Guide for 11th Grade

8/6/2019 Guide for 11th Grade

1/7

Guide for 11th grade

SINCE AND FOR

For and Since for Time

We often use forand since when talking about time.

for+ period

A period is a duration of time, for example: 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. Formeans "from thebeginning of the period until the end of the period." Forcan be used with all tenses.

since + point

A point is a precise moment in time, for example: 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. Since means"from a point in the past until now." Since is normally used with perfect tenses.

for

a period

(from start to end)

>===|

for 20 minutes

for three days

for 6 months

for 4 years

for 2 centuries

for a long time

for ever

etc

since 9am

since Monday

since January

since 1997

since 1500

since I left school

since the beginning of time

etc

all tenses perfect tenses only

Forcan be used with all tenses. Here are a few examples:

They study fortwo hours every day. They are studying forthree hours today. He has lived in Bangkok fora long time. He has been living in Paris forthree months. I worked at that bank forfive years. Will the universe continue forever?


2/7


3/7

for 4 years

for 2 centuries

for a long time

for ever

etc

since 1997

since 1500

since I left school

since the beginning of time

etc

all tenses perfect tenses only

Forcan be used with all tenses. Here are a few examples:

They study fortwo hours every day. They are studying forthree hours today. He has lived in Bangkok fora long time.

He has been living in Paris forthree months. I worked at that bank forfive years. Will the universe continue forever?

Foris NOT used with "all day", "all the time" etc.

I was there all day. (not*for all day)

Since is normally used with perfect tenses:

He has been here since 9am. He has been working since he arrived. I had lived in New York since my childhood.

Since can also be used in the structure "It is [period] since...":

It is a yearsince I saw her. How long is it since you got married?

Still Until yet

We use 'still' to talk about something, a situation or an action, that's continuing,often for a longer time than expected. It hasn't changed or stopped.'Still' usually goes in the middle of the sentence, before the verb.

Still

Are you still married to him?

Is she unemployed?


4/7

I'm living with my parents.

We use 'yet' mostly in questions and negative sentences.

Using 'yet' shows that we're expecting something to happen or have happened.

In spoken English 'yet' almost always comes at the end of the sentence or question

and is commonly used with the present perfect.

Questions with 'yet'

Have you tidied your roomHas he come homeHas she finishedHave they seen the film

yet?

Negative statements with 'yet'

You haven't met her He hasn't done itShe hasn't spoken to himThey haven't paid

yet.

We use 'already' to talk about things that have happened, often earlier than expected.

It usually goes in the middle or the end of sentence,

just before or after the verb and is also commonly used with the present perfect.

Present perfect with 'already'

Have you two

already

met?

He's done itShe's fixed itThey've sold their car

Second Conditional: unreal possibility or dream

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. Weare thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is


5/7

not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lotteryticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticketin the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It's not very real, but it'sstill possible.

IF condition result

past simple WOULD + base verb

If I won the lottery I would buy a car.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the past simple tense to talk aboutthe future condition. We use WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The importantthing about the second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will

happen.

Here are some more examples:

IF condition result

past simple WOULD + base verb

If I married Mary I would be happy.

If Ram became rich she would marry him.

If it snowed next July would you be surprised?

If it snowed next July what would you do?

result IF condition

WOULD + base verb past simple

I would be happy if I married Mary.


6/7

She would marry Ram if he became rich.

Would you be surprised if it snowed next July?


7/7

Wh- Questions

Allow a speaker to find out more information about topics. They are as follows:

When?

Where?

Who?

Why?

How?

What?

Time

Place

Person

Reason

Manner

Object/Idea/Action

Other words can also be used to inquire about specific information:

Which (one)?

Whose?

Whom?

How much?

How many?

How long?

How often?

How far?

What kind (of)?

Choice of alternatives

Possession

Person (objective formal)

Price, amount (non-count)

Quantity (count)

Duration

Frequency

Distance

Description

The "grammar" used with wh- questions depends on whether the topic being asked about is the

"subject" or "predicate" of a sentence. For the subjectpattern, simply replace the person or

thing being asked about with the appropriate wh-word.

(Someone has my baseball.)

(Something is bothering you.)

Who has my baseball?

What is bothering you?

For thepredicate pattern, wh- question formation depends on whether there is an "auxiliary"

verb in the original sentence. Auxiliary or "helping" verbs are verbs thatprecede main verbs.

Auxiliary verbs are italicizedin the following sentences.

I can do it.

They are leaving.

I have eaten my lunch.

I should have finished my homework.

To make a question using thepredicate pattern, first form a yes/no question by invertingthebj t d (fi t) ili b Th dd th i t h d t th b i i f th

Documents

Guide for 11th Grade