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Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu
High School Department
A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE ATTITUDES OF MIDDLE-AGED ADULT COMMUTERS
TOWARDS SMOKE BELCHING FROM VEHICLES
___________________________
A Research Proposal
Presented to the
Faculty of the Senior High School
Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu
Mandaue City, Philippines
___________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the course
RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1
_______________________
By
Peter Tyler Po
Kylie Athena Amor
Sofia Reina Kintanar
October 19, 2016
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis proposal “A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE ATTITUDES OF
MIDDLE-AGED ADULT COMMUTERS TOWARDS SMOKE BELCHING ” submitted by
Peter Tyler Po, Kylie Athena Amor, and Sofia Reina Kintanar in partial fulfillment of the
course, RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1, has been examined and accepted for PROPOSAL
HEARING.
Research Committee
Mr. Jomar Abellana
Adviser
_____________________________ ____________________________
Member Member
___________________________
Chairman
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Rationale……………………………………………...…………….….….……………………….4
Theoretical Framework………………………………….….….……………………….……5
Statement of the Problem…………………………...…….….…..………………….……...8
Significance of the study……………………….……….……….………………….………..8
Definition of terms…………………………..…………….………....……………….………..9
Chapter 2
Literature review…………………………..……………..……………..……………………..10
Chapter 3
Research Design………………………………………..…………………………….……….15
Research Environment………………………………….…………………………...……..15
Research Respondents……………………………………………………………………..15
Research Instruments………………………………………………………….……..……16
Data Gathering…………………………………………….…………………...………..……16
Data Analysis……………………………………………………………..……..………..…...16
References………………………………………………………………..…………..….………..….18
Appendix A……………………………………………………………….………………….….……20
Appendix B………………………………………………………………..……………………….…21
Appendix C…………………………………………………………………..…………………….…22
Appendix D…………………………………………………………………..…………………….…24
Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………………………..……………………….25
4
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Smoke belching is the forceful expulsion of smoke from the vehicle’s pipe
(Smoke Belching and the Environment, 2013). This is one of the many leading
causes of air pollution present in the Philippines and specifically in Metro Cebu, yet
there are only few actions done to put a stop to smoke belching. Even though laws
were passed addressing the issue of air pollution in the Philippines, people continue
to ignore the hazards of smoke belching and how it affects other people and the
environment around them. Republic Act No. 8749 was passed in 1999 and its aim
was to control air pollution in the Philippines. The law recognized the right to
breathe clean air and the right to use and enjoy all natural resources. Although this
law was implemented to control air pollution, there is still more to be done in order
to establish a ople to various health risks like Asthma and lung diseases. Jeepneys
are one of the most common ways of transportation and it’s no question the
commuters, especially the regulars, are at risk of the various health risks caused by
the exposure of smoke. With “the Philippines being the second most polluted air
among eight Asian countries” (The Freeman, 2006), and Metro Cebu being one of
the most air polluted places in the Philippines, the researchers’ objective is to
establish awareness on the proper maintenance of Public Utility Jeepneys (PUJ)
5
particularly Jeepneys of 13C the sense of awareness on the dangers of smoke
belching among the citizens of Metro Cebu.
The use of low quality and unclean oils in a vehicle and its poor maintenance
are factors that cause smoke belching in vehicles. The dense smoke that is
generated from the vehicle contributes to global warming and climate. This not only
affects the environment, but also to human beings. The smoke emitted from the
vehicle will give off sulfur products into the atmosphere which introduces peC. The
researchers also hope the readers will be able to discover the attitudes of regular
commuters of 13C towards the hazardous smoke they are exposed to everyday and
also learn to improve the maintenance of their own vehicles.
We are determined to find what attitudes middle-aged commuters have
towards smoke belching. Since Jeepneys are the most common mode of public
transportation here in the Philippines. We, Filipinos, use this on a daily basis, but
the Jeepneys don’t have glass windows to block the hazardous gases from being
inhaled. It is important that we get the attitudes of the commuters to determine
what causes them to have these attitudes and what factors has caused them to
change.
Theoretical Framework
This study is grounded on the theoretical framework of Phenomenology. The
researchers use Phenomenology on their study because it supports the fact that
respondents in this study have different perspectives on the matter at hand which
6
is on smoke belching. Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as
experienced from the first-person point of view. It can be described in two ways, as
a disciplinary field or a movement in the history of philosophy (Smith, 2013).
Phenomenology is structured on the experience of the people. To basically put,
Phenomenology is the study on the phenomena which is described as how people
experience things and see how they are. Since the researchers are focusing on the
attitudes of regular commuters toward smoke belching, they will be able to get an
in-depth understanding of each of the commuters’ attitudes towards the said topic.
