Growth of the American Growth of the American ColoniesColonies

1689-17541689-1754

Colonies of an EmpireColonies of an Empire

The English Civil War (1640-The English Civil War (1640-1660)1660)

The Sides:The Sides: King Charles IKing Charles I ParliamentParliament

The Dispute:The Dispute: Parliament believed that Charles I was trying to limit Parliament believed that Charles I was trying to limit

its power.its power. The Results:The Results:

Parliament defeated the King and had him Parliament defeated the King and had him beheaded.beheaded.

Years later Parliament restored Charles II as king to Years later Parliament restored Charles II as king to regain stability.regain stability.

Meanwhile England ignored the colonies and Meanwhile England ignored the colonies and allowed them a large measure of self government.allowed them a large measure of self government.

King King Charles ICharles I

Charles II

MercantilismMercantilism

The TheoryThe Theory Mercantilists believed:Mercantilists believed:

A country should try to get and keep as A country should try to get and keep as much gold and silver as possible;much gold and silver as possible;

If no mines existed trade should be the If no mines existed trade should be the source of wealth;source of wealth;

Colonies should be used as a source of raw Colonies should be used as a source of raw goods and a market for finished goods from goods and a market for finished goods from the mother country.the mother country.

Mercantilism effect on trade laws:Mercantilism effect on trade laws: England sought to have as many colonies as England sought to have as many colonies as

possible;possible; Charles II approved the Navigation Act Charles II approved the Navigation Act

which:which: Tightened control of colonial trade;Tightened control of colonial trade; Required colonies to sell certain goods only to Required colonies to sell certain goods only to

England;England; Required that any goods sold to another country Required that any goods sold to another country

must first be sent through England to be taxed.must first be sent through England to be taxed.

Mercantilism’s effect on politics and Mercantilism’s effect on politics and warwar Europeans began to fight each other for Europeans began to fight each other for

control of territory rather than over control of territory rather than over religion.religion.

King Charles II and King James II tried to King Charles II and King James II tried to tighten their control of the American tighten their control of the American Colonies.Colonies.

King James II abolished the governments of King James II abolished the governments of New York and the New England Colonies and New York and the New England Colonies and combined them into the Dominion of New combined them into the Dominion of New England.England.

This angered the colonists and was later reversed This angered the colonists and was later reversed when William and Mary took power after the when William and Mary took power after the Glorious Revolution.Glorious Revolution.

King James IIKing James II

Colonial Policy in the Early Colonial Policy in the Early 1700s1700s

Great Britain rarely interfered directly Great Britain rarely interfered directly in the colonies.in the colonies.

Self GovernmentSelf Government The chief executive of the colonies was The chief executive of the colonies was

a governor appointed by the King.a governor appointed by the King. Legislatures elected by the colonists Legislatures elected by the colonists

served under the governor.served under the governor. The legislatures came to dominate the The legislatures came to dominate the

decision making process in the colonies .decision making process in the colonies .

Salutary(beneficial) NeglectSalutary(beneficial) Neglect British practiced this because:British practiced this because:

England had a long tradition of strong local England had a long tradition of strong local government and weak central government.government and weak central government.

England lacked the resources and the England lacked the resources and the bureaucracy to enforce policies in the bureaucracy to enforce policies in the colonies.colonies.

Colonists recognized the power of the King Colonists recognized the power of the King and Parliament without being forced.and Parliament without being forced.

The colonial economy was prospering and The colonial economy was prospering and this served British interests.this served British interests.

The Colonial EconomiesThe Colonial Economies

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies Raised staple crops such as tobacco and rice.Raised staple crops such as tobacco and rice. Required the use of large amounts of labor.Required the use of large amounts of labor.

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies Economy was a mixture of farming and Economy was a mixture of farming and

commerce.commerce. New England ColoniesNew England Colonies

Self-sufficient farms and long distance trade Self-sufficient farms and long distance trade dominated the economy.dominated the economy.

Colonial LifeColonial Life

SocietySociety

Rich were seen as superior to the poor.Rich were seen as superior to the poor. Men were seen as superior to women.Men were seen as superior to women. Whites were seen as superior to Whites were seen as superior to

blacks.blacks. The upper class was called the Gentry.The upper class was called the Gentry.

Gentry Gentry were those wealthy enough Gentry Gentry were those wealthy enough to hire servantsto hire servants

Gentry were distinguished by their wigs.Gentry were distinguished by their wigs.

LandLand

Land was the true source of wealth.Land was the true source of wealth. Land owners dominated politics.Land owners dominated politics.

Occupations and TradesOccupations and Trades

ArtisansArtisans Apprenticeships were very common.Apprenticeships were very common. People learned to be silversmiths, People learned to be silversmiths,

metalworkers, woodworkers, etc.metalworkers, woodworkers, etc.

PrintersPrinters Provided a source of news and communication Provided a source of news and communication

among the colonies.among the colonies. Famous PrintersFamous Printers

John Peter Zenger, a printer, was arrested by governor John Peter Zenger, a printer, was arrested by governor of New York for writing an article critical against him. of New York for writing an article critical against him. Zenger was freed because the story was true.Zenger was freed because the story was true.

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin Poor Richard’s AlmanacPoor Richard’s Almanac Later invented: the Franklin stove, the lightning rod, and Later invented: the Franklin stove, the lightning rod, and

bifocal lenses.bifocal lenses.

