Tropical; avg. minimum of 20ºC (63ºF), avg. maximum 34ºC (94ºF) Hai"an Gourde (HTG) USD = 90.9 HTG (May 2019)

USD 8.6 billion (2017)

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One of the fast growing economies in the Western Hemisphere, the Caribbean’s first independent na�on is set to take off.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES .................................................................................................. 13

• DISCOVER HAITI • APPAREL • BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING (BPO) AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) • TOURISM • AGRICULTURE AND AGRIBUSINESS • PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS (PPP)

INVESTMENT CLIMATE ........................................................................................................ 35

• INTRODUCTION • ECONOMIC POLICY • INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND FREE TRADE ZONES • WORKFORCE • INFRASTRUCTURE • TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS • U.S. TRADE PREFERENCES • VISAS AND PERMITS

VISITING, WORKING AND LIVING IN HAITI ......................................................................... 55

• VISAS AND PERMITS • ACCOMMODATIONS IN HAITI • TELECOMMUNICATION/ INTERNET • BANKING • TRANSPORTATION • HEALTH • INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS • LIFE IN HAITI

LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ........................................................................ 59

• LAND OWNERSHIP BY NON-HAITIAN NATIONALS • REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS • BUSINESS ENTITIES AND REGISTRATION • CUSTOMS REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES • SETTLEMENT OF COMMERCIAL DISPUTES • LABOR LEGISLATION • TAXES, CONTRIBUTIONS AND INCENTIVES • ACCESS TO FINANCE

THE CENTRE FOR FACILITATION OF INVESTMENTS (CFI) .................................................... 67

HISTORY OF HAITI .......................................................................................................... 68

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific (countries)

ADIH Hai�an Manufacturers Associa�on (Associa�on des Industries d’Hai�)

BIC Credit Informa�on Bureau (Bureau d’Informa�on sur le Credit)

BNC Na�onal Credit Bank (Banque Na�onal de Credit)

BPO Business Process Outsourcing

BRH Central Bank of Hai� (Banque de la Republique d’Hai�)

BUH Bank of the Hai�an Union (Banque de l’Union Hai�enne)

CARICOM Caribbean Community

CARIFORUM Caribbean Community and the Dominican Republic

CBTA Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act

CCAH Hai�an Chamber of Concilia�on and Arbitra�on (Chambre de Concilia�on et d’Arbitrage d’Hai�)

CDES Council for Economic and Social Development

CFI Center for Facilita�on of Investments

CII Inter-Departmental Commission on Investments (Commission interministérielle des Inves�ssements)

CODEVI Industrial Development Corpora�on (Compagnie du Développement Industriel)

CONATEL Na�onal Council of Communica�ons (Conseil Na�onal des Télecommunica�ons)

DFQF Duty Free Quota Free

EDH Hai� Electricity (Electricité d’Haï�)

EIB European Investment Bank

ELVIS Electronic Visa Informa�on System

EPA Economic Partnership Agreement (with the European Union)

EU European Union

FDI Industrial Development Funds (Fonds de Développement Industriel)

FECCANO Federa�on of Coopera�ves of Cocoa Coopera�ves (Federa�on des Coopera�ves Cacaoyeres du Nord)

FMO Dutch Development Bank

GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs

HOPE AND HOPE II ACTS Hai�an Hemispheric Opportunity through Partnership Acts

HELP ACT Hai� Economic Li� Program

HINSA Hispaniola Free Trade Zone and Industrial Park

HTG Hai�an Gourdes (local currency)

ICSID Interna�onal Centre for Se�lement of Investment Disputes

IDB Inter-American Development Bank

IFC Interna�onal Finance Corpora�on (World Bank Group)

IIC Inter-American Investment Corpora�on

ILO Interna�onal Labour Organisa�on

INFORHT Na�onal Hotel Training Ins�tute (Ins�tut Na�onal de Forma�on en Hotellerie et Tourisme)

IRII Industrial Revolu�on II

LDC Less Developed Country

MAST Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (Ministère des Affaires Sociales et du Travail)

MCI Ministry of Trade and Industry (Ministère du Commerce et de l’Industrie)

MIGA Mul�lateral Investment Guarantee Agency (World Bank Group)

MTPTC Ministry of Public Works, Transport, Energy and Communica�ons (Ministère des Travaux Publics, Transports et Communica�ons)

OAS Organiza�on of American States

OFATMA Insurance Office for Occupa�onal Injury, Sickness and Maternity (Office d’Assurance Accidents du Travail, Maladie et Maternité)

ONA Re�rement Insurance Office (Office Na�onal d’Assurance)

OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corpora�on

OTEXA US Department of Commerce, Office of Tex�les and Apparel

PACEGI Presiden�al Advisory Council on Economic Growth

PIC Caracol Industrial Park (Parc Industriel Caracol)

PIM Metropolitan Industrial Park (Parc Industriel Métropolitain)

PPPs Public-Private Partnerships

RN Primary Roads (Routes Na�onals)

SHODECOSA Superior Housing Development Corpora�on

SOFIHDES Development Finance Corpora�on of Hai� (Société Financière Hai�enne de Développement)

SONAPI Na�onal Associa�on for Industrial Parks (Société Na�onale des Parcs Industriels)

SEDF Soros Economic Development Fund

SIDSA Free Trade Zone in Tabarre (Societé Immobiliere de Developpement S.A.)

TLIA Toussaint Louverture Interna�onal Airport

UCREF Central Unit for Financial Informa�on (Unité Centrale de Renseignements Financiers)

ULCC Unit for Comba�ng Corrup�on (Unité de Lu�e Contre la Corrup�on)

UNESCO United Na�ons Educa�onal Scien�fic and Cultural Organiza�on

UPISA Unit for the Promo�on of Private Investment in the Agricultural Sector (Unité de Promo�on de l’Inves�ssement Privé dans le Secteur Agricole)

WTO World Trade Organiza�on

Private investment by domes�c and foreign actors has been a fundamental driving force in almost every instance of rapid and sustained economic growth in modern history. Companies commi�ng to emerging countries can reap unparalleled returns while knowledge and exper�se are advanced, new markets are accessed and old markets are expanded.

Hai� is currently seeing consistent increased levels of private investment and faster rates of economic growth, which promise to transform the country into one where the once frustrated hopes of its people can be realized through dynamic progress and development. In numerous economic sectors spanning from agriculture to high-level manufacturing, Hai� has shown that it is more than capable of hos�ng leading corpora�ons whose success is inspiring them to reinvest and expand, while posi�vely impac�ng local lives and deepening the iden�ty of their brands interna�onally.

Furthermore, with a lack of growth in key La�n American markets and the resul�ng impera�ve need for companies to go global, Hai� stands out as a very a�rac�ve market in which to do business in, and an excellent loca�on to serve as a pla�orm for world markets.

We invite you to be part of this new chapter opening in Hai�’s unique history.

This guide, produced by the CFI (Center for Facilita�on of Investments), is aimed at both local and interna�onal investors, who want to understand more about inves�ng in Hai�. It intends to display the wealth of business opportuni�es that are currently available, as well as to provide investors with a strong founda�on of informa�on to support them in their investment decision. Moreover, the CFI wants to assure investors that they will be supported throughout the en�re process leading to the implementa�on of their investment, from the preliminary explora�on phase up to the post- establishment a�ercare support.

The CFI is your partner for inves�ng successfully in Hai�.

The CFI Team

www.cfihai�.com

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

DISCLAIMER

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While every reasonable !"ort has been made to ensure that the informa#on provided in this publica#on is accurate as of the date ofpublica#on, no business or other decision should be made by the reader solely on the basis of this informa#on. Nothing in thispublica#on is intended as business, legal, or tax advice. The materials contained in thispublica#on were assembled in May 2019 and were based on the laws in e"ect and the informa#on available at that #me. Please visit the CFI’s homepage for the latestinforma#on and to download this guide:

The CFI is grateful to the many organiza!ons and in"!tu!ons that helped make thepublica!on of this guide possible by providing feedback, inputs, and other forms ofassistance. The guide’s content was developed through consulta!#ns with public and the private sector organiza!ons as well as mu$!lateral agencies. Its produc!on would not have been possible without the support and par!%ipa!on of the Hai!an privatesector. Coopera!on between the IDB andHai!’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry was essen!al to the project’s success. The guide was developed and &nanced with the support of IDB, The CFI’s leading source of mul!lateral assistance.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

Interna�onal

brands

are

also

con�nuing

to

come

to

and

thrive

in

Hai�,

including

Heineken

Breweries,

Coca-Cola

and

Unilever,

as

well

as

hospitality

chains

such

as

Marrio�,

Best

Western,

NH

Hotels,

and

Occidental.

Their

successes

draw

from

Hai�’s

mul�-lingual

and

mul�-na�onal

workforce

with decades

of experience working with interna�onal companies and investors.

Hai� is on the move. Come and see what it has to offer.

This sec�on highlights four key opportuni�es for poten�al investors in Hai�:

• Apparel; • Business process outsourcing and

informa�on technology; • Tourism; and • Agriculture and agribusiness.

The possibili�es the country offers investors, however, go well beyond the list profiled in this guide and extend to such sectors and ac�vi�es as renewable energy, electronics manufacturing, and investment in the construc�on and building materials industry. The CFI is the first port of call for investors interested in these or other opportuni�es.

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DISCOVER HAITI

Hit hard by a succession of natural disasters that have provided setbacks to the country’s economic development, Hai! is experiencing a resurgence. The growth rate for 2018,2.4%, was well above the 0.9% average for La!n America and the Caribbean, and is expected to con!nue to exceed the region’s average for 2019.

