Guide to Plants

Major Non-Vascular and Vascular Divisions, 22.2-22.5

Non-Vascular, Seedless Plants

1. Very small in size2. Live in moist environments (contains no

xylem and phloem to transport water, all done cell to cell via osmosis)

3. Grown in clumps or masses known as mattes

4. Ex: Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts5. 25,000 species known

Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts

Bryophyta = Mosses Hepatophyta = Liverworts

Anthocerophyta= Hornworts

Seedless, Vascular Plants

Have leaves that are adapted for reproduction Have 2 types of vascular tissue:

1. Xylem- dead tubular tissue that transport water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves

2. Phloem- living tubular cells that transport sugars from the leaves to all parts of the cells

3. Produce spores and exhibit alternation of generations

Ex: Club mosses, Horse Tails, and Ferns

Vascular Non-Seed, Whisk Fern

Whisk Fern Structure

Club Moss

Selaginella (Div. Lycophyta)

Selaginella is the only fern that is hetero-sporous, meaning that it produces two kinds of spores, micro and megaspores.Microspores develop into male gametophytes while megaspores develop into female gametophytes.

Vascular Seed Plants

All have well developed true roots, stems, and leaves with xylem and phloem

Produce seeds to protect plant embryos, provide nutrients, and create dispersion

2 Main categories: – Gymnosperm– Angiosperm

Gymnosperms

Vascular plants that produce “naked seeds” within cones (meaning not encased in a fruit)

1. Seeds are developing embryos formed from cross pollination, which are surrounded by a food supply in a tough protective coat(Have male and female cones in all but one species)

-Pollen grains are produced by spores (in cones)

a. Microspore-male gametophyte

b. Megaspore-female gametophyte

Advantages of Seeds

Contains a supply of food to nourish the young plant during its early stages of growth (leaves are absent or underdeveloped)

Fertilization does not require water, instead wind and animals can transport pollen grains to ovules of neighboring plants

Ex: Gingkophyta, Coniferophyta (pine trees)

Cycadophyta (Cycads)

Prehistoric Cycads-short and stout, cone bearing, found in tropics

Gnetophyta: desert dwelling, seed bearing, live up to 100 yrs

Ginkgophyta: One Species Left!! Ginkgo biloba

No cones, fan-shaped leaves, male and female develop on separate trees!

Coniferophyta

Cone bearing, alter. of generations, needle like leaves

Examples:Monkey Puzzle Tree

Pacific Yew- fights

cancerRedwoods-tallest

living plants

Angiosperms

Plants that produce flowers and develop seeds encased in a fruit

Fruits-ripened ovaries (female reproductive organs of plants

Advantages of fruit-– Protects the seed/seeds– Aides in dispersal of the seeds

Main Categories of Angiosperm

Monocots Class Monocotyledonae One seed leaf/one food

compartment Flower parts in multiples of

3 Parallel venation in the

leaves Long narrow leaves Shallow root systems Alternating xylem and

phloem in vascular tissue

Dicots Class Dicotyledonae Two seed leaves/two food

storage compartments Flower parts in multiples in 2,

4, or 5 Branched venation (network

of veins in leaf) Lobed, barbed, rounded leaves Deep tap root systems Xylem and Phloem form

continuous cylinders

Anthophyta: Flower Bearing Seeds

“Nice Coat!”

Bean Seed Above Is A Dicot!Corn Seed Below Is A Monocot!

Monocot or Dicot?

Angiosperm Reproduction-1

Angiosperm Reproduction-2

Angiosperm Reproduction-3