Kevin Masarik

Center for Watershed Science and Education

Groundwater and Drinking Water Education Program Fond du Lac and Oakfield

Through the University of Wisconsin-Extension, all Wisconsin people can access

University resources and engage in lifelong learning, wherever they live and work.

Today’s presentation

o Groundwater Basics: Where does my

water come from

o Well Construction

o What do my individual test results

mean?

o General groundwater quality in the

Towns of Byron and Lamartine.

o Improving your water quality

Precipitation

Infiltration

Runoff

River

Well

Runoff Evaporation

Transpiration

The Water Cycle

Water Table

Percolation

Groundwater

Groundwater Movement

Aquifers: Our groundwater storage units

Water and contaminants can

move quickly through cracks and

fractures.

Aquifers are geologic formations that store and transmit

groundwater.

The aquifer properties determine how quickly

groundwater flows, how much water an aquifer can hold

and how easily groundwater can become contaminated.

Some aquifers may also contain naturally occurring

elements that make water unsafe.

Wisconsin’s geology is like a layered

cake. Underneath all of Wisconsin lies

the Crystalline bedrock which does

not hold much water. Think of this

layer like the foundation of your

house. All groundwater sits on top of

this foundation. Groundwater is stored

in the various sandstone, dolomite

and sand/gravel aquifers above the

crystalline bedrock layer. The layers

are arranged in the order which they

formed, oldest on the bottom and

youngest on top.

Diagram courtesy of WGNHS

N

Oldest

Youngest

Sand and

gravel

Sandstones

and

dolomite

Crystalline

bedrock

Eastern

Dolomite

Learn more about Wisconsin’s geologic past by clicking the aquifer names

Water moving through tiny spaces in

between sand particles or sandstone

moves slower and allows for filtration

of some contaminants.

Who to contact

if I need

additional

assistance

How does your

water quality

compare? Look for

data in your area

Interpret my

water test

results

How to

improve my

water quality

Learn about

well

construction

What is Groundwater? Watersheds of Wisconsin Aquifers: Our groundwater

storage units

Factors that affect

groundwater quality Better Homes and

Groundwater

Groundwater

Basics: Where

does my water

come from?

Impermeable bedrock

Watershed – the land area where water originates

for lakes, rivers or streams. Water flows from high

elevation to low elevation.

Impermeable bedrock

Groundwater flow

Surface-water

divides

Regional Watershed

Local Watershed

Impermeable bedrock

Local groundwater flow

Regional groundwater flow

• Water converges at discharge locations

• Rivers and streams act like a drain for water to exit a watershed

Wisconsin has 3 main watersheds

Major watersheds can be divided into regional watersheds

that helps us to understand how groundwater and runoff

moves through Wisconsin’s landscape….

….regional watersheds can be further divided into local

watersheds outlined below that help show just how local

groundwater quality really is.

Drilled Well Driven Point Well

Types of Wells

Do Deeper Wells Mean Better Water Quality?

water basics

“Universal Solvent”

Naturally has “stuff” dissolved in it. Impurities depend on rocks,

minerals, land-use, plumbing, packaging, and other materials that water comes in contact with.

Can also treat water to take “stuff” out

p +

p -

H H

O

Bacteria

Sodium

Nitrate

Copper

Lead

Triazine

Zinc

Sulfate

Arsenic

Saturation Index

Alkalinity

Conductivity

Potassium

Interpreting Drinking Water

Test Results

Tests important to

health:

Red = human-influenced, Blue = naturally found

Hardness

Iron

Manganese

Chloride

Tests for aesthetic

(taste,color,odor)

problems:

Other important

indicator tests:

What are the Health Concerns?

Acute Effects – Usually seen within a

short time after exposure to a

substance. (ex. Bacteria or viral contamination which may cause

intestinal disease)

Chronic Effects – Results from

exposure to a substance over a long

period of time.

(ex. Arsenic or pesticides can increase the chance of

developing certain types of cancer)

Understanding Risk…? Dying from a lightning strike. 0.013 in 1,000 chance.

0.010 mg/L of arsenic in drinking

water.

3 out of 1,000 people likely to

develop cancer.

2 pCi of indoor radon level. 4 out of 1,000 people likely to

develop lung cancer.1

Dying in a car accident. 4 in 1,000 chance.

2 pCi of indoor radon combined

with smoking.