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One of the fast growing economies in the Western Hemisphere, the Caribbean’s !rst independent na"on is flourishing.

Sûrtab is an Android-based tablet brand that is based in Port-au-Prince.The company manufactures affordable and durable tablet PCs and has expanded from 5 to more than 60 Haitian employees and will continue to grow as they increase their capacity.

Sûrtab tablets are currently available in electronic shops in Haiti and are sold wholesale in Haiti, the Caribbean and Africa.

The country's considerable success in apparelexports is complemented by a strong value added manufacturing sector with over two decades of experience in the production oftransformers and inductors, as well as more recent expansion into the production of Android-based tablets. Furthermore, a surge in homegrown iOS and Android app development, doing and multi languagecomputer programming skills,are transforming Haiti into a technologicallysavvy country with competitive costs

PREFERENCE REGIME

EXPORT COVERED

QUOTA USED 2015/2016

CBTPA

Knit apparel ar�cles

4.57%

CBTPA

Non-underwear T-shirts

22.65%

HOPE / HOPE II / HELP

Value-Added Tariff Rate Quota: Exported value sourced from Hai� and/or qualifying countries must be at least 50-60%

7.7%

HOPE / HOPE II / HELP

Woven Apparel TPL: May use fabric from any source; apparel must be wholly assem- bled in Hai�

45.26%

HOPE / HOPE II / HELP

Knit Apparel TPL: May use fabric from any source; apparel must be wholly assembled or knit-to-shape in Hai�

30.94%

HOPE / HOPE II / HELP

Specific Apparel (brassieres, certain head- wear, certain sleepwear, and certain knit apparel)

NO LIMIT

•

•

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Another key advantage is Hai�’s physical proximity to the UnitedStates, which results in short shipping �mes. The transit �me from Port-au-Prince and Cap Hai�en to Port Everglades in Florida isthree days. Upon arrival, customs procedures in Miami areexpedited by Hai�’s par�cipa�on in the electronic visa informa�onsystem (ELVIS) of the U.S. Customs and Border Protec�on,permi�ng quick dispatch to retail distribu�on centers withinthe United States.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES | 15

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Bolstered by the Caribbean Basin Partnership Act (CBTPA) and the HOPE, HOPE II and HELP acts which provide duty-free entry for certain Haitian products to U.S. markets, apparel production in Haiti is growing. In early 2019, it employed 53,000 workers and accounted for nearly one tenth of GDP. Expansions are expected as additional investment is planned from current manufacturers such as Hansae Haiti and Wilbes & Co. Ltd as well as the establishment of RSI, a Taiwanese manufacturer planning to set up operations in the Lafito Free Zone by early 2020. With exports hitting $926 million USD in 2018, they are expected to cross the $1 billion mark in 2019. There is considerable room for additional growth. In particular, untapped opportunities for preferential access to the U.S. market exist within the framework of HOPE, HOPEII and HELP acts

source:otexa.trade.gov

16 | BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

By virtue of duty-free treatment under the HOPE II and HELP Acts, we can offer attractive prices for synthetic and stripe apparels. We feel confident of our future through Haitian government support and increasing demand from U.S. retailers.

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Why invest in Hai�’s BPO and Informa�on Technology Industry?

• Large and mul�lingual labor force; • Geographical and cultural proximity to major North American markets; • Recent investments in crucial infrastructure, including two undersea fiber op�c cables

providing high speed connec�vity; and • A�rac�ve labor costs as salaries and mandatory contribu�ons are one of the most

compe��ve in the nearshore region.

SKILLED AND COMPETITIVE LABOR FORCE

With a labor pool of French, English and Spanish speakers, Hai� is well placed to serve the mul�lingual needs of the call center market. Hai� is uniquely posi�oned to serve the French- speaking popula�ons in Canada, Europe and Africa. Indeed, Hai� is North America’s only nearshore loca�on with a significant French popula�on, providing the country with a core advantage for investments in BPO services.

Recruiters have shown sa�sfac�on with the availability and trainability of job seekers, which includes Hai�ans educated in the United States, Canada and the Dominican Republic. Strong affinity to North American culture and the large Hai�an diaspora in the U.S. and Canada contribute to high levels of service and quality. A low staff a�ri�on rate is also a factor helping Hai� be one of the most effec�ve call center loca�ons in La�n America and the Caribbean.

Wages in Hai� are also extremely compe��ve, enhancing the a�rac�veness of the country for BPO services.

Annual Median Income US$ 1,200 Source: wageindicator.com

18 | BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES | 19

BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING (BPO) AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY

Hai�’s geographic loca�on is par�cularly convenient for companies and customers in prime U.S. and Canadian markets. Managers can reach Hai� via direct (2 to 5 -hour) flights from various ci�es in the U.S. and Canada. Hai� is also located in the same �me zone as Eastern zones of the United States and Canada, easing interna�onal opera�ons.

UPGRADED INFRASTRUCTURE

EXISTING SUCCESSES

The CFI, in collabora�on with the Ecole Supérieure d’Infotronique d’Hai� (ESIH), is helping to increase the country’s pool of skilled female programmers through the “PowerToFly” programme (powertofly.com). PowerToFly aims to find women jobs wherever they are by allowing firms “that recognize how diversity and flexible work fuel innova�on” to outsource their technology projects. This ini�a�ve, an innova�ve approach to job crea�on, demonstrates that Hai�an workers have the skills demanded by today’s employers.

20 | BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES | 21

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Since the 2010 earthquake, public and private actors have invested extensive resources in upgrading the country’s infrastructure, including its telecommunica!ons and internet networks and connec!vity. The country’s conn"#!vity needs are met by two undersea $ber op!# cables. Two large telecom providers provide E1 connec!vity at compe!!ve rates. There are numerousloca!ons in Ha%! where an IT or BPO center could be established. These include the Caracol Industrial Park and the La$to Global Business Park, both of which have abundant bandwidth connec!vity op!ons.

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Reasons to Invest in Hai�’s Tourism Industry:

• Gorgeous, undeveloped natural landscapes including pris�ne beaches, coral reefs,

underground caves and mountains; • Convenient des�na�on for North American tourists; • Increasing awareness of Hai� as a vaca�on des�na�on; and • Growing presence of tourism infrastructure.

HIGH GROWTH AND VAST POTENTIAL

Hai�’s considerable tourism assets range from natural to cultural assets and history that make it a highly desirable des�na�on in the Caribbean. The 1,700 km long coastline is defined by beau�ful, pris�ne beaches and offshore coral reefs. Other a�rac�ons include rugged mountains, colonial architecture and cultural treasures, including La Citadelle, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Known as ‘The Pearl of the West Indies” during its heyday as a tourism des�na�on a�er WWII, Hai� is eager and ready to re-establish itself as one of the region’s prime tourist loca�ons. Both Hai�’s private and public sectors are commi�ed to achieving this goal.

22 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES | 23

TOURISM

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In tandem with expansion and upgrading of hotel offerings, there is a growing and varied selec�on of restaurants and bars in Port-au-Prince, as well as other towns around the country.

These first class facili�es not only indicate increasing foreign and domes�c investor confidence in Hai� but can also be the launch pad for Hai�’s emergence as a preferred conven�on des�na�on, only 90 minutes from Miami.

KEY DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES AND OPPORTUNITIES

The Ministry of Tourism has iden�fied a number of priori�es for private investment and public- private partnerships in tourist des�na�ons. Opportuni�es exist in various regions of the country (see Figure) and include:

• Construc�on of an in�mate (40-100 rooms) beachfront hotel and larger conference hotel (150 rooms) at the city’s pier in Jacmel, a unique historic des�na�on with 700 meters of shoreline.

24 | BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES 25

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GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

HAITIAN ARTISANS

Haiti has a rich cultural heritage and is rightly famed worldwide for its artistic creativity, innovative design and the quality of its artisan crafts. The imagination, use of color and subject mat ter

explored in Haitian painting has been lauded for over seven decades. The same imagination, color and technical quality is found in wood sculptures, furniture, home decoration articles in metal,

wood and straw, metal wall hangings, papier-mâché masks and animals, and quilts.

The demand for such “global style” craft products in international markets is significant and growing. Described as a blend of contemporary design and functionality with native elements,

products in this style are popular in higher-end retailers such as Pottery Barn, Macy’s and Crate & Barrel, as well as independent retailers. Tourists visiting Haiti have a chance to visit artists’ ateliers

and artisans’ workshops to experience first hand these treasures in the making.

SHOWCASING HAITIAN HOSPITALITY

Opera�ng in Hai� since 2002, Port Morgan, S.A., is a high-quality resort in southern Hai�’s Île-à- Vache. When the resort first opened, Village Touris�que Morgan S.A had only eight rooms. Today, the resort has 23 rooms with an investment of nearly US$ 2.8 million in a joint venture that is 35 percent Hai�an-owned.

The company has created 440 direct and indirect jobs. The company also provides assistance to small local organiza�ons on Île-à-Vache by suppor�ng reforesta�on projects.

We wish to grow even bigger. We are ready and would be glad to build partnerships with other foreign investors.

Didier Boulard, Port Morgan CEO

26 | BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES 27

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The Hai�an government has iden�fied the revival and expansion of agricultural investments as key for rural local development, thus opening up new business opportuni�es in both produc�on and processing for domes�c and export markets.

The CFI works in close collabora�on with the Unité de Promo�on de l’Inves�ssement Privé dans le Secteur Agricole (Unit for the Promo�on of Investment in the Agricultural Sector - UPISA) within the Ministry of Agriculture to provide relevant technical informa�on and support to investors interested in engaging in agriculture and agribusiness in Hai�.