With the attitudes of the different regular commuters in mind, Phenomenology
studies the structure of various types of experience ranging from perception,
thought, memory, imagination, emotion, desire, and volition to bodily awareness,
embodied action, and social activity, including linguistic activity (Smith, 2013). This
means that the researchers will be able to get a clearer view of how and why the
commuters may respond in a certain way. Phenomenology is not entirely scientific.
It is primarily a descriptive discipline and is undertaken in a way that is largely
independent of scientific, including causal, explanations and accounts of the nature
of experience (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
To get a better understanding of the phenomenological method, an example
of the application of Phenomological method is as presented:
as:
7
Therefore, Phenomenology seeks to answer the reason why people see the way
they do. It concerns itself in answering how phenomenon appears and how it is
experienced by people. In this sharing of experiences, in this dialogue, is the
"betweenness" we're looking at in phenomenology. It is based on the fact that the
experience of others is somehow accessible to us. We can enter into it, into an
intimate dialogue. A theme that runs through it is that of interconnectedness
( https://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/phenomlect.html).
This study by Frank Siroky used empirical phenomenology, the analysis
of interview transcripts.
"We break it down into the particular meaning units.
Again and again the asthmatics used the words 'alone, apart, separate,
suffocating, don't.'
We began to ask, "Is asthma the cause of all this? Or is there a style of
life that is deeper?
We might spend several hours going over one interview.
"Comparing two transcripts, we find that one woman says, 'The asthma
governs my life.' Another person talks about her life, of which asthma is
8
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to evaluate the perspectives and attitudes of commuter. We
seek to answer the following questions:
1. What are the reactions and experiences commuters have to smoke
belching?
2. What has smoke belching done to change one’s life?
3. Have commuters experienced health issues related to smoke belching?
Significance of the Study
The researchers are confident that the outcome of the study will benefit the
following:
The Public Utility Jeepney drivers. The PUJ drivers will be able to use the
information gathered by the researchers to improve the maintenance of the
vehicles they are driving.
Tourists. Tourists who use Jeepneys (especially 13C) for temporary
transportation can use the information gathered by the researchers to familiarize
themselves about riding the jeepney based on the responses of the commuters.
Irregular jeepney passengers. Irregular jeepney passengers will have
more knowledge on commuting based on the response of regular commuters. They
will also be aware of the dangers of the excessive amount of smoke exposure due to
9
the jeepney’s open structure exposing them from dangerous smoke from nearby
cars, and the jeepney itself.
Definition of Terms
Smoke Belching- usually the toxic and dense smoke emitted from vehicles.
Public Utility Jeepney- the most popular public transportation in the Philippines.
Commuters- people who travel some distance to work on a regular basis.
Attitude- a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically
one that is reflected in a person's behavior.
10
CHAPTER 2
REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
In this chapter it is about the thorough and in-depth research done by the other
researchers some who are experts in that field. This chapter will help the readers
fully understand the research topic. Through this chapter they will know the
importance of this research and would help the readers have an understanding of
what this research will be about and how this research will be conducted.
Jeepneys are the common means of transportation in the Philippines. Jeepneys
are so abundant that they almost always contribute to traffic congestion. The
jeepneys don't have air-conditioning. They have open windows. Most of the time
the jeepneys are constantly-packed with many passengers (The Utrecht Faculty of
Education). The word jeepney is usually believed to come from the words "jeep"
and "knee" because of the crowded seating, passengers must sit knee to knee. The
first jeepneys were modified army jeeps left behind by the Americans after WWII
(Lonely Planet, 2016). As American troops began to leave the Philippines at the end
of World War II, hundreds of surplus jeeps were sold or given to local Filipinos.
Locals stripped down the jeeps to accommodate several passengers, added metal
roofs for shade, and decorated the vehicles with vibrant colors and bright chrome
hood ornaments. (Tourism In The Philippines, 2008). Even though jeepneys were
originally old jeepneys left by the Americans after WWII, jeepneys are currently
11
being produced by factories in the Philippines. Within towns, the starting fare is
usually P8, rising modestly for trips outside of town. Routes are clearly written on
the side of the jeepney (Lonely Planet, 2016).
