Group 12 Resistance Exercise

8/10/2019 Group 12 Resistance Exercise

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Group 12 :

BudinJoe

Sani Yusri


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RESISTANCE EXERCISE

Definition

Resistance exercise is active exercise(a dynamic or static muscular contraction) in which muscle contraction is resisted by

an outside force. This outside force maybe manual or mechanical.


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Goals and indications of resistiveexercises

A. Increase muscle strength

Strength refers to the force out put of a contracting muscle and isdirectly related to the amount of tension of contracting muscle.

In order to increase the strength of a muscle, the muscle must beloaded or resisted so that the increasing level of tension will

develop due to hypertrophy and recruitment of muscle fibers .B. Increase muscular endurance:

Endurance is the ability of the muscle to perform low intensityrepepitative exercises over a prolonged period of timeMuscular endurance is improved by performing exercises againstmild resistance for many repetitions.


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C. Increase power Power is defined as work per unit of time (Force x distance/time ) The rate at which a muscle contracts and develop force throughout

the range of motion and relationship of speed and force are factorsthat affect power.

There is no question that strength, endurance and power are allrelated and can be improved with resistance exercises.


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Physiological Adaptations to ResistiveExercise

Regular resistive exercise is associatedwith several positive adaptations which isdosage dependant. These changesinclude:


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Muscle Increase of the cross sectional area of the

muscle due to increase myofibril per muscle fiber fibers splitting

increase number of muscle fiber Increase protein content of the muscle fiber . Increase energy source necessary to fuel

muscle contraction and increase levels of ATP,

and creatine phosphate. Increase neural activation , motor unitrecruitment, and firing rate of each unit.


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Connective tissue Resistive exercise may alter tendon and ligament

structure make them larger stronger and more resistanceto injury.

Increase tensile strength of tendon and ligament


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Overload Principle:

the foundation of training to increasemuscular strength and endurance is theoverload principle which states that Inorder to increase strength or endurance aload that exceeds the metabolic capacityof the muscle must be used to induce

adaptive changes in muscle that lead toincreasing strength and endurance


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Resistance Exercise

Isotonic

Isokinetic Isometric


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Isometric Resisted Exercise

Isometric resisted exercise is a static contraction ofmuscle against external resistance without appreciablechange in its length or joint motion.

Advantage Isometric exercise is valuable when joint motion isuncomfortable or contraindicated, during immobilization.

Isometric exercise is effective when weakness exist at aspecific point in the ROM.

Easy to understand. Disadvantage Isometric strength is specific to the joint angle (joint

angle dependent).


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Isotonic Resisted Exercise

Isotonic resisted exercise is dynamic exercise that iscarried out against resistance as a muscle lengthens orshortens through the available range of motion.

CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION occurs when activemuscle undergoes shortening while overcoming externalresistance.

ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION occurs when activemuscle undergoes lengthening while being overcome byan external resistance.

Eccentric contraction performed against supramaximalresistance generates greater force production thanconcentric contraction.


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Isokinetic Resistive Exercise

Isokinetic exercise is a form of active exercise in which amuscle or group of muscles contracts against acontrolled accommodating resistance which is moving ata constant angular velocity.

The isokinetic exercise are performed with a specializedapparatus that provides variable resistance to amovement, so that no matter how much effort is exerted,the movement takes place at a constant speed.

The isokinetic device are computerized training and testingdevice that provide maximum resistance through the entireROM .

The device provide multi-angle isometric resistance, resistedconcentric and eccentric exercise.


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Advantage Isokenetic

Ability to fully activate more muscle fiber forlonger period because the machineaccommodate the resistance according to thechanging ability throughout the ROM.

Allow training at a variety of speeds Provide objective documentation The isokinetic device provides many

strengthening protocols to chose from according

to the patient condition and the goal of exercise.For example (isometric conditioning, isokineticconditioning, eccentric & eccentric conditioningand open & closed chain conditioning)


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Disadvantage isokenetic

The device is expensive

Require trained personnel for setting upthe patient training program.


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Mode of Resistance Application

Manual Resisted Exercise Manual resistance exercise is active resisted exercise in which the

resistance force is applied by the therapist to either a dynamic or isometriccontraction.

Advantage The resistance can be varied with changes in strength production

throughout the range . When joint motion is allowed, manual resisted exercise offer an easy

inexpensive method of strengthening muscle. Specific or individual muscle could be strengthened. Disadvantage The amount of resistance depend on the therapist condition.

The resistance can not be measures so the treatment results can not bedocumented. Effort and time consuming as the therapist can treat only one patient at a

time.


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Mechanical Resistance Exercise

Mechanical Resistance Exercise Mechanical resisted exercise is active resisted exercise

in which the resistance provided by equipments to eithera isotonic or isometric muscle contraction.

A variety of mechanical equipment are available ranging fromsimple to complex, small to large, and expensive to inexpensive.The choice between them depend on the patients need andability, goal of the exercise and availability of the apparatus.

Free weights Weight machine Exercise bicycle Pulley system


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Advantage

Objective quantitative documentation of thepatient progress. The level of resistance not limited by the

therapist strength.

Add a variety to the exercise. Safe time and effort of the therapist. Disadvantage The resistance can not be varied throughout the

range of motion. Amount of resistance is fixed allover the range. Need space and may be expensive.


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ExerciseDose

Position

Lever arm

Repetition

Duration

Amount

Speed


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The exercise dosage can be increasesby:

1- Changing the relationship to gravity 2- Increase lever arm (hand placement) 3- Increase repetition of exercise 4- Increase duration of exercise 5- Increase amount of resistance (mild- moderate-

maximum) 6- Speed Be sure not to proceed to a more difficult exercise before

the patient perform the lower graduation first, otherwiseoverwork and fatigue occur


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Precaution with Resisted Exercise

The use of valvasia maneuver should beavoided during resistive training especially by apatient with cardiopulmonary disease, recent

abdominal, intervertebral disc, or eye surgery. During resistive training especially with eccentric

contraction and increase exercise dose minorlesions of the muscle and inflammation occurresulting in delayed onset muscle soreness . Ifthis occur, start with warming up period anddecrease exercise dose.


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Contraindication of Resisted Exercise

Acute inflammation of the musculoskeletalsystem

Pain Infection.

Recent fracture or non-united fracture


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Thank You

Documents

Group 12 Resistance Exercise