Greet the People's Communes

PEKING September 2, 1958

27

R E V I EW Greet the People's Communes

Hongqi (Red Flag) editorial discussing a n e w phenomenon in the Chinese c o u n t r y s i d e - - t h e people's communes (p. 6).

China and Cambodia: Peaceful Co-existence in Action

Prince Norodom Sihanouk's recent visit to China (p. 8).

A Higher Education in China

Facts and figures on higher education today (p. 10).

Stop the Dirty Work in Hongkong

Documents: 1. China. Cambodia Joint Statement 2. Chinese Protests to the British

Government

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PEKING REVIEW

( B E I J I N G Z H O U B A O )

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE NEWS AND VIEWS

September 2, 1958 Yol. I No. 27

C O N T E N T S

R O U N D THE WEEK 4 U.S. In t ens i f i e s T e n s i o n in T a i w a n

St ra i t s ; I r on and Steel to t he Fore ; P r e m i e r Chou Vis i ts Tsinghu~t; , N e w T r e n d in G o v e r n m e n t Offices; C h a n g e s in H a n d i c r a f t Co-ops ; Ru ra l C a n t e e n s

ARTICLES Gree t the U p s u r g e in F o r m i n g Peop l e ' s

C o m m u n e s 6

P e a c e f u l C o - e x i s t e n c e in Ac t ion 8

H ighe r Educa t ion in Ch ina 10

C h i n a ' s M a c h i n e - B u i l d i n g I n d u s t r y - - Wu T z u - c h i e n I1

A New P a t t e r n of I n d u s t r i a l Deve lop - m e n t - - C h u Chi - l in 13

D O C U M E N T S C h i n a - C a m b o d i a Jo in t S t a t e m e n t 14

Ch inese P r o t e s t s to t he Br i t i sh G o v e r n - m e n t 15

MUSIC A N D BALLET, P U B L I S H I N G , BOOKS 17

SIDELIGHTS 18

CHINESE PRESS OPINION 19 Diplomat ic Re la t i ons w i th I raq; S ino-

C a m b o d i a n C o m m u n i q u e ; Midd le Eas t T e n s i o n R e m a i n s ; Af r i ca Cr ies " In - d e p e n d e n c e ! " ; G e n e v a A g r e e m e n t in Dange r ; H u s s e i n M o n a r c h y D o o m e d ; The P a s s i n g Show

CHINA A N D THE W O R L D 21 P r e m i e r S i h a n o u k Ends Visit ; Ch ina ,

I raq E x c h a n g e E n v o y s ; Sovie t T h e r m o - N u c l e a r P o w e r Dev ice A n - n o u n c e d i n - P e k i n g ; Br i t i sh B r u t a l i t y in H o n g k o n g ; T h e S h a t t e r e d Sh ib - bo le ths of Colon ia l i sm; C u l t u r a l N e w s

WHAT'S ON IN PE KING 22

Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEV~, Pai Wan Chuang, Peking (37), Chino

Cable Address: PEKING 6170

Post Office Registration No, 2-521

Printed in the People's Republic of China

Stop the Dirty Work in Hongkong O NCE again the British authorities in Hongkong have clearly

demonstrated their policy of hostility to New China. The forcible closing down of Chung Hua Middle School and British police brutality against Chinese correspondents have aroused widespread indignation and protests. As journalists, we are particularly outraged by the unwarranted interference with the right of newspapermen to gather news and the violation of their personal liberty.

The development of events during recent months indicates that the British authorities in Hongkong are deliberately trying to destroy educational institutions of the Chinese people. The promulgation of the "education ordinance" early this year was the signal for intensified persecution. Repressive acts have followed in rapid succession.

In February literacy classes for wol, kers were interfered with. On May Day, nine Chinese schools in Hongkong were prevented from flying the Chinese national flag. The reason given was that the education ordinance forbids the hoisting of flags of "a political or semi-political nature" over school com- pounds. Nine days afterwards, when Hsinchiao Middle School celebrated its anniversary, the singing of the Chinese national anthem and the flying of the Chinese national flag were banned. On August 6, Principal Tu of Peichiao Middle School was unlaw- fully deported on the pretext that the school library contained "books of a political nature."