An air pollutant is any substance in air that could, insufficient concentration,
harm humans, animals, vegetation, or material. Air pollutants may occur in the
form of solid particles, liquid droplets, and/or gases. Air Pollution is grouped in two
main classes which are primary pollutants and secondary pollutants. Primary
pollutants are pollutants that are directly emitted from the source whereas
Secondary pollutants are produced in the air by an interaction between two or
more pollutants (Wanted: A Breath of Fresh Air!). Air pollution raises concerns of
the people because of the health hazards and the bad odor by the pollutants. Air
pollutants prove to be an invisible threat to the community because of the very fine
particles and chemicals carried by the air that cause damage to the health of the
people. In the Philippines, transportation is one of the many contributors to air
pollution. Despite advances in control technology for newer vehicles, a high growth
in vehicle ownership, combined with low turnover, contributes significantly to air
pollution (Wanted: A Breath of Fresh Air!).
The Clean Air Act imposed on the year 1999, also known as the Republic Act No.
8749, aims to control the issue of air pollution present in the country. In its
declaration of principles, it stated that, “The State shall protect and advance the
right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm
12
and harmony of nature.” Among other things, the declaration of principles also
recognized the principle that the “polluters must pay”. The Air Quality Control
Action Plan of the Clean Air Act states that, “the Department shall, with public
participation, formulate and implement an air quality control action plan consistent
with Sec. 7 of this Act.” (The LAWPHIL Project). Some of these plans include, control
measures, techniques, operation of appropriate devices, and programs. The Clean
Air Act, however, also has challenges present like Inter-agency collaboration and
the lack of provincial and local government capacities for air quality management
(Wanted: A Breath of Fresh Air!).
Two areas in Cebu Province have been identified by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources as having slightly higher levels of Total
Suspended Particulates, a sign of air pollution (The Freeman, 2006). Statistics also
show that Cebu has a high concentration of air pollution. In a statement issued on
Saturday (October 24), the local office of the Environmental Management Bureau
(EMB-7) said that everyone was being urged to wear eye goggles, dust mask
respirators and other personal protective gear against the high particle or
particulate matter pollution in Metro Cebu. Numerous scientific studies have linked
particle pollution exposure to a variety of problems, including premature death in
people with heart or lung disease, cardiovascular effects such as heart attacks and
strokes, lung cancer, irregular heartbeat and coughing or difficulty in breathing
(CNN Philippines, 2015).
13
The researcher’ main focus on their study is the route 13C. The research
focused on regular commuters who take Route 13C. Route 13C takes passengers to
Talamban to Colon and vice versa (Cebu Jeepney Maps).
Smoke is described as "belching" from industrial smoke stacks as a reference to
human belching of gas from the stomach. The word is originally imitative of the
sound of human belching. Belching is used to describe a violent emittance of flame,
gas, smoke, etc (Bandiola, 2013). Among 212 nations in the world, the Philippines is
ranked 48th in terms of carbon emission in the transportation sector. The tiny
particles and other pollutants in vehicle exhaust contribute to respiratory problems
and to cancer risk. Everyone can be affected, but sensitive populations including
children, the elderly and those with respiratory diseases are especially at risk
(Legitimate Philippines, 2013). In a study, it was shown that the type of vehicle that
emits dark and hazardous smoke were public utility vehicles while private cars
follow in second. The carbon dark smoke emitted by cars is caused during the
incomplete combustion. The incomplete combustion make the carbon monoxide a
health hazard.
Phenomenography is the empirical study of the different ways in which people
think of the world. In other words, its aim is to discover the qualitatively different
ways in which people experience, conceptualize, realize and understand various
aspects of phenomena in the world around them (Martin, 1992). In
14
phenomenographic research, the researcher chooses to study how people
experience a given phenomenon, not to study a given phenomenon. There are
various ways in which people experience or understand a given phenomenon,
because different people experience a phenomenon in different ways.
Phenomenographers seek to identify the multiple conceptions that people have for
a particular phenomenon (Ornek, 2008).
15
CHAPTER 3
Research Design
In this research the researchers are going to use phenomenology. Their
research is going to focus on the experiences of our respondents. This design will
focus on how the respondents perceive their experiences. They will also gather data
on their attitudes towards smoke belching of vehicles on the road while riding
Jeepneys. Phenomenology will be able to get the unique experience of the
respondent there fore we will be able to determine the kind of attitudes they show
towards smoke belching.
Research Environment
The researchers chose Jeepney Terminals between Talamban to Colon to
gather their research data. They specifically chose this area because they can locate
a number of commuters any time of the day. Also, this area contains the specific
route of the jeepney that they are focusing on (13C) and its regular or daily
passengers.