John John Peter Peter ZengerZenger

Benjamin Benjamin FranklinFranklin

Farmers and fishermenFarmers and fishermen Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants

Agreed to work up to seven years in Agreed to work up to seven years in exchange for passage to the colonies.exchange for passage to the colonies.

WomenWomen

Status was determined by the men in their Status was determined by the men in their lives.lives.

English common law placed women under English common law placed women under the control of their husband and allowed the control of their husband and allowed the husband to beat her (“rule of thumb”).the husband to beat her (“rule of thumb”).

Women were responsible for:Women were responsible for: HousekeepingHousekeeping Gardening Gardening Weaving clothWeaving cloth SewingSewing

Daily LifeDaily Life

Colonists ate better, lived longer, and Colonists ate better, lived longer, and had more children than average had more children than average Europeans did.Europeans did.

Colonists had more opportunities to Colonists had more opportunities to gain wealth.gain wealth.

Colonists had to be self-sufficient.Colonists had to be self-sufficient.

EducationEducation

School attendance was not required.School attendance was not required. Most learned to read because they Most learned to read because they

wanted to read the Bible.wanted to read the Bible. 1647 Massachusetts did pass laws 1647 Massachusetts did pass laws

requiring towns to provide public requiring towns to provide public education.education.

Slavery in the ColoniesSlavery in the Colonies

The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage

10-40% of the slaves usually died while 10-40% of the slaves usually died while crossing the Atlantic.crossing the Atlantic.

Conditions included:Conditions included: ChainsChains OvercrowdingOvercrowding Heat Heat DiseaseDisease Poor SanitationPoor Sanitation StarvationStarvation

The Middle The Middle PassagePassage

South Carolina and GeorgiaSouth Carolina and Georgia

Slaves were a majority of the Slaves were a majority of the population.population.

Slaves labored in high temperatures Slaves labored in high temperatures and at the risk of dangerous and at the risk of dangerous diseases.diseases.

Slaves on plantations were isolated Slaves on plantations were isolated from the slaves of other plantations from the slaves of other plantations to keep down rebellion.to keep down rebellion.

Virginia and MarylandVirginia and Maryland

Life for slaves was different here Life for slaves was different here because:because: Slaves were the minority not the majority.Slaves were the minority not the majority. Few of them came directly from Africa.Few of them came directly from Africa. Slaves performed different types of less Slaves performed different types of less

strenuous work.strenuous work. Slaves had more contact with European Slaves had more contact with European

Americans.Americans.

New England and the Middle New England and the Middle ColoniesColonies

There were far fewer slaves here There were far fewer slaves here than in the southern coloniesthan in the southern colonies

Farms were smaller and required less Farms were smaller and required less labor.labor.

Laws and RevoltsLaws and Revolts

By law slaves could not:By law slaves could not: Board ships, ferries, or leave town without Board ships, ferries, or leave town without

permission;permission; Own property;Own property; Harm whites.Harm whites.

Slaves revolted several times (ie-Stono Slaves revolted several times (ie-Stono Rebellion), but were never successful Rebellion), but were never successful and the punishment was severe.and the punishment was severe.

Stono Rebellion

Rising TensionsRising Tensions

The Need for LandThe Need for Land

The population grew rapidly doubling The population grew rapidly doubling every 25 years.every 25 years.

English custom held that a father should English custom held that a father should provide land for his son.provide land for his son.

Ben Franklin and others feared that a land Ben Franklin and others feared that a land shortage would hamper Americans ability shortage would hamper Americans ability to own private property.to own private property.

Settlers began to move westward taking Settlers began to move westward taking more and more land.more and more land.

Indians and French RespondIndians and French Respond

Native Americans and the French controlled Native Americans and the French controlled the areas that the colonists were moving the areas that the colonists were moving into.into.

Native AmericansNative Americans Strongly resisted the expansion of the British Strongly resisted the expansion of the British

Colonies.Colonies. FrenchFrench

Quickly moved to control Detroit and the Ohio Quickly moved to control Detroit and the Ohio River Valley.River Valley.

Tension in this area would soon lead to war.Tension in this area would soon lead to war.

Religious StrifeReligious Strife

Protestant GroupsProtestant Groups AnglicansAnglicans CongregationalistsCongregationalists PresbyteriansPresbyterians QuakersQuakers Dutch Reformed ChurchDutch Reformed Church BaptistsBaptists MethodistsMethodists

Great AwakeningGreat Awakening Revival of religious feelingRevival of religious feeling Began in response to the preaching of Jonathan Began in response to the preaching of Jonathan

Edwards in Northampton, Massachusetts. Edwards in Northampton, Massachusetts. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

Edwards is followed by George WhitefieldEdwards is followed by George Whitefield Ministers in the movement taught:Ministers in the movement taught:

Anyone could have a personal relationship with Christ;Anyone could have a personal relationship with Christ; All could equally come before God;All could equally come before God; Faith and sincerity not wealth and education were the Faith and sincerity not wealth and education were the

major requirements needed to understand the Gospel.major requirements needed to understand the Gospel. Resulted in:Resulted in:

More democratic churches;More democratic churches; Growing idea of equality among men;Growing idea of equality among men; Increase in the membership of the Methodist and Increase in the membership of the Methodist and

Baptist churches (most of which came from the Baptist churches (most of which came from the middle or bottom of colonial society).middle or bottom of colonial society).

Jonathan Edwards

George George WhitefieldWhitefield