These repressive measures were taken on the pretext that schools should stay out of politics. But the British authorities themselves are playing dirty politics in the schools.

Schools in Hongkong run by agents of Chiang Kai-shek were allowed to fly the flag of the Chiang Kai-shek clique. The list of school textbooks approved by the Hongkong Educational Board contains much slanderous trash published by the Chiang Kai-shek clique in Taiwan. These books, it need hardly be pointed out, are loaded with vile lies about New China.

But that is only part of the story. Over the last six years, approximately 100 Chinese films have been banned or mutilated by the British authorities in Hongkong. Shots showing the Chinese national flag and Chairman Mao Tse-tung were cut. In contrast, films depicting the Chiang Kai-shek clique in glowing colours were given the green light.

With British connivance and protection, agents of U.S. imperialism and the Chiang Kai-shek clique have used Hongkong as a base of operations for subversive and destructive activities against China. Recently, in co-ordination with the U.S.-Chiang Kai-shek efforts to heighten tension in the Taiwan Straits, British military planes from Hongkong have repeatedly intruded into China's air space.

All this serves to show that the British Government and the British authorities in Hongkong, following the lead of the U.S.A., pursue a policy of hostility to New China. The police outrage at Chung Hua School is the latest deliberate provocation.

The British imperialists are no strangers to the Chinese people. In their protracted victorious struggle for independence the Chinese people have had a good deal of experience in dealing with the British colonialists. The protest and warning issued by the Foreign Ministry voice the sentiments of China's six hundred million people. If Britain continues to indulge in provocations, it must be prepared to face the consequences.

ROUND

U.S. Intensifies Tension in Taiwan Straits

On A u g u s t 23 and 24 the t roops of the Chiang K a i - s h e k c l ique on Q u e m o y Is- l and off the coast of F u k i e n P r o v i n c e we re she l led by a r t i l l e ry un i t s of the People ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y to p u n i s h t h e m for f r e q u e n t l y b o m b a r d i n g the coas ta l v i l lages a n d towns in eas t China . A w a r vessel of t he C h i a n g K a i - s h e k gang c a r r y - ing r e i n f o r c e m e n t s to Q u e m o y I s l and was s u n k by torpedo boa t s of the People ' s L i b e r a t i o n A r m y o p e r a t i n g in con junc - t ion w i th its a r t i l l e ry uni ts . A n o t h e r was h i t and damaged . On Augus t 25 a for- m a t i o n of e igh t A m e r i c a n - m a d e F-86 je t f ighters of Ch iang K a i - s h e k ' s a i r force i n t r u d e d into F u k i e n to ca r ry ou t h a r - ass ing a t tacks . One of the a i r c r a f t was shot d o w n and fell in to the sea.

For some t ime the Ch iang K a i - s h e k gang h a d been in t ens i fy ing its m i l i t a r y ac t iv i t ies in a n a t t e m p t to he lp i ts A m e r i c a n m a s t e r a g g r a v a t e the t ense s i tua t ion in the T a i w a n area , c r ea t ed by the occupa t ion of T a i w a n by the A m e r - ican forces and the p re sence and p rovoca - t ions of the U.S. 7th Flee t in the T a i w a n St ra i t s . The r u s h i n g of m o r e t roops in to Quemoy Is land , coupled w i t h o the r ac t ions aga ins t t he m a i n l a n d , is a f r e sh example . B e h i n d it is the h a n d of Wash ing ton .

