GUIDELINES FOR THE EVALUATION OFUNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK

CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCESUNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

4244 INTERNATIONAL PARKWAY, SUITE 104ATLANTA, GA 30354

TELEPHONE: (404) 362-2687FACSIMILE: (404) 362-2654

www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

September, 2003

SECTION 1 – GENERAL1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

SECTION 2 – REGULATIONS2.1 Rules ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2

SECTION 3 – TYPES OF CATHODIC PROTECTION3.1 General …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43.2 Galvanic Systems ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 43.3 Impressed Current Systems ………………………………………………………………………………….. 4

SECTION 4 – QUALIFICATIONS TO TEST CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS4.1 Qualifications …………………………………………………………………………………………………... 5

SECTION 5 – INSTALLATION/REPAIR OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS5.1 Galvanic Systems ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 65.1.1 sti-P3® Tanks

…………………………………………………………………………………………………....6

5.1.2 Factory Coated Metallic Piping ………………………………………………………………………………. 65.1.3 Non-factory Coated Metallic Piping …………………………………………………………………………. 65.1.4 Metallic Piping Installation/Repair …………………….……………………………………………………... 65.2 Impressed Current Systems ………………………………………………………………………………….. 85.2.1 Rectifier Adjustment …………………………………………………………………………………………… 8

SECTION 6 – CATHODIC PROTECTION TESTING6.1 Equipment ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 86.1.1 Voltmeter/Ammeter ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 96.1.2 Reference Electrode …………………………………………………………………………………………... 96.1.3 Lead Wires/Test Probes/Miscellaneous ………………………………………………………………….. 116.2 Test Criteria ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 116.3 Voltage (IR) Drops …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 136.4 Stray Current .………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 146.5 Dissimilar Metals/Bimetallic Couples ………………………………………………………………………... 156.6 Other Test Considerations ……………………………………………………………………………………. 166.7 Continuity Testing ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 186.7.1 Continuity Testing of Galvanic Systems ……………………………………………………………………. 196.7.2 Continuity Testing of Impressed Current Systems ………………………………………………………… 196.8 Reference Electrode Placement ……………………………………………………………………………. 196.8.1 General …………...……………………………………………………………………………………….……. 196.8.2 Local Placement ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 196.8.3 Remote Placement ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 196.8.4 Galvanic Placement …………………………………………………………………………………………… 206.8.5 Impressed Current Placement ……………………………………………………………………………….. 20

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.9 Soil Access……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

21

6.10 Cathodic Protection Test Locations…………………………………………………………………………

21

6.10.1 Galvanically Protected (sti-P3® ) Tanks…………………………………………………………………..….

21

6.10.2 Galvanically Protected Metallic Piping……………………………………………………………………....

23

6.10.3 Tanks Protected by Impressed Current……………………………………………………………….…….

26

6.10.4 Piping Protected by Impressed Current………………………………………………………………….….

26

6.10.5 “100 Foot Rule” for Piping…………………………………………………………………….………………

26

SECTION 7 – DOCUMENTATION OF EVALUATION7.1 Documentation

…………………………………………………………………….…………………………...27

7.1.1 As Built Drawings…………………………………………………………….………………………….……..

27

7.1.2 Site Drawing…………………………………………………………………….………………………………

28

7.1.3 GAEPD UST Cathodic Protection Evaluation Form ……………………….………………………….…. 297.1.4 Pass/Fail/Inconclusive

………………………………………………………….………………………….….30

7.2 Corrosion Expert’s Evaluation………………………………………………….………………………….…

30

7.3 What if the Evaluation Result is Fail?…………..…………………….………………………….…..……...

31

SECTION 8 – HANDLING CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEM OUTAGES8.1 Background 318.2 Discussion 328.3 USTMP Policy 33

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 ILLUSTRATION OF REFERENCE ELECTRODE CALIBRATION …..…………………………... 11

FIGURE 2 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF VOLTAGE DROP IN “ON” POTENTIAL ……………..….. 13

FIGURE 3 LOCAL REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR sti-P3® TANKS ………….…………... 22

FIGURE 4 REMOTE EARTH REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT ……………………………..……. 22

FIGURE 5LOCAL REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR GALVANICALLY PROTECTEDPIPING WHEN PIPING ANODES ARE AT TANKS …….…………………………………………. 23

FIGURE 6LOCAL REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR GALVANICALLY PROTECTEDPIPING WHEN PIPING ANODES ARE AT DISPENSERS ….…………………………………… 23

FIGURE 7LOCAL REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR GALVANICALLY PROTECTEDPIPING WHEN PIPING ANODES ARE AT BOTH ENDS OF THE PIPING ….………………… 24

FIGURE 8LOCAL REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR GALVANICALLY PROTECTED PIPING WHENANODES ARE INSTALLED AT CENTER OF PIPING OR LOCATION IS UNKNOWN ……………………. 24

FIGURE 9REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR TANKS PROTECTED BY IMPRESSEDCURRENT SYSTEM WHEN ANODES ARE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED …………………………. 25

FIGURE 10REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR TANKS PROTECTED BY IMPRESSEDCURRENT SYSTEM WHEN ANODES ARE UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED ……………………... 25

FIGURE 11REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR METALLIC PIPING PROTECTED BYIMPRESSED CURRENT SYSTEM ………………………………………………………………….. 26

FIGURE 12“100 FOOT RULE” FOR METALLIC PIPING PROTECTED BY GALVANIC OR IMPRESSEDCURRENT SYSTEM ………………………………………………………………………………….. 27

FIGURE 13EXAMPLE OF A SITE DRAWING CONSTRUCTED AS PART OF A UST SYSTEMCATHODIC PROTECTION SURVEY ……………………………………………………………….. 29

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Industry Codes/Standards, References and Regulations

APPENDIX B Glossary

APPENDIX C Interpretation of Structure-to-Soil Potential Measurements (Voltages) Obtained on Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems

APPENDIX D Interpretation of Structure-to-Soil Potential Measurements (Voltages) Obtained on Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems

APPENDIX E Continuity Testing Procedure for Galvanic/Impressed Current Systems

APPENDIX F Structure-to-Soil Test Procedure for Galvanic Cathodic Protection Systems

APPENDIX G Structure-to-Soil Test Procedure for Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems

APPENDIX H Checklist for Galvanic Cathodic Protection System Survey

APPENDIX I Checklist for Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System Survey

APPENDIX J Typical Potentials of Selected Metals

APPENDIX K Galvanic (Sacrificial Anode) Cathodic Protection System Evaluation Form

APPENDIX L Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System Evaluation Form

APPENDIX M Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System 60 Day Record of Rectifier Operation

1

SECTION 1 – GENERAL

1.1 Introduction

The purpose of this document is to establish the policy of this office regarding the evaluation ofcathodic protection systems operating on underground storage tank (UST) systems in the State ofGeorgia. While conducting structure-to-soil potential surveys is the primary means of testingcathodic protection systems, other aspects related to the evaluation, installation, operation andrepair of cathodic protection systems are also addressed in this document where necessary.

Evaluation of cathodic protection systems to ensure they are functioning as intended has proven tobe one of the more problematic areas that has led to a great deal of confusion and various practicesamong individuals engaged in the field of cathodic protection. Because the applicable regulationscontain no specific criteria and instead defer to industry standards, a large degree of latitude hashistorically been provided for interpretation of what constitutes an acceptable evaluation.

Since there are many factors that can affect cathodic protection, there is understandably nostandard test method or “cookie-cutter” approach that will work at every site that has a cathodicprotection system in operation. Therefore, the primary intent of this policy is to create a level playingfield in which everyone engaged in the field of UST system cathodic protection in the State ofGeorgia understands what is expected. To this end, forms that must be utilized when evaluatingcathodic protection are included in Appendix K and L of this document.

It is further necessary to understand that the creation of this policy has necessitated a compromiseto some degree. Every effort has been made so as not to place an unduly harsh burden on the tankowners and contractors who operate in the State of Georgia. At the same time, it is necessary to beprotective of human health and the environment to the degree required to achieve the charge of theGeorgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD). This document represents the best efforts of EPDto assure that cathodic protection systems operate as intended and effectively mitigate corrosionwhile being mindful of the economic constraints that must be considered.

Some of the more important points established with this guidance document are:

Ø Access to the soil directly over the structure that is being tested must be provided.Ø “Instant off” potentials must be obtained on all impressed current systems.Ø Continuity/isolation must be established whenever a cathodic protection survey is conducted.Ø Under certain conditions a “corrosion expert” must evaluate the cathodic protection survey.Ø A person must meet certain minimum qualifications in order to conduct an effective evaluation.

Simply conducting a structure-to-soil potential survey does not adequately evaluate a cathodicprotection system. Other considerations that may need to be addressed are outlined in the text ofthis document and include: continuity measurements; evaluation of rectifier operation; currentdistribution among an impressed current anode ground bed; consideration of voltage drops;assurance of wiring integrity; continuity bonds; as built drawings and others.

This policy is not intended to replace any statute or regulatory requirement concerning theinstallation, repair, operation or testing of cathodic protection systems. Rather, it is intended to statethe interpretation of EPD with regard to the implementation of those rules and regulations applicableto UST cathodic protection systems.

2

SECTION 2 – TECHNICAL STANDARDS

2.1 Rules

Federal and state laws require that any component of a UST system that routinely contains productand is in contact with the soil must be protected from corrosion. If the UST component in question isconstructed of metal and in contact with the soil and/or water, it must be cathodically protected.

The rules also require that all cathodic protection systems must be evaluated within six months ofinstallation/repair and once every three years thereafter. Consideration should be given toevaluating impressed current systems on an annual basis since these types of systems are moresusceptible to failure or may be in need of adjustment on a more frequent basis in order to provideadequate cathodic protection.

The EPD adopted by reference the federal UST rules established under Subtitle I of the ResourceConservation and Recovery Act. The rules are published in Title 40 of the Code of FederalRegulation Part 280 (40 CFR 280) also known as the Technical Standards and Corrective ActionRequirements for Owners and Operators of Underground Storage Tank Systems. The regulationsreference several industry codes and practices and a listing of these may be found in Appendix A ofthis document. Following are the pertinent paragraphs of 40 CFR 280 that are related to cathodicprotection:

280.12 Definitions

“Cathodic Protection” is a technique to prevent corrosion of a metal surface bymaking that surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell. For example, a tanksystem can be cathodically protected through the application of either galvanicanodes or impressed current.

“Cathodic protection tester” means a person who can demonstrate an understandingof the principles and measurements of all common types of cathodic protectionsystems as applied to buried or submerged metal piping and tank systems. At aminimum, such persons must have education and experience in soil resistivity, straycurrent, structure-to-soil potential, and component electrical isolation measurementsof buried metal piping and tank systems.

“Corrosion expert” means a person who, by reason of thorough knowledge of thephysical sciences and the principles of engineering and mathematics acquired by aprofessional education and related practical experience, is qualified to engage in thepractice of corrosion control on buried or submerged metal piping systems and metaltanks. Such a person must be accredited or certified as being qualified by theNational Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) or be a registered professionalengineer who has certification or licensing that includes education and experience incorrosion control of buried or submerged metal piping systems and metal tanks.

280.20 Performance Standards for New UST Systems

(a) (2) The tank is constructed of steel and cathodically protected in the followingmanner:

(i) The tank is coated with a suitable dielectric material;

3

(ii) Field-installed cathodic protection systems are designed by acorrosion expert;

(iii) Impressed current systems are designed to allow a determination ofcurrent operating status as required in 280.31 (c); and

(iv) Cathodic protection systems are operated and maintained inaccordance with 280.31 or according to guidelines established by theimplementing agency; or (various industry codes and standards arereferenced here – see Appendix A).

280.31 Operation and Maintenance of Corrosion Protection

(a) All corrosion protection systems must be operated and maintained tocontinuously provide corrosion protection to the metal components of thatportion of the tank and piping that routinely contain regulated substances andare in contact with the ground.

(b) All UST systems equipped with cathodic protection systems must beinspected for proper operation by a qualified cathodic protection tester inaccordance with the following requirements:

(1) Frequency. All cathodic protection systems must be tested within 6months of installation and at least every 3 years thereafter.

(2) Inspection Criteria. The criteria that are used to determine thatcathodic protection is adequate as required by this section must be inaccordance with a code of practice developed by a nationallyrecognized association.

(c) UST systems with impressed current cathodic protection systems must alsobe inspected every 60 days to ensure the equipment is running properly.

(d) For UST systems using cathodic protection, records of the operation of thecathodic protection must be maintained (in accordance with 280.34) todemonstrate compliance with the performance standards in this section.These records must provide the following:

(1) The results of the last three inspections required in paragraph (c) above;

(2) The results of testing from the last two inspections required in paragraph(b) above.

280.31 Repairs Allowed

(e) Within 6 months following the repair of any cathodically protected USTsystem, the cathodic protection system must be tested in accordance with280.31 (b) and (c) to ensure that it is operating properly.

4

SECTION 3 - TYPES OF CATHODIC PROTECTION

3.1 General

The two types of cathodic protection that are typically installed on UST systems are galvanic(sacrificial anode) and impressed current systems. An attempt to explain the principles involved inthe theory of cathodic protection is beyond the scope of this document and it is assumed the readerhas a basic understanding of the subject. However, stated in the simplest terms, both of these typesof cathodic protection attempt to reverse the flow of electric current away from the metal that isintended to be protected from corrosion. Both types of cathodic protection prevent electric currentfrom leaving the protected structure by supplying an electrical charge in the form of DC powersufficient to overcome any current that would otherwise leave the structure. The way in which therequired electrical current is provided is what distinguishes the two types of cathodic protection.

3.2 Galvanic Systems

Galvanic systems are also known as sacrificial anode systems because an anode (usually zinc ormagnesium) corrodes instead of the protected metal. Because the anode corrodes instead of themetal that it is protecting, the anode is said to sacrifice itself. Sacrificial anodes are connecteddirectly to the structure to be protected by either cadwelding or mechanical connection of lead wires.

Galvanic systems are generally limited to those tank components that are well coated with adielectric material (sti-P3

® tanks or fusion bonded epoxy coated steel piping) because the availablecurrent output of these systems is low. Attempts to galvanically protect long runs of uncoated pipingor uncoated tanks is generally not practical because the useful life of the anodes is too short or thenumber of anodes needed is too great.

3.3 Impressed Current Systems

Impressed current systems are sometimes called rectifier systems because they utilize a device (arectifier) to convert an external AC power source to the required DC power source. In this type ofsystem, anodes are installed in the soil around the structure to be protected and the DC power issupplied to the anodes through buried wires. The power to the rectifier cannot be interrupted exceptwhen conducting maintenance or testing activities. Normally, a dedicated and protected circuit isprovided for the impressed current system so that the power cannot be inadvertently cut off.

In impressed current systems the protected structure is bonded to the DC power system to completethe electrical circuit. It is critical that the anodes are connected to the positive terminal and theprotected structure to the negative terminal of the rectifier. Reversal of the lead wires will makethe components of the tank system anodic and can cause a rapid failure of the tank system due tocorrosion. In addition, it is critical that all wire connections and splices are well insulated. Any breaksin the wiring insulation will allow current to leave the wire at that point and a rapid failure of the wirecan occur due to corrosion.

Impressed current systems are generally installed on those tank systems that were installed prior tothe effective date of the UST regulations since these tanks usually do not have a good dielectriccoating. The level of cathodic protection provided by an impressed current system can be adjustedsince the voltage produced by the rectifier can be changed. Because conditions that affect the levelof cathodic protection needed are likely to change over time, adjustment of the rectifier is frequentlynecessary.

5

SECTION 4 – QUALIFICATIONS TO TEST CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS

4.1 Qualifications

In order to test cathodic protection systems in the State of Georgia, an individual must meet certainminimum qualifications. It is the intent of EPD that those individuals who meet the minimumqualifications perform testing in a manner that is consistent with the policies of this guidancedocument. Should an individual who meets the minimum qualifications as described below notpossess the knowledge and expertise needed to properly evaluate a cathodic protection system,that individual should not attempt to undertake such an evaluation.

While it is not necessary to be an “expert” to test cathodic protection systems in most cases, itshould be recognized that the proper evaluation of the two types of cathodic protection systems mayrequire differing levels of expertise. Impressed current systems are inherently more involved andrequire a higher level of understanding than galvanic systems. In addition, certain circumstancesand conditions may exist that would preclude an individual from making an effective evaluation of acathodic protection system without the assistance of someone who is more qualified.

Because the testing of impressed current systems is inherently more complicated, someone who isonly minimally qualified as a “tester” should recognize that he or she may or may not be able toproperly evaluate all such systems. Galvanic cathodic protection systems that are operating asdesigned are normally straightforward and a lesser degree of expertise is needed to properlyevaluate such systems. However, troubleshooting and/or repair of such systems may requiresomeone who has a higher level of expertise than a person who is only minimally qualified as atester.

Scenarios that require an expert to either conduct or evaluate the cathodic protection survey arelisted in Section 7.2 of this document. It should be recognized that there might be othercircumstances that require an expert although they may not be specifically listed. A listing of thoseindividuals who meet the qualifications of an expert (certified as either as a “corrosion specialist” ora “cathodic protection specialist”) can be found at the web site of NACE International(www.nace.org).

Listed below are the minimum qualifications necessary to test cathodic protection:

Ø Anyone who meets the definition of “cathodic protection tester” as found in 40 CFR 280.10 isrecognized as qualified to test cathodic protection.

Ø Anyone who holds a certification from NACE International which that organization recognizes ata minimum as qualifying that person as a cathodic protection tester.