In addi�on to bananas, cocoa, coffee, mangos, and sisal, which are highlighted in more detail below, priori�es for private investment include:

• Sugar cane and deriva�ve products; • Roots and tubers; • Cereals (maize, sorghum, rice); • Garden produce such as pigeon peas, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, aubergines, and okra; • Fruits such as avocados, citrus fruits, cashews, tamarinds, and coconuts; • Beekeeping; • Chickens (with an internal demand of US$ 200 million per year); • Eggs (with an internal demand of 400 million eggs per year); and • Aquaculture.

Hai� enjoys several advantages as a pla�orm for exports: Its proximity to the United States enables producers to get agricultural products to U.S. markets quickly. Moreover, as one of the ACP (African, Caribbean and Pacific) countries, Hai� enjoys duty-free and quota-free preferen�al access to the European Union markets for most products. Under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), Hai� also enjoys interna�onal trade benefits under WTO rules, including for agricultural goods. The Bali Accord further supports the increase of Hai�’s duty-free and quota-free access alongside other least-developed countries worldwide.

28 | BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES 29

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COFFEE

The country currently produces roughly 18 million kilograms annually, but aims to increase that amount, both to serve the domes�c market – which currently absorbs 65% of the country’s produc�on – and to increase exports.

While REBO and Geo Wiener are the major coffee expor�ng firms, other smaller

enterprises are ge�ng Hai�an coffee into new markets, including Walmart, a major U.S. retailer.

MANGOS

Hai� is one of the largest mango producers in the world, with about 10 million mango trees. Yet there is s�ll vast poten�al for addi�onal growth in produc�on of fresh and dried mangos in Hai�, par�cularly given the steadily increasing global demand for the products. Currently, only around 10 percent of produc�on is the export-quality Madame Francis variety. To overcome this limita�on and help serve the interna�onal market, ini�a�ves are under way to upgrade exis�ng Hai�an mango trees through gra�ing as well as the introduc�on of new varie�es of commercial trees. Improved transporta�on condi�ons also help facilitate access to markets.

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Mango exports - tons

COCOA

Hai�an criollo cocoa beans are cul�vated without chemical addi�ves (there are no in-country cocoa pests or diseases) and are highly prized for their excep�onal flavor by pastry companies and high-end chocola�ers of luxury chocolate brands. As leading food companies are commi�ed to sourcing their cocoa from sustainable producers, and cra� chocolate makers are seeking new sources of

fine and aroma�c cocoa, niche markets that Hai�’s organic cocoa can serve will con�nue to expand.

Currently, most beans grown in Hai� are sold and exported in a raw, unprocessed and unfermented state that does not meet the volumes or standards needed to connect meaningfully with brokers and their markets. The low volumes and quality have meant low returns for producers and their coopera�ves.

But this is changing. FECCANO (a federa�on of six coopera�ves in the north) and one coopera�ve in Grand-Anse are producing and expor�ng fermented cocoa beans to specialty buyers, as well as selling to powerhouse REBO. As this accounts for less than 5 percent of na�onal exports, working with farmers to get processed and fermented cocoa to market cons�tutes an area of significant opportunity.

BANANAS

ESSENTIAL OILS

Hai� has favorable clima�c and land condi�ons in the north department for the produc�on of bi�er oranges used for Grand Marnier and Cointreau produc�on. Ve�ver oil, extracted from the ve�ver perennial grass, is used for medicinal purposes, cosme�cs and perfumes. Hai� is the largest exporter of ve�ver oil in the world, with Agri-Supply Co. SA in Les Cayes being Hai�’s largest producer.

SISAL

Sisal was an important commercial crop throughout World War II and un�l the 1970s when Hai� lost its compe��ve edge due to the introduc�on of synthe�c fibers. Projects are now underway to reignite the country’s produc�on of sisal and sisal products. SISALCO, a Hai�an company, is one example, working to increase output from the Côtes- de-Fer, in the south, where most sisal is currently produced, and to expand produc�on in new regions in north and northeast Hai�. Its US$ 5 million project envisages up to 4,000 hectares under sisal produc�on, with 1,000 hectares worked by the company and another 3,000 hectares by small producers receiving technical assistance and selling their semi- processed product to SISALCO. With its new factory in the Caracol Industrial Park, SISALCO will use sisal fibers to produce coffee sacks for REBO as well as other sisal products for a strong and growing export market.

30 | BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES | 31

markets, there is also significant potential to serve an expanding

domestic market6 72+ natioanal population of over 88 /*33*on *)

4rowing and the country is urbanizing. As economic growth takes hold

and leads to greather employment #" $ (-'#" ,(rchasing power,

demand for more and better quality food stuffs and agricultural products

will only rise.

The Léogane region, just south of Port-au-Prince, and the Arcadins Coast in the west are trad!"onal areas of banana produc"on withwell-watered fer"le soils and a good climate.Hai" exported bananas un"l the late 1940s,a#er which "me all produc"on has supplied the local market. Today, the government is working to increase produc"on for dome$"%consump"on and, in par"cular, for export.

Hai! has a 200-year tradi!on of growing mainly Arabica co"ee under agro-ecologicalcondi!ons well suited for producing quality organic c#"ee that commands premiuminterna!onal prices. Much, if not all, of Hai!$% co"ee is grown without use of chemicalinputs.

Other Hai!an advantages are the country’s topography and climate, which combine to create a variety of microclimates. This means, for example, that Hai!an export mangocul!va!on extends over a "ve-month season compared to the two or three month mango harvest seasons in compe!ng countries.

A number of investments are alreadyunderway. One development is the US$ 27 million project in the Trou-du-Nord commune, which will bring together over 3,000 Hai!an farmers from di"erent associa!ons to produce organic bananas for export.

Essen!al oils, one of Hai!"# most important agricultural exports, were worth an es!mated US$ 47.9 Millions USD in 2017.

!" #$$ition &o '()*"+)) opportunities *" +,-ort

The Commission Na�onale des Marchés Publics (The Na�onal Commission for Public Markets - CNMP) under the Prime Minister’s Office is currently overseeing PPP projects in Hai�. With the adop�on of a new law, however, responsibility for PPPs will move to the Unité Centrale de Ges�on de PPP (Central Unit for the Management of PPP - UCG/PPP) under the Ministry of Finance.

32 | BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

The government of Hai! has launched a new ini!a!ve with the help of the World Bank Group and local partners to dra" a law on public-private partnerships (PPPs). At present there is no uni#ed PPP law, the aim of the ini!a!ve is therefore to build onexis!ng regula!ons and to systema!ze the legal framework governing PPPs to improve the transparency, predictability and ease of the PPP process. It is hoped that this new law will facilitate signi#cant investment in such key areas as infrastructure, energy andtransporta!on.

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INVESTMENT CLIMATE

The Centre for the Facilita�on of Investments (CFI) provides support to investors throughout the investment process: from ini�al interest to any concerns arising a�er the project is established. Significant support from the Inter-American Development Bank, Caribbean Export and the European Union is bringing the CFI rapidly up to best prac�ces in all areas of its work.

Similarly, the Doing Business Unit within the Prime Minister’s Office is focusing on con�nuing to improve Hai�’s World Bank Doing Business rankings, as is the Presiden�al Commission for the Reform of Business Law.

This sec�on provides a basic overview of the investment climate in Hai� and highlights some of the government ini�a�ves aimed at making the country an increasingly a�rac�ve des�na�on for firms.

34 INVESTMENT CLIMATE | 35

INTRODUCTION

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Con!nuing to improve the business and investment climate is one of Ha"!#s premier obj$%!ves. The success so far is clearly represented by the increase in FDI in recent years (see thegraph below) as well as the major &rms that are choosing to invest in Ha"!' Heineken, Marrio( and Digicel are just a selec!on of the &rms that see the opportunity that Ha"! represents.

Source:World Bank

The government of Hai� recognizes that the transi�on from earthquake emergency relief to sustainable recovery and growth will take �me. It is commi�ed to accomplishing this transi�on through a comprehensive set of measures to foster long-term growth and reduce poverty. These measures are set forth in its post-earthquake Ac�on Plan for Na�onal Recovery and Development of Hai�, which was agreed with the interna�onal community of donor agencies and financial ins�tu�ons. It is clear that a vibrant and produc�ve private sector is vital to achieving this economic growth.

The Ac�on Plan complements the government’s aim to achieve substan�ve progress on five priority issues (or the five “E”s), namely: (1) rule of law (état de droit) with improved enforcement achieved through increased capacity of public administra�on; (2) educa�on for all; (3) employment, through the construc�on of key basic infrastructure and crea�on of a business-friendly environment; (4) environment, including environmental rehabilita�on and land tenure; and (5) electricity, emphasizing the need for measures to improve genera�on and distribu�on.

In addi�on to those five issues, the government has iden�fied four priority regions or development poles to diversify and decentralize economic ac�vity from the Port-au-Prince area. These are: (1) north of Port-au-Prince in the area around Cabaret; (2) Cap-Haï�en and the northern region; (3) Hinche and the Central Plateau, Gonaives, St. Marc, and the Ar�bonite Plain; and (4) Les Cayes, Jacmel, and surrounding areas in the south.

As one means of advancing development in those regions, as well as in Port-au-Prince, the government supports the crea�on and expansion of industrial parks and provides incen�ves for the crea�on of free trade zones. These parks and zones aim to help catalyze economic growth in the country by increasing the availability of factory space and appropriate infrastructure necessary to support business ac�vi�es.