U.S. m i l i t a r y a i r c r a f t h a v e been ca r ry - ing on p rovoca t ive r e c o n n a i s s a n c e f l ights off the Chinese coast. U P I c o r r e s p o n d e n t Leroy H a n s e n wro te on Augus t 24 t h a t he had been "on a U.S. navy b o m b e r s k i m m i n g 80 feet ove r the waves of the Fo rmosa (Taiwan) St ra i t s . T w e n t y mi les to your lef t p l a in ly v is ib le is the F u k i e n coast ." Nine hour s ' pa t ro l took H a n s e n " f rom a n airf ie ld in S o u t h e r n F o r m o s a (Ta iwan) to the n o r t h e r n Ph i l ipp ines , across the Sou th C h i n a Sea to the vic ini ty of S w a t o w and t hen up t he Red Chinese coast to a po in t a l i t t le sou th of S h a n g h a i . . . . Th i s is ju s t r o u t i n e " for officers and m e n of t he U.S. navy , said Hansen .

Accord ing to the Assoc ia ted Press , Wal lace Beakley, C o m m a n d e r of the U.S. 7th Fleet , a n n o u n c e d on A u g u s t 25 a t Yokosuka t ha t the U.S. n a v y was going to hold combined m i l i t a r y exerc ises w i t h the n a v a l forces of t he C h i a n g K a i - s h e k cl ique a t Fangl iao , s o u t h e r n Ta iwan , in the first week of S e p t e m b e r . He added tha t t he exerc ises we re des igned to promote so-ca l led close w o r k i n g re l a t ions be tween the Uni t ed S t a t e s and Ch iang ' s n a v a l a n d m a r i n e forces. B u t the rea l

THE WEEK

m o t i v e of these m o v e s in the T a i w a n a r ea fools nobody.

Pub l i c op in ion in va r ious count r ies , and p a r t i c u l a r l y in As i a a n d Afr ica w h e r e the m e m o r y of A m e r i c a ' s acts of aggres - s ion is s t i l l f resh , c o n d e m n s these m o v e s and r ega r d s t h e m as a n A m e r i c a n plot to c rea te t ens ion in the F a r Eas t a n d a t h r e a t to China .

Iron and Steel to the Fore h-on an d steel d o m i n a t e the domes t i c

news in the Ch i n e s e press these days. Eve ry p r o v i n c e is go ing all ou t to ra i se i ron a n d steel p r o d u c t i o n to an a l l - t ime high. A p r o g r a m m e of ac t ion has been m a p p e d out to e n s u r e t h a t the n a t i o n a l t a rge t s set a n d rev i sed in the "big leap f o r w a r d " ea r l i e r in t h e y e a r w i l l be ful- filled on t ime. The s ec re t a r i e s of Com- m u n i s t P a r t y c o m m i t t e e s a t all levels h a v e a s s u m e d pe r sona l r e spons ib i l i t y to see t h a t m a x i m u m re su l t s a re o b t a i n e d in the r e m a i n i n g four m o n t h s of the year . The w a t c h w o r d s n o w a re "al l h a n d s to the i ron a n d steel i n d u s t r y " and " e v e r y m i n u t e an d eve ry second count . "

In t h e pas t s even m o n t h s C h i n a ' s i ron a n d s tee l i n d u s t r y h a s g r o w n cons ide r - ably w i t h the inc reases in the o u t p u t of pig i ron, s teel a n d ro l led s teel r a n g i n g f r o m 25 pe r cent to 32 p e r cent. O u t p u t of h e a v y rails , s i l icon s teel p la tes , s teel sheets , s eamles s s teel tubes , etc. r eg i s t e r - ed inc reases v a r y i n g f rom 26 p e r cen t to 142 p e r cent. A n d m o r e t h a n 200 n e w and i m p o r t a n t s teel p roduc t s n e v e r m a d e in C h i n a before a re n o w be ing produced . The e x p a n s i o n of the i ron a n d s teel in- d u s t r y in C h i n a h a s gone a h e a d a t a t empo t h a t has no para l le l , yet ach ieve - m e a t s to date , w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a lmos t i n s a t i a b l e needs of the "big leap," a re i nadequa t e .