SECTION 5 - INSTALLATION/REPAIR OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS

5.1 Galvanic Systems

6

5.1.1 sti-P3® Tanks

The design requirements for the installation of additional sacrificial anodes to a sti-P3® tank may bemet with the need for a corrosion expert to design such, provided the provisions of the Steel TankInstitute “Recommended Practice for the Installation of Supplemental Anodes for sti-P3® UST’s R-972-01” are followed. An evaluation of the cathodic protection system must be conducted within sixmonths of the installation/repair in accordance with the requirements of this document.

5.1.2 Factory Coated Metallic Piping

Installation of sacrificial anodes to factory coated (fusion bonded epoxy) metallic piping may beaccomplished with the design of a corrosion expert provided the provisions of the Steel TankInstitute “Recommended Practice for Corrosion Protection of Underground Piping NetworksAssociated with Liquid Storage and Dispensing Systems R892-91” are followed. As an alternative,the practices as described in the Petroleum Equipment Institute “RP 100–2000 RecommendedPractices for the Installation of Underground Liquid Storage Systems” may also be followed wheninstalling sacrificial anodes on factory coated piping. Repairs of this type are only allowed onsystems which have already demonstrated cathodic protection in the previously performed cathodicprotection surveys.

5.1.3 Non-factory Coated Metallic Piping- New Installations

The design of the galvanic cathodic protection system must be accomplished by a corrosion expert.In addition, an evaluation of the cathodic protection system must be conducted within six months ofthe installation/repair in accordance with the requirements of this document.

5.1.4 Metallic Piping Repair/Installation

Provided below are some general observations that are commonly applicable to questions that arisewhen attempting to meet the corrosion protection requirements on metallic piping and other metalliccomponents of a typical UST system.

Protected Components - Any metallic component of the piping system, including all metallicnipples, ells, tees, couplings, unions, ball valves, etc. must be protected from corrosion if they are incontact with the soil and/or water. Corrosion protection may be accomplished by either a) isolatingthe component in question from contact with the soil and/or water or b) coating/wrapping with asuitable dielectric material and cathodic protection. Any isolation boot or containment sumpdesigned to isolate the metallic component from contact with the soil must also prevent water fromcontacting the component in question in order to eliminate the need for cathodic protection.

Unprotected Components - Metallic components of the UST system that do not require corrosionprotection include: tank vent lines; any type of tank riser pipe; tank hold down straps; remote tank filllines and submersible turbine pump (STP) heads. Although the pump head “routinely containsproduct”, it is not required to meet the corrosion protection requirements and may be in contact withthe soil or submerged in water without the need for cathodic protection. However, the pump headshould remain visible (not buried) so that any obvious corrosion problems or leaks that may bepresent can be observed and appropriate action taken to prevent or repair any leaks.

Repair - Some confusion exists over whether or not metallic piping that has failed can be repairedor must be replaced. “Repaired” as related to steel pipe involves the replacement of the section ofpipe that has failed. The entire run of steel piping does not have to be replaced but the repair must

7

consist of replacement of the section of pipe that has failed. Only steel pipe that is factory coatedwith a dielectric material (fusion bonded epoxy) can be used to replace the failed section of pipe.Under no circumstances is it allowable to install galvanized piping when it is intended to serve as aproduct transfer line. Because of the complexities that may be involved in the cathodic protection ofgalvanized steel piping, a corrosion expert must evaluate and/or conduct the cathodic protectionsurvey after the repair.

Electrical Continuity - Dielectric unions are normally not installed if the piping is protected by animpressed current system. It is essential that all metallic piping that is part of the UST system isbonded to the negative circuit of the impressed current system if it is buried. It is normally desirableto electrically isolate any metallic portion of the UST system that is not buried or submerged in waterfrom that portion that is buried/submerged.

Electrical Isolation - If metallic piping is galvanically protected, it is critical that effective electricalisolation is provided. Failure to isolate the protected piping will result in premature failure of thesacrificial anodes. Isolation can be difficult to achieve where cathodically protected piping is presentunder dispensers that have shear valves present. This is due to the requirement that the shear valvemust be properly anchored to the island form. Particular care should be exercised in these instancesto assure proper isolation. If possible, the dielectric union should be installed below the shear valveso that anchoring does not cause a continuity problem.

Screw Joints - Particular care should be taken when dealing with metallic piping that ismechanically coupled with threaded screw joints. Any threaded joint in a metallic piping material canserve as a break in the electrical continuity of the piping system. It has been established thatthreaded couple pipe joints can develop enough electrical resistivity over time to effectively isolateeach section of a piping system. For obvious reasons, this is highly undesirable in a cathodicprotection system and you should ensure that electrical continuity is present between any sectionsof piping that are intended to be protected. Jumper wires or welding may be necessary across eachpipe couple in order to assure electrical continuity between each section of piping.

Flex Connectors - Any metallic flexible connector (including stainless steel) that is utilized on apiping system must be protected from corrosion. The flex connector may be isolated from contactwith soil/water or cathodically protected.

Containment Sumps - If metallic components of a piping system are installed in a containmentsump, the sump must be maintained dry. If a sump contains water and you are unable to keep thewater out, the metallic components must be protected from corrosion. The metallic components maybe protected by installing appropriate isolation boots (in the case of flex connectors) or sacrificialanodes. If cathodic protection is necessary, the sump may or may not be filled with clean sand to adepth adequate to bury the anode. Burial of the anode may help prevent an oxidation film fromforming on the anode (and causing passivation) in the event that standing water is not alwayspresent in the sump. In either case, it is critical that the anode be installed within the containmentsump. Do not place the anode outside of the sump.

“Mixed” Piping - In those instances where fiberglass reinforced plastic or flexible piping isconnected to an existing metallic pipe (e.g. to extend a fueling island), a cathodic protection teststation or access to the soil where the two dissimilar materials are joined must be provided. This isnecessary to effectively test the adequacy of cathodic protection operating on the metallic piping.

5.2 Impressed Current Systems

8

The design of an impressed current system must be accomplished by a corrosion expert. If therepair of an impressed current cathodic protection system results in the reconfiguration of any of thecomponents of the system, then the reconfiguration must also be designed by a corrosion expert.

If the repair only involves the replacement of existing components, a corrosion expert does not needto “sign-off” on such work. However, after any repair/alteration of the impressed current system ismade, an evaluation of the cathodic protection system must be conducted within six months of therepair. If the repair/alteration results in any of the conditions that are beyond the capabilities of acathodic protection tester, such as the examples in Section 7.2 of this document, then the cathodicprotection survey must be conducted/evaluated by a corrosion expert. The retest must beconducted by a qualified tester, and any repairs must be documentation a drawing. The retest mustinclude continuity and local potentials.

5.2.1 Rectifier Adjustment

Anyone who is considered qualified as a cathodic protection tester may adjust the rectifieroutput/voltage of an impressed current cathodic protection system. An evaluation of the cathodicprotection system must be conducted whenever an adjustment to the rectifier is made. Beforemaking any adjustments to the rectifier, the power must be turned off. Open both the AC and the DCcircuit breakers.

It should be recognized that increasing the rectifier output could cause an increase in the potentialfor stray current to be generated that may have a detrimental effect on other buried metallicstructures at the facility. Excessive rectifier output can also significantly shorten the life of the anodeground bed since the anodes will be consumed more quickly than necessary. In addition, careshould also be taken to ensure that components of the rectifier do not become overheated (causinga potential fire hazard) as a result of increasing the output.

When evaluating the operation and output of a rectifier, it is important to make all measurementswith a good quality multimeter. Do not rely on the output indicated by the voltmeter and/or ammeterthat may be installed on the rectifier. Most rectifier gauges are adjustable and adjustments madeshould be based on measurements that are indicated by the portable multimeter.

The gauges that are commonly built into rectifiers are usually not accurate and may even be frozenin position. If the indicator needle is frozen on the rectifier voltmeter/ammeter and cannot be freed,the gauge should be replaced. If replacement is not accomplished, document that the gauge is notfunctioning so that an observer will be able to discern that the gauge is inoperable.

For the reasons given above and other considerations, a person qualified as a corrosion expertshould be consulted whenever the output is adjusted or repairs are made to the rectifier.

SECTION 6 - CATHODIC PROTECTION TESTING

6.1 Equipment

Although the equipment required to test cathodic protection systems is relatively simple, theequipment must be maintained in good working order and free of corrosion and contamination.The basic equipment includes a voltmeter/ammeter (multimeter), reference electrode, wires,clips and test probes.

9

It may also be necessary to have a current interrupter for impressed current systems when thepower cannot be easily cut on and off at the rectifier. A clamp-on type ammeter can be usefulwhen troubleshooting impressed current systems. Wire locators can help determine the locationof buried anode lead wires and header cables. Hand tools to clean corrosion or dielectriccoatings from the surface of the structure you are testing at the point of contact with leadwires/probes may also be necessary.

6.1.1 Voltmeter/Ammeter

A good quality voltmeter/ammeter (multimeter) that has an adequate degree of accuracy is essentialfor testing cathodic protection due to the low voltage/current involved. Most “low end”voltmeters/ammeters are not capable of achieving results accurate enough to ensure reliable resultsand should therefore not be used.

All testing of cathodic protection systems must be accomplished with a high internal resistance(impedance of 10 meg-ohms or greater) voltmeter that is properly maintained and periodicallycalibrated in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. The voltmeter should becalibrated at least on an annual basis. It is important that the voltmeter has a high internal resistancein order to avoid introducing a large error when measuring structure-to-soil potentials.

The voltmeter must have a high degree of sensitivity and must be placed in as low a scale aspossible (normally the 2 volt DC scale works well) in order to accurately measure the small voltagesassociated with cathodic protection systems. All voltage measurements obtained should berecorded as millivolts (mV). For example, a reading of -1.23 volts should be recorded as -1230 mV;a reading of -.85 volts should be recorded as -850 mV.

Voltmeters that have a variable input resistance can be utilized to ensure that contact resistancebetween the reference electrode and the electrolyte has been evaluated as a source of error(voltage drop) in the observed structure-to-soil potential. This is accomplished by changing the inputresistance and noting whether or not the voltage observed changes significantly. If no voltagechange is observed when the input resistance is changed, it can be assumed that contact resistanceis not causing an error in the structure-to-soil potential measurement.

An ammeter that has a very low internal resistance is necessary when testing impressed currentsystems in order to accurately determine the current output of the rectifier and/or individual circuitsin the system. Generally, amperage should only be measured where calibrated measurementshunts are present. Alternatively, a “clamp-on” type ammeter may be utilized in those cases whereshunts are not present.

The batteries in the portable multimeter must also be in good condition. Batteries that are in poorcondition can cause unintended errors. If there is any question about the condition of the batteries inthe multimeter, they must be replaced.

6.1.2 Reference Electrode

A standard copper/copper sulfate reference electrode (also known as a half cell or reference cell)must be utilized in order to obtain structure-to-soil potentials. The reference electrode must bemaintained in good working condition and must be placed in the soil in a vertical position whenconducting a test.

10

On those sti-P3® tanks that have a PP4® test station, a reference electrode is permanently buried inthe tank pit. Since it is generally not possible to determine where the permanent reference electrodewas installed on these types of systems, it is also necessary to conduct structure-to-soil potentialmeasurements in the conventional manner (i.e. with a portable reference electrode in the soildirectly over the tank and at a remote placement). A tank may not be passed on the basis of astructure-to-soil potential obtained with a PP4® test station. The local potential obtained in theconventional manner must indicate that adequate cathodic protection has been provided regardlessof what the PP4® test station indicates.

Maintenance of the reference electrode is important for accurate results and includes:

a. The copper-sulfate solution inside the reference electrode should be clear. If the solutionappears cloudy, this may indicate that the solution has become contaminated and thereference electrode should be compared with the known standard as described in paragraphe below. Should it be necessary to replace the solution, only distilled water and new copper-sulfate crystals should be used. Excess copper-sulfate crystals must be present in order toassure a saturated solution. Under average conditions, it is usually a good idea to empty andreplace the solution every 2 or 3 months.

b. The porous ceramic tip must be maintained moist at all times. If the tip is allowed to dry out,it may lose its porosity and a good low resistivity contact with the soil will not be possible.Periodic replacement of the tip may be necessary.

c. The copper rod inside the reference electrode should periodically be cleaned with non-metallic sandpaper. Do not use black metal oxide sandpaper, steel wool or any othermetallic abrasive as this can cause the copper rod to become contaminated. If the copperrod becomes contaminated, it is best to replace the reference electrode.

d. The copper-sulfate solution must be free of contamination or errors will be introduced in thereadings you observe. If the reference electrode is submerged in water or placed in moistsoils that are contaminated, it is likely that the solution will become contaminated.

e. The reference electrode that is used in the field must be periodically calibrated. How oftenthe reference electrode needs to be calibrated depends upon several different factors.Among the more important factors that should be considered are the frequency of use andthe exposure of the reference electrode to contaminants. As a general rule, calibrationshould be checked once every week if the reference electrode is used daily. If the referenceelectrode is only periodically used, calibration should be checked prior to each use.

Calibration of the reference electrode is accomplished by comparing it with another referenceelectrode that has never been used. The unused reference electrode that is to act as the calibrationstandard should be properly set up (ready for use) and must not have ever been used in the field sothat no chance of contamination exists. Consideration should be given to obtaining a referenceelectrode that is certified by the manufacturer to be properly calibrated for periodic calibration of thefield electrode.

To calibrate the field electrode:

11

1. Place the voltmeter on the 2 volt DC scale (or lower) and connect the leads to thereference electrodes as shown in the illustration below.

2. Place both the field electrode and the standard electrode in a shallow nonmetalliccontainer that has one to two inches of tap water in the bottom of it. Do not usedistilled water. The reference electrodes must be placed vertically in the containerwith the ceramic tip of each submerged in the water.

3. Observe the potential measurement displayed on the voltmeter. If more than 10 mVpotential exists between the two reference electrodes, the field reference electrodeshould be properly cleaned and refilled with new solution until the potentialdifference is 10 mV or less. If you are unable to achieve a 10 mV or less potentialdifference after cleaning/reconditioning, the field electrode must be discarded and anew one obtained.

4. In order to lessen the chance of cross contaminating the calibration electrode, youshould leave the calibration electrode in the water for the shortest time necessary tocomplete the test.

6.1.3 Lead Wires/Test Probes/Miscellaneous

You should ensure that the insulation material of any lead wires is in good condition. Any clips orprobes used to make contact with the structure to be tested must be clean and free of corrosion. Aspool of suitable wire of sufficient length is necessary to conduct continuity and/or “remote earth”testing. It is usually necessary to have a probe that can be attached to the end of a tank gaugingstick in order to contact the tank bottom since it is not uncommon for the test lead on sti-P3

® tanks toeither be missing or discontinuous with the tank shell. A pair of locking pliers can sometimes beuseful when attempting to get a solid connection.

6.2 Test Criteria

CALIBRATION ELECTRODE

FIELDELECTRODE

TEST LEADS

FIGURE 1 - ILLUSTRATION OF REFERENCE ELECTRODE CALIBRATION

0.007

2 VDC

1-2 INCHES WATER INPLASTIC CONTAINER

VOLTMETER

IN THIS EXAMPLE THEFIELD ELECTRODE ISACCEPTABLY CALIBRATEDSINCE THERE IS ONLY 7mV POTENTIAL

12

There are three test criteria that can be utilized to indicate if adequate cathodic protection is beingprovided to the structure being evaluated:

850 On - A structure-to-soil potential of –850 mV or more negative with the protective currentapplied. This is commonly referred to as “850 on” or the “on potential”. This criterion is normally theonly one available for galvanic systems since the protective current usually cannot be interrupted.

Voltage drops (see Section 6.3) other than those across the structure to electrolyte boundary mustbe taken into consideration whenever this criterion is applied. Voltage drops may have a significantimpact on the potentials observed when testing impressed current systems with the protectivecurrent applied. Therefore, the 850 on criterion is not applicable to impressed current systems.

850 Off - A structure-to-soil potential of –850 mV or more negative with the protective currenttemporarily interrupted. This is commonly referred to as “850 off”, “polarized potential” or “instant offpotential”. This criterion is applicable to impressed current and galvanic systems where theprotective current can be interrupted. Caution must be exercised when testing impressed currentsystems to ensure that no active sacrificial anodes are also installed near the protected structure. Ifthere are active anodes influencing the observed potential, the 850 off criterion is not applicable.

The instant off potential is the 2nd value that is observed on a digital voltmeter the instant the poweris interrupted. The first number that appears immediately after power interruption must bedisregarded. After the second number appears, a rapid decay (depolarization) of the structure willnormally occur. In order to obtain instant off potentials, a current interrupter or a 2nd person isnecessary. If a current interrupter is not available, have the second person throw the power switch atthe rectifier off for 3 seconds and then back on for 15 seconds. Repeat this procedure until you aresure an accurate instant off reading has been obtained.

This criterion is considered by most to be the best indicator that adequate cathodic protection hasbeen provided. Therefore, consideration should be given to adjusting the rectifier output upward untilthe 850 off criterion has been met if this is feasible.

100 mV Polarization - A polarization voltage shift of at least 100 mV. Commonly referred to as “100mV polarization” or “100 mV shift”. This criterion is applicable to galvanic and impressed currentsystems where the protective current can be temporarily interrupted. Either the formation or thedecay of at least 100 mV polarization may be used to evaluate adequate cathodic protection.