Hai� has embraced the development of government- and privately-owned industrial parks and free trade zones as a means of enabling enterprises to realize bo�om-line benefits through investment in the country. Businesses located in these parks and zones can op�mize opera�onal costs by taking advantage of various benefits, including expedited customs clearance, reduced transporta�on costs when zones and parks are proximate to ports and airports, cheaper and more reliable access to energy and water services, the availability of standard factory buildings for sale or lease, and access to storage and warehouse facili�es. The specialized legal frameworks that apply in free trade zones and the business services available in a number of the parks and zones further streamline the processes for establishing and opera�ng businesses in Hai�. This sec�on highlights some of Hai�’s parks and zones, illustra�ng the ac�vi�es they support and features they offer.

36 | INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT CLIMATE | 37

INDUSTRIAL PARKS AND FREE TRADE ZONES

INDUSTRIAL PARKS

» CARACOL INDUSTRIAL PARK

The Caracol Industrial Park (PIC), the largest industrial park in the Caribbean, is a 250-hectare facility for mixed use and light manufacturing situated in the north eastern region of Hai!" Inaugurated in October 2012, the PIC has been widely applauded by the interna!onal investor community as a landmark project opening up new opportuni!es for investment in Ha#!" The park is government-owned, managed by SONAPI and built with donor funds from the IDB. At the end of 2018 the PIC employed 13,500 people and approximately 30% of the total area was built. Plenty of room remains for expansion.

Alongside these ini!a!ves, Ha"! has created several ins!tu!ons dedicated to improving the climate for private sector investment. Then, in 2012, President Martelly created a Presiden!alCommission for the Reform of Business Law and tasked it with enhancing the legal framework toboost domes!# and foreign investment. Also in 2012, the prime minister created an Economic and Social Development Council (CDES) to provide advice on how to simplify administra!ve procedures and promote private investment.

The PIC’s loca�on is prime for both export-oriented firms and domes�c consump�on- focused enterprises. Employers benefit from the park’s:

• Proximity to major popula�on centers in the northern corridor extending from Cap-Haï�en to Ouanaminthe;

• Loca�on less than three miles from the new University of Limonade with a pool of 4,000 mul�lingual university-educated Hai�ans;

• Easy access to and from Cap-Haï�en airport, which is less than 30 minutes from the park and which has six daily flights to Port-au-Prince (25 minutes) and two to Miami (90-minute flying �me); and

• Loca�on less than 30 minutes from the port of Cap-Haï�en, which has twice-weekly sailings to Port Everglades (Miami, Florida), a three-day journey.

A good road network enhances the PIC’s connec�vity within the region and to Port-au-Prince and the Dominican Republic. (For more on transporta�on infrastructure at Cap-Haï�en, see the Infrastructure sec�on of this Guide).

» PARC INDUSTRIEL MÉTROPOLITAIN (PIM)

The government-owned Parc Industriel Métropolitain (PIM), located adjacent to Port-au-Prince’s interna�onal airport, was established in the early 1970s. A�er a recent expansion, the PIM now has more than 50 buildings occupying a total of 206,000 square meters and has plans for addi�onal growth.

38 | INVESTMENT CLIMATE 39

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The PIC provides crucial infrastructure and services for enterprises, boas!ng a 10 MW opera!onal power plant, cellular and broadband services provided by na!onal operators, access to an aquifer, wastewater treatment facili!"#$ and solid waste disposal. The PIC also has state-of-the-art industrial buildings and provides on-site extended stay accommoda!%n for execu!ves and management. Other business services include on-site customs clearance and a &eet of nearly 50 buses managed by SONAPI to transport workers between the PIC and surrounding communi!es.

Buildings for rent in the PIC are available at US$ 3.90 per square meter per month.. Land can also be leased and developed by self-!nanced investors with speci!c requirements who wish to customize their premises while taking advantage of the infrastructure available at the PIC.

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The priority of the PIM is to rent space to export-oriented, labor-intensive industries, which means the main businesses loca�ng at the PIM have been apparel manufacturers.

» SHODECOSA

SHODECOSA (Superior Housing Development Corpora�on) has a business park with over 186,000 square meters of covered space, conveniently located between Port-au-Prince’s airport and port. Opera�ng in Port-au-Prince since 1979, it is currently home to apparel and other manufacturers such as Caribbean Island Apparel, whose factory now employs 1,700 workers producing goods for the U.S. market.

SHODECOSA offers its tenants extensive storage infrastructure and ample room for labor-intensive manufacturing. The park also seeks to minimize the start-up costs of new business ventures and fixed costs for manufacturing by ensuring low property acquisi�on and building construc�on costs. SHODECOSA addi�onally offers services such as integrated and efficient security, legal advice for incorpora�on, and administra�ve services suited to individual client needs.

Other industrial parks include the Unibank Parc, the Fa�ma Group’s Park and the WIN Industrial Park.

» FREE TRADE ZONES

Free trade zones, which are governed by the Free Trade Zone Law of 2002, are geographic areas in which benefits such as special customs, taxa�on and immigra�on regimes apply to ease business for firms opera�ng within the zones. The government welcomes and supports the crea�on of new free trade zones. These can be established by private investors or by public-private partnerships with the

authoriza�on of the Na�onal Council of Free Zones in accordance with the Free Trade Zone Law. Fiscal incen�ves exist for promoters or operators of a free trade zone.

» LAFITO INDUSTRIAL FREE ZONE

» COMPAGNIE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT

INDUSTRIEL

The Compagnie du Développement Industriel (CODEVI), a free trade zone established in 2002, is owned and operated by Grupo M, a ver�cally-integrated Dominican apparel manufacturer. The park, in Ouanaminthe, a town on Hai�’s border with the Dominican Republic, has over 371,600 square meters of space, of which around 41,800 square meters has been developed as industrial buildings. CODEVI provides tenants with electricity, voice and data services, a recruitment and training center, a cafeteria, and a recrea�onal space.

CODEVI was ini�ally financed by the IFC. A�er the earthquake, the Soros Economic Development Fund (SEDF) invested US$3 million. SEDF also partnered with Ci� on a grant to provide professional training to factory line workers and management. With excellent road transport as well as good

» PARK HISPANIOLA

Park Hispaniola (HINSA), located in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince, enjoys the benefits of a free trade zone and an industrial park. The park contains a 30 MW power plant (E-Power) that opened in 2011. The power plant was developed by a consor�um of Hai�an and South Korean investors and backed by the IFC and FMO. The resul�ng reliable power supply is a significant advantage for energy-intensive industries that require proximity to Port-au-Prince.

» LES PALMIERS

» SIDSA (SOCIETE IMMOBILIERE DE DEVELOPPEMENT S.A)

40 | INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT CLIMATE | 41

La!to Industrial Free Zone, a privately owned and operated zone which opened in 2015, it provides 100,000 square meters of manufacturing space and associated infrastructure that includes a !ber op"# network, a secure data warehousing facility and 25 MW of compe""vely-priced and reliable power. Located within one kilometer of the new privately owned and operated Port La!$o near Port-au-Prince (see the Infrastructure se#"on for more details), the modern L%!$o Industrial Free Zone will provide exporters a compe""ve base in which tooperate.

Other zones, such as WIN Free Zone are under development. These free trade zones are also regulated under the Free Trade Zone Law.

access to the port of Puerto Plata, factories in CODEVI produce garments for Levi’s, JC Penney and American Eagle, among others. The park now employs over 10,000 workers. There is su!cient space at CODEVI to con"nue to expand the number of factory units.

Les Palmiers Free Trade Zone in Carrefour, Port-au-Prince, was developed in 2012 by a group of local investors at a cost of US$8 million. Its tenant is SG Corporation of Korea, which makes apparel for WalMart, The Children’s Place and Mondetta presently employs around 3,000 workers.

The SIDSA Free Zone, located in Tabarre, is a recently constructed free trade zone that is home to Val D’Or Apparel Manufacturing, !"#$% 4 Haiti and Tex&les Youm Kwang. The zone has approximately 19,000 square meters of factory space across two buildings and employment as reached approximately 2,000 workers.

Launched in 2015, Digneron Free Zone has 20.5 ha of land area. Upon completion it will have 100,000 sq meter of manufacturing space, 2,500 sq meter of housing for international staff, 2,150 sq meter for administrative and other park services. Digneron Free Zone is a professionally zoned, landscaped and managed free zone designed to attract high value-added industrial and manufacturing projects which will help create quality local employment and wealth. This free zone has established an eco friendly infrastructure with extensive use of green and renewable energy and a dedicated waste management system.

DEDICATION TO IMPROVEMENT

One of Hai�’s greatest assets is its people. The country’s popula�on of over 10 million is very young, with approximately 65% percent under the age of 30. With a reputa�on for being energe�c, flexible, hard-working, and trainable, this mul�lingual labor force can be rapidly mobilized to meet the demands of high-growth sectors, such as BPO, tourism, apparel manufacturing, agribusiness, and electronics manufacturing.

The demand for jobs and desire for work is strong. There is a stable labor force, with factory managers repor�ng low levels of absenteeism (2 percent) and turnover (between 4 to 6 percent per year). Low absenteeism is a factor helping to realize output targets and low turnover rates are an incen�ve to invest in workers’ training programs.

EDUCATION

By the Cons�tu�on of 1987, the State guarantees Hai�ans the right to free and adequate primary educa�on. However, Hai�’s educa�on system is currently dominated by private schools, most of which are operated as for-profit organiza�ons.

A�er the pre-school level, students have nine years of basic educa�on and receive a Brevet Diploma. Secondary educa�on consists of four years of schooling, followed by the comple�on of the Baccalauréat. A�er their basic educa�on, students have the op�on to follow a professional or voca�onal training.

Some of the most recognized universi�es in Hai� are Université d’Etat d’Hai�, École Supérieure d’Infotronique d’Hai�, Université Notre Dame d’Hai�, and Université Quisqueya.

