Growth and Development 11

7/23/2019 Growth and Development 11

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INFANCYEARLY CHILDHOOD

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

ADOLESCENT

Growth and Development


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Stages of Growth and Development

Infancy Neonate

Birth to 1 month

Infancy

1 month to 1 yearEarly Childhood Toddler

1- years

!reschool -" years

#iddle Childhood School age

" to 1$ years

%ate Childhood &dolescent

1 years to appro'imately1( years


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!rinciples of Growth and Development

Growth is an orderly process) occ*rring in systematicfashion+

,ates and patterns of growth are specific to certain

parts of the ody+.ide individ*al differences e'ist in growth rates+

Growth and development are infl*enced y m*ltiplefactors+


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!rinciples Contin*ed

Development proceeds from the simple to thecomple' and from the general to the specific+

Development occ*rs in a cephaloca*dal and apro'imodistal progression+

There are critical periods for growth anddevelopment+

,ates in development vary+

Development contin*es thro*gho*t the individ*al/slife span+


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Growth !attern


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Growth !atterns

The child0s pattern of growth is in a head-to-toe

direction) or cephaloca*dal) and in an inward too*tward pattern called pro'imodistal+


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.hy developmental assessment

Early detection of deviation in child0s pattern ofdevelopment

Simple and time efficient mechanism to ens*reade2*ate s*rveillance of developmental progress

Domains assessed3 cognitive) motor) lang*age) social4 ehavioral and adaptive


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Denver Developmental Screening Test

5sed to screen infant to " year old

6o*r areas assessed Social

6ine motor %ang*age

Gross motor


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Gross #otor S7ills

The ac2*isition of gross motor s7ill precedes thedevelopment of fine motor s7ills+

Both processes occ*r in a cephaloca*dal fashion

8ead control preceding arm and hand control 6ollowed y leg and foot control+


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Gross #otor Development

Neworn3 arely ale to lift head

" months3 easily lifts head) chest and *pperadomen and can ear weight on arms


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Sitting *p

$ months old3 needs assistance

" months old3 can sit alone in the tripod position

( months old3 can sit witho*t s*pport and engage in

play


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Crawling


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&m*lation

1 year3 stand independently from a crawl position1 month old3 wal7 and toddle 2*ic7ly

19 month old3 can r*n


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6ine #otor - Infant

Neworn has very little control+ :;ects will einvol*ntarily grasped and dropped witho*t notice+

" month old3 palmar grasp < *ses entire hand to pic7*p an o;ect

= month old3 pincer grasp < can grasp small o;ects*sing th*m and forefinger


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Speech #ilestones

1-$ months3 coos$-" months3 la*ghs and s2*eals(-= months ales3 mama4dada as so*nds

1>-1$ months3 ?mama4dada specific1(-$> months3 $> to > words < 9>@ *nderstood ystrangers

$$-$A months3 two word sentences) 9> words) 9@*nderstood y strangers

>-" months3 almost all speech *nderstood ystrangers


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8earing

B&E, hearing test done at irth&ility to hear correlates with aility to en*nciate

words properly

&lways as7 ao*t history of otitis media < earinfection) placement of !ET < t*es in earEarly referral to #D to assess for possile fl*id in

ears eff*sion

,epeat hearing screening testSpeech therapist as needed


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,ed 6lags in infant development

5nale to sit alone y age = months5nale to transfer o;ects from hand to hand y age

1 year

&normal pincer grip or grasp y age 19 months5nale to wal7 alone y 1( months6ail*re to spea7 recogniFale words y $ years+


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6ine #otor - toddler

1 year old3 transfer o;ects from hand to hand

$ year old3 can hold a crayon and color verticalstro7es

T*rn the page of a oo7 B*ild a tower of si' loc7s


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6ine #otor < :lder Toddler

year old3 copy a circle and a cross < *ild *singsmall loc7s

A year old3 *se scissors) color within the orders

9 year old3 write some letters and draw a person withody parts


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Toddlers


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Iss*es in parenting - toddlers

Stranger an'iety < sho*ld dissipate y age $ to yearsTemper tantr*ms3 occ*r wee7ly in 9> to (>@ of

children < pea7 incidence 1( months < most

disappear y age Siling rivalry3 aggressive ehavior towards new

infant3 pea7 etween 1 to $ years *t may eprolonged indefinitely

Th*m s*c7ingToilet Training


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!re-School !laying


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6ine motor and cognitive ailities

B*ttoning clothing

8olding a crayon 4 pencil

B*ilding with small loc7s

5sing scissors!laying a oard game

8ave child draw pict*re of himself

!re-school tas7s


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,ed flags3 preschool

Inaility to perform self-care tas7s) hand washingsimple dressing) daytime toileting

%ac7 of socialiFation

5nale to play with other children5nale to follow simple directions d*ring e'am!oor performance eval*ation for 7indergarten

readiness


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!ool Safety


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School-&ge


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School Hears3 fine motor

.riting s7ills improve6ine motor is refined6ine motor with more foc*s

B*ilding3 models < legos Sewing #*sical instr*ment !ainting Typing s7ills Technology3 comp*ters


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School &ge !laying


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School performance

&s7 ao*t favorite s*;ect

8ow they are doing in school

Do they li7e school

By parent report3 any learning diffic*lties) attentionprolems) homewor7

!arental e'pectations


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,ed flags3 school age

School fail*re

%ac7 of friends

Social isolation

&ggressive ehavior3 fights) fire setting) animala*se


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School &ge3 gross motor

( to 1> years3 team sports

#atch sport to the physical and emotionaldevelopment


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School &ge


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School &ge3 cognitive

Greater aility to concentrate and participate in self-initiating 2*iet activities that challenge cognitives7ills) s*ch as reading) playing comp*ter and oardgames+


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1 to 1( Hear :ld


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&dolescent

&s teenagers gain independence they egin tochallenge val*es

Critical of ad*lt a*thority

,elies on peer relationship#ood swings especially in early adolescents


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&dolescent ehavioral prolems

&nore'ia

&ttention deficit

&nger iss*es

S*icide


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&dolescents


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&dolescent Teaching

,elationships

Se'*ality < STD0s 4 &IDS

S*stance *se and a*se

Gang activityDriving

&ccess to weapons

Te'ting 4 se'ting


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&dolescents

Documents

Growth and Development 11