BIOLOGYSC.F.1.4.1The student knows that the body processes involve specific biochemical reactions governed by biochemical principles. (Also assesses SC.F.1.4.3 andSC.F.1.4.5)Enzymes see SC.A.1.4.4

Photosynthesis

H2O + CO2 + ENERGY (sunlight)--------------------- C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2

Cellular respiration

C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 -------------------------- H2O + CO2 + ENERGY (ATP)

Concentration gradients Cell membrane functionsOrganic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.

• Inorganic compounds typically lack carbon.• Carbon can share 4 electrons or make 4 bonds • Macromolecules are polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules.• The smaller molecules are called monomers.

Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)• Units sugars made of C, H, and O with a ratio of (C1H2O1)• Functions structure and as energy sources.• Kinds 1. Sugars

• Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides • Polymers of glucose

2. Starch- how plants store energy3. Glycogen- how animals store energy4. Cellulose – structural function in plants

Lipids (fats, oils, steroids) Nonpolar and insoluble in water.

1. Simple lipids Units- fatty acids made of C, H, and O. Functions components of cell membranes. Kinds

1. fats or triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids; Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds in the fatty acids.

2. Complex lipids Functions cell membranes phospholipids

3. Steroids• Made of Four carbon rings• Part of membranes.

Proteins• Units - amino acids.• Function- cell structure and function.• Kinds

1. Muscle tissue-2. Enzymes - proteins that speed chemical reactions.3. Transporter - proteins move chemicals across membranes.

Nucleic Acids• Units - nucleotides.• Nucleotides consist of a:

• Pentose sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen-containing base (purine or pyrimidine)• Kinds1. DNA RNA

MOVEMENT ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE• Concentration is the amount of solute in a solvent• Concentration gradient:

– more solute in 1 part of a solvent than another

Diffusion- movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentrationOsmosis- movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

Passive transport- movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy down a concentration gradient

Diffusion – through membrane Facilitated diffusion- through carrier proteins

Active transport- transport of substances across the membrane requiring energy and going against the concentration gradient

SC.F.2.4.3The student understands the mechanisms of change (e.g., mutation and natural selection) that lead to adaptations in a species and their ability to survive naturally in changing conditions and to increase species diversity. (Also assesses SC.D.1.4.4 and SC.F.1.4.2)Mitosis and Meiosis

Haploid – 1 set of chromosomes–Example: the humans have 23 different chromosomes (n=23).Diploid – 2 sets of chromosomes-Human diploid cells, have 46 chromosomes (2n=46).

Homologous – same chromosomes that each came from the opposite sex parent

chromatids - identical copies

Mitosis: Purpose is to preserve chromosome number.Meiosis: Purpose is to create haploid gametes (sperm and egg), and to create new genotype combinations

A process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.

The Cell Cycle1. Interphase

a. G1 b. S DNA is Replicatedc. G2

2. Mitosis – division of the nucleus and chromosomesa. prophase- preparationb. metaphase- middlec. anaphase- apartd. telophase- terminate

3. cytokinesis- division of the cell and cytoplasm

Meiosis usually involves 2 distinct stages Meiosis I Meiosis II

DNA AND RNA• DNA is composed of nucleotides and is shaped like a double helix.• A nucleotide has three parts: a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.• Bases always form complementary base pairs:

adenine binds with thymine, and cytosine binds with guanine.

Replication - Complementary base pairing enables DNA to replicate, or copy itself.

  Mitosis Meiosis

Results in 2 Diploid Cells (2N) 4 Haploid Cells (N)

Cells are Genetically Identical Genetically Different

Occurs in Somatic (Body) CellsSex Cells

DNA Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine Deoxyribose PhosphateRNA Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil Ribose Phosphate

Genes, sections of DNA that code for a specific trait, are linked together on chromosomes.

PROTEIN SYNTHESISprotein synthesis- process of manufacturing proteins• Protein synthesis occurs in two stages: transcription and translation.• Transcription is the process by which information is copied from DNA into a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA).• Translation is the process by which the information from nucleic acids is coded for amino acids.

messenger RNA- carries coded instructions for protein synthesis ribosomal RNA- makes up the ribosome with other proteins transfer RNA- brings amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order to build new proteins codon- section of three bases in mRNA that code for an amino acid anticodon- section of three bases in tRNA that code for an amino acid

MUTATIONS• A random change in an organism’s DNA is a mutation. A mutation can be beneficial, but it is usually harmful to or has no effect on the organism

DNA mRNA ribosomes + tRNA + amino acids = proteins

INHERITANCE genetics, the scientific study of heredity Since sexual reproducing organisms have two parents, then they have two forms of the same gene – one

from each parent alternate forms of genes are called alleles

If both alleles from each parent are the same, then it is said to be homozygous (dominant or recessive) If they are different, then it is said to be heterozygous An individual’s genetic make-up is known as the genotype The physical characteristics resulting from an individual’s genetic make-up is known as the phenotype.

Dominant genes-In cases in which two or more forms (alleles) of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive.

The dominant gene is the one that is expressed.

Incomplete dominance- effect of 2 alleles are combined Heterozygous phenotype is blend between the two homozygous phenotypes

o ex: red + white flowers = pinkCo-dominance- both traits are fully expressed

o ex: AB blood type

NATURAL SELECTION Natural selection; is the mechanisms for evolution.

is the process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to the environment leave more offspring on average than do other individuals.

Genetic Variation is the source of Natural Selection

1. DNA is the blue-print for building ALL living things on planet Earth2. DNA sequences are changed by random mutations,

radiation, viruses, chemicals, sexual reproduction, migration, geological events, etc.Mutation: change in an organisms DNA, replaces an allele with a new version.

3. As a result there is variation within populations of a species.4. Those individuals of a particular species with a phenotype (as a result of their genotype) that is more fit

to survive in a given environment has a better chance to reproduce.5. Those individuals who reproduce more pass-on their genes at a higher frequency than those who do

not.6. As time passes, populations change through time….they evolve!

Evolution is the process of change over time as a result of natural selection Evolutionary fitness: contribution of an individual (phenotype) to the next generation. Reproductive

success.