Research Respondents
The researchers chose to interview the jeepney commuters located in the area
of H. Abellana St., especially the ones who often use the 13C jeepney. The
researchers specifically chose the commuters aged around 30-50. The reason the
research specifically choose middle aged adults is because they have more
experience than younger ones . The researchers want to interview the experienced
16
adults so their research data will turn out to be accurate and informative to the
readers.
Research instrument
The researchers are the ones that will ask the questions to the commuters. A
voice recorder will be used to record the answers of the commuters. The
researchers are going to use laptops to make a transcript for each of the
respondents. Paper is also essential for printing the questionnaires and the
transcript. They used the research problems as a guide in making the questions for
the questionnaire. The questions should be able to give sufficient data to answer the
research problem.
Data Gathering Procedures
The researchers are going to conduct a short interview to random commuters
at three designated Jeepney stops. They would first get the consent and approval of
the respondent if they are fine to answer a few question. They will then be asked
the questions that the researchers have prepared.
Data Analysis
The researchers are going to use content analysis in analyzing the answers of
the respondents thus will give them the answers to their research problem. The
17
researchers will first make a transcript of the collected data. Then the transcript be
analyzed to find keywords that will suit into a categories
18
REFERENCES
(2013). Smoke belching is more than harmful | Legitimate
Philippines.Retrieved October 11, 2016 from
http://legitipines.com/blog/smoke-belching-is-dangerous-health/
Smoke Belching and the Environment. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016 from
http://hubpages.com/politics/Smoke-Belching-and-the-Environment
Bandiola, M. (2013). SMOKE BELCHING. Retrieved October 11, 2016 from
https://prezi.com/l7olkrmjdpxe/smoke-belching/
R.A. 8749. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2016 from
http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1999/ra_8749_1999.html
Naga, Mandaue City have most polluted air. (n.d.).Retrieved October 11, 2016
from
http://www.philstar.com/cebu-news/338911/naga-mandaue-city-have-most-
polluted-air
Pallega R. & Gilaga,B. (2012).Contribution of Smoke-Belching Vehicles to the
Green House Gases Concentration in the City of Dipolog, Philippines.Retrieved
October 14,2016 from
http://philair.ph/publication/index.php/jpair/article/view/185
Wanted: A Breath of Freah Air!. Retrieved October 16,2016from
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/Pages1-20.p
df
19
(2012) National Air Quality Status Report. Retrieved October 16,2016 from
http://air.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/DenrAirQualityStatRepo
rt10-11.pdf
Rodelas N., Sim P. & Guia A. (2016). Development of a Real-time Smoke
Belching Monitoring System for Public Utility Vehicles. Retrieved October 16,
2016 from
http://www.apjmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/APJMR-2016.4.2.01.pd
f
SubramaniamM., Shahwan S., Fauziana R., Satghare P., Picco L., Vaingankar J.A.,
& Chong S.A. Retrieved October 17,2016 from
http://www.eisrjc.com/documents/Contribution_Of_Smoke_Belching_Vehicles_
1325916300.pdf
Greiner T.,(1997). Retrieved October 18,2016 from
http://www.abe.iastate.edu/extension-and-outreach/carbon-monoxide-poison
ing-checking-for-complete-combustion-aen-175/
20
APPENDIX A
Transmittal Letter
October2016
Peter Tyler PoPete’s CompoundNasipit Talamban, Cebu City
Dear Respondent:
Good day! I and my fellow group members, Kylie Amor and Sofia Kintanar areinviting you to take part in our research study. It is a qualitative study on theattitudes of commuters using the Jeepney 13C, the route from travels fromTalamban to Colon. This is one of the requirements for our Research in Daily Lifesubject. Our goal is to determine the attitudes of middle aged adults to smokebelching.
We are going to ask questions and we encourage you to answer honestly and asdescriptive as possible. We are also asking for your consent for this interview.Answering our questions will help us in gathering the data we need for thisresearch. Your responses will be kept confidential. It will only be interpreted to getthe sufficient data we need.
Sincerely yours,
Peter Tyler PoResearcher
21
APPENDIX B
Research Instrument
To get the experiences of the commuters the researchers will be asking them
the following questions:
1. In your own words what is smoke belching?
2. What are your reactions towards smoke belching?
3. As a commuter, do you care about the smoke belching of vehicles?
4. Does smoke belching of vehicles have any effect to your health?
5. Describe how smoke belching changed the way you live?
22
APPENDIX C
Timetable of the Activities
23
24
APPENDIX D
Proposed Budget
Our proposed budget to be able to conduct the research is roughly 1800php.