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VOCATIONAL TRAINING

To further improve the skills of the workforce in various sectors, both the public and

private sectors are inves�ng in voca�onal skills training.

42 | INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT CLIMATE | 43

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A significant infrastructure investment program, financed by na�onal and interna�onal resources, is underway to improve Hai�’s connec�vity, both internally and externally. This program seeks not only to replace infrastructure destroyed as a result of the 2010 earthquake and other recent natural disasters, but also to create new infrastructure that will meet the needs of this growing economy.

ROADS

Ground transport is the main internal mode of transporta�on for passengers and goods as well as for trade with the Dominican Republic. The na�onal road network comprises 3,608 km, consis�ng of 950 km of primary or trunk roads linking major ci�es (Routes Na�onales (Na�onal Routes) - RN), 1,315 km of departmental or secondary roads and 1,343 km of ter�ary or rural roads. More than 700 km of roads have been constructed and renovated since the start of the Martelly administra�on with the major towns and ci�es now connected by a strong paved road network.

There are several major ini�a�ves underway to further improve crucial road networks. For example, recent improvements have been made to the RN1, which links Port-au-Prince to Hai�’s second- largest city, Cap-Haï�en. A full upgrade of RN1 is expected to be completed by 2018. Another major project is the upgrade and paving of the RN7 between the southern departmental capitals of Ley Cayes and Jérémie and their respec�ve agricultural regions in the south and Grande Anse departments.

In addi�on to those specific projects, the government is placing significant emphasis on strengthening the road maintenance capacity of the Ministry of Public Works, Transport, Energy, and Communica�ons (Ministère des Travaux Publics, Transports et Communica�ons - MTPTC).

AIRPORTS

Hai�’s main interna�onal airport, Toussaint Louverture Interna�onal Airport (TLIA) in Port-au-Prince, has direct interna�onal flights to four U.S. ci�es (Miami, Fort Lauderdale, New York, and Atlanta), Canada, Panama City, and Paris via the Dominican Republic and Guadeloupe. There is also an extensive network of flights to other ci�es in La�n America and the Caribbean. Approximately 20 airlines operate out of TLIA with over 230 interna�onal flights to 16 ci�es per month.

With its Class II classifica�on, TLIA is able to accommodate large transport aircra�. The number of passengers arriving in TLIA has close to doubled since 2005, now totaling well over 1 million per year.

Cap-Haï�en Interna�onal Airport has also been upgraded. The inaugura�on was held on October 2, 2014, with the first arrival being an American Airlines flight from Miami. The construc�on of a new runway and terminal building, a US$ 60 million project, was a strategic interven�on transforming the prospects for northern Hai�’s interna�onal accessibility and connec�vity to the United States and beyond. The airport grants quick access to the CARACOL and CODEVI industrial parks located in the free trade zone in the northeastern region. It also improves access for tourists visi�ng La Citadelle and Sans Souci, as well as other tourism hotspots.

Other airports are under construc�on or currently being upgraded, including Les Cayes and Île-à-Vache. These form part of the tourist infrastructure that will allow interna�onal travelers to go directly to the tourism facili�es under development in the southern region.

SEAPORTS

Hai�’s main interna�onal seaports are located in Port-au-Prince and Cap- Haï�en.

The port of Port-au-Prince is currently the main port for container traffic and general frac�oned freight, with specialized docks and warehouses. The Port-au-Prince seaport moves nearly one million tons of freight annually. An interna�onal firm is currently undertaking a US$ 69 million renova�on of one of the main docks, including a new 410m wharf.

ELECTRICITY

There is a huge need for both public and private sector investment in Hai�’s electricity sector, par�cularly in renewable energy. Hai� currently suffers from an insufficient installed capacity of just 313 MW with only 60% of that electricity stable. The current electricity demand in Hai� is es�mated to be around 500 MW throughout the country.

There is no na�onal grid, with electricity being provided by both the na�onal electricity company (Electricité d’Haïte (Hai� Electricity) - EDH) and private producers on nine grids around the country. In addi�on to the EDH produc�on, there are three Independent Power Producers (E-Power, Sogener and Haytrac) which together generate 82 MW. Caracol generates its own electricity on-site, while each of the free trade zones also has the op�on to self-generate. Most of the power generated is currently from heavy fuel oil or diesel, though, in the absence of a centralized grid, there is considerable poten�al for renewable solar, wind, hydro-, and biomass power genera�on.

44 | INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT CLIMATE | 45

The newest add!"on to Hai"’s port facili"es is the privately-owned Port La#$%, which has been operational since 2015. A subsidiary of Gilbert Bigio Group and managed bySSA Marine, Port La#$% is a green#eldmul"purpose panamax port and terminal handling containerized and loose-bulk cargo.

Major shipping companies such as Crowley <Maritime, Maersk Sealand, Seaboard Marine, An!"lean Marine, and Evergreen already serve Hai!# Air cargo carriers such as FedEx, DHL, UPS, and Amerijet are also present.

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Opportuni�es exist to invest in the electricity sector, par�cularly in rela�on to renewable energy projects, given Hai�’s considerable solar, wind and biomass power poten�al. In terms of solar power, Hai�’s solar resources are par�cularly strong and consistent throughout the year. Major energy consumers such as the University Hospital Mirebalais predominantly source their power from solar panels, and are even able to feed excess power into the local grid. The solar energy sector should be seeing a significant boost in investment in the coming years. Similarly, several loca�ons in Hai�, including Lac Azuéi to the east of Port-au-Prince, are par�cularly suited to wind energy projects.

COMMUNICATIONS

Internet and telecommunica�on connec�vity in Hai� has been expanding significantly with considerable private investment. In 2010 the na�onal telecoms provider, Telecommunica�ons d’Hai� S.A.M. (Teleco) was priva�zed (and renamed Natcom), with the Vietnamese company Vie�el acquiring a 60% share of the company from the Hai�an government.

Hai� is a party to various international agreements on trade and investment that provide firms doing business in the country with key advantages. These include:

• Agreements enhancing the availability of poli�cal risk insurance and other financial products

and services;

• Other trade agreements facilita�ng trade and investment both within the Caribbean Basin

region and between the Caribbean Basin region and other countries and regions; • Bilateral investment trea�es; and • Agreements for se�lement of disputes between investors and states and for enforcement of

arbitral awards.

AGREEMENTS FACILITATING POLITICAL RISK INSURANCE AND OTHER FINANCIAL SERVICES

» MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT GUARANTEE AGENCY (MIGA)

Hai� is a member of the World Bank’s Mul�lateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). MIGA guarantees investments against non-commercial risks, which can help investors obtain access to funding sources with improved financial terms and condi�ons. Since its crea�on in 1988 MIGA has issued more than US$24 billion in poli�cal risk insurance for projects in a wide variety of sectors in all parts of the world.

» THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

Hai� was a founding member of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and joined the World Trade Organiza�on (WTO) in 1996. WTO agreements govern a range of trade- and investment-related issues, including protec�on of intellectual property, non-discrimina�on against foreign goods, technical barriers to trade, and sanitary regula�ons.

46 | INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT CLIMATE | 47

TRADE AND INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS

In add!"on to promo"ng investment in renewable energy, the government is also seeking to modernize EDH and improve its performance.

Hai! has rapidly expanded its mobile phone penetra!on rate over the past decade to roughly 70 percent of the popula!on in 2019. The predominant mobile provider is Digicel, which is also Natcom’s main compe!"or in the provision of both phone and internet services.

» UNITED STATES OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION (OPIC)

In 2013, the Hai!an government signed an Investment Incen!ve Agreement with the United States Overseas Private Investment Corpora!on (OPIC) in order to help catalyze U.S. investment in Ha"!# Similar to MIGA, OPIC provides investors with access to poli!cal risk insurance. It also o$ers loans and loan guarantees, and supports private investment funds. OPIC’s current portfolio includes nearly $35 million USD in Haiti accross a variety of projects in sectors ranging from housing and construction to food production.

• The WTO agreements, including the Bali Package suppor!ng duty-free quota-free access for LDCs to export to developed countries;

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Importantly, as a result of decisions at the 5th Ministerial Conference of the WTO in 2005 in Hong Kong and the Bali mee�ng of 2013 concerning Duty Free Quota Free (DFQF) access to developed country markets for least developed countries (LDCs), Hai� is the beneficiary of preferen�al and unilateral access to many markets. Exonera�on of tariff lines from custom du�es i s 98.6 percent for Canada and 98.3 percent for the European Union, for example. With respect to the United States, while other LDCs benefit from 82.5 percent of tariff lines, Hai� is the only country benefi�ng from almost complete exemp�on from American tariff lines.

The WTO decisions together with the flexible rules of origin under HOPE II and HELP (see below under U.S. Trade Preferences), offer a very favorable trade environment for investors.

REGIONAL AGREEMENTS -- CARICOM AND CARIFORUM

Hai� has been a full member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) since 2002 and is working towards fulfilling the requirements to integrate fully with the CARICOM Single Market, which would allow tariff and quota free access to the other CARICOM economies. Hai� is also a member of the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM), which consists of the 15 CARICOM members plus the Dominican Republic.

CARICOM AND CARIFORUM AGREEMENTS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

CARICOM has entered into several agreements with third states, including the:

• Trade and Investment Framework Agreement with the United States; • Trade Agreement with Costa Rica; • Trade Agreement with Venezuela; and • Coopera�on Agreement with Cuba.

CARIFORUM has nego�ated an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Union. In 2009, Hai� signed the CARIFORUM-EU EPA. The treaty is pending ra�fica�on by Hai�’s Parliament.

