GROUP 2Fatin, Aishah, Zafirah, Laila, Masyitah, Amalina, Aimi

BONES OF THE SKULL

SKULL

Facial14 bones

Cranial8 Bones

1 Mandible1 Vomer2 Inferior nasal conchae2 Lacrimal bones2 Maxillae2 Nasal bones2 Palatine bones2 Zygomatic bones

1 Ethmoid bone1 Frontal bone1 Occipital bone2 Parietal bones3 Sphenoid bone4 Temporal bones

FACIAL BONES

CRANIAL BONES

ADDITIONAL SKULL FEATURES

Major sutures Paranasal sinuses Hyoid bone

Major Sutures

Functions TYPE OF

BONEFUNCTIONS

FACIAL

• Form the mechanical framework of the face

• Protect and support entry points of both the digestive and respiratory systems

• Provide attachment for some muscles of facial expression

• Protect and support organs for the senses of vivion, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium/balance

CRANIAL

• Protection of the brain• Inner-surfaces :attach to membranes

that stabilise the positions of the brain, blood vessels and nerves

• Outer surface : act as areas of attachment for muscles that move the head in various ways

• Protect and support organs for the senses of vivion, taste, smell, hearing and equilibrium/balance

MAXILLA & MANDIBLE

Maxilla

Forms the majority of the skeleton of the face and the upper jaw

Contains the maxillary sinus Articulates with the opposite maxilla and

the frontal, sphenoid, nasal, vomer, and ethmoid bones; inferior nasal concha, palatine, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones; and septal and nasal cartilages

Mandible

Forms the lower jaw Described as horseshoe shaped All muscles of mastication attach to the

mandible Consists of body of mandible, ramus,

coronoid process, condylar process, alveolar process

LACRIMAL & NASAL CAVITY

Lacrimal Bone

Small and rectangular in shape Very thin and fragile Forms a small portion of medial wall of the orbit Articulates with frontal process of the maxilla,

orbital plate of the ethmoid bone, frontal bone and inferior nasal concha

The region that articulates with the frontal process of the maxilla forms the lacrimal fossa → the location of the lacrimal sac

The inferior part of the lacrimal forms a small portion of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Nasal Bone

FORAMENS OF THE BASE OF THE SKULL

What is foramen?- A foramen (pl. foramina) is an opening.- Foramina allow muscles, nerves, arteries,

veins, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another.

Superior view of

the cranial base

Inferior view of

the cranial base

Foramen Located in or

Formed by

Structures Passing through

Incisive foramen

Maxilla (palatine process)

Nasopalatine n., sphenopalatine a.

Greater palatine foramen

Palatine

Greater palatine n. and vessels

Lesser palatine foramina

Lesser palatine n. and vessels

Foramen ovale

Sphenoid

Mandibular division of thetrigeminal n., accessory meningeala., lesser petrosal n., emissary v.

Foramen spinosum

Middle meningeal vessels andmeningeal branch of themandibular division of thetrigeminal n.

Foramen rotundum

Maxillary division of thetrigeminal n.

Sphenoid foramen

Emissary v.Foramen lacerumArticulation of the sphenoid (greater wing

and body), temporal

(petrous portion), and occipital

(basilar portion) bones

Nothing passes through itsphenoid Filled with fibrocartilage duringbody), temporal (petrous life (although the anterior wall of the foramen has an opening for the pterygoid canal and the posteriorwall has an opening for the carotid canal)

Mastoid foramenTemporal (mastoid

portion)

Emissary v. (sometimes branches of the occipital a.)

Opening for auditory tube

Temporal and sphenoid

Cartilaginous portion of theauditory tube

Tympanic canaliculus Temporal

Tympanic branch of theglossopharyngeal n.

Jugular foramenTemporal (petrous

portion) and occipital

Glossopharyngeal n., vagus n., spinal accessory n., inferiorpetrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus,posterior meningeal a.

Mastoid canaliculus

Temporal (within the jugular fossa)

Auricular branch of the vagus n.

Petrotympanic fissure

Temporal

Chorda tympani n., anterior tympanic a.

Stylomastoid foramen

Facial n., stylomastoid a.

Tympanomastoid fissure

Auricular branch of the vagus n.

Hypoglossal canal

Occipital

Hypoglossal n.

Condylar canal Emissary v., meningeal branches ofascending pharyngeal a.

Foramen magnum

Medulla oblongata, vertebralarteries, spinal roots of the spinalaccessory n.

Foramen cecum Between the frontal and ethmoid bones

Emissary v. from nasal cavity tothe superior sagittal sinus

Anterior ethmoid foramen

Anterior ethmoid n. and vessels

Posterior ethmoid foramen

Posterior ethmoid n. and vessels

Carotid canal Temporal (petrous portion)

Internal carotid a., internal carotidn. plexus (sympathetics)

Hiatus for the lesser petrosal n.

Lesser petrosal n.

Hiatus for the greater petrosal n.

Greater petrosal n.

Internal acoustic meatus

Facial n., vestibulocochlear n.,labyrinthine a.

Opening of the vestibular aqueduct

Endolymphatic duct

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