Expenses Quantity Estimated Price(Php)
Printing of the Questionnaires 50-100 papers 150-300
Ball Pen 10 pieces 50-100
Transportation Fuel 35-50 Liters 1000-1500
TOTAL 1800
25
CIRRICULUM VITAE
PETER TYLER PO
Personal Information
Age: 16
Birth date: February 26, 2000
Phone: +63 917 308 6880
Email: [email protected]
Address: Nasipt Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines, 6000
Nationality: Filipino/American
Marital Status: Single
Educational Background:
Preschool (2002-2004) - Playhouse (Bright Academy)
(2004-2006) - Philippine Christian Gospel School
Elementary (2006-2012) - Philippine Christian Gospel
High School (2012-2015) - Philippine Christian Gospel
(2015-2016) - SchoolSacred Heart School - Ateneo de Cebu
Senior High School (2016-) - SchoolSacred Heart School - Ateneo de Cebu
Research Interest:
When I graduate, I would pursue college in the United States. I would like to
major in finance. My goal when I graduate college is to work in securities in a
company. Learning research will help me in the future and will be able to guide me
in achieving my goal.
26
KYLIE ATHENA AMOR
Personal information:
Age: 17
Date of Birth: August 22, 1999
Phone number: +63 032 236 3722
Email: [email protected]
Address: Sacris Ext. Rd Banilad, MandaueCity, Cebu
Nationality: Filipino
Marital Status: Single
Education:
Preschool (2003-2005) Sacred Heart School Jesuit
Grade School (2006-2011) Sacred Heart School-Ateneo de Cebu
High School (2012-present) Sacred Heart School-Ateneo de Cebu
Experience
I have done 2 researches in the last two years. Both being quantitative
studies. One of them was the “Gadget Preference of High School Teachers in
Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu (SY 2015 – 2016)” when I was in the 10th
grade.
Research interests
When I graduate from Senior High School in Sacred Heart School -Ateneo de
Cebu, I hope to study Medicine mainly focusing on Geriatrics or internal medicine.
My goal is to have a better understanding of the different diseases of adults and
hope to make a good huge impact on people someday.
27
SOFIA REINA KINTANAR
Personal Information:
Age: 16
Date of Birth: March 14, 2000
Phone number: +63 998 554 0371
E-mail address: [email protected]
Address: St. Michael village rd. Banilad, Cebu City
Nationality: Filipino/American
Marital status: Single
Education:
Preschool (2003-2005) Playhouse preschool
Elementary school (2006-2011) Tomoka Elementary School
Pathways Elementary School
Bridgeport Elementary School
Junior Highschool (2012-2014) Rio Norte Junior Highschool
High school (2014-2016) Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu
Senior Highschool (2016-present) Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de Cebu
Experience
So far, I have completed two researches so far in the last two years. Both of them
were quantitative studies.
Research interests
When I graduate from Senior Highschool, I hope to study Veterinary also known as
Medicine for animals. My main goal to gain a more understanding and knowledge
on how to prevent and treat animal diseases and sickness. I hope to help as many
animals as I can and inform pet owners how to take care of their pets properly.
Sacred Heart School – Ateneo de CebuH. Abellana St., Canduman, Mandaue City
RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 1Research Proposal Title: Attitudes of Middle-Aged Commuters towards SmokeBelchingProponents: Peter Tyler Po, Kylie Athena Amor, Sofia Reina Kintanar
Comments Action Taken Remarks1. Be consistent with APAcitations.2. Grammatical Errors in theProblem.3. It is okay to put a preface in thereview of literature but not toolong.4. There is not a need for freestanding sideheads in the reviewof literature.5. Delete the first sentence in yourstatement of the problem.6. Statement of the Problemquestions are part of the mainproblem.7. Remove Statement ofAssumptions.8. Be confident in the significanceof the study.9. Revise the questions in thequestionnaire.10. Data Gathering and Analysishave to be a step-by-step process.11. Research instrument shouldshow how the questions wereformulated12. Include the importance of thestudy in the Rationale.
13. Focus on Phenomenology orPhenomenography.
Changed all the citations intoone form.We double checked our paperand changed the errors.Summarized the preface to havethe same idea but shorter.
Took out all the free standingsideheads.
Deleted the first sentence.
We formulated new questionssince the questions before werepart of the main problem.Removed the Statement ofAssumptions.Changed “believe” to “areconfident”Changed the questions toanswer the research problem.Revised both and havestep-by-step procedures inconducting both.We made a few revisions in thatpart.We added the importance of thestudy and why it should beconducted.We are going to change ourtheoretical Framework toPhenomenology