COTONOU AGREEMENT WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

As a member of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States, Hai� is also a party to the Cotonou Agreement between the European Union and the ACP countries. The Cotonou Agreement proves a framework for the European Union’s coopera�on with Hai� and other ACP states on economic, social and development issues, including coopera�on on the development of infrastructure and promo�on of private investment.

BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES

Hai� has concluded several bilateral investment trea�es (BITs) regarding the promo�on and protec�on of foreign investment. Agreements are currently in force with:

» France; » Germany; and » The United Kingdom.

AGREEMENTS FOR SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES AND ENFORCEMENT OF ARBITRAL AWARDS

» INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT DISPUTES (ICSID)

ICSID is an interna�onal ins�tu�on established by the Conven�on on the Se�lement of Investment Disputes between States and Na�onals of other States (the ICSID or the Washington Conven�on). ICSID facilitates concilia�on and arbitra�on of interna�onal investment disputes between states and foreign investors. The ICSID Conven�on also helps ensure the recogni�on and enforcement of arbitral awards issued to resolve disputes between investors and states.

Hai� ra�fied the ICSID Conven�on on November 26, 2009.

» THE NEW YORK CONVENTION ON RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN

ARBITRAL AWARDS (NEW YORK CONVENTION)

The New York Conven�on is a treaty that helps ensure the effec�veness and enforceability of awards issued in interna�onal commercial arbitra�on whether between private par�es or between investors and states. Hai� became a party to the New York Conven�on in 1983.

48 | INVESTMENT CLIMATE INVESTMENT CLIMATE | 49

COUNTRIES AND BLOCKS WITH FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, OR PREFERENTIAL TRADE ARRANGEMENT, WITH HAITI

United States: 1.229 (Agro) and

3.752 (Non-agro) Duty-free tariī lines

Canada:

731 (Agro) and 1.698 (Non-agro)

Duty-free tariī lines

Switzerland:

1.983 (Agro) and 5.005 (Non-agro)

Duty-free tariī lines

Norway:

918 (Agro) and 273 (Non-agro)

Duty-free tariī lines

Russia:

1.707 (Agro) and 975 (Non-agro) Pre- ferenƟal Tariī lines

Chile:

1.229 (Agro) and 3.752 (Non-agro) Duty-free tariī lines

Turkey:

298 (Agro) and 6.327 (Non-agro)

Duty-free tariī lines

Kyrgyz Republic: 1.948 (Agro) and 3.948 (Non-agro)

Duty-free tariī lines

Highly Ňexible Rules

of Origin

257 (TĞdžƟůĞ & Appa- rel) Duty-free tariī

lines

New Zealand: 380 (Agro) and

2.751 (Non-agro) Duty-free tariī lines

CARICOM:

Increasing Integra�on with CSME:

AnƟgue and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, HaŝƟ, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kits and Nevis, Santa Lucia, Sant Vicente and The Grenadines,

Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.

Plus Trade Agreements with Venezuela, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba and Dominican Republic.

Plus European Partnership Agreement with European Union.

Australia:

229 (Agro) and 3.015 (Non-agro)

Duty-free tariī lines

Taiwan, China:

11 (Agro) and 125 (Non-agro) Duty-free

tariī lines

Republic of Korea:

939 (Agro) and 8.165 (Non-agro)

Duty-free tariī lines

Japan:

1.383 (Agro) and 4.037 (Non-agro)

Duty-free tariī lines

European Union (28): 1.603 (Agro) and 5.333 (Non-agro) Duty-free

tariī lines

The

United

States

has

enacted

four

laws

that

provide Hai�

with

an

immense advantage over

its compe�tors

in

the

apparel industry.

These

are the

Caribbean

Basin

Trade Preference

Act

(CBTPA),

the Hai�an

Hemispheric

Opportunity

through

Partnership

Encouragement

(HOPE)

Act

of

2006,

the HOPE

Act

of

2008

(HOPE

II

Act), and

the Hai�

Economic

Li�

Program

of

2010

(HELP).

Under

these

programs,

Hai�an

apparel

exports

to

the United

States

have

been

growing

steadily,

and

will

likely

con�nue to

expand

to

take

advantage of

duty-free

access

to

the

U.S.

market.

CBTPA

The

CBTPA, originally

enacted

in

2000,

provides

duty-free access to the

U.S.

market

for

certain

apparel goods

manufactured

in

Hai�.

To

qualify

for

preferences,

yarns

or

fabrics

have to

be from

the

United

States or

covered

Caribbean

Basin

countries.

HOPE

The HOPE

Act

established

preferences

for

apparel

beyond

those covered

by

the CBTPA. Importantly, it

created

the first

preference

program

for

Hai�an

apparel that

allows

duty-free treatment

for

certain

apparel wholly

assembled, knit,

or

knit-to-shape in

Hai�,

using

yarns

and

fabrics

from

any

country.

HOPE

II

HOPE

II

further

expanded

preferences

for

apparel

and

certain

non-apparel tex�le goods,

and

extended

the

dura�on

of

pre-exis�ng preference

programs.

52 INVESTMENT CLIMATE | 53

U.S.

TRADE

PREFERENCES

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CURRENT PREFERENCE HIGHLIGHTS

• Duty-free access, with some exclusions, for up to 70 million square meter equivalents (SME) of

knit apparel and 70 million SMEs of woven apparel without regard to the country of origin of the yarn, fabric or components, as long as the apparel is wholly assembled or knit-to-shape in Hai�; once the 70 million SME limits for knit and woven apparel are hit, the limits increase up to 200 million SMEs;

• Duty-free treatment of knit or woven apparel under a “two for one” earned import allowance program: for every two SMEs of qualifying fabric (sourced from the United States or certain trade partner countries) used to produce exports for the U.S. in Hai�, one SME of non- qualifying fabric can also be used;

• Duty-free treatment for certain brassieres, luggage, headgear, and certain sleepwear; and • Permission for Hai�an goods to enter the United States duty-free if shipped either directly

from Hai� or through the Dominican Republic.

The Hai�an Manufacturers Associa�on and the government of Hai� are working with members of the U.S. Congress to extend and expand the HOPE and HELP Laws.

More informa�on on these programs is available from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Tex�les and Apparel (OTEXA), h�p://www.otexa.ita.gov/.

Most visitors do not need a visa to enter Hai� and receive a tourist visa upon arrival. Certain holders of foreign passports do need a visa, including ci�zens of the Dominican Republic, Colombia and Panama, but only if they are not also holders of a U.S., Canadian, or European visa or residence card.

Tourists can stay in Hai� for up to 90 days. Those who stay longer must obtain a residence permit from the Immigra�on and Emigra�on Services.

Foreigners that work more than three months or 90 days must obtain a work permit. The CFI can assist investors with these processes if needed.

» HOUSING

Foreigners and investors have a wide selec�on of housing to choose from. Rent can range from US$200 per month to as high as US$ 5,000 per month. Rental prices vary depending on the area and ameni�es. The most common areas for rentals in Port-au-Prince are Bourdon, Delmas, Pacot, Freres, Pe�on-Ville, Pelerin, Peguy-Ville, Juvenat, Laboule, Thomassin, Kenscoff, and Montagne Noire.

» HOTELS

The country code for Hai� is 509, and the first digit of the telephone number indicates whether it is a cellular (3, 4) or landline (2). Investors can obtain cell phones for short stays. The two largest companies are Natcom and Digicel.

Most hotels offer free wi-fi. Internet access is also available in a number of restaurants, coffee shops and bars.

Addi�onal informa�on on telephone and internet connec�vity in Hai� is contained in the Infrastructure sec�on of this guide.

54 | INVESTMENT CLIMATE VISITING, WORKING AND LIVING IN HAITI | 55

TELECOMMUNICATION/ INTERNET

ACCOMMODATIONS IN HAITI

VISAS AND PERMITS HELP

The HELP Act again expanded and extended most preferences available under the CBTPA/HOPE/ HOPE II Acts to 2025.

• Duty-free treatment for apparel wholly assembled or knit-to-shape in Ha!" with between 50 and 60 percent value from Ha!"# the United States, a U.S. free trade agreement partner or preference program bene$ciary, or a combina"on thereof; this preference is currently set to expire in 2025;

As highlighted in the Tourism sec!on of this guide, there is a wide range of hotels in the Port -au-Prince area, including interna!onal chains and local bou!que op!ons. Ameni!es such asmee!ng rooms, outdoor pools and "tness centers and spas are available in many hotels. Ministry of Tourism applies its Hibiscus ra!ng, awarding from one to "ve Hibiscus #$wers depending on the quality and ameni!es of the hotel. Many hotels are also represented on websites such as TripAdviser.com with ra!ngs, pictures and reviews.

It is recommended to use Hai�an Gourdes

rather than U.S. dollars to obtain the best exchange rate. ATMs are located in various loca�ons in Port-au-Prince and Pe�on- Ville. Sogebank has ATMs in some hotels, supermarkets and gas sta�ons. The ATMs accept Visa and Mastercard for debit cards. American Express is also widely accepted.

Investors can rent cars from several rental car companies at the airport in Port-au- Prince. Companies include Hertz, Thri�y, Avis, Europcar, Budget, Secom, Dollar Rent- a-Car, and other smaller local companies. Taxis are available from the airport, and cost approximately US$ 50 for a one-way trip to a hotel in Pe�on-Ville.

Regular and charter flights are available from Port-au-Prince to other domes�c des�na�ons such as Cap-Haï�en, Les Cayes, Jacmel, Jérémie, and Port-de-Paix.