The “true” polarized potential may take a considerable length of time to effectively form on astructure that has had cathodic protection newly applied. If the protective current is interrupted on ametallic structure that has been under cathodic protection, the polarization will begin to decay nearlyinstantaneously. For this reason, it is important that the protective current not be interrupted for anysignificant length of time. Generally, not more than 24 hours should be allowed for the 100 mVdepolarization to occur. On a well-coated structure complete depolarization may take as long as 60-90 days. Complete depolarization of uncoated structures will usually occur within 48 hours althoughit could take as long as 30 days.

The base reading from which to begin the measurement of the voltage shift is the instant offpotential. For example, a structure exhibits an on voltage of –835 mV. The instant off voltage is -720mV. In order to meet the 100 mV polarization criteria, the structure-to-soil potential must decayto at least –620 mV (final voltage).

13

The use of native potentials to demonstrate the formation of 100 mV polarization is generally onlyapplicable when a system is initially energized or is re-energized after a complete depolarization hasoccurred. This is because it is necessary to leave the reference electrode undisturbed (or returnedto the exact position) between the time the native and the final voltage are obtained.

It is only necessary to conduct a 100 mV polarization test on that component of the UST systemwhere the lowest (most positive) instant off structure-to-soil potential exists in order to demonstratethat the UST system meets this criterion. If the criterion is met at the test point where the potential ismost positive, it can be assumed that it will be met at all other test locations.

6.3 Voltage (IR) Drops

The effect voltage drops have must be considered whenever structure-to-soil potentials are obtainedduring the survey of a cathodic protection system. The concept of voltage drops is a difficult andcontroversial subject and a full discussion is beyond the scope of this document. However, stated inthe simplest terms, a voltage drop may be thought of as any component of the total voltagemeasurement (potential) that causes an error.

The term IR drop is sometimes used and it is equivalent to voltage drop. IR drop is derived fromOhm’s Law which states that V = I R. In this equation, V stands for voltage, I represents current(amperage) and R stands for resistance. Because the observed voltage is equal to the amperage (I)multiplied by the resistance (R) a voltage drop is commonly referred to as an IR drop. There arevarious sources of voltage drops and two of the more common are discussed below.

Current Flow - Whenever a current flows through a resistance, a voltage drop is necessarilycreated and will be included whenever a measurement of the electrical circuit is conducted. In orderto effectively eliminate this voltage drop when testing impressed current systems, it is necessary tointerrupt the protective current. The magnitude of the voltage drop obtained on impressed currentsystems is evaluated by conducting both on and instant off potential measurements.

To illustrate how this type of voltage drop contributes to the potential observed when measuringimpressed current systems consider the following example. A potential of -950 mV is observedwhen the rectifier is on. A potential of -700mV is observed when the power is interrupted. Taking theabsolute values (negative is dropped), the voltage drop component of the on potential is 250 mV(950 - 700 = 250). Figure 2 is a graphical representation of this voltage drop and also shows howthe instant off potential will degrade over time until the native potential is reached.

600

700

800

900

1000

TIME

VOLTAGE

ON POTENTIAL (950 mV)

NATIVE POTENTIAL (575 mV)POLARIZATIONDECAY (125 mV)

VOLTAGEDROP (250 mV)

INSTANT OFFPOTENTIAL (700

RECTIFIER TURNED OFF AT THIS POINT

FIGURE 2 - GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF VOLTAGE DROP IN “ON” POTENTIAL

14

Raised Earth - All active anodes will have a voltage gradient present in the soil around themproducing a “raised earth effect”. An abnormally high (more negative) potential will be observed ifthe reference electrode is within the voltage gradient of an active anode. The magnitude or area ofinfluence of the voltage gradient is dependent predominantly on the voltage output of the anode andthe resistance of the soil. Unfortunately, there is no “rule of thumb” guidance that can be given todetermine how far away you must be from an anode in order to be outside the voltage gradient. Ifyou suspect the potential you obtain may be affected by raised earth, you should take a remotereading and compare the two.

Because of the raised earth effect, it is necessary to place the reference electrode as far away fromany active anode (and still be directly over the structure) when obtaining local potentials on galvanicsystems. Since the protective current can not typically be interrupted in galvanic systems, any effectthis type of voltage drop may have can be evaluated by placing the reference electrode remotely.Placement of the reference electrode remotely ensures that the reference electrode is not within thevoltage gradient of an active anode. Any effect raised earth may have when testing impressedcurrent systems is eliminated by temporarily interrupting the power.

6.4 Stray Current

An unintended current that is affecting the structure you are trying to protect is referred to as a straycurrent. Stray currents can cause rapid corrosion failure of a buried metallic structure and arecaused by an electric current flowing through the earth in an unintended path. If the metallic objectyou are trying to cathodically protect is buried near the path of the stray current, the current may“jump-on” the protected structure because it offers a lower resistance path for the current to flow.The affected structure will be cathodic where the stray current enters but will be highly anodic wherethe stray current returns to the earth. At the point where the current discharges, rapid corrosion ofthe structure intended to be protected will occur.

Although stray currents are relatively rare on UST systems, common sources include: a) Railroadcrossing signals (powered by batteries); b) Traffic signals that have induction type sensors buried inthe pavement; c) Portable or fixed emergency power generators; d) Electrical railway systems suchas streetcars or subways in urban areas; e) DC welding operations and other types of industrialmachinery or processes that utilize DC power; f) and other corrosion protection systems.

If unsteady readings are observed on the protected structure and you have determined that it is notbecause of a bad electrical connection, you should suspect that stray current is affecting theprotected structure. In some cases, a pattern can be seen in the potential whereby it alternatesbetween two relatively stable readings. These patterns can sometimes help to identify the source ofthe stray current. If you suspect that stray current may be affecting the UST system, a thoroughinvestigation must be conducted as soon as possible by a qualified corrosion expert since straycurrent can cause a rapid failure of the affected structure.

Cathodic Interference - When the impressed current cathodic protection system operating on thestructure you are trying to protect causes an unintended current on some other nearby structure, thistype of stray current is referred to as “cathodic interference”. Cathodic interference can cause arapid failure of the water lines and other buried metallic structures at the facility where the cathodicprotection system is operating. If you observe what you believe to be an abnormally high (more

15

negative) potential on a buried metallic structure, you should suspect that the impressed currentsystem operating on the UST system is causing cathodic interference.Instances where cathodic interference may be present include: a) copper water lines that are notbonded to the impressed current system and have a polarized potential of greater than -200 mV; b)metallic flex connectors associated with fiberglass reinforced plastic piping that have abnormallyhigh (more negative) potentials and are not bonded to the impressed current system; c) sti-P3

tanks are buried at a facility where there is an impressed current system operating and are notbonded to the negative circuit. When the sti-P3 tanks have zinc anodes and a potential morenegative than -1100 mV (more negative than -1600 mV in the case of magnesium anodes) isobserved, it is likely that cathodic interference is occurring. Because of the potential for stray currentto impact sti-P3 tanks, it is normally necessary to bond them into the impressed current system.

A corrosion expert must be consulted whenever cathodic interference is suspected in order toproperly investigate and make any repairs/modifications that may be necessary.

6.5 Dissimilar Metals/Bimetallic Couples

The effect bimetallic couples may have must also be considered whenever structure-to-soilpotentials are obtained during the survey of a cathodic protection system. The concept of dissimilarmetals/bimetallic couples and the impact they can have on the proper evaluation of cathodicprotection systems is a difficult and controversial subject and a full discussion is beyond the scopeof this document. However, you should be aware that bimetallic couples may substantially influencethe structure-to-soil potentials of a tank system to the extent that the 100 mV polarization criterion isnot applicable. Because the validity of the 100 mV criterion may be suspect, consideration should begiven to only utilizing the -850 mV instant off criterion when evaluating impressed current systems. Abrief discussion follows.

Caution must be exercised when evaluating steel UST systems that have metals of lowerelectrochemical potential electrically connected to them. Typically, bimetallic couples are only ofconcern on impressed current systems since those steel components protected by galvanic systemsare electrically isolated from other metallic structures. Copper is the metal of lower potential that iscommonly of concern. Sources of copper at UST facilities include the water service lines and thegrounding system of the electrical power grid. Since the AC power supply to the submersible turbinepump should be continuous with the electrical service grounding system, which may in turn becontinuous with the water lines, a significant amount of copper may be coupled to the steel USTsystem.

The effect this type of bimetallic couple has on the impressed current system can sometimes beclearly seen on those UST systems that store fuel for emergency power generators. Commonlythese generator tank systems are installed with copper supply and return lines. When these tankswere retrofitted with an impressed current system, the copper lines were bonded into the cathodicprotection system. In these instances, it is not uncommon to observe native structure-to-soilpotentials on the UST system of -450 mV or more positive.

If the native structure-to-soil potential of the UST system is substantially lower than what you wouldnormally expect, it is likely that a significant amount of copper is electrically bonded to the USTsystem. Typically, the expected native potential of a steel UST system should not be more positivethan -500 mV.

To illustrate the effect of the copper-steel couple, consider the following example: A steel USTsystem that is coupled to copper has a native structure-to-soil potential of -300 mV with the

16

bimetallic couple intact. If the copper couple is broken the UST system native potential is -600 mV.With the copper couple intact, the polarized (off) potential of the UST system -450 mV. Although thevoltage shift satisfies the 100 mV polarization criterion (from -300 mV to -450 mV), it is likely that thesteel UST system is not adequately protected. This is because the UST system is not polarized atleast 100 mV beyond the native potential of the steel. Since the true native potential of the steelUST system in this example is -600 mV, you would need to reach a polarized (instant off) potentialof -700 mV or more negative.

Because the unaffected native potential of steel UST systems is generally not known, theapplication of the 100 mV polarization criterion would be inappropriate when there is a significantamount of copper (or other more noble metal) electrically continuous. For this reason, it is alwaysdesirable to demonstrate that the UST system satisfies the 850 off criterion when evaluating acathodic protection system.

6.6 Other Test Considerations

Various other factors can affect the accuracy of structure-to-soil potentials. Listed below are some ofthe more common factors:

Contact Resistance – In order to obtain an accurate structure-to-soil potential, a good (lowresistivity) contact between the reference electrode and the soil must be made. Sometimes, the soilat the surface is too dry and water needs to be added in order to lower the resistance between thereference electrode and the soil. In addition, if the porous ceramic tip of the reference electrodebecomes clogged or contaminated it should be replaced since this in itself can cause a high contactresistance.

Contaminated Soil – You should ensure that the soil the reference electrode is placed in is free ofcontamination. Hydrocarbon contamination can cause a high resistance between the referenceelectrode and the soil.

Current Requirement Testing – When a current requirement test is conducted on galvanicallyprotected tanks (refer to STI R972-01 for a description of this test), the affected structure can exhibitan elevated (more negative) structure-to-soil potential during the test and for a period of time afterthe test is completed. This is due to a temporary polarization of the tested structure which willdissipate over a period of time ranging from a few minutes to perhaps a few days depending onseveral different factors. Therefore, time sufficient for the temporary polarization of the affectedstructure to “drain-off” after a current requirement test is conducted must be allowed before anaccurate structure-to-soil potential can be obtained. In addition, any potential measured with thebattery connected should be disregarded as this measurement contains a large voltage drop. Onlyinstant off voltages are meaningful when the battery is connected.

Drought Conditions – On occasion, it has been observed that structure-to-soil potentials arelowered during drought conditions due to dry soils being less conductive. Cathodic protectionshould be accomplished 365 day of the year not just during optimal conditions. Therefore the –850mV criteria should always be met for a system to pass regardless of weather conditions.

Electrical Shorts – When a substandard reading is observed on a galvanically protected system, itis common to find that some other metallic object is electrically connected to the protected structure.For instance, on sti-P3® tanks, the nylon bushings installed in the tank bungs were sometimesremoved when the various risers and other tank system components were installed or an electricalconduit was buried in contact with the tank shell.

17

Electromagnetic Interference – Overhead high voltage power lines, railroad crossing signals,airport radar systems and radio frequency transmitters (CB radios, cellular phones, etc.) can allcause an interference that will result in an inaccurate voltage reading.

Galvanized Metals - Buried metals that have a high electrochemical potential can also influence thevoltage observed if the reference electrode is placed in close proximity to such metals. For instance,the steel of some of the man ways that are installed to provide access to the tank appurtenancesmay be galvanized. If the reference electrode is placed in the soil of such a manway, an artificiallyhigh (more negative) potential may be observed. This is actually a raised earth effect although thegalvanized metal is not acting to cathodically protect the buried structure of concern.

Parallel Circuits – Care should be taken to ensure that the person conducting the structure-to-soiltesting does not allow their person to come into contact with the electrical components of the testingequipment. If the person touches the electrical connections, an error may be introduced due to thecreation of a parallel circuit.

Pea Gravel – Because pea gravel or crushed stone typically has a very high electrical resistivity, it isnecessary to ensure that it is saturated with water when attempting to measure structure-to-soilpotentials with the reference electrode placed in the pea gravel. Evaluate any effect high contactresistance may have by changing the input resistance of the voltmeter as described in Section 6.1.1.As an alternative way to evaluate the effect contact resistance may have, place the referenceelectrode remotely. If the remote reading is substantially more negative than the local, highresistance is indicated. Placement of a saturated sponge on the surface of the pea gravel may helpovercome high contact resistance.

Photovoltaic Effect – It is known that sunlight striking the viewing window of a reference electrodecan have an effect (as much as 50 mV) on the voltages observed when conducting testing. Youshould ensure that the viewing window of the reference electrode is kept out of direct sunlight. As analternative, the viewing window can be covered with black electrical tape in order to prevent anysunlight from reaching the copper-copper sulfate solution.

Poor Connection – If the observed structure-to-soil potentials are unsteady and the voltmeter willnot stabilize, you should suspect a bad connection somewhere. Ensure that all electricalconnections are clean and tight and good contact is made between the test lead and the structure.

Shielding – Sometimes, a buried metallic structure that is between the reference electrode and thestructure you are attempting to test will cause the reference electrode to be unable to “see” thestructure you are testing. Shielding is commonly cited when low potentials are observed with thereference electrode placed locally over sti-P3® tanks due to the various tank risers, pump heads,piping, electrical conduits and metallic manways that are typically located over the tank.

Temperature – The temperature of the reference electrode affects the voltages that are observedwhen conducting cathodic protection testing. You may need to make a correction to the observedpotential in some extreme and/or marginal cases. The “standard” temperature is considered to be77o F. For every degree less than 77 add 0.5 mV from the observed voltage. For every degreeabove 77 subtract 0.5 mV from the observed voltage. To illustrate this, consider the following (inorder to simplify the calculation, the negative sign is dropped from the structure-to-soil potential): Avoltage of 845 mV is observed when the temperature is 57o F. In this case the corrected voltagewould then be 855 mV (20 o X 0.5 mV = 10 mV. Therefore: 845 mV + 10 mV = 855 mV).

18

6.7 Continuity Testing

When conducting an evaluation of a cathodic protection system, it is normally necessary to establishthat the cathodically protected components of a UST system are either electrically isolated orelectrically continuous depending on the type of cathodic protection system. Ohmmeters (continuitytesters) such as those utilized to test automotive wiring circuits are not acceptable for use on buriedmetallic structures and should never be used for testing continuity of UST system components. The“fixed cell-moving ground” method is the commonly utilized way to test continuity and are discussedin more detail below.

Fixed Cell - Moving Ground Method - The most commonly accepted method of conducting acontinuity survey is referred to as fixed cell – moving ground. In this method, the reference electrodeis placed at a location remote from any of the cathodically protected structures. Potentials of all themetallic structures present at the site are then measured without moving the reference electrode(refer to Appendix E for a more complete description). Because the conditions found at thereference electrode/electrolyte interface can change over a short period of time (causing theobserved potential to change), it is important to conduct this type of testing as quickly as possible.

When determining whether electrical continuity or isolation is provided, the following guidelines aregenerally accepted for fixed cell – moving ground surveys:

Ø If two or more structures exhibit potentials that vary by 8 mV or less, the structures areconsidered to be electrically continuous.

Ø If two or more structures exhibit potentials that vary by 12 mV or greater, the structuresare considered to be electrically isolated.

Ø If two or more structures exhibit potentials that vary by more than 8 mV but less than 12mV, the result may be inconclusive and should be reviewed by a corrosion expert andtheir decision should be documented on the form.

6.7.1 Continuity Testing of Galvanic Systems

In order for sacrificial anodes to function efficiently, the protected component must be electricallyisolated from any other metallic structures that may be connected to or in contact with the protectedstructure. This is generally accomplished through the use of dielectric bushings and unions and bymaking sure that no additional metallic structures come into contact with the protected structure.

On those systems where adequate cathodic protection has not been achieved, it is common to findthat some unintended metallic structure is electrically continuous with the protected structure.Frequently, an electrical conduit is in contact with a sti-P3® tank or the tank bung nylon bushings aremissing or damaged. If metallic tank hold down straps were improperly installed, they will wearthrough the epoxy coating on the tank over time and cause premature anode failure. With metallicpiping, the shear valve anchoring bracket usually provides an electrical bond with the dispensercabinet and all of the other metal connected to it. When this is the case, the anodes are trying toprotect much more metal than intended and the life of the anodes is shortened.

6.7.2 Continuity Testing of Impressed Current Systems

19

All protected components of the UST system must be electrically continuous in an impressedcurrent cathodic protection system. Various bonds may be required in order to ensure that continuityhas been provided. Failure to establish continuity in an impressed current system can result inaccelerated corrosion of the electrically isolated components.