32 out of 1,000 people could

develop lung cancer.1

Drinking water quality is only one part of an individual’s total risk.

1http://www.epa.gov/radon/healthrisks.html

Why do people test their water?

Installed a new well

Change in taste or odor

Buying or selling their home

Plumbing issues

Want to know if it’s safe to

drink.

Private vs. Public Water Supplies

Public Water Supplies

Regularly tested and

regulated by drinking water

standards.

Private Wells

Not required to be

regularly tested.

Not required to take

corrective action

Owners must take special

precautions to ensure safe

drinking water.

No one

test tells us

everything we

need to know

about the

safety and

condition of a

water supply

milligrams per liter (mg/l) = parts per million (ppm)

1 mg/l = 1000 parts per billion (ppb)

Coliform bacteria

Generally do not cause illness, but indicate a pathway for potentially harmful microorganisms to enter your water supply. Harmful bacteria and viruses can cause

gastrointestinal disease, cholera, hepatitis

Well Code: “Properly constructed well should be able to provide bacteria free water continuously without the need for treatment”

Recommend using an alternative source of water until a test indicates your well is absent of coliform bacteria

Sources: Live in soils and on vegetation

Human and animal waste

Sampling error

Present =Unsafe

Absent = Safe

If coliform bacteria was

detected, we also checked

for e.coli bacteria test

Confirmation that bacteria originated from a human or animal fecal source.

E. coli are often present with harmful bacteria, viruses and parasites that can cause serious gastrointestinal illnesses.

Any detectable level of E.coli means your water is unsafe to drink.

Some Common Pathways for Bacteria

to Enter Your Water System

Photo: Sandy Heimke, WI DNR

Photo: Sandy Heimke, WI DNR

What should I do if coliform

bacteria was present?

1. Use alternative source of water for drinking

2. Retest

3. Try to identify any sanitary defects Loose or non-existent well cap

Well construction faults

A nearby unused well or pit

Inadequate filtration by soil

4. Disinfect the well

5. Retest to ensure well is bacteria free.

For reoccurring bacteria problems the best solution may be a new well.

Rock and Soil Impacts

on Water Quality

Tests for Aesthetic Problems

Natural (rocks and soils)

Primarily calcium and magnesium

Problems: scaling, scum, use more detergent, decrease water heater efficiency

0

200

150

“SOFT”

“HARD”

IDEAL?

Hardness

Water Softening Water softeners remove calcium

and magnesium which cause scaling and exchange it for sodium (or potassium).

Negative: Increases sodium content of water.

Suggestions:

Bypass your drinking water faucet.

Do not soften water for outdoor faucets.

If you are concerned about sodium levels – use potassium chloride softener salt.

Tests for Overall Water Quality

Alkalinity – ability to neutralize acid

Conductivity –

Measure of total ions

can be used to indicate presence of

contaminants (~ twice the hardness)

pH – Indicates water’s acidity and helps

determine if water will corrode plumbing

7 0 14 Acidic Basic

(-3) (-1) (-2) (+2) (0) (+1) (+0.5) (+3)

Corrosion occurs Scaling occurs

Ideal Severe Severe Moderate Moderate Slight Slight

Saturation Index

Tests for Overall Water Quality

Land Use and Water Quality

Well pumping

water

Soil

Nitrate Nitrogen

Greater than 10 mg/L Exceeds State and Federal Limits

for Drinking Water

Between 2 and 10 mg/L Some Human Impact

Less than 2.0 mg/L “Transitional”

Less than 0.2 mg/L “Natural”

0

10

2

“NATURAL”

UNSAFE - for infants and

pregnant women;

everyone should avoid

long term consumption.

Test Important to Health

Nitrate-Nitrogen

Health Effects:

Methemoglobinemia (blue baby disease)

Possible links to birth defects and miscarriages (humans and livestock)

Indicator of other contaminants

Sources:

Agricultural fertilizer

Lawn fertilizer

Septic systems

Animal wastes

Areas of

greatest

karst potential

What can I do to reduce my

nitrate levels?