A number of healthcare op�ons are available in Hai�. Hospital facili�es are being upgraded to bring Hai� up to high standards interna�onally. Two examples include:

Bernard Mevs:

Hospital Bernard Mevs is a 50-bed hospital in Port-au-Prince offering a series of specialty services including adult and pediatric intensive care units, a 24/7 emergency room and three state-of-the-art opera�ng theatres.

Na�onal cri�cal care and trauma hospital in Port-au-Prince:

Once opera�onal, this new project will provide cri�cal care and trauma services with equipment and services not yet available in the Hai�. It has received funding from the Hai�an government and the private sector, and will be located near the airport in Port-au- Prince.

Hospitals and doctors offer care to all pa�ents; while all services are paid in cash, many international insurance plans will reimburse expenses.

Hai� offers a range of interna�onal school op�ons in both English and French. Examples include: Union School, Quisqueya Chris�an School, Morning Star Chris�an Academy, The New American School, The New Victorian School, The Hai�an Academy, and Lycée Alexandre-Dumas.

Hai� offers diverse cultural and leisure ac�vi�es for individuals and families living and working in Hai� to enjoy. The country

moves from cultural event to cultural event throughout the year. Although the February carnival is the main a�rac�on, other popular annual events like Hai� Fashion Week and patronal fes�vals such as Fête Gelée similarly mark visitors’ and residents’ calendars. Addi�onal music, art, and dance performances happen throughout the year, and combine to keep life in Hai� extremely rich and ac�ve.

Myriad op�ons for more ac�ve pursuits also exist: Within an hour and a half drive from the capital, one can be hiking in the refreshingly cool mountains, sunbathing on pris�ne beaches, diving in coral reefs, or swimming under Saut-d’Eau (a large waterfall and important loca�on for Voodoo pilgrims). Over a weekend, one can visit the city of Jacmel, Hai�’s ar�s�c capital, the historic sites surrounding Cap-Haïtien, or even the Dominican Republic or Miami.

Numerous gyms, pools and sports facili�es are also available, as are hiking and running groups, and even an Ul�mate Frisbee group.

For dining, there is a wide variety of restaurants available, ranging from Hai�an food to high-end European and Asian op�ons. For cooking at home, the modern supermarket facili�es conveniently offer a very wide range of local and imported products.

As these examples illustrate, Hai� can offer a high quality of life, providing those who live and work in the country with diverse opportuni�es to engage in rich cultural experiences and enjoy some of the Caribbean’s best natural assets.

VISITING, WORKING AND LIVING IN HAITI | 57

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS

LIFE IN HAITI

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LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Non-Hai�an na�onals are permi�ed to acquire property in Hai� under certain circumstances, for which the assistance of a Hai�an lawyer is required by law. There are also possibili�es to lease na�onal land for up to 50 years, which generally applies to tourism projects, and economic and agro-industrial free zones.

Proper�es (including areas within free trade zones and industrial parks) can be rented by both na�onal and foreign firms equally.

Hai� has a number of regulatory ins�tu�ons supervising business prac�ces. Some examples are included below. A full list relevant to a par�cular investor’s needs can be provided by the CFI.

BANKING REGULATION AND SUPERVISION AGENCY

The Central Bank of Hai� (Banque de la République d’Haï� - BRH) is responsible for managing monetary policy and the system of payments and ensuring financial stability in Hai�. It oversees the func�ons of the commercial banks, insurance companies, coopera�ves, and other financial ins�tu�ons opera�ng in Hai�.

BUREAU INFORMATION DE CREDIT (BIC)

The newly created Credit Informa�on Bureau (Bureau d’Informa�on sur le Credit - BIC) was launched in 2014 by the BRH to help strengthen the financial system and expand the number of credit products and services. It will play an invaluable role by suppor�ng financial ins�tu�ons’ risk management and helping them to expand their lending to retail as well as micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises.

58 LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK | 59

LAND OWNERSHIP BY NON-HAITIAN NATIONALS

REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS

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Hai!’s legal system is based on the French Napoleonic Code and consists of na!onal laws, rules, and regula!ons, as well as all interna!onal and bilateral trea!es that have been signed and ra!"ed by the government. The Commercial Code regulates the general business environment, whilea number of other laws more speci"cally govern the promo!on, facilita!on and prot#$!on ofinvestment, including the 2002 Investment Code (see page 64) and the Free Trade Zone Law. Other laws that have more recently been implemented to enhance Hai!’s investment climate include an an!-money laundering law and an an!-corrup!on law passed in 2014 to harmonize Hai!’s an!-corrup!on laws with interna!onal standards.

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF TELECOMMUNICATION

The Na�onal Council of Telecommunica�on (Conseil Na�onal des Télécommunica�ons - CONATEL) is responsible for the regula�on, authoriza�on, reconcilia�on, and supervision of ac�vi�es within the telecommunica�ons sector.

UNITE DE LUTTE CONTRE LA CORRUPTION (ULCC)

The Unit for Comba�ng Corrup�on (Unité de Lu�e Contre la Corrup�on - ULCC) was established by the government in April 2004 to prosecute cases of corrup�on. The government is acutely aware that corrup�on s�fles economic growth and development, distorts prices and weakens the rule of law. It has been taking ac�ve steps to limit it. Hai� seeks to level the playing field by being a party to the 1996 Inter-American Conven�on against Corrup�on (OAS Conven�on) and the 2000 UN Conven�on against Corrup�on. In November 2013, Hai� passed an an�-money laundering law and, in March 2014, enacted an an�-corrup�on law that harmonizes Hai�’s legisla�on with interna�onal standards. The ULCC’s work is supported by the L’Unité Centrale de Renseignements Financiers (The Central Unit for Financial Informa�on - UCREF) whose focus is on financial crimes more broadly.

Hai�an law recognizes different types of corporate structures and business forms. These include limited liability companies, branches of a foreign company, general and limited partnerships, sole proprietorships, and coopera�ve socie�es. Limited liability companies are the most common business structure in Hai�. A brief descrip�on of each is provided below.

The CFI welcome any ques�ons and is available to assist investors throughout the business establishment and registra�on process.

LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY

The limited liability company (société anonyme - S.A.) is the most common business structure in Hai� and is almost exclusively used for substantial investments. It requires a minimum of three shareholders, one of which must be a Hai�an na�onal. Where non-na�onals own more than 50 percent of the shares, the limited liability company is treated as a foreign company. The services of a Hai�an lawyer must be used to establish a limited liability company. Registra�on generally takes up to 90 days.

The sale and purchase of company shares are regulated by the state. Entrepreneurs are free to dispose of proper�es and assets and to organize produc�on and marke�ng ac�vi�es in accordance with local laws.

BRANCH OF A FOREIGN COMPANY

Where a foreign investor wishes to set up a branch of a foreign company in Hai�, the foreign branch will share the legal personality of the foreign company, but must be registered with the fiscal and social authori�es in Hai�. The services of a Hai�an lawyer must be used to establish a foreign branch. The registra�on process takes around 15 days.

PARTNERSHIPS

The establishment of a partnership requires a minimum of two partners. In a general partnership (société en nom collec�f) all the partners are jointly and indefinitely liable for the debts of the business. In a limited partnership (société en commandite simple), managing partners have unlimited, joint and collec�ve liability, but the liability of inves�ng partners without any management role is limited to the amount of their direct total investment in the limited partnership. Registra�on procedures for general partnerships and limited partnerships are nearly iden�cal.

SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP

A sole proprietorship is an individual trader with unlimited liability for the ac�ons of his/her business and debts incurred. The registra�on process takes 1-2 days.

COOPERATIVE

A coopera�ve is an autonomous associa�on of individuals as partners in a collec�vely owned company. Coopera�ves are subject to the same administra�ve requirements as other en��es and must act in compliance with their bylaws. Coopera�ves are o�en used for savings and credit unions (Coopera�ve d’Epargne et de Credit), which can be registered for an indefinite period of �me. Coopera�ves that are not savings and credit unions may be registered for a renewable period of three years. The responsible authority is the Na�onal Coopera�ves Board (Conseil Na�onal des Coopera�ves).

SGS can provide further informa�on on and assistance with the customs procedure and documenta�on process for imports to and exports from Hai�.

60 | LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK | 61

CUSTOMS REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES

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Commercial contract-related li�ga�on can be submi�ed to the Hai�an Court system.

Arbitra�on is also available to resolve commercial disputes. The Hai�an Chamber of Concilia�on and Arbitra�on (CCAH), created in 2007, can help to facilitate business rela�ons by providing companies with a set of fast and inexpensive dispute resolu�on mechanisms. Every business can get CCAH’s support with the inser�on of a specific arbitra�on clause for cases of private commercial disputes in the relevant contract.

Because Hai� is party to the New York Conven�on on the Recogni�on and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, foreign investors have addi�onal security regarding the enforceability of arbitra�on outcomes.

Hai� is also a party to the Conven�on on the Se�lement of Investment Disputes between States and Na�onals of Other States (the ICSID Conven�on), which is available to govern certain disputes between foreign investors and the government as well as to help facilitate enforcement of arbitral awards.

EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS

Employment rela�ons are defined and regulated by the 1984 Labor Code. The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (Ministère des Affaires Sociales et du Travail -MAST) is responsible for enforcing the Code and overseeing the rela�onship between employers and employees.

HOURS, HOLIDAYS, MATERNITY AND SICK LEAVE

In all agricultural, industrial and commercial establishments, the normal working day is eight hours and the working week is 48 hours. However, the par�es can agree to arrange an alterna�ve weekly schedule. Over�me hours are paid at �me and a half. The weekly rest period consists of 24 hours of paid rest (Sundays) a�er a period of working six consecu�ve days in a week. Night shi�s are worked between six o’clock in the evening and six o’clock in the morning and are paid at �me and a half.

