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Grounded In The Present, Aware Of The Past, And Looking To The Future. Virabhadrasana II Warrior II. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Grounded In The Present, Aware Of The Past, And Looking To The Future
This pose helps develop a sense of determination and perseverance. Being a true warrior rarely if
ever means displaying aggression openly or proclaiming your strength by proving others
weaker. This is the trust of a warrior, the ability to release
the need to control in order to create openness and authenticity.
Virabhadrasana II
Warrior II
University of Edinburgh College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine
Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1726 on models established at the University of Padua in the 16th century
boost the economy of the city by attracting foreign students rather than send Scots to the continent
in 1720, Alexander Monro appointed Chair in Anatomy. 3 generations of Monro’s continued for 128 years
In 1726, 4 additional chairs added to new Faculty of Medicine
200 Bed Royal Infirmary in 1738
http://www.mvm.ed.ac.uk/history/note4.htm
Early Medical Education in US
1st medical school in the colonies was founded in 1765 at the University of Pennsylvania, then known as College of Philadelphia, by Dr. John Morgan, a graduate of Edinburgh.
Department of Medicine Surgeons' Hall 1765 -
1801
http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/people/morgan_john.html
http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017.6/20040114013
Roots in Edinburgh and London
With Edinburgh as their model, they built the school within institution of higher learning
With their experience in London, they emphasized the need to have bedside teaching at Pennsylvania Hospital founded by Ben Franklin and chartered in 1751http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/gallery/artifacts/
Cast_2.htmlhttp://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/gallery/artifacts/Admission.html
Cast of Pregnant Woman During Autopsy
Request To Admit Bearer Signed By Ben Franklin in 1753
Early Curriculum Medical education included formal
lectures for a semester or two and several years of apprenticeship.
The first lectures were in anatomy and the theory and practice of “physik”
There was no formal tuition, no prerequisite academic preparation, and written exams were not mandatory
Harvard Started Lectures in 1782
The 1st professors included John Warren of anatomy and surgery, Benjamin Waterhouse of the theory and practice of physic, and Aaron Dexter of chemistry and materia medica
In 1809 John Warren's son, John Collins, Warren John Gorham and James Jackson joined the faculty
http://countway.med.harvard.edu/rarebooks/exhibits/broad_foundation/broad_foundation2.htmlAnnual Circular 1810
Education at Harvard
Engraving of Holden Chapel Used for classes 1800 – 1810 after
basement of Harvard Hall considered, "unhealthy, inconvenient, and
disgraceful,"
Admission Ticket for Ichabod Tucker to the Lectures of
Aaron Dexter on October 14, 1790
http://countway.med.harvard.edu/rarebooks/exhibits/broad_foundation/index.html.htm
Medical Jurisprudence 1821 Medical Skill Applied In Aid of Judiciary
Deaths by violence, poisons, suicide
Rape Infanticide Legitimacy of
children Abortion Venereal disease Insanity
Courtesy of Jill Newmark, National Library of Medicine
Notes by Thomas A. Brayton from lectures by Amos Eaton Berkshire Medical Institution, Pittsfield, MA, 1821-1822
The Cause of Female Medical Education – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania
Established by Quaker businessmen, clergy and physicians in 1850
“Practice of midwifery by males is itself an innovation upon ancient and legitimate practice”
Females should have physicians of their own sex to attend to “their many peculiar maladies”
A woman is the best physician for all diseases of women and children
Means of gaining an honorable and independent subsistence
3rd Annual Announcement of the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania
Completed ordinary education
3 years of study including 2 under supervision of a physician
Attended 2 full courses of lectures
Write a thesis 6 scholarship students 52 students in 1852
http://archives.drexelmed.edu/womanmd/item.php?object_id=001143
Council on Medical Education
In 1904, AMA created the Council on Medical Education (CME) to promote restructuring of US medical education.
CME outlined its 2 major reform initiatives: standardization of preliminary education
requirements “ideal” medical curriculum consisting of 2 years of
training in laboratory sciences followed by 2 years of clinical rotations
Abraham Flexner, a pioneer of active, learner-centered education, hired by Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
Beck AH, The Flexner Report and the Standardization of American Medical Education. JAMA, 291:2139-2140, 2004
Flexner’s Approach to Evaluating Medical Education
Reform had been promoted as means to status
The business ethic that governed profit-seeking medical schools was incompatible with values necessary for a socially useful medical education.
Flexner’s unique contribution was to promote educational reform as a public health measure. “The overwhelming importance of preventive medicine, sanitation, and public health indicates that in modern life the medical profession is an organ differentiated by society for its highest
purposes, not a business to be exploited.”Beck AH, The Flexner Report and the Standardization of American Medical Education. JAMA, 291:2139-2140, 2004
Flexner Report Examined 5 principle areas: entrance
requirements, size and training of faculty, endowment and tuition, quality of laboratories, and availability of a teaching hospital
Flexner’s unique contribution was to promote educational reform as a public health measure
State government is proper instrument for regulating medical education, because social welfare is inextricably linked to the quality of the nation’s physicians
State licensing boards began to force schools to implement heightened admission standards and stricter curriculum requirements according to CME guidelines
Beck AH, The Flexner Report and the Standardization of American Medical Education. JAMA, 291:2139-2140, 2004