Solution:

Eliminate contamination source or reduce nitrogen inputs

Short term:

Change well depth or relocate well

Carry or buy water

Water treatment devices Reverse osmosis

Distillation

Anion exchange

Greater than 250 mg/l

- No direct effects on health

- Salty taste

- Exceeds recommended level

Greater than 10 mg/l may

indicate human impact

Less than 10 mg/l

“Natural” in much of WI 10 mg/l

250 mg/l

Tests for Aesthetic Problems

Chloride

Tests for Aesthetic Problems

Natural (rocks and soils)

May benefit health

Red and yellow stains

on clothing, fixtures

Potential for iron bacteria Slime, odor, oily film

0.3 mg/L

Aesthetic problems

likely

0

Iron

Sources: Copper water pipes

Standard: 1.3 mg/L

Health Effects:

Some copper is needed for good health

Too much may cause problems:

Stomach cramps, diarrhea,

vomiting, nausea

Formula intolerance in infants

Test Important to Health

Copper

0

1.3 Unsafe

Sources: Lead solder joining copper pipes (pre-1985)

Standard: 0.015 mg/L (15 ppb)

Health Effects:

Young children, infants and unborn children are particularly vulnerable.

Lead may damage the brain, kidneys, nervous system, red blood cells, reproductive system.

Test Important to Health

Lead

0

0.015 Unsafe

Lead and Copper

Solutions:

Run water until cold before drinking.

Use a treatment device.

Test Important to Health

Sources: Naturally occurring in mineral deposits

Standard: 0.010 mg/L (10 ppb)

Health Effects:

Increased risk of skin cancers as well as lung, liver, bladder, kidney, and colon cancers.

Circulatory disorders

Stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea

Unusual skin pigmentation

Arsenic

Pesticides in Drinking Water

Insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and other substances used to control pests.

Health standards usually only account for parent compound.

Parent compounds breakdown over time.

Little research into health effects from the combination of chemicals..

Most frequently detected pesticides in WI:

Alachlor* and its chemical breakdown products

Metolachlor and its chemical breakdown products

Atrazine** and its chemical breakdown products

Metribuzin

Cyanazine and its chemical breakdown products.

• * WI public health groundwater standard for breakdown component Alachlor ESA.

• ** WI public health groundwater standard is for the total chlorinated atrazine residue

Sources: Triazine pesticides (mainly atrazine used on corn crops)

Screen: Only measures the diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) residue levels of triazine type pesticides (atrazine, simazine, propazine, cyanazine, etc)

Specific to diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), does not account for parent compound or other breakdown components

Drinking water limit:

3 ppb of total atrazine

(atrazine + the 3 breakdown components)

Tests Important to Health

DACT Screen

Improving water quality

Long-term improvements

Eliminate sources of contamination

Short-term improvements

Repair or replace existing well

Connect to public water supply or develop community water

system

Purchase bottled water for drinking and cooking

Install a water treatment device

• Often the most convenient and cost effective solution

understanding water treatment

o Advantages:

+ Reduce level of contaminants and other impurities

+ Improve taste, color and odor

o Disadvantages:

− Require routine maintenance.

− Can require large amounts of energy.

− Testing is often the only way to know it is functioning properly for most health related contaminants.

o Cautions: o Treatment methods often selective for certain

contaminants

o Multiple treatment units may be necessary

o Treatment may also remove beneficial elements from water in the process.

Before investing in treatment….

Always have water tested at a certified lab before investing in water

treatment.

Know the types and amounts of chemicals you would like removed.

Choose a device that has been approved by the Wisconsin

Department of Commerce.

Ask for a copy of the approval letter.

• or

Check the agency’s Drinking Water Treatment Product Approval

website:

http://dsps.wi.gov/sb_ppalopp/disclaimer1.phtml/c/270

Next Steps

Test well annually for bacteria, or if water

changes color or clarity.

If levels are elevated, test again in 15

months for nitrate.

If you detected pesticides, you may want

to perform a more extensive and accurate

pesticide analysis.

www.uwsp.edu/cnr-ap/watershed

Thanks to the following for helping sponsor this program:

• Towns of Fond du Lac and Oakfield

• Fond du Lac County UW-Extension

• Fond du Lac County Health Dept.

Through the University of Wisconsin-Extension, all Wisconsin people can access

University resources and engage in lifelong learning, wherever they live and work.

Kevin Masarik Center for Watershed Science and Education 800 Reserve St. Stevens Point, WI 54481 715-346-4276 kmasarik@uwsp.edu www.uwsp.edu/cnr-ap/watershed