The Labor Code provides for an annual leave of at least 15 days as well as 15 days of paid sick leave per year. To obtain sick leave benefits, the employee must submit a medical cer�ficate from a doctor or the Public Health Service. Sick leave and annual leave are not cumula�ve, meaning one cannot carry over unused days from one year to another. Pregnant women are en�tled to a maternity leave of six paid weeks, which can increase to three paid months under certain condi�ons.

There are also 12 legal na�onal holidays in a year. If an employee works during a na�onal holiday, the pay is double �me.

MINIMUM SALARY

Hai�an law establishes a minimum wage, which varies depending on the industry. Hai�an workers receive a bonus in the last week of December equivalent to 1/12 of their annual salary earned; however this is only applicable to full �me employees, not contract workers.

EMPLOYEE INCOME TAX AND SOCIAL SECURITY

The employer is responsible for deduc�ng employee income taxes and social security contribu�ons and submi�ng them to the Re�rement Insurance Office (Office Na�onal d’Assurance - ONA) and the Insurance Office for Occupa�onal Injury, Sickness, and Maternity (Office d’Assurance Accidents du Travail, Maladie et Maternité - OFATMA). A company must register with ONA and OFATMA within 15 days of star�ng opera�ons and provide the names of all its employees, upda�ng this informa�on as changes occur. Up to 6% of monthly salary is contributed by the employer, and up to 6% by the employee, for social security and re�rement insurance.

MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT

The minimum age for work in industrial, agricultural, or commercial enterprises in Hai� is 15 years. Youths aged 15 to 18 years old must obtain a work authoriza�on from the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs. Employing youths without a work authoriza�on is punishable by fines. Youths are prohibited from night work in industrial enterprises and in hazardous work.

LABOR UNIONS

The law allows workers, excluding public sector employees, to form and join unions

of their choice. The law prohibits employers, management and anyone who represents the interests of employers from joining a union.

LABOR INITIATIVES

There are a number of programs underway in Hai� to upgrade labor skills and employment rela�ons. For instance, to benefit from the HOPE and HOPE II Acts, Hai� has established the CTMO-HOPE Commission, a tripar�te commission with representa�ves from the government, factory owners and unions. The commission’s role is to improve public-private dialogue on issues for the development of the tex�le and apparel industries. An independent labor ombudsman under CTMO-HOPE helps to resolves conflicts between workers and management.

Similarly, Be�er Work Hai�, which is funded by the IFC and the Interna�onal Labour Organisa�on (ILO), oversees factory compliance with core labor standards, working condi�ons, occupa�onal health and safety issues and training, including financial literacy, maternity protec�on and supervisory skills. Be�er Work Hai� covers all factories expor�ng to the U.S. market under HOPE. It publishes biannual reports and regular bulle�n updates on its training and other ac�vi�es. The Be�er Work Hai� ini�a�ve represents a fundamentally important development, as it brings tangible benefits to all stakeholders in the apparel sector.

62 | LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK | 63

INTRODUCTION

Hai� offers a favorable fiscal regime for investors, providing a range of compe��ve investment incen�ves across sectors to encourage investments. Business en��es opera�ng in free trade zones are exempt from Hai�’s fiscal laws.

FISCAL FRAMEWORK

Foreign companies opera�ng in Hai� are subject to the same tax regula�ons as Hai�an companies regardless of their line of business.

Hai�’s tax framework comprises the Income Tax Law (2005), Payroll Tax Act (1988), Decree on Customs Code (1987), Decree on Tax ID Cards (2005), Decree on License (Patente) (1987), Law on Stamp Duty (1978), and the Turnover Tax Law (2005). The fiscal year runs from October 1 through September 30. Important provisions rela�ng to taxes, including investment incen�ves are also set out in the 2002 Investment Code.

CORPORATION TAX

The corporate tax on profits is 30 percent, unless exempted under the Investment Code. While a Hai�an limited liability company can accrue profits for five years, a foreign company’s profits are deemed to be distributed every year and are taxed at 20 percent unless reinvested in the country.

INVESTMENT CODE 2002 AND THE INCENTIVE REGIME

Under the 2002 Investment Code, qualifying businesses may benefit from a tax holiday on the corpora�on tax and all local taxes other

than the Patent for up to 15 years. Certain capital investments also qualify for accelerated deprecia�on for tax purposes.

There are addi�onal advantages a�ached to certain sectors.

The CFI website and the CFI investment facilita�on guide provide further informa�on on the availability of incen�ves.

ELIGIBILITY AND APPLICATION

Incen�ves are available to registered start- up companies, companies that are already registered and opera�ng in Hai�, and companies launching a new project or new branch of ac�vity. Companies that have previously benefited from the incen�ves offered in the Investment Code are eligible for incen�ves for expansion or moderniza�on of their business or purchase of new equipment.

The Inter-Departmental Commission on Investments (Commission Interministérielle des Inves�ssements - CII), made up of representa�ves of various ministries, is responsible for gran�ng fiscal incen�ves, ranging from tax holidays to customs exemp�ons.

Investors seeking to benefit from investment incen�ves must submit requests to the CFI. The CFI also welcomes requests to guide investors through the investment process or to answer any ques�ons investors may have. For more informa�on on the applicability and eligibility of incen�ves, please see the CFI website or investment facilita�on guide.

Financial ins�tu�ons with presence in Hai� include Sogebank, Unibank, the Banque Na�onal de Credit (BNC), Capital Bank, Ci�bank, Sco�abank, and the Banque de l’Union Hai�enne (BUH). These ins�tu�ons offer bank accounts, mortgages, commercial loans, lines of credit, and interna�onal le�ers of credit among other financing op�ons (up-to-date average interest rates for loans can be found on the central bank website: www.brh.net). Other local funding ins�tu�ons, which provide underwri�ng services, long-term loans, venture capital, contract financing, etc., as well as business advisory services, include the Société Financière Hai�enne de Dévelopment (Hai�an Society for Development Finance - SOFIHDES) and the Fonds de Développement Industriel (Industrial Development Fund - FDI). In addi�on to those locally-based ins�tu�ons there are a number of interna�onal ins�tu�ons that provide financial services: the IFC, the FMO (the Dutch development bank), the Inter-American Investment Coopera�on (IIC) and the European Investment Bank (EIB) among others.

64 | LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK | 65

ACCESS TO FINANCE

Hai�, dubbed the Pearl of the Caribbean, is unique in its posi�on in both the Caribbean and on the world stage. Its history is one of pirates, discovery, and warring na�ons, as well as the se�ng for the world’s only successful slave revolt resul�ng in the establishment of a Republic. The Tainos (Arawaks), were disrupted in 1492 when Christopher Columbus mistakenly landed on the island’s northern shore. A�er claiming the land for Spain, a ba�le for dominance soon ensued and within decades most of Hai�’s na�ve popula�on had been wiped out.

In 1625, French buccaneers, along with English and Dutch privateers and privates, established themselves on Hai�’s famed island of Tortuga, off of the northern shore. The Spanish fought the se�lement, but were unable to establish permanent victory, despite razing the pirate se�lement at least four �mes. As Spanish influence dwindled, first England, then France took over the colony, with France assuming complete control by 1660. The Spanish were le� with the eastern five-eighths of Hispaniola (the modern-day Dominican Republic), and the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick codified the French’s right to the western three-eighths of the island.

France renamed the colony Saint-Domingue, and ac�vely recruited planters, who began to outnumber pirates. Due to its large size and fer�le soil, Hai� became a sizable producer of tobacco, indigo, co�on, and cacao, and at one point, produced half the world’s coffee. However, all these crops were labor intensive, and to replace the fallen na�ves, Hai� began to import slaves from Africa. Once in Hai�, the slaves rebelled frequently, yet it was not un�l the outbreak of the French revolu�on in 1789 that the first successful opportunity for independence presented itself.

By 1789, there were about 500,000 slaves in the colony, along with 25,000 gens de couleur (free people of color, of which Hai� had the largest and wealthiest in the Caribbean). As the French revolu�on began to claim the rights of all men to be free, the slaves rose to revolt. On August 22, 1791, the revolu�on was launched. Led by the Founding Fathers of Hai� - including Toussaint Louverture and Jean-Jaques Dessaline - Hai� officially gained independence on January 1, 1804.

Following independence, Hai� struggled for worldwide recogni�on. Many countries, fearful of their own slave popula�ons, refused to recognize the young republic, which closed off the country economically from its most viable trade partners and hampered the development of the nascent economy. This, combined with internal strife between leaders who desired a planta�on economy and those who wanted individual shareholder plots, hindered Hai�’s con�nuing economic development.

Hai� con�nued to struggle un�l the Cons�tu�on of 1867, which ushered in a period of stability and economic growth. Rum and sugar prospered and the country surged ahead of economic growth in La�n America. However in 1911, disturbances once again erupted, and by 1915, the country had become a United States protectorate.

The U.S. occupa�on lasted un�l 1934, and was followed by a succession of presidents who struggled to establish na�onal unity. In 1957, Francois Duvalier (known as Papa Doc due to his work as country doctor) won the presiden�al elec�on. Declaring himself “President for Life”, he established a dictatorship which passed to his son, Jean Claude Duvalier (Baby Doc) upon his death in 1971.

Jean Claude Duvalier le� Hai� in 1986, and was followed by a series of governments that struggled to stabilize and revitalize Hai�’s posi�on as a key economic player in the Caribbean. However, important gains were made, and by 2000, Rene Préval became the first president to complete his term and peacefully transfer power to the next president, Jean-Bertrand Aris�de.

68 | HISTORY OF HAITI

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