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Growth and Development Chapter 18

Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

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Page 1: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Growth and Development

Chapter 18

Page 2: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Learning Objectives:• Identify the stages of growth & development• Describe factors affecting growth & development• Understand the necessity of physical activity for

optimal growth & development• Recognize and understand gender and

individual differences in growth & development

Page 3: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Terminology

• Human growth- proceeds by the release of chemicals (hormones) from glands. The hormones and their levels vary throughout your life. Growth can be physical (height, weight, strength), mental (cognitive) or emotional.

• Motor Learning- physical or motor skills can be learned through repetition and practice. Involves physical development and nervous control

Page 4: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Terminology

• Sport psychology- psychology is the study of thought processes and behaviour in relation to the environment. The goal here is to enhance performance by improving mental aspects of sport.

• Coaching- a coach supports the development of an athlete or team. They design training schedules, strategize, resolve conflict and determine philosophy

Page 5: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Areas of Human Development

• Physical: bones, muscles, energy systems, nervous system

• Cognitive: interpret and process information. Also emotional development and self-awareness/self-concept

• Motor or skills development: physical and cognitive to learn how to do repetitive tasks

• Social development: relationships with peers, friends, relatives, adults and others.

Page 6: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Age and Physical Development • Measures of age can be chronological, skeletal or

developmental.

• Skeletal age is defined based on the ossification of bones and fusion of growth plates. Nutrition, diet, disease and injuries can all delay skeletal development.

• In general mesomorphs mature earlier and develop broad muscular bodies. Ectomorphs tend to mature late and tend to have narrow hips and shoulders with long limbs. Endomorphs tend to lay down more fatty tissues and be thicker of limb.

• Most people belong to more than one category!

Page 7: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Age and Physical Development

• Developmental age is related to the motor and cognitive abilities of the person:

• General bench marks include potty training, walking, tying shoes.

• Some people mature in these respects faster than others and may be developmentally delayed or enhanced.

Page 8: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Adolescence

• The variability of body types (somatotypes) become more evident• Ectomorph• Mesomorph• Endomorph

Usually individuals are a combination of these body types

Page 9: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Ectomorph

• Linear shape

• Delicate bone structure

• Little fat

• Long limbs relative to the body

Page 10: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Ectomorph

Page 11: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Mesomorph

• Well-muscled

• Little body fat

• Broad shoulders

• Narrow waist

Page 12: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Mesomorph

Page 13: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Endomorph

• Rounded appearance

• Heavy bone structure

• Little bone and muscle definition

Page 14: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Endomorph

Page 15: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand
Page 16: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Stages of Growth & Development

Page 17: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Stages of Growth & Development

1. Infancy

2. Childhood

3. Adolescence

4. Adulthood

Page 18: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Infancy

• BIRTH TWO/THREE YEARS

• Period of rapid growth

• Males are usually heavier and taller than females at birth

Page 19: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Childhood

• ONE YEAR (1) TENYEARS (10)

• Consists of:

• Early childhood

• Mid-Childhood

• Late Childhood

Page 20: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Early Childhood• One year to six years of age• Gradual loss of “baby fat”• Girls lose less fat than boys• Rapid growth but not as rapid as

infancy• Quite flexible• Muscle development while at play

Page 21: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Mid-Childhood

• Six to ten years of age

• Slower, more constant growth

• Improved coordination and motor functioning

Page 22: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Late Childhood

• Ten to sixteen years of age

• Increased rate of growth

• Fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt • 9-10 years of age in girls• 11-12 years of age in boys

Individual differences in maturation

Page 23: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Late Childhood

• Development of the reproductive system• Appearance of secondary sex characteristics• Breasts• Pubic Hair

Redistribution of body weight• Boys - muscle tissue, body fat• Girls - slight body fat

Page 24: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

True or False?• The adolescent

growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier in girls than in boys.

TRUE

Page 25: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

True or False?• There is a

significant difference between female and male physique prior to puberty.

FALSE

Page 26: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

True or False?• Within each of

the life stages, there is individuality and variability in growth and development among people

TRUE

Page 27: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Late Childhood

• Earlier onset of maturation in females may account for their ability to achieve world-class status across many sports

• For example, Tara Lipinski, is the youngest US ladies’ figure skating champion (15 y.o.a)

Page 28: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Adolescence

• Fourteen to twenty years of age

• Following puberty• Ends with onset of

adulthood• Obvious differences in

physical growth cease with the end of adolescence

Page 29: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Adolescence

• External social pressures for the “ideal” body type• Combined with many physical, hormonal, and

psychological changes that occur at this time

Page 30: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Different Rates of Growth for Body Parts

• From birth arms and legs grow 4x their length, while head only doubles

• Cephalocaudal sequence– Growth is fastest in the head, followed by trunk and

then extremities

• Proximodistal sequence – Body movements that originate closer to the centre of

body develop faster. i.e/ running develops earlier than precise finger movements to play piano

Page 31: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Factors Affecting Growth & Development

Page 32: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Factors Affecting Growth & Development

• Large variation among individuals• A number of factors affect growth and

development, including:

•Hormonal activity

•Heredity

•Nutrition

•Socioeconomic status

•Exercise

Page 33: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Hormonal Activity

• Pituitary gland secretes hGH – causes widespread growth

• Pituitary gland secretes hormones that activate testosterone production in males and estrogen production in females at puberty

• Thyroid gland secretes thryroxine, which is important for regulating metabolism

Page 34: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Hormonal disorders

• Androgen insensitivity– No secondary sex characteristics

• Hypo/hyperthyroidism – Weight gain/loss– Cold/hot

• Gigantism/acromegaly– Excessive hGH production

Page 35: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Gigantism – World’s tallest man 8’11”

Acromegaly - Andre The Giant 7’4”

Page 36: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Heredity

• Genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation

• These genes are also affected by environmental factors

• For example, malnutrition may prevent an individual from growing to their maximum potential height

Page 37: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Nutrition

• Adequate nutrients are essential for growth & development

• Proteins contribute to the growth and repair of body tissues, including muscle

Page 38: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Nutrition• Undernourishment or

malnutrition can delay growth

• Undernourishment exists even in countries with abundant food supplies

• Overeating is also a problem in these countries and can lead to obesity when combined with a sedentary lifestyle

Page 39: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Socioeconomic Status• Body size is positively related to

socioeconomic status and may be related to nutrition

• That is, socioeconomic status affects

• Income (money to spend on food)• Education (knowledge about healthy

food)• Time (food selection and preparation

time)• Availability (access to stores with

healthy food choices)

Page 40: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Socioeconomic Status

• Other factors may contribute to the differences observed in growth & development among individuals, such as

• Lower levels of stress;• Better sleeping patterns• Regular exercise

• These factors are easier to ensure when the basic necessities are met

Page 41: Growth and Development Chapter 18. Learning Objectives: Identify the stages of growth & development Describe factors affecting growth & development Understand

Exercise & Body Composition

• Active children and teenagers show: An increase in lean body

mass A decrease in percent body

fat Muscle hypertrophy with

exercise