The d e v e l o p m e n t of the m a j o r and m e d i u m - s i z e d i ron a n d s teel c o m p l e x e s

con t inues w i t h g r e a t v i g o u r and t h e i r po t en t i a l i t i e s a re be ing f u r t h e r t apped , b u t the s t ress n o w is on m e d i u m and m i n o r p lants . Of p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e is the e x p a n s i o n a n d s m o o t h r u n n i n g of the sma l l i r o n - s m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s which dot t h e t owns a n d v i l l ages of China . By the e n d of J u l y m o r e t h a n 30,000 of these h a d been c o m p l e t e d a nd w e r e t u r n i n g out t h e i r first h e a t s of iron. S ince they p lay a key role in r ea l i z ing C h i n a ' s i ron a n d s tee l p r o d u c t i o n t a r g e t in 1958, a n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e was r ecen t ly he ld in H u n a n P r o v i n c e to s u m up e x p e r i e n c e s in s e t t i n g up a n d o p e r a t i n g s m a l l i ron- sme l t e r s . A t th is s t age of deve lopmen t , the s ign i f icance of these sma l l i ron- s m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s c a n n o t b e too s t rong ly emphas ized .

Th e rap id d e v e l o p m e n t of the i ron and steel i n d u s t r y cal ls for g r e a t e r supp l ies of m e t a l l u r g i c a l e q u i p m e n t . M a n y of the c o u n t r y ' s h e a v y m a c h i n e p l a n t s a r e re- d o u b l i n g t he i r ef for ts to p rov ide the in - d u s t r y w i t h the n e c e s s a r y e q u i p m e n t . S h a n g h a i , for example , is r ac ing a g a i n s t t ime to t u r n out e n o u g h m a c h i n e s to p roduce 3 mi l l ion tons of iron, 3.6 mi l l ion tons of s teel a n d 2.8 mi l l ion tons of ro l led steel. Fac to r i e s in o t h e r ci t ies are" p u t t i n g as ide o t h e r work to swi t ch to the p r o d u c t i o n of s m e l t i n g e q u i p m e n t .

Premier Chou Visits Tsinghua On A u g u s t 24, P r e m i e r Chou En- la i

w e n t out to vis i t t he 1,400 s t u d e n t s w h o a re g r a d u a t i n g f r o m T s i n g h u a U n i v e r s i t y th is year . He s p e n t a good deal of t ime at t h e e x h i b i t i o n of des igns and models m a d e by the g r a d u a t i n g s t u d e n t s and t a lked to t h e m a b o u t t h e i r s tud ies and f u t u r e careers . P r e m i e r Chou sa id tha t the p u r p o s e of his v is i t was not on ly to ta lk to the s t u d e n t s a n d see t h e i r work bu t to place o rde r s for n e w cons t ruc t i on w i t h them.

On e n t e r i n g the ha l l of w a t e r conser - v a n c y his a t t e n t i o n was c a u g h t by a mode l s h o w i n g t h e Miyun Reservo i r , w h i c h is in an ou t l y ing d i s t r i c t of Pek ing . P r e m i e r Chou h a d b e e n to the cons t ruc - t ion s i te w h o s e p l a n was d r a w n up by the T s i n g h u a s tuden t s . He a s k e d h o w

Blast f u r n a c e - "native" style

th ings we re going a t M i y u n and if any of t h e m h a d b e e n to w o r k on the res - ervoir , a n d c o m m e n t e d on t he s h o r t a g e of w a t e r c o n s e r v a n c y w o r k s in Pek ing . He said tha t , in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h the south, P e k i n g h a d f a r too few i r r i ga t i on d i tches and canals , qu i t e u n l i k e such places as K iangs u a n d Anhwe i . Crops do not g row wel l w h e r e the i r r i g a t i o n sys tem is poor. He sugges ted to t h e s tuden t s t h a t t h e y shou ld c o n c e r n t h e m - se lves not only w i t h bu i l d ing rese rvo i r s , wh ich a re i m p o r t a n t , b u t also w i t h d i t ches and canals , so as to cr i sscross t he P e k i n g a r ea w i th i r r iga t ion projec ts . To the