Carefully check all bonds when evaluating an impressed current system as these are of criticalimportance. Commonly, tanks are bonded into the negative circuit by attachment to the tank ventlines above ground. Because of this, it is easy for the integrity of the bonds to be compromised. It isequally important to ensure that the positive lead wire(s) have continuity. Any break in the insulationor dielectric coating of the positive circuit will allow current to discharge from the break and causerapid corrosion failure of the wire. This is why it is absolutely critical that all buried positive circuitsplices are properly coated and insulated.

6.8 Reference Electrode Placement

6.8.1 General

Where you place the reference electrode when taking structure-to-soil potential measurements is ofcritical importance. It is also essential that the exact location of the reference electrode placement isdocumented so that anyone could come back at a later date and reasonably duplicate the test.Reference electrode placement must be indicated by both written description and visually shown ona drawing of the tank system. The forms in Appendix K and L of this guidance document provide forboth written and visual description of reference electrode placement.

6.8.2 Local Placement

Placement of the reference electrode is considered local when it is in the soil directly over thestructure that is being tested. As discussed in Section 6.3, consideration of any effect active anodeshave (raised earth) must be considered when selecting the appropriate location for local placement.

In addition, shielding of the reference electrode by other buried metallic components may also needto be considered. For instance, it is necessary to ensure that the tip of the reference electrode isbelow the metallic skirting found on most man ways. If the tip of the reference electrode is not belowthe metal skirt, it may be shielded from “seeing” the cathodic protection current. Ideally, the tip ofthe reference electrode should be as close to the structure-to-soil interface as is practical in order tominimize the voltage drop present in the soil due to resistivity. In practice, about 6 inches of soilbetween the tip of the reference electrode and the structure being tested works well.

6.8.3 Remote Placement

The remote potential represents the average potential of the entire surface of the protectedstructure. The purpose of remote placement is to eliminate any effect that raised earth may becontributing to the measurement of the structure-to-soil potential and to overcome any effectsshielding may have, and to prove for sti-P3 tanks for continuity measurements.

Placement of the reference electrode is considered remote when it is placed in the soil a certaindistance away from the structure that is being tested. There are several different factors thatdetermine the distance necessary in order to reach remote earth and a full discussion is beyond the

20

scope of this document. However, a remote condition can normally be achieved when the referenceelectrode is placed between 25 and 100 feet away from any protected structure.

Depending on the conditions specific to the particular location where the cathodically protectedstructure is, the minimum distance to remote earth may be considerably more than 25 feet.Therefore, it is important that you establish that the reference electrode is truly remote whenobtaining a structure-to-soil potential. In order to ensure that remote earth has been achieved, placethe reference electrode at least 25 feet away from the protected structure and observe the potential.Move the reference electrode out away from the protected structure another 10 feet or so andobserve the potential. If there is no significant difference in the two potentials, it can be assumedthat remote earth has been achieved. If there is a significant difference, continue moving thereference electrode out away from the protected structure until no significant difference is observed.

When selecting a location to place the reference electrode to establish remote earth, it is essentialthat there are no other cathodically protected structures (e.g. natural gas lines) in proximity to thereference electrode. Foreign cathodically protected structures can cause an abnormally high (morenegative) potential that is not indicative of the remote potential of the structure you are measuring. Itis also important that there are no other buried metallic structures in the vicinity of the referenceelectrode. Any metallic structure that is buried near the reference electrode could possibly affect thestructure-to-soil potential that is observed on the protected structure.

In addition to the above considerations, you should attempt to select the remote placement such thatthe reference electrode can “see” the structure you are testing. This means that there should not beany buried metallic structure between the remote reference electrode placement and the protectedstructure. If you suspect that shielding may be affecting the observed potential, place the referenceelectrode away from the protected structure in a different direction.

6.8.4 Galvanic Placement

All galvanic cathodic protection systems must be tested with the reference electrode placed bothlocal and remote. In order to pass the structure-to-soil survey, the local potentials must indicate thatadequate cathodic protection has been provided.

6.8.5 Impressed Current Placement

In order to pass the survey, the potential obtained with the reference electrode placed locally mustsatisfy either the 850 off or the 100 mV polarization criteria. While only one test point is required, thetester should obtain structure to soil potentials from as many soil access points along the structureas is practical. If any of the potentials indicate that adequate cathodic protection has not beenprovided, the structure should be failed.

Although not required by this guidance, it may be useful to place the reference electrode remotelywhen testing an impressed current system. The remote potential may provide additional informationby which to evaluate the cathodic protection system. However, the structure may not be passedbased on the remote potential itself. In all circumstances, the potential obtained with the referenceelectrode placed locally must indicate that adequate cathodic protection has been provided.

Additionally, special circumstances may require that a remote potential be obtained when testingimpressed current systems. For instance, if there are active sacrificial anodes buried in closeproximity to the structure being tested, the local potential may be influenced by raised earth. Thevoltage drop caused by the sacrificial anodes would preclude the accurate measurement of the local

21

structure-to-soil potential. If it is known that sacrificial anodes are impacting the potentials obtainedlocally, remote potentials must be obtained.

The remote potential obtained under these special circumstances must meet either the 850 off orthe 100 mV polarization criteria in order for the tested structure to pass the survey. An explanationmust be given in the “comments” of Section XVI of the EPD impressed current cathodic protectionevaluation form as to why the remote potential must be considered. The remote potentials should beindicated on the form by designating remote in the location code column of Section XVI.

6.9 Soil Access

All structure-to-soil potentials that are intended to satisfy one of the three acceptable criteria found inSection 6.2 must be obtained with the reference electrode placed in the soil. Therefore, the personconducting the evaluation must either confirm that soil access is available or make priorarrangements with the owner of the UST system to secure access.

Under no circumstances is it allowable to place the reference electrode on concrete, asphalt, or anyother paving material to achieve satisfactory structure-to-soil potentials. Likewise, the practice ofplacing the reference electrode on a crack or expansion joint of a concrete or asphalt paving is notrecognized as an acceptable method of obtaining satisfactory structure-to-soil potentials.

Placement of the reference electrode in an observation (monitoring) well to obtain a passing readingis also not allowed. While it may be useful to obtain data by placing the reference electrode on acrack in the pavement or in an observation well, the structure-to-soil potentials obtained by suchplacement are not in themselves acceptable to demonstrate adequate cathodic protection.

Access may be provided by drilling holes through the pavement or the installation of proper cathodicprotection test stations. A practical way to provide soil access is to drill a ½ inch diameter hole in thepavement so that a “pencil” type reference electrode (3/8 inch diameter) can be inserted through thepavement and into the soil. Upon completion of the survey, the hole should be filled with a fuelresistant caulking material so that easy access can be provided at a later date. As an alternative, atwo inch hole could be drilled to allow use of a standard reference electrode. A short length of PVCpipe could be epoxied in the hole and plugged with a threaded cap. Various cathodic protection teststations/man ways are available for installation. Whenever, a new tank system is installed or thepavement is reworked around an existing system, provisions for access to the soil should be madeso that adequate cathodic protection testing may be accomplished.

6.10 Cathodic Protection Test Locations

Because there are many different possible tank and cathodic protection system configurations thatmay occur, it is not feasible to attempt to illustrate every situation that may exist and the examplesgiven in the following sections are offered as representative of some typical scenarios to illustratethe general principles. It may sometimes be necessary for you to utilize judgement to apply theintent of this guidance document when circumstances arise that are not specifically addressed inthis guidance document.

6.10.1 Galvanically Protected (sti-P3®) Tanks

The measurement of both local and remote structure-to-soil potentials is necessary whenevaluating sti-P3® tanks. The appropriate location to place the reference electrode locally would bein the soil at the middle of the tank (see Figure 3). However, if access to the soil is not available at

22

the middle of the tank, the reference electrode may be placed at any point along the centerline ofthe tank but not directly over the anodes at each end of the tank.

Caution should be exercised to ensure that there are no sacrificial anodes installed in the soilaround the submersible pump manway to protect any steel piping that may be associated with thetank. If anodes are installed at the pump manway, the reference electrode must be placed in the soilnear the opposite end of the tank.

In addition to the local potential described above, a remote potential must also be obtained forcontinuity measurements. Remote generally means the reference electrode is placed in the soil atleast 25 feet away and not more than 100 feet away from the tank you are measuring (See Figure4). Refer to Section 6.8.3 for a more complete discussion of remote reference electrode placement.Care must be taken that the remote location is not in proximity to any other cathodically protectedstructure (e.g. natural gas lines) or directly over any other kind of buried metallic structure. Theremote placement should be such that the reference electrode is aligned with the longitudinal axis ofthe tanks and can “see” the anodes. This orientation is desirable in order to prevent shielding.

FIGURE 3 – REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR sti-P3® TANKS

ANODEPREFERRED LOCAL

TEST POINT ANODE

REFERENCE CELL MAY BE PLACED ANYWHERE ALONG CENTER LINE OFTANK AS INDICATED BY AREA OUTLINED IN DASHED RECTANGLE

FIGURE 4 – “REMOTE EARTH” REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT

KWIK-EMART

PAVEMENT

HIGHWAY 101

TANKS

GRASS

25’ – 100’

REMOTE EARTHREFERENCE CELL

PLACEMENT

23

6.10.2 Galvanically Protected Metallic Piping

Both local and remote potentials are required on all galvanically protected metallic piping. Whenmetallic piping is protected by sacrificial anodes, several different possibilities exist as to wherewould be the appropriate location to place the reference electrode to obtain local potentials.Knowing where the anodes that are protecting the piping are installed is of critical importance. When obtaining local potentials, the reference electrode must be placed in the soil directly over thepipe to be evaluated at a point that is the most distant from any anode that may be along the pipe.

Because it is a common practice to bury piping anodes at the submersible pump manway of a tank,the appropriate location to place the reference electrode to obtain local potentials is at thedispensers (See Figure 5).

When the piping anodes are installed at the dispensers, the appropriate local reference electrodeplacement would be at the piping nearest the tanks (usually the submersible turbine pump manway)as shown in Figure 6.

FIGURE 5 – LOCAL REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR GALVANICALLY PROTECTED PIPING WHEN PIPING ANODES ARE AT TANKS

PIPING ANODES

TANKS

LOCAL TEST POINTS

DISPENSERS

PIPING

FIGURE 6 – LOCAL REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR GALVANICALLY PROTECTED PIPING WHEN PIPING ANODES ARE AT DISPENSERS

PIPING ANODESTANKS

LOCAL TEST POINTS

DISPENSERS

PIPING

24

When the piping anodes are located at both the tanks and the dispensers, the reference electrodemust be placed at the approximate center of the piping run to obtain local potentials (See Figure 7).

When the anodes are installed at the center of the piping, or it is not known where the anodes areinstalled, the reference electrode must be placed at both the tank and the dispenser end of thepiping to obtain local potentials (See Figure 8).

6.10.3 Tanks Protected by Impressed Current

FIGURE 8 – LOCAL REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR GALVANICALLY PROTECTED PIPING WHEN ANODES ARE INSTALLED AT CENTER OF PIPING OR LOCATION IS UNKNOWN

TANKS

LOCAL TEST POINTS

DISPENSERS

PIPING

PIPING ANODES

FIGURE 7 – LOCAL REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR GALVANICALLY PROTECTED PIPING WHEN PIPING ANODES ARE AT BOTH ENDS OF THE PIPING

PIPING ANODES

TANKS

LOCAL TEST POINT

DISPENSERS

PIPING

PIPING ANODES

25

With impressed current cathodic protection systems, tank potentials are required to be measuredwith the reference electrode placed locally. Where the location of the anodes is known and they arerelatively evenly distributed about the tank bed, the appropriate location to place the referenceelectrode would be in the soil at the middle of the tank (See Figure 9). However, if access to the soilis not available at the middle of the tank, the reference electrode may be placed in the soil at anypoint along the centerline of the tank similar to that described in Section 6.10.1.

As with the evaluation of any cathodic protection system, the location of the anodes in relation toreference electrode placement can be of critical importance. When selecting the appropriate localplacement, it is necessary to place the reference electrode at the point over the structure that is themost distant from any active anode due to the effects of attenuation. Attenuation of the cathodicprotection current may occur whereby effective protection is not achieved at some point along aUST system. For instance, if all of the active anodes are along one side of a tank bed, currentdistribution and attenuation may prevent sufficient protective current from reaching the side of thetanks away from the anodes. The preferred placement of the reference electrode would be along thecenterline of the tanks at the end opposite to that where the anodes are installed (See Figure 10).

FIGURE 10 – REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR TANKS PROTECTED BY IMPRESSED CURRENT SYSTEM WHEN ANODES ARE UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED

TEST POINTS

KWIK-E MART

RECTIFIER

ANODES

FIGURE 9 – REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR TANKS PROTECTED BY IMPRESSED CURRENT SYSTEM WHEN ANODES ARE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED

TEST POINTS

KWIK-E MART

RECTIFIER

ANODES

26

If it is not known where the anodes are installed, at least one measurement is required along thecenterline of the tank. Testing should be conducted at as many locations along the centerline of thetank as are available. If soil access is available at each end of the tank and in the middle, all threestructure-to-soil potentials should be recorded. If any one of the measured potentials does notmeet one of the acceptable criteria, the structure should be failed.

In addition, if it is possible to measure the individual circuits in an impressed current system, adetermination can be made as to which anodes are functional and how the current is distributedthroughout the groundbed. How the current is distributed should be considered when choosingreference electrode placement when conducting a structure-to-soil potential survey. If for instance itis known that the majority of the rectifier output current is directed to only those anodes along oneend of a tank bed, the reference electrode should be placed at the opposite end of the tank bed.

6.10.4 Piping Protected by Impressed Current

With impressed current cathodic protection systems, pipe potentials are required to be measuredwith the reference electrode placed locally. Just as with any other type of cathodic protectionsystem, knowing where the anodes that are protecting the piping are installed is of criticalimportance. Due to the high degree of variability that exists in anode placement and pipingconfigurations, structure-to-soil potentials must be obtained by placing the reference electrode atboth the tank and dispenser end of any piping that is protected by impressed current (See Figure11).

6.10.5 “100 Foot Rule” for Piping

For both galvanic and impressed current systems, if more than 100 feet of piping exists betweenany two anodes, the reference electrode must also be placed at the midpoint between the twoanodes that are separated by more than 100 feet (see Figure 12). In addition, if it is not known

FIGURE 11 – REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT FOR METALLIC PIPING PROTECTED BY IMPRESSED CURRENT SYSTEM

TEST POINTLOCATIONS

KWIK-E MART

RECTIFIERANODES

27

where the piping anodes are located, there can be no more than 100 feet of piping between any twotest points. This midpoint placement is in addition to any other reference electrode placement thatmay be required as noted above in Sections 6.10.1 through 6.10.4.

SECTION 7 - DOCUMENTATION OF EVALUATION

7.1 Documentation

As with any kind of testing or work that is being performed at a UST facility, it is critical that properdocumentation be made of all activities and test procedures. Without proper documentation, theevaluation of a cathodic protection system through the application of a structure-to-soil potentialsurvey is of little value.

Although it has been previously stated, the exact location where the reference electrode was placedin order to obtain a passing structure-to-soil potential is of critical importance and cannot beoveremphasized. For this reason, an exact description of where the reference electrode was placedfor each structure-to-soil potential obtained during the survey is an absolute necessity. Failure toproperly document reference electrode placement will result in the survey being deemed invalid.

Additionally, in order to effectively evaluate the survey of a cathodic protection system it is essentialto be able to clearly understand how the survey was conducted. Likewise, when a re-survey of anexisting system is being conducted it is important that the tester understands how the previoussurvey was conducted. Various forms of documentation may be necessary in order to clearlyconvey the procedures and survey results. In the sections that follow, some of the more criticalaspects of documentation are discussed in more detail.

7.1.1 As Built Drawings

If any modification to the construction of the cathodic protection system is made (e.g. supplementalanodes) it is necessary to show the modification on the “as built” drawings. If no as built drawing isavailable, you must indicate the location of any anode addition on the site drawing that is preparedas part of the evaluation. As built drawings are required whenever a cathodic protection system is

FIGURE 12 – “100 FOOT RULE” FOR METALLIC PIPING PROTECTED BY GALVANIC OR IMPRESSED CURRENT SYSTEM

TEST POINTLOCATIONS

KWIK-E MART

RECTIFIERANODES

115 FEET

“MIDPOINT” TEST LOCATION

28

installed or substantially modified. The drawings should include: a) how many anodes wereinstalled; b) what type of anodes were installed; c) where were the anodes installed; d) how deepwere the anodes installed; e) what type of wire was used; f) how were the wires bonded; g) weightof the anodes, etc.

7.1.2 Site Drawing

Whenever a cathodic protection survey is conducted, a site drawing depicting the UST system, thecathodic protection system and any related features of the facility must be constructed. In addition,you must indicate on the drawing where the reference electrode was placed for each of thestructure-to-soil potentials utilized to obtain a pass. Figure 13 is an example of a site drawing thatshows the type of information that is necessary to properly complete the evaluation.

While it is understood that you will not always know where all of the pertinent components of thecathodic protection system may be buried, all that is known must be indicated. It is very important toshow where the anodes are located on the site drawing. If you do not know where the anodes areburied, voltage gradients in the soil may help you determine the approximate location as describedin the raised earth discussion of Section 6.3.

Should any modifications to the cathodic protection system be made, it is very important that suchmodifications be both visually indicated on the site drawing and a written narrative made thatdescribes the work conducted. If as built drawings are available, it is acceptable to utilize thesedrawings for the purposes of meeting the requirements of this section. Any modifications or changesto the UST and/or cathodic protection systems that have been made since the construction of the asbuilt drawings must be included.

29

7.1.3 EPD UST Cathodic Protection Evaluation Forms

Whenever a cathodic protection survey is conducted in the State of Georgia, the appropriate form(s) prescribed by EPD (Appendix K and/or L) must be utilized to document the survey. However, useof the prescribed form(s) is not intended to limit other kinds of documentation that may be desirablein order to complete the evaluation. For instance, it may be necessary to provide a written narrative

FIGURE 13 – EXAMPLE OF A SITE DRAWING PREPARED AS PART OF AUST SYSTEM CATHODIC PROTECTION SURVEY

KWIK–E MART

Bare SteelTanks

STPmanway

Galvanized Steel PipingDispensers

Indicates reference cell placement (test point) {The location code (T-1, T-2 etc.) corresponds T-1 to the code that is indicated on the EPD form for each test that has been conducted.

Indicates anode location

N

70 feet

T-2

P-4P-3

P-1 P-2

T-1

Rectifier

Negative Circuit

Tank Vent Lines

R-1 (Remote Placement for Fixed Cell - Moving Ground Continuity Survey)

25 feet

Positive Circuit

30

describing various aspects of the evaluation or a repair/modification that are not captured bycompletion of the form(s) themselves.7.1.4 Pass/Fail/Inconclusive

In order to assure uniformity in the manner in which cathodic protection evaluations aredocumented, it is necessary to "make a call” as prescribed in the EPD cathodic protectionevaluation form found in Appendix K and L of this document. The terms “pass”, “fail” and“inconclusive” are utilized for this purpose. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify what these termsmean and their applicability as related to the evaluation of cathodic protection systems utilizing theEPD forms.

An evaluation conducted by an individual who is only qualified as a cathodic protection tester mustresult in one of three conclusions, pass, fail or inconclusive. If the person conducting the evaluationis qualified as a corrosion expert, the evaluation must result in either pass or fail.

Pass - The term “pass” as related to Section VI and VII (tester’s/corrosion expert’s evaluation) of theEPD galvanic/impressed current cathodic protection system evaluation forms is taken to mean thatthe structure-to-soil potential survey indicates all of the protected structures at a facility meet at leastone of the three accepted criteria.

Pass as related to Section XIV and XVI (potential survey) of the respective EPD galvanic/impressedcurrent cathodic protection system evaluation forms means that the individual structure that is beingtested meets at least one of the accepted criteria.

Fail - The term “fail” as related to Section VI and VII (tester’s/corrosion expert’s evaluation) of theEPD galvanic/impressed current cathodic protection system evaluation forms means that thestructure-to-soil potential survey indicates that there are one or more protected structures at a facilitythat do not meet any of the accepted criteria.

Fail as related to Section XIV and XVI (potential survey) of the respective EPD galvanic/impressedcurrent cathodic protection system evaluation forms means that the individual structure that is beingtested does not meet any of the accepted criteria.

Inconclusive - The term “inconclusive” as related to Section VI (tester’s evaluation) of the EPDgalvanic/impressed current cathodic protection system evaluation forms means that a personqualified only as a tester is unable to conclusively evaluate the cathodic protection system and acorrosion expert must “make the call”. A cathodic protection tester must indicate inconclusivewhenever one or more of the conditions listed in Section 7.2 of this document are applicable.

Inconclusive as related to Section XII and XV (continuity testing) of the respective EPDgalvanic/impressed current cathodic protection system evaluation forms means that it cannot bedetermined if the individual structure that is being tested is either electrically isolated in the case ofgalvanic systems or is electrically continuous in the case of impressed current systems.

7.2 Corrosion Expert’s Evaluation

Because the EPD has allowed those individuals who may only have minimal training in theprinciples of cathodic protection to conduct testing of such systems, it must be recognized thatthere will be instances where the expertise of someone who is more qualified and betterunderstands the principles involved will be necessary.

31

Some of the more obvious scenarios where a person with a level of expertise equivalent to a“corrosion expert” {as defined in Section 2.1 of this document} are necessary are given below. Ifany of the conditions given below are met, a corrosion expert must evaluate the survey resultsobtained by a tester and/or conduct further testing and complete Section VII of the EPDcathodic protection system evaluation form(s). If the structure-to-soil potential survey isconducted by a person who is qualified as a corrosion expert, completion of Section VII of theEPD form(s) is all that is necessary.

A corrosion expert is required to evaluate and/or conduct the survey when:

1. Supplemental anodes are added to a galvanic cathodic protection system and anaccepted industry standard is not followed and/or properly documented.

2. Supplemental anodes or other changes in the construction of an impressed currentsystem are made.

3. It is known or suspected that stray current may be affecting the protected structure.

4. The repair and/or addition of supplemental anodes to bare steel/galvanized piping that isgalvanically protected is required(see Section 5.1.3).

Although not specifically listed above, it should be recognized that there might be additionalcircumstances that may arise that will require evaluation, and/or design by a corrosion expert.

7.3 What if the Evaluation Result is Fail?

It is important to properly notify the tank owner if an evaluation of the cathodic protectionsystem fails. Necessary repairs should be accomplished within 60 days of receipt of the “failed”evaluation. The tank owner is responsible for ensuring that the cathodic protection system ismaintained in a manner that will provide adequate corrosion protection to the UST system.

Therefore, a 60-day re-testing period is allowed whenever a fail is obtained during which noaction is necessary to repair or modify the cathodic protection system. This applies only tothose galvanic and impressed current systems that appear to be in good working condition. Ifthere are obvious problems with a system or the system did not pass within the 60-day window,the tank owner must make any repairs and/or modifications that are necessary to achieve apass. Repairs and/or modifications must be completed as soon as practical but no more thanan additional 60 days should be allowed.

SECTION 8 – Handling Corrosion Protection System Outages

8.1 Background

Problems are being continuously documented with UST facilities for which the cathodicprotection systems (galvanic and/or impressed current) are inoperative or have failed. TheFederal Technical Standards in 40 CFR 280.31(a) requires that, “ All corrosion protectionsystems must be operated and maintained to continuously provide corrosion protection to themetal components of that portion of the tank and piping that routinely contain regulated

substances and are in contact with the ground.” Furthermore, Section 280.31(c) specifies,“UST systems with impressed current cathodic protection systems must also be inspectedevery 60 days to ensure that the equipment is running properly.”

These requirements establish that UST facilites that do not maintain operating impressedcurrent cathodic protection systems or that do not repair and maintain galvanic systems are notin compliance with the rule. Violations of the requirements by impressed current systems,thatare operated in noncompliance should typically be identified within 60 days due to the periodicrectifier inspection requirements. However, the circumstances of bankruptcy, fire, ownershipchanges, operator/owner error, and remodeling activities have resulted in impressed currentcathodic protection systems that were inoperative for over 60 days.

Additionally, there is no regulatory guidance or industry standard for restoration of theimpressed current system following a period of non-operation. Similarly, there is no guidanceabout how long the impressed current cathodic protection system on a UST system could beinoperative before the integrity of the USTs is compromised.

In the case of galvanic systems, there are industry standards for repair, but no guidance onhow long a UST system should operate after a galvanic system failure and still be allowed to berepaired to the industry standard. Input has been obtained from reputable corrosion engineers/NACE Cathodic Protection Specialists and other state regulatory agencies to establish criteriafor returning to service UST systems with impressed current cathodic protection systems thathad a prolonged out of operation period. The project also addressed criteria for restoration ofgalvanic systems.

8.2 Discussion:

Responses to the question of “how long is too long” for an inoperative cathodic protectionsystem were varied. However, the responses from the corrosion engineers/NACE Cathodic Protection Specialists had several common points. There was consensus thatresulting impacts from non-operation vary from site to site and that the potential effect on thesystem must be assessed and sufficient repairs made before returning the UST system toservice.

The responses recommended examining the length of time the cathodic protection system wasinoperative, the potential amount of corrosion damage to the tank system(s) (i.e. metalthickness loss), and the reason for non-operation (turned off or system failure). Responsesfrom the various state regulatory agencies indicate that few states have developed a policy orrule for dealing with this situation.

From the common elements of the responses, a multi-phase approach to restoring cathodicprotection systems to service has been developed. The process is based on the amount oftime the system has been inoperative and uses various levels of expertise and testing tovalidate system performance when the system has been restored.

According to the federal rule, “All UST systems equipped with cathodic protection systems mustbe inspected for proper operation by a qualified cathodic protection tester…. a person who can

demonstrate an understanding of the principles and measurements of all common types ofcathodic protection systems as applied to buried or submerged metal piping and tank systems. At a minimum, such persons must have education and experience in soil resistivity, straycurrent, structure-to-soil potential, and component electrical isolation measurements of buriedmetal piping and tank systems.” Tasks a cathodic protection tester would accomplish to restorean inoperative impressed current cathodic protection system include determining the cause ofsystem failure and a resurvey of the system to validate system performance when power hasbeen restored. The cathodic protection tester could also validate galvanic system performanceafter repairs had been made.

When the out of service condition has existed for an extended period or when system damagerequires repairs, a “corrosion expert” will be required to complete the work. A corrosion expertis accredited or certified as being qualified by NACE or a registered professional engineer withcertification or licensing that includes education and experience in corrosion control. Tasks for acorrosion expert include calculating appropriate replacement anode size and attachment pointsfor a galvanic system, estimating the potential corrosion damage to the tank system(s),calculating current requirements for impressed current systems, and determining the reason forthe inoperative condition in addition to re-commissioning an impressed current system. Re-commissioning includes testing the system for electrical continuity, energizing the rectifier, andmaking necessary adjustments so that the site complies with NACE RP 0285-95 criteria foreffective corrosion control.

Precision testing of the UST system being protected will also be required at certain points alongthe timeline to insure the integrity of the tank and/or piping after an extended time withoutcorrosion protection—the longer the CP system was inoperative, the greater the potential forcorrosion damage. Similarly, the longer the CP system was inoperative, the more expertiseneeded to direct/conduct repair, startup, and testing of the system.

8.3 USTMP Policy:

The following procedures are intended to insure proper management of UST systems withinoperative or failed corrosion protection systems:

A. Impressed Current Cathodic Protection – Tanks Not Lined:1.) CP System inoperative 120 days or less with no obvious damage to the CP system

equipment:a.) Power restored.b.) CP system test by a qualified cathodic protection tester.

2.) CP System inoperative for 121 – 180 days with no obvious damage to the CP systemequipment:a.) Precision test of the UST system.b.) Power restored.c.) CP system test by a qualified cathodic protection tester.

3.) CP System inoperative for 181 – 365 days or CP system equipment damaged or failed:a.) Corrosion expert repair/re-survey/re-commission the CP system.b.) Precision test of the UST system.

4.) CP System inoperative for more than 365 days and the UST system currently in use:

a.) Corrosion expert repair/re-survey/re-commission the CP system.b.) Precision test of the UST system at 95% full.

5.) UST system has been out of service for 365 days or more and the CP system has beeninoperative for 365 days or more, the UST system must be permanently closed (280.70).

B. Impressed Current Cathodic Protection, Tank Internally Lined within 10 Years:1.) CP System inoperative 120 days or less with no obvious damage to the CP system

equipment:a.) Power restored.b.) CP system test by a qualified cathodic protection tester.

2.) CP System inoperative for 121 – 180 days with no obvious damage to the CP systemequipment:a.) Precision test of the UST system.b.) Power restored.c.) CP system test by a qualified cathodic protection tester.

3.) CP System inoperative for 181 – 365 days or CP system equipment damaged or failed:a.) Precision test of the UST system.b.) Corrosion expert re-survey and re-commission CP system.

4.) CP system inoperative more than 365 days:a.) Third party certified invasive inspection. If lining fails internal inspection, owner has to

permanently close the tank.b.) Corrosion expert re-survey and re-commission CP system.c.) Precision test of the UST system.

C. Impressed Current Cathodic Protection , Tank Internally Lined Over 10 Years1.) CP system inoperative 120-365 days with no damage to the CP system equipment.

a.) Third party certified invasive inspection. If lining fails internal inspection, owner hasoption of repair or permanent closure.

b.) Restore power to the CP system.c.) CP system test by a qualified cathodic protection tester.d.) Precision test of UST system prior to resuming operation.

2.) CP system inoperative more than 365 days or CP system equipment failed or damaged.a.) Third party certified invasive inspection. If lining fails internal inspection, owner has to

permanently close the tank.b.) Corrosion expert direct repair/re-survey/re-commissioning of impressed current system.c.) Precision test of UST system prior to resuming operation.

APPENDIX A - INDUSTRY CODES/STANDARDS, REFERENCES and REGULATIONS

INDUSTRY CODES/STANDARDS

American Petroleum Institute (API) RP1632 3rd Edition “Cathodic Protection of UndergroundPetroleum Storage Tanks and Piping Systems”.

American Petroleum Institute (API) RP1615 5th Edition “Installation of Underground PetroleumStorage Systems”.

National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE International) RP0169-96 “Control ofExternal Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems”.

National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE International) TM0101-2001 “MeasurementTechniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged MetallicTank Systems”.

National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE International) RP0285-2002 “CorrosionControl of Underground Storage Tank Systems by Cathodic Protection”.

Petroleum Equipment Institute (PEI) RP 100-2000 “Recommended Practices for Installation ofUnderground Liquid Storage Systems”.

Steel Tank Institute (STI) R892-91 “Recommended Practice for Corrosion Protection ofUnderground Piping Networks Associated with Liquid Storage and Dispensing Systems”.

Steel Tank Institute (STI) R972-01 “Recommended Practice for the Installation of SupplementalAnodes for sti-P3® UST's”.

REFERENCES

Department of Defense MIL-HDBK-1136 “Maintenance and Operation of Cathodic ProtectionSystems”.

Department of Defense MIL-HDBK-1136/1 “Cathodic Protection Field Testing”.

REGULATIONS

Subtitle I of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act published in the Code of FederalRegulations Chapter 40 Part 280 “Technical Standards and Corrective Action Requirements forOwners and Operators of Underground Storage Tank Systems”.

APPENDIX B – GLOSSARY

100 mV POLARIZATION – One of the three criteria that are commonly accepted as indicating adequate cathodic protection hasbeen achieved. It is typically measured by interrupting the protective current on an impressed current system. When the current isinterrupted, an “instant off” potential is recorded and the structure under cathodic protection is then allowed to depolarize until achange of at least 100 mV in potential is observed. Not more than 24 hours should be allowed for the depolarization to occur whenconducting this test.

850 ON – One of the three criteria that are commonly accepted as indicating adequate cathodic protection has been achieved. Itis measured with the protective current applied and is typically the only measurement possible with galvanic systems since theanodes cannot be disconnected. This criterion is not applicable to impressed current systems since a large portion of the “on”measurement can be comprised of a voltage drop when the protective current is applied.

850 OFF - One of the three criteria that are commonly accepted as indicating adequate cathodic protection has been achieved. Itis measured with the protective current interrupted (either the power is cut off to the rectifier or the sacrificial anodes aredisconnected). This criterion is considered by most to be the best indicator that adequate cathodic protection has been provided.

ANODE – The electrode of an electrochemical cell where oxidation (corrosion) occurs. With respect to cathodic protection, it canbe thought of as the place where electrons leave the surface of a metal. Common galvanic anodes are zinc and magnesium.

AMPERE (AMP) – The basic unit of current flow in an electric circuit. Amperage can be thought of as “gallons per minute” in awater system.

AS BUILT DRAWINGS – Drawings that show how a system was actually installed in the field. Sometimes, unforeseen factorsprevent the installation of a system as it was intended in the design drawings and this is why it is important to have detailed andaccurate “as built” drawings.

ATTENUATION - The protective effects of cathodic protection current diminish as you move away from the source of theprotective current. To illustrate this, on an impressed current system where the ground bed is installed only on one side of the tankbed, the end of the tanks away from the ground bed will receive less protective current than the side of the tanks closest to theanodes. Attenuation of protective current applies to galvanic systems as well.

CATHODE – The electrode of an electrochemical cell where reduction (and no corrosion) occurs. With respect to cathodicprotection, it can be thought of as the place where current enters the surface of a metal.

CATHODIC PROTECTION – The technique of causing the entire surface of a metallic structure to become a cathode withrespect to its external environment (soil). This is accomplished by supplying an electric current sufficient to overcome the tendencyof naturally occurring electrical currents to leave the metallic structure.

CATHODIC PROTECTION EVALUATION – The interpretation of whether or not a cathodic protection system is providingsufficient corrosion protection. An evaluation incorporates all cathodic protection testing, surveys, rectifier operation/outputmeasurements, consideration of voltage drops, condition of dielectric coatings, continuity, bond integrity, circuit integrity and anyother factors or site specific conditions that may have an influence on the operation and effectiveness of a cathodic protectionsystem.

CATHODIC PROTECTION SURVEY – Refers to the process whereby all of the structure-to-soil measurements necessary tocontribute to the final evaluation of a system are obtained.

CATHODIC PROTECTION TEST – Refers to the process whereby only a single structure-to-soil measurement is obtained.

CONTINUITY – As related to cathodic protection, continuity means that two metallic structures are electrically continuous. Withimpressed current systems all protected structures must be continuous and this is normally accomplished through the use of wiresreferred to as continuity bonds.

CORROSION – The deterioration of a material (usually a metal) caused by an electro-chemical reaction with its environment.Corrosion of metals involves the flow of electrons (current) between an anode and a cathode. Corrosion will occur where theelectrons leave the surface of a metal.

CURRENT TEST – A method of temporarily creating an impressed current cathodic protection system on a galvanicallyprotected structure so that it can be determined how much protective current is necessary in order to achieve adequate cathodicprotection. This is normally done by connecting a 12-volt battery to the structure to be tested and to a temporary anode.

DIELECTRIC MATERIAL – A coating that does not conduct electricity. Various coatings are utilized and some examples arethe “fusion-bonded epoxy” found on factory coated steel piping and coal tar epoxies commonly found on sti-P3® tanks.

DISTRIBUTED GROUND BED – Used to describe an anode configuration in which the anodes are more or less equallydistributed around the metallic structure that is intended to be protected.

ELECTROLYTE – As related to UST cathodic protection systems, electrolyte refers to the soil and/or water surrounding themetallic structure that is under cathodic protection.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE – As related to corrosion protection, it is an external electrical current that causes anerror in a voltmeter measurement. Sources are commonly associated with high voltage AC power lines, radio frequencytransmitters and airport radar systems.

FAIL – See Section 7.1.4.

FIELD INSTALLED – Refers to any impressed current system or sacrificial anode cathodic protection system that is installed ata pre-existing UST location or when sacrificial anodes are installed on new metallic pipe in the field. Any cathodic protection systemexcept for those associated with unmodified sti-P3 tanks may be thought of as “field installed”.

FINAL POTENTIAL (VOLTAGE) – The voltage that is observed at the end of the depolarization period associated with themeasurement of “100 mV polarization”. The final voltage must be at least 100 mV less than the “instant off” voltage in order tomeet the 100 mV polarization criterion for adequate cathodic protection.

“FIXED CELL – MOVING GROUND” – A technique for measuring continuity in a UST system whereby the referenceelectrode is placed in the soil at a location remote from the UST system and is left undisturbed (fixed cell) while potentials aremeasured on various parts of the UST system (moving ground).

GALVANIC (SACRIFICIAL) ANODE – A metal of high electro-potential (see Appendix J) that is used to protect another metal.Zinc and magnesium are two metals that are commonly utilized in the protection of UST systems.

GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION – A cathodic protection system that utilizes sacrificial anodes to provide the protectivecurrent. The anode will corrode (sacrifice itself) instead of the metal it is intended to protect. The anode provides a protectivecurrent (reverses the electron flow) because it has a higher electrochemical potential than the metal it is intended to protect.Galvanic systems are normally limited to the protection of well coated structures because they have a very low driving potential.

IMPRESSED CURRENT ANODE – A metal that is utilized to deliver the current from a rectifier to the soil in order to protect theintended metallic structure. Impressed current anodes are commonly made of graphite, high silicon cast iron and “mixed-metaloxides” because the metal must be highly resistant to corrosion in order to have an acceptably long life span.

IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION – A cathodic protection system in which the protective current issupplied by an external source (rectifier). The level of protective current that is delivered to the structure is adjustable and is muchhigher than that associated with galvanic anodes. For this reason, impressed current systems are utilized on those UST systemsthat are uncoated or require a high amount of protective current.

INCONCLUSIVE - See Section 7.1.4.

INSTANT OFF POTENTIAL (VOLTAGE) – The voltage that is observed momentarily after the power to an impressed currentcathodic protection system is interrupted. It is used as the base line from which to begin calculating a “100 mV polarization”. Thesecond number that appears after the current is interrupted is considered the proper value to represent the instant off potential.

ISOLATION – As related to cathodic protection, isolation means that two metallic structures are electrically discontinuous. Withgalvanic systems a protected structure must be electrically isolated and this is normally accomplished through the use of nylonbushings and dielectric unions.

LOCAL POTENTIAL (VOLTAGE) – The structure-to-soil potential of a metallic structure that is measured with the referenceelectrode placed in the soil immediately over the protected structure.

NACE INTERNATIONAL – Acronym for National Association of Corrosion Engineers International.

NATIVE POTENTIAL (VOLTAGE) – The structure-to-soil potential of a metallic structure exhibited before any cathodicprotection is applied.

ON POTENTIAL (VOLTAGE) – The structure-to-soil potential of a metallic structure that is measured with the protective currentapplied.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT – Can be caused by the person conducting the test making contact with a metallic part of the test leads, orreference electrode when conducting structure-to-soil potential measurements. The creation of parallel paths must be avoidedsince inadvertent errors can be introduced.PASS – See Section 7.1.4

PASSIVATION - When a metal undergoes passivation, an oxidation layer forms on the surface of the metal due to corrosion andcan be defined as the loss of chemical reactivity. The oxidation layer acts as a coating and prevents or slows further corrosion ofthe metallic object since oxygen is prevented from reaching the underlying metal.

PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT – Sunlight striking the electrolyte solution in a copper-copper sulfate reference electrode can causean error in the observed structure-to-soil potential and must be avoided.

POLARIZATION – The change in the structure-to-soil potential of a metallic structure due to the application of a protectivecurrent. In this guidance document, polarization is considered to mean cathodic polarization - that is, the potential of the metal isshifted in the negative direction.

POLARIZED POTENTIAL – The structure-to-soil potential of a metallic structure that is observed after the protective current isapplied and sufficient time has elapsed for the structure to completely polarize.

RAISED EARTH – Term used to describe the high voltage gradient found in the soil around an active impressed current orsacrificial anode. Placement of the reference electrode in proximity to an active anode will cause an abnormally high (morenegative) structure-to-soil potential than would be present if the anode were not in close proximity.

RECTIFIER – A device utilized in impressed current systems that changes AC power to DC power.

REFERENCE ELECTRODE – Also referred to as a reference cell or a half-cell. A device whose electrochemical potential isconstant that is used to measure the structure-to-soil potential of buried metallic structures. The potential that is observed on theburied metallic structure is relative to the potential of the reference electrode. The potential of a buried metallic structure would bezero if it were of the exact same composition as the reference electrode if all sources of measurement error were eliminated.

RESISTANCE – A measurement of the tendency of a substance to inhibit the flow of electrical current. Resistance in USTcathodic protection systems is generally meant to refer to the electrical properties of the backfill materials (soil).

REMOTE EARTH – The structure-to-soil potential of a metallic structure that is measured with the reference electrode placed inthe soil at a point well away (remote) from the protected structure. Remote earth is generally thought of as at least 25 feet and notmore than 100 feet away. Remote earth is established when the observed structure-to-soil potential does not significantly changeno matter how far away the reference electrode is from the protected structure.

SACRIFICIAL ANODE – See Galvanic Anode.

SHIELDING – A structure that prevents or diverts an electrical current from reaching the desired location. Normally thought of assomething that stops a reference electrode from being able to “see” the metallic structure on which you are attempting to measurea structure-to-soil potential.

sti-P3 TANK – A steel tank manufactured to the standard created by the Steel Tank Institute that comes from the factory with a“pre-engineered” cathodic protection system. The “P3” means that the steel tank is protected in three ways: 1) A protectivedielectric coating is factory applied; 2) Sacrificial anodes (normally zinc) are factory installed on the tanks and 3) dielectric bushingsare installed to facilitate electrical isolation of the tank.

STRAY CURRENT – An electrical current that travels along an unintended path. Normally thought of as a current from someexternal source that enters a protected metallic structure at one point that then exits at another point. The point where the straycurrent exits the protected structure can be subject to intense corrosion and failure may rapidly occur.

STRUCTURE-TO-SOIL POTENTIAL – Also known as “pipe-to-soil potential’ or “structure-to-electrolyte potential” – Thedifference in the potential of the surface of a buried metallic structure and the electrolyte (soil) that surrounds it with respect to areference electrode in contact with the electrolyte (soil). Can be thought of as the voltage difference between a buried metallicstructure and the soil that it is buried in.

VOLTAGE – The basic unit of force in an electric circuit. Voltage can be thought of as “pounds per square inch pressure” in awater system.

VOLTAGE (IR) DROP – With respect to UST cathodic protection systems, voltage drops may be thought of as any voltage thatcauses an error in the observed structure-to-soil potential. Whenever a current is flowing through a resistance, a voltage drop ispresent and is part of the voltage measurement obtained.

GENERALIZED INTERPRETATION OF STRUCTURE-TO-SOIL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS(VOLTAGES) OBTAINED ON GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Listed in this table are some generalized observations that can be applied to the interpretation of structure-to-soilpotentials. Depending on the specific site conditions and other factors, differing interpretations are possible.

VOLTAGE (mV) “ON” GENERALIZED INTERPRETATION

POSITIVETest leads are reversed (negative should be connected to the reference electrode and thepositive should contact the structure you are testing in order to observe negative voltages).Could indicate that stray current is affecting the structure (consult with a corrosion expert).

0 to -100Usually occurs when you are attempting to measure a structure that has a test lead that is notcontinuous with the tank. Because you are measuring the potential of a copper wire withreference to the copper-copper sulfate half-cell, the potential is zero or very near it. Disregardtest lead and make direct contact with the protected structure.

-101 to -399Try again – A reading in this range is not normally seen on an underground steel structure.Could indicate that steel structure is electrically connected to a significant amount of a morenoble metal (e.g. copper). Very corroded low carbon steel may also be indicated.

-400 to -599Steel structure does not meet regulatory requirements. Usually means that the steel structurehas no cathodic protection. Existing sacrificial anodes could be completely “burned-out” or werenever there to begin with.

-600 to -849

Steel structure does not meet regulatory requirements. Usually means that the steel structurehas anodes but for whatever reason, something is causing a low reading that may indicateadequate cathodic protection has not been provided. The anodes may be trying to protect astructure that requires more current than they can produce. The protected steel structure maynot be electrically isolated from all other metallic structures (conduct continuity testing). Theenvironmental conditions may not be favorable at the time you are attempting to obtain thereading. Retest during the next 90 days to see if an acceptable reading can be obtained.

-850 to -1100Steel structure protected by zinc anodes meets regulatory requirements and cathodic protectionis judged to be adequate. Readings in this range are what you would expect on most sti-P3®

tanks that have not been modified and are reading “good” since nearly all come from themanufacturer with zinc anodes.

-850 to -1600

Steel structure protected by magnesium anodes meets regulatory requirements and cathodicprotection is judged to be adequate. Readings in this range are what you would typically expecton steel piping that is reading “good” since magnesium anodes are generally installed on piping. You may also find readings up to -1600 mV on a sti-P3® tank that has been retrofitted or wassupplied at the factory with magnesium anodes.

MORENEGATIVE THAN-1100 WITH ZINCANODES ONLY

Voltages more negative than -1100 mV are theoretically not possible if there are only zincanodes installed. If you have a reading more negative than -1100 mV and you are suremagnesium anodes are not present, you should suspect that stray current may be affecting thecathodically protected structure. A corrosion expert should be contacted immediately since straycurrent can cause a corrosion failure in a relatively short period of time.

MORENEGATIVE THAN

-1600

Voltages more negative than –1600 mV are theoretically not possible with any sacrificial anodecathodic protection system. If you have a reading more negative than -1600 mV on any galvaniccathodic protection system, you should suspect that stray current may be affecting thecathodically protected structure. A corrosion expert should be contacted immediately since straycurrent can cause a corrosion failure in a relatively short period of time.

VARIABLEIf the voltmeter readings vary you should suspect that stray current may be affecting thecathodically protected structure. Sometimes, the stray current can cause a pattern to developthat is recognizable. An example would be the on/off pattern of a nearby DC powered weldingoperation. A corrosion expert should be contacted immediately since stray current can cause acorrosion failure in a relatively short period of time.

RAPIDLYFLUCTUATING

If the voltmeter will not stabilize, it usually means that there is a high electrical resistancesomewhere. Check all lead wires and connections and make sure that you are making a solidand clean metal to metal connection. Soil where the reference electrode is placed could be toodry. Add water to the soil or wait until a heavy rain occurs and try again. Petroleumcontaminated soils may cause a high contact resistance. The tip of the reference electrode mayneed to be cleaned or replaced.

APPENDIX C

GENERALIZED INTERPRETATION OF STRUCTURE-TO-SOIL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS(VOLTAGES) OBTAINED ON IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Listed in this table are some generalized observations that can be applied to the interpretation of structure-to-soilpotentials. Depending on the specific site conditions and other factors, differing interpretations are possible.

VOLTAGE (mV) GENERALIZED INTERPRETATION

ANY POSITIVEVOLTAGE OR

0 TO -100 “ON” or “OFF”

Can indicate that the structure you are attempting to measure is not bonded to the impressedcurrent system (conduct continuity testing). Stray current could be affecting the protected structure(consult a corrosion expert). Positive and negative wires could be reversed (negative must be toprotected structure and positive to anode). Test leads are reversed (positive lead should contactstructure and negative lead should be connected to reference electrode). Could indicate that youare measuring the potential of a copper wire.

-101 to -399 “ON” or “OFF”

Try again – A reading in this range is not normally seen on an underground steel structure. Couldindicate that steel structure is electrically connected to a significant amount of a more noble metal(e.g. copper). Very corroded low carbon steel may also be indicated.

-400 to -599“ON” or “OFF”

Usually means that the steel structure has no cathodic protection. Existing impressed currentanodes could be completely “burned-out”. Continuity of anode lead wires (positive circuit) could bebroken. Negative bonds on the protected structures may be broken or non-existent.

-600 to -849 “ON” or “OFF”

Usually means that the steel structure has some protection but for whatever reason, something iscausing a low reading that may indicate adequate cathodic protection has not been provided. Theimpressed current system may be trying to protect a structure that requires more current than itcan produce (rectifier output too small). The impressed current system may not be capable ofeffectively distributing the required current to all parts of the structure you are trying to protect (notenough anodes, anodes improperly installed, soil resistivity too high). The steel structure that isintended to be protected may not be electrically continuous with the other metallic structures underprotection (conduct continuity testing). The environmental conditions may not be favorable at thetime you are attempting to obtain the reading. Retest during the next 90 days.

-850 or MORENEGATIVE

“ON”

Steel structure may or may not be adequately protected. Usually indicates that the impressedcurrent system is providing current to the structure although the reading normally includes a largevoltage (IR) drop. Because the flow of current through the soil causes a voltage drop, the onpotential cannot be used to indicate that adequate cathodic protection has been provided. Instantoff potentials must be utilized to demonstrate cathodic protection.

-850 or MORENEGATIVE

“OFF”

Steel structure protected by impressed current system meets regulatory requirements andcathodic protection is judged to be adequate. A potential measurement of -850 mV or morenegative with the protective current temporarily interrupted (850 off) is considered to be the bestindicator that adequate cathodic protection has been provided.

MORENEGATIVE THAN-1220 mV “OFF”

Instant off potentials more negative than -1220 mV are theoretically not possible. If you observe aninstant off potential more negative than -1220 mV, you should suspect stray current is affecting theprotected structure. Consult a corrosion expert immediately since stray current can cause a rapidcorrosion failure of the protected structure.

MORENEGATIVETHAN -2000

“ON”

Usually means that a high resistance exists in the ground bed that is causing a large voltage drop.This condition is normally evident by checking the rectifier output since the voltage is very high butthe amperage is relatively low. However, you should be cautious when abnormally high voltagesare observed since this can have a detrimental effect on cathodically protected structures or theanodes may be rapidly depleted. Stray current may also be generated that can adversely affectother buried metallic structures such as water lines and other utilities. Consult a corrosion expertwhenever it is suspected that too much voltage is being generated.

VARIABLE “ON” or “OFF”

If the voltmeter readings vary, you should suspect that stray current may be affecting thecathodically protected structure. Sometimes, the stray current can cause a pattern to develop thatis recognizable. An example would be the on/off pattern of a nearby DC powered weldingoperation. A corrosion expert should be contacted immediately since stray current can cause acorrosion failure in a relatively short period of time.

RAPIDLYFLUCTUATING“ON” or “OFF”

If the voltmeter will not stabilize, it usually means that there is a high electrical resistancesomewhere. Check all lead wires and connections and make sure that you are making a solid andclean metal to metal connection. Soil where the reference electrode is placed could be too dry.Add water to the soil or wait until a heavy rain occurs and try again. Petroleum contaminated soilsmay cause a high contact resistance. The tip of the reference electrode may need to be cleaned orreplaced.

APPENDIX D

CONTINUITY TESTING PROCEDURE FOR GALVANIC/IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Fixed Cell – Moving Ground Continuity Test Procedure

1. Place reference electrode in contact with the soil at a location remote (25 – 100 feet) from all cathodicallyprotected structures. You must ensure that the remote reference electrode placement is not in proximity toany other cathodic protection systems (e.g. natural gas pipelines) or directly over any buried metallicstructure in order to minimize the chances of unwanted interference.

2. Be sure that reference electrode is firmly placed in moist soil and is not in contact with any vegetation.

3. Connect reference electrode to the negative terminal of voltmeter using a long spool of suitable wire.

4. Connect positive lead wire to voltmeter. This lead wire should have a sharp test prod (scratch awl or similar)in order to assure good contact with the metallic structures under test.

5. Place voltmeter on 2 volt DC scale.

6. Contact each buried metallic structure with the positive test lead without moving the reference electrode.Typical items that would be tested during a continuity survey include: all tanks, tank risers, submersiblepump heads, piping, flex connectors/swing joints, vent lines, electrical conduits, dispensers, utilities, etc.

7. Obtain voltage for each component and record on EPD continuity testing form.

8. Voltages for each component that is tested must be obtained as quickly as possible since the observedpotential can change over time. This is because the conditions in the soil where the reference electrode isplaced can change over a relatively short period of time.

Fixed Cell – Moving Ground Data Interpretation

Ø If two or more structures exhibit potentials that vary by 8 mV or less, the structures are considered to beelectrically continuous.

Ø If two or more structures exhibit potentials that vary by 12 mV or greater, the structures are considered to beelectrically isolated.

Ø If two or more structures exhibit potentials that vary by more than 8 mV but less than 12 mV, the result isinconclusive and further testing is necessary.

Point-to-Point Continuity Test Procedure

1. Turn off power to rectifier if testing an impressed current system. This is necessary to obtain accurateresults.

2. Connect test leads to voltmeter. Both test leads should have a sharp test prod or suitable clip lead in orderto make good contact with tested structures.

3. Place voltmeter on 2 volt (or lower) DC scale.

4. Connect one voltmeter test lead to one of the structures for which continuity is being tested and connect theother voltmeter test lead to the other structure that is being tested.

5. Record voltages observed on each of the two structures that are being compared and record on EPDcontinuity testing form.

Note: Testing with this method does not require a reference electrode. The two structures of interest are simplyconnected in parallel with the voltmeter and a determination made as to whether or not any potentialdifference exists between them.

Point-to-Point Data Interpretation

Ø If the voltage difference observed between the two structures is 1 mV or less, this indicates that the twostructures are considered to be electrically continuous with each other.

Ø If the voltage difference observed between the two structures is 10 mV or greater, this indicates that the twostructures are considered to be electrically isolated from each other.

Ø If the voltage difference observed between the two structures is greater than 1mV but less than 10 mV, theresult is inconclusive and further testing beyond the scope of this document is necessary.

APPENDIX E

STRUCTURE-TO-SOIL TEST PROCEDURE FOR GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS

1. Place voltmeter on 2 volt DC scale.

2. Connect voltmeter negative lead to reference electrode.

3. Place reference electrode in clean soil directly over the structure that is being tested to obtain localpotential. At least one local potential is required for each tank - the preferred test point is at the approximatemidpoint along the centerline of the tank. Piping may require measurement at each end of the pipe and atthe middle depending upon anode configuration (see Section 6.10.2 of EPD guidance document).

Ø The reference electrode may not be placed on concrete or other paving materials.

Ø Ensure that the reference electrode is placed in a vertical position (tip down).

Ø Ensure that the soil where the reference electrode is placed is moist – add tap water if necessary.

Ø Ensure that the soil where the reference electrode is placed is not contaminated with hydrocarbons.

Ø Ensure that the reference electrode window is not exposed to direct sunlight.

4. Connect voltmeter positive lead to structure that is to be tested.

Ø If a test lead wire is utilized to make contact with the tested structure you must ensure that continuityexists between the test lead wire and the structure. This may be accomplished by conducting a point-to-point continuity test as described in Appendix E.

Ø Ensure that good metal-to-metal contact is made between the test lead clip/probe and the structure.

Ø Ensure that no corrosion exists where the test lead makes contact with the structure.

Ø Ensure that your body does not come into contact with the electrical connections.

Ø Ensure that test leads are not submerged in any standing water.

Ø Ensure that test lead insulation is in good condition.

Ø sti-P3 tanks

Ø If the test lead wire is not continuous or is not present, contact with the inside bottom of the tank isnecessary. This may be accomplished by connecting the voltmeter lead wire to a test prodmounted onto the bottom of a wooden gauging stick and lowering the stick into the tank fill riser.Be sure that firm contact is made with the tank bottom. Care should be taken to ensure that anydrop tube that may be installed in the tank does not prohibit contact with the tank bottom. If ametallic probe bar is utilized to contact the tank bottom, ensure that the probe bar does not contactthe fill riser or any other metallic component of the UST system.

Ø If a sti-P3 tank is equipped with a PP4 test station, the PP4 test station is disregarded and localpotentials must be obtained with a portable reference electrode placed in the soil as described inSection 6.10.1 of the EPD guidance document.

5. Obtain voltage and record in the local column on the EPD galvanic survey form.

6. Obtain voltage and record in the remote column on the EPD galvanic cathodic protection form. (Note: if thefixed cell-moving ground method was used to conduct continuity survey, the potential obtained during thecontinuity survey for each corresponding structure may be transposed to the appropriate column.)

Data Interpretation (for a more complete discussion refer to Appendix C of this guidance document)

Ø If the local potentials are –850 mV or more negative, the 850 on criterion is satisfied and it is judged thatadequate cathodic protection has been provided.

Ø If the local potentials are more positive than –850 mV the test result is failed and further testing and/or repairsare necessary. Alternatively, a person qualified as a corrosion expert could evaluate/conduct the survey anddeclare a pass or fail based on their interpretation and professional judgement.

APPENDIX F

STRUCTURE-TO-SOIL TEST PROCEDURE FOR IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS

1. Inspect rectifier for proper operation and document necessary information. This includes measurement of outputvoltage/amperage with a multimeter (do not rely on rectifier gauges) and measurement of individual anode circuits (ifinstallation allows such). Record all necessary information under Section XI and XII of EPD impressed current form.

2. Place voltmeter on 2 volt DC scale.

3. Connect voltmeter negative lead to reference electrode.

4. Place reference electrode in clean soil directly over the structure that is being tested. At least one measurement must betaken for each tank - the preferred test point is usually the center of the tank. Piping normally requires measurement at eachend of the pipe (see Section 6.10.3 and 6.10.4 of EPD guidance document for further explanation).

Ø The reference electrode may not be placed on concrete or other paving materials.

Ø Ensure that the reference electrode is placed in a vertical position (tip down).

Ø Ensure that the soil where the reference electrode is placed is moist – add tap water if necessary.

Ø Ensure that the soil where the reference electrode is placed is not contaminated with hydrocarbons.

Ø Ensure that the reference electrode window is not exposed to direct sunlight.

5. Connect voltmeter positive lead to structure that is to be tested.

Ø Ensure that good metal-to-metal contact is made between the test lead clip/probe and the structure.

Ø Ensure that no corrosion exists where the test lead makes contact with the structure.

Ø Ensure that your body does not come into contact with the electrical connections.

Ø Ensure that test leads are not submerged in any standing water.

Ø Ensure that test lead insulation is in good condition.

6. Obtain voltage potential with the protective current applied and record in the on column on the EPD impressed currentcathodic protection evaluation form.

7. Without moving reference electrode from the position it was in during step 6 above, obtain voltage potential with the protectivecurrent temporarily interrupted and record in the instant off column on the impressed current cathodic protection form.

Ø The instant off potential is the 2nd value that is observed on a digital voltmeter the instant the power is interrupted. Thefirst number that appears immediately after power interruption must be disregarded. After the second number appears, arapid decay (depolarization) of the structure will normally occur.

Ø In order to obtain instant off potentials, a current interrupter or a 2nd person is necessary. If a current interrupter is notavailable, have the second person throw the power switch at the rectifier off for 3 seconds and then back on for 15seconds. Repeat this procedure until you are sure an accurate instant off reading has been obtained.

8. Conduct 100 mV polarization decay if you are unable to obtain an instant off potential of -850 mV or more negative in step 7above. (Note: While not a requirement of this guidance document, consideration should be given to adjusting the rectifieroutput until an instant off potential of -850 mV is achieved or the maximum safe output is reached.) It is only necessary toconduct 100 mV polarization where the lowest (most positive) instant off potential is observed on the UST system.

Ø 100 mV of polarization is determined by leaving the power interrupted on the structure until a change of at least 100 mVin the structure-to-soil potential is observed. In calculating the 100 mV decay, the instant off potential obtained in Step 7above is utilized as the starting point (e.g. if instant off = -800 mV, power must be left off until decayed to -700 mV).

Ø Calculate voltage change by subtracting final (or ending) voltage from the instant off voltage and record these values inthe appropriate columns on the EPD impressed current cathodic protection evaluation form.

Data Interpretation (for a more complete discussion refer to Appendix D of this guidance document)

Ø If the instant off potential is -850 mV or more negative, the 850 off criterion is satisfied and it is judged that adequate cathodicprotection has been provided.

Ø If the instant off potential is more positive than -850 mV, the tank may or may not be adequately protected and a 100 mVpolarization test is necessary.

Ø If the structure exhibits more than 100 mV polarization, the 100 mV polarization criterion is met and it is judged that adequatecathodic protection has been provided.

Ø If you are unable to meet either the 850 instant off or the 100 mV polarization criteria, it is judged that adequate cathodicprotection has not been provided and repairs/modification are indicated. Alternatively, a person qualified as a corrosion expertcould evaluate/conduct the survey and determine that cathodic protection is adequate based on their interpretation.

APPENDIX G

CHECKLIST FOR GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM SURVEY

Identified UST owner, UST facility, CP tester, tester’s qualifications and reason for survey (complete Sections I – V of EPD galvanic cathodic protection form).

Described UST and cathodic protection system (complete Section X of EPD galvanic cathodic protectionform).

Constructed site drawing depicting all pertinent components of the UST and cathodic protection systems atthe facility (complete Section XII of EPD galvanic cathodic protection form).

Reviewed any previous cathodic protection design/repair/testing data that may be available.

Ensured soil access was available directly over each cathodically protected component at the facility (see Section 6.9.2 of EPD cathodic protection guidance document for discussion).

Conducted continuity testing of all pertinent metallic components at the UST facility by the fixed remote –moving ground. . (complete Section XII of EPD galvanic cathodic protection form).

Obtained local structure-to-soil potentials on every cathodically protected structure with the referenceelectrode placed in the soil directly over the structure under test (complete Section XIV of EPD galvaniccathodic protection form).

Obtained remote potentials or transposed remote potentials obtained during continuity testing for everycathodically protected structure to appropriate column in Section XIV of EPD galvanic cathodic protectionform.

Indicated location (by code or other means) of reference electrode placement on site drawing for eachstructure-to-soil potential that was obtained during the survey.

Described any repairs and/or modifications that were made to the cathodic protection system (complete Section XI of EPD galvanic cathodic protection form).

Indicated whether or not each protected structure met the –850mV on criteria for the local referenceelectrode placement by indicating pass/fail in the appropriate column in Section XVI of the EPD galvaniccathodic protection form.

If only qualified as a tester - indicated the results of the evaluation by marking either pass or fail in SectionVI of EPD galvanic cathodic protection form.

If only qualified as a tester - marked inconclusive if any of the conditions found in Section 7.2 of EPD cathodic protection guidance document were applicable to survey.

If tester indicated inconclusive, either repairs were conducted or a corrosion expert evaluated/conductedthe survey and completed Section VII of EPD galvanic cathodic protection form.

If a corrosion expert conducted and/or evaluated the survey – indicated the results by marking either passor fail in Section VII of EPD galvanic cathodic protection form.

Indicated criteria that were applied to the evaluation by completion of Section VIII of the EPD galvaniccathodic protection form.

Indicated action required as a result of the survey by marking either none, retest or repair & retest inSection IX of EPD galvanic cathodic protection form.

Provided UST owner with any other type(s) of documentation that may be necessary in order to adequately describe the cathodic protection evaluation including the operating status and any repairs or recommendations and attached same to the EPD galvanic cathodic protection form.

APPENDIX H

CHECKLIST FOR IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM SURVEY

Identified UST owner, UST facility, CP tester, tester’s qualifications and reason for survey (complete Sections I – V of EPD impressed current cathodic protection form).

Described UST system and type of cathodic protection (complete Section X of EPD impressed currentcathodic protection form).

Constructed site drawing depicting all pertinent components of the UST and cathodic protection systems atthe facility (complete Section XIV of EPD impressed current cathodic protection form).

Reviewed any previous cathodic protection design/repair/testing data that may be available.

Checked rectifier for proper operation and measured output voltage/amperage with portable multimeter andindicated all other pertinent information (complete Section XI of EPD impressed current form).

Measured current output of all positive and negative circuits if the system was designed to allow for such (complete Section XII of the EPD impressed current cathodic protection form).

Ensured soil access was available directly over each cathodically protected component at the facility.

Conducted continuity testing of all pertinent metallic components at the UST facility by the fixed remote –moving ground method (complete Section XV of EPD impressed current form).

Recorded native structure-to-soil potentials in appropriate column in Section XVI of EPD impressed currentcathodic protection form if this data was available or the system had been down long enough for completedepolarization to occur.

Obtained structure-to-soil potential on every cathodically protected structure with the reference electrodeplaced in the soil directly over the structure under test with the protective current applied (on) and recordedvoltages in appropriate column in Section XVI of EPD impressed current cathodic protection form.

Obtained structure-to-soil potential on every cathodically protected structure without moving referenceelectrode from placement utilized to obtain on potential with the protective current temporarily interrupted(instant off) and recorded voltages in appropriate column in Section XVI of EPD impressed current form).

Conducted 100 mV polarization test if all protected structures did not meet the -850 instant off criterion.Obtaining a 100 mV decay is only required on that component of the UST system that displays the lowest(most positive) instant off potential in order to demonstrate the criterion has been satisfied.

Indicated location (by code or other means) of reference electrode placement on site drawing for eachstructure-to-soil potential that was obtained.

Described any repairs and/or modifications that were made to the cathodic protection system (complete Section XIII of EPD impressed current cathodic protection form).

Indicated whether or not each protected structure met the –850mV instant off criteria and/or the 100 mV polarization criteria by indicating pass/fail in the appropriate column in Section XVI of the EPD form.

If only qualified as a tester - indicated the results of the evaluation by marking either pass, fail or inconclusive in Section VI of EPD impressed current cathodic protection form.

If only qualified as a tester - marked inconclusive if any of the conditions found in Section 7.2 of EPD cathodic protection guidance document were applicable to survey.

If it was necessary for the tester to indicate inconclusive, a corrosion expert evaluated the data obtained by a tester and/or conducted his own testing and completed Section VII of EPD impressed current form.

If a corrosion expert conducted evaluation – indicated the results by marking either pass or fail in SectionVII of EPD impressed current cathodic protection form.

Indicated criteria that were applied to the evaluation by completion of Section VIII of the EPD form.

Indicated action required as a result of the survey by marking either none, retest or repair & retest inSection IX of EPD impressed current cathodic protection form.

Provided UST owner with any other type(s) of documentation that may be necessary in order to adequately describe the cathodic protection evaluation including the operating status and any repairs or recommendations and attached same to the EPD impressed current cathodic protection form.

APPENDIX I

TYPICAL POTENTIAL OF SELECTED METALS

The table below lists some common metals and their observed electrical potentials as measured withrespect to a copper/copper sulfate reference electrode.

METAL VOLTAGE (mV)

Magnesium (commercially pure) -1750

Magnesium (alloy found in typical cathodic protection anode) -1600

Zinc (nearly 100% pure - as found in typical cathodic protection anode) -1100

Aluminum (5% zinc alloy) -1050

Aluminum (pure) -800

Low Carbon Steel (new – clean & shiny) -600 to -750

Low Carbon Steel (old – rusty) -500 to -600

Stainless Steel (active - unpassivated) -450 to -600

Cast Iron (not graphitized) -500

Lead -500

Low Carbon Steel in Concrete -200

Brass, Bronze -200

Stainless Steel (passivated) 50 to -250

Copper 0 to -200

High Silicone Cast Iron -200

Carbon, Graphite +300

Silver +500

Platinum +900

Gold +1200

APPENDIX J

APPENDIX K

STATE OF GEORGIA

GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM EVALUATION

APPENDIX L

STATE OF GEORGIA

IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM EVALUATION

APPENDIX M

STATE OF GEORGIA

IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM

60 DAY RECORD OF OPERATION

STATE OF GEORGIAGALVANIC (SACRIFICIAL ANODE) CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM EVALUATIONØ This form must be utilized to evaluate underground storage tank (UST) cathodic protection systems in the State of Georgia.Ø Access to the soil directly over the cathodically protected structure that is being evaluated must be provided.Ø A site drawing depicting the UST cathodic protection system and all reference electrode placements must be completed.

I. UST OWNER II. UST FACILITYNAME: NAME: ID #

ADDRESS: ADDRESS:

CITY: STATE: CITY: COUNTY:

III. CP TESTER IV. CP TESTER’S QUALIFICATIONSTESTER’S NAME: NACE INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION NUMBER:

COMPANY NAME: CERTIFICATION DATE: TYPE OF CERTIFICATION:

ADDRESS: SOURCE OF CERTIFICATION:

CITY: STATE: OTHER (EXPLAIN) :_________________________________________________________

V. REASON SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED (mark only one)

Routine - 3 year Routine – within 6 months of installation 60-day re-survey after fail Re-survey after repair/modification

Date next cathodic protection survey must be conducted by _____________________ (required within 6 months of installation/repair & every 3 years thereafter).

VI. CATHODIC PROTECTION TESTER’S EVALUATION (mark only one)

All protected structures at this facility pass the cathodic protection survey and it is judged that adequate cathodic protection has been provided to the UST system (indicate all criteria applicable by completion of Section VIII).

One or more protected structures at this facility fail the cathodic protection survey and it is judged that adequate cathodic protection has not been provided to the UST system (complete Section IX).

CP TESTER’S SIGNATURE: DATE CP SURVEY PERFORMED:

VII. CORROSION EXPERT’S EVALUATION (mark only one)The survey must be conducted and/or evaluated by a corrosion expert when: a) repairs to galvanized or uncoated steel piping are conducted or b) supplementalanodes are added to the tanks and/or piping without following an accepted industry code.

All protected structures at this facility pass the cathodic protection survey and it is judged that adequate cathodic protection has been provided to the UST system (indicate all criteria applicable by completion of Section VIII).

One or more protected structures at this facility fail the cathodic protection survey and it is judged that adequate cathodic protection has not been provided to the UST system (indicate what action is necessary by completion of Section IX).

CORROSION EXPERT’S NAME: COMPANY NAME:

NACE INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION: NACE INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION NUMBER:

CORROSION EXPERT’S SIGNATURE: DATE:

VIII. CRITERIA APPLICABLE TO EVALUATION (mark all that apply)

Structure-to-soil potential more negative than –850 mV with respect to a Cu/CuSO4 reference electrode with the protective current applied (This criterion is applicable to any galvanically protected structure).

IX. ACTION REQUIRED AS A RESULT OF THIS EVALUATION (mark only one)

NONE Cathodic protection is adequate. No further action is necessary at this time. Test again by no later than (see Section V).

REPAIR & RETEST Cathodic protection is not adequate. Repair/modification is necessary as soon as practical but within the next 60 days.

EPD, UST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

4244 INTERNATIONAL PKWY, ATLANTA, GA 30354 PHONE 404) 362-2687 FAX (8404) 362-2654 www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

PASS

FAIL

PASS

FAIL

850 ON

X. DESCRIPTION OF UST SYSTEMTANK # PRODUCT CAPACITY TANKS PIPING FLEX CONNECTORS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

XI. DESCRIPTION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM REPAIRS AND/OR MODIFICATIONComplete if any repairs or modifications to the cathodic protection system are made or are necessary. Certain repairs/modifications as explained in the text ofthe EPD cathodic protection guidance document are required to be designed and/or evaluated by a corrosion expert (completion of Section VII required).

Supplemental anodes for a sti-P3® tank (attach corrosion expert’s design or documention industry standard was followed).

Supplemental anodes for metallic pipe (attach corrosion expert’s design or documention industry standard was followed).

Galvanically protected tanks/piping not electrically isolated (explain in “Remarks/Other” below).

Remarks/Other: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

XII. UST FACILITY SITE DRAWINGAttach detailed drawing or use the space provided to draw a sketch of the UST and cathodic protection systems. Sufficient detail must be given in order to clearlyindicate where the reference electrode was placed for each structure-to-soil potential that is recorded on the survey forms. Any pertinent data must also beincluded. At a minimum you should indicate the following: All tanks, piping and dispensers; All buildings and streets; All anodes and wires; Location of CP teststations; Each reference electrode placement must be indicated by a code (1,2, T-1,) corresponding with the appropriate line number in Section XIV of this form.

AN EVALUATION OF THE CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM IS NOT COMPLETE WITHOUT AN ACCEPTABLE SITE DRAWING.

EPD, UST MANAGEMAENT PROGRAM

4244 INTERNATIONAL PKWY, ATLANTA, GA 30354 PHONE (404) 362-2687 FAX (404) 362-2654 www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

XIII. GALVANIC (SACRIFICIAL ANODE) CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM CONTINUITY SURVEY

Ø This section may be utilized to conduct measurements of continuity on underground storage tank systems that are protected by cathodic protection systems.Ø When conducting a fixed cell - moving ground survey, the reference electrode must be placed in the soil at a remote location and left undisturbed.Ø For galvanic systems, the structure that is to be protected must be isolated from any other metallic structure in order to pass the continuity survey.

FACILITY NAME: NOTE: The survey is not complete unless all applicable parts of Sections I-XIV are alsocompleted

DESCRIBE LOCATION OF “FIXED REMOTE” REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT:

Contact Points Potential (mV) CommentsISOLATED/ 6 CONTINUOUS/

INCONCLUSIVE

Tank 1

A. Tank Bottom/Test Lead

B. Fill Pipe Riser

C. Submersible Pump

D. Tank Monitor

E. Piping at sub pump

F. Vent Line

Tank 2

A. Tank Bottom/Test Lead

B. Fill Pipe Riser

C. Submersible Pump

D. Tank Monitor

E. Piping at sub pump

F. Vent Line

Tank 3

A. Tank Bottom/Test Lead

B. Fill Pipe Riser

C. Submersible Pump

D. Tank Monitor

E. Piping at sub pump

F. Vent Line

Dispensers

No. 1 No. 5

No. 2 No. 6

No. 3 No. 7

No. 4 No. 8

COMMENTS:

EPD, UST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

4244 INTERNATIONAL PKWY, ATLANTA, GA 30354 PHONE (404) 362-2687 FAX (404) 362-2654 www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

XIV. GALVANIC (SACRIFICIAL ANODE) CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM SURVEYØ This section may be utilized to conduct a survey of a galvanic cathodic protection system by obtaining structure-to-soil potential measurements.Ø The reference electrode must be placed in the soil directly over the tested structure (local).

FACILITY NAME: NOTE: The survey is not complete unless all applicable parts of sections I – XIV are also completed

DESCRIBE LOCATION OF REMOTE REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT:

Reference Cell Location Potential (mV) Comments PASS/FAIL/ INCONCLUSIVE

Tank 1

A. Tank Bottom/Test Lead

B. Fill Piper Riser

C. Submersible Pump

D. Tank Monitor

E. Piping at sub pump

F. Vent Line

Tank 2

A. Tank Bottom/Test Lead

B. Fill Piper Riser

C. Submersible Pump

D. Tank Monitor

E. Piping at sub pump

F. Vent Line

Tank 3

A. Tank Bottom/Test Lead

B. Fill Piper Riser

C. Submersible Pump

D. Tank Monitor

E. Piping at sub pump

F. Vent Line

Dispensers

No. 1

No. 2

No. 3

No. 4

No. 5

COMMENTS:

Designate numerically or by code on the site drawing each “local” reference electrode placement (e.g. 1,2,3… T-1, T-2, P-1, P-2…etc.).

Describe the exact location where reference electrode is placed for each “local” measurement (e.g. soil @ plus tank STP; soil @ dispenser 5/6; etc.)

Record the structure-to-soil potential measured with the reference electrode placed “local” in millivolts (e.g. –865 mV, -920 mV, etc.).

Indicate whether the tested structure passed or failed the –850 mV “on” criterion based on your interpretation of the test data.

EPD, UST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

4244 INTERNATIONAL PKWY, ATLANTA, GA 30354 PHONE (404) 362-2687 FAX (404) 362-2654 www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

STATE OF GEORGIAIMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM EVALUATION

Ø This form must be utilized to evaluate underground storage tank (UST) cathodic protection systems in Georgia.Ø Access to the soil directly over the cathodically protected structure that is being evaluated must be provided.Ø A site drawing depicting the UST cathodic protection system and all reference electrode placements must be completed.

I. UST OWNER II. UST FACILITYNAME: NAME: ID #

ADDRESS: ADDRESS:

CITY: STATE: CITY: COUNTY:

III. CP TESTER IV. CP TESTER’S QUALIFICATIONSTESTER’S NAME: NACE INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION NUMBER:

COMPANY NAME: CERTIFICATION DATE: TYPE OF CERTIFICATION:

ADDRESS: SOURCE OF CERTIFICATION:

CITY: STATE: OTHER (EXPLAIN) : _________________________________________________________

V. REASON SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED (mark only one)

Routine - 3 year Routine – within 6 months of installation 60-day re-survey after fail Re-survey after repair/modification

Date next cathodic protection survey must be conducted ______________________ (required within 6 months of installation/repair & every 3 years thereafter).

VI. CATHODIC PROTECTION TESTER’S EVALUATION (mark only one)

All protected structures at this facility pass the cathodic protection survey and it is judged that adequate cathodic protection has been provided to the UST system (indicate all criteria applicable by completion of Section VIII).

One or more protected structures at this facility fail the cathodic protection survey and it is judged that adequate cathodic protection has not been provided to the UST system (complete Section IX).

The cathodic protection survey of an impressed current system must be evaluated by a corrosion expert because one or more of the conditions listed in Section 7.1.5 of the EPD cathodic protection guidance document are applicable (complete Section VII).

CP TESTER’S SIGNATURE: DATE CP SURVEY PERFORMED:

VII. CORROSION EXPERT’S EVALUATION (mark only one)

The survey must be conducted and/or evaluated by a corrosion expert when: a) supplemental anodes or other changes in the construction of the impressedcurrent system are made; b) stray current may be affecting buried metallic structures or c) an inconclusive result was indicated in Section VI.

All protected structures at this facility pass the cathodic protection survey and it is judged that adequate cathodic protection has been provided to the UST system (indicate all criteria applicable by completion of Section VIII).

One or more protected structures at this facility fail the cathodic protection survey and it is judged that adequate cathodic protection has not been provided to the UST system (indicate what action is necessary by completion of Section IX).

CORROSION EXPERT’S NAME: COMPANY NAME:

NACE INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION: NACE INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION NUMBER:

CORROSION EXPERT’S SIGNATURE: DATE:

VIII. CRITERIA APPLICABLE TO EVALUATION (mark all that apply)

Structure-to-soil potential more negative than –850 mV with respect to a Cu/CuSO4 reference electrode with protective current temporarily interrupted (instant-off).

Structure(s) exhibit at least 100 mV of cathodic polarization.

IX. ACTION REQUIRED AS A RESULT OF THIS EVALUATION (mark only one)

NONE Cathodic protection is adequate. No further action is necessary at this time. Test again by no later than (see Section V).

REPAIR & RETEST Cathodic protection is not adequate. Repair/modification is necessary as soon as practical but within the next 60 days.

EPD, UST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

4244 INTERNATIONAL PKWY, ATLANTA, GA 30354 PHONE (404) 362-2687 FAX (404) 362-2654 www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

INCONCLUSIVE

PASS

FAIL

PASS

FAIL

850 OFF

100 mV POLARIZATION

X. DESCRIPTION OF UST SYSTEMTANK # PRODUCT CAPACITY TANK MATERIAL PIPING MATERIAL FLEX CONNECTORS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

XI. IMPRESSED CURRENT RECTIFIER DATA (complete all applicable)

In order to conduct an effective evaluation of the cathodic protection system, a complete evaluation of rectifier operation is necessary.

RECTIFIER MANUFACTURER: RATED DC OUTPUT: ____________ VOLTS ____________ AMPS

RECTIFIER MODEL: RECTIFIER SERIAL NUMBER:

RECTIFIER OUTPUT AS INITIALLY DESIGNED OR LASTLY RECOMMENDED (if available): __________ VOLTS __________ AMPS

EVENT DATECOARSE FINE VOLTS AMPS

HOUR METER COMMENTS

“AS FOUND”

“AS LEFT”

XII. IMPRESSED CURRENT POSITIVE & NEGATIVE CIRCUIT MEASUREMENTS (output amperage)

Complete if the system is designed to allow such measurements (i.e. individual lead wires for each anode are installed and measurement shunts are present).

CIRCUIT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL

ANODE (+)

TANK (-)

XIII. DESCRIPTION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM REPAIRS AND/OR MODIFICATIONComplete if any repairs or modifications to the cathodic protection system are made OR are necessary. Certain repairs/modifications as explained in the text ofthe EPD cathodic protection guidance document are required to be designed and/or evaluated by a corrosion expert (completion of Section VII required).

Additional anodes for an impressed current system (attach corrosion expert’s design).

Repairs or replacement of rectifer (explain in “Remarks/Other” below).

Anode header cables repaired and/or replaced(explain in “Remarks/Other” below).

Impressed current protected tanks/piping not electrically continuous (explain in “Remarks/Other” below).

Remarks/Other: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

XIV. UST FACILITY SITE DRAWINGAttach detailed drawing of the UST and cathodic protection systems. Sufficient detail must be given in order to clearly indicate where the reference electrode wasplaced for each structure-to-soil potential that is recorded on the survey forms. Any pertinent data must also be included. At a minimum you should indicate thefollowing: All tanks, piping and dispensers; All buildings and streets; All anodes and wires; Location of CP test stations; Each reference electrode placement mustbe indicated by a code (1,2,3 R-1, R-2, R-3…etc.) corresponding with the appropriate line number in Section XVI of this form.

AN EVALUATION OF THE CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM IS NOT COMPLETE WITHOUT AN ACCEPTABLE SITE DRAWING.

EPD, UST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

4244 INTERNATIONAL PKWY, ATLANTA, GA 30354 PHONE (404) 362-2687 FAX (404) 362-2654 www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

TAP SETTINGS DC OUTPUT

XV. IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM CONTINUITY SURVEYØ This section may be utilized to conduct measurements of continuity on underground storage tank systems that are protected by cathodic protection systems.Ø When conducting a fixed cell - moving ground survey, the reference electrode must be placed in the soil at a remote location and left undisturbed.Ø For impressed current systems, the protected structure must be continuous with all other protected structures in order to pass the continuity survey.

FACILITY NAME: NOTE: The survey is not complete unless all applicable parts of sections I-XIV are also completed

DESCRIBE LOCATION OF “FIXED REMOTE” REFERENCE ELECTRODE PLACEMENT:

CONTACT POINTSTRUCTURE “A”

3 FIXED

REMOTE INSTANT OFFVOLTAGE

STRUCTURE “B” 4

FIXEDREMOTE INSTANT OFF

VOLTAGE

ISOLATED/ 6 CONTINUOUS/ INCONCLUSIVE

TANK 1

A. Tank Bottom/Test Lead

B. Fill Pipe Riser

C. Submersible Pump

D. Tank Monitor

E. Piping at sub pump

F. Vent Line

TANK 2

A. Tank Bottom/Test Lead

B. Fill Pipe Riser

C. Submersible Pump

D. Tank Monitor

E. Piping at sub pump

F. Vent Line

TANK 3

A. Tank Bottom/Test Lead

B. Fill Pipe Riser

C. Submersible Pump

D. Tank Monitor

E. Piping at sub pump

F. Vent Line

Dispensers

No. 1

No. 2

No. 3

Comments:

EPD, UST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

4244 INTERNATIONAL PKWY, ATLANTA, GA 30354 PHONE (404) 362-2687 FAX (404) 362-2654 www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

XVI. IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM SURVEYØ This section may be utilized to conduct a survey of an impressed current cathodic protection system by obtaining structure-to-soil potential measurements.Ø The reference electrode must be placed in the soil directly above the structure that is being tested and as far away from any active anode as practical to

obtain a valid structure-to-soil potential (refer to the EPD cathodic protection evaluation guidance document for detailed discussion of electrode placement).Ø Both on and instant off potentials must be measured for each structure that is intended to be under cathodic protection.Ø The instant off potential must be -850 mV or more negative or the 100 mV polarization criterion must be satisfied in order to pass.

FACILITY NAME: NOTE: This survey is not complete unless all applicable parts of sections I – XIV are also completed

100 mV POLARIZATIONLOCATION

CODELocation of Cell Contact to Tank ON

VOLTAGE

INSTANT OFF

VOLTAGEEndingVoltage

VoltageChange

PASS/FAIL 9

Tank 1

A. Sub Pump Pit

B. Tank Monitor Pit

C. Vapor Riser Pit

Tank 2

A. Sub Pump Pit

B. Tank Monitor Pit

C. Vapor Riser Pit

Tank 3

A. Sub Pump Pit

B. Tank Monitor Pit

C. Vapor Riser Pit

Tank 4

A. Sub Pump Pit

B. Tank Monitor Pit

C. Vapor Riser Pit

Dispensers

No. 1

No. 2

No. 3

No. 4

COMMENTS:

Designate numerically or by code on the site drawing each local reference electrode placement (e.g. 1,2,3… T-1, T-2, P-1, P-2…etc.).

Describe the exact location where the reference electrode is placed for each measurement (e.g. soil @ regular tank STP manway; soil @ dispenser 2, etc.)

{Applies to all tests} Record the structure-to-soil potential (voltage) observed with the current applied (e.g. –1070 mV).

{Applies to all tests} Record the structure to soil potential (voltage) observed when the current is interrupted (e.g. 680 mV).

{Applies to 100 mV polarization test only} Record the voltage observed at the end of the test period (e.g. 575 mV).

{Applies to 100 mV polarization test only} Subtract the final voltage from the instant off voltage (e.g. 680 mV – 575 mV = 105 mV).

Indicate if the tested structure passed or failed one of the two acceptable criteria (850 instant off or 100 mV polarization) based on your interpretation of data.

EPD, UST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

4244 INTERNATIONAL PKWY, ATLANTA, GA 30354 PHONE (404) 362-2687 FAX (404) 362-2654 www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

STATE OF GEORGIAIMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM

60-DAY RECORD OF RECTIFER OPERATIONØ This form may be utilized to document that the cathodic protection system rectifier is checked for operation at least once every 60 days.

Ø Checked for operation is taken to mean that it was confirmed the rectifier was receiving power and is “turned-on”.

Ø If your rectifier is so equipped, you should also record the output voltage, amperage and the number of hours indicated on the meter.

Ø Any significant variance should be reported to your corrosion professional so that any repairs and/or adjustments necessary can be made.

UST OWNER UST FACILITYNAME: NAME: ID #

ADDRESS: ADDRESS:

CITY: STATE: CITY: COUNTY:

IMPRESSED CURRENT RECTIFIER DATA

Rectifier Manufacturer: Rated DC Output: ____________ VOLTS ___________AMPS

Rectifier Model: Rectifier Serial Number:

What is the ‘as designed’ or lastly recommended rectifier output? ____________ VOLTS ___________AMPS

60-DAY LOG OF RECTIFIER OPERATION

DATEINSPECTED

RECTIFIERTURNED ON? COARSE FINE VOLTS AMPS

HOURMETER

INSPECTORINITIALS

COMMENTS

EPD, UST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

4244 INTENATIONAL PKWY, ATLANTA, GA 30354 PHONE 404) 362-2687 FAX (404) 362-2654 www.dnr.state.ga.us/dnr/environ

TAP SETTINGS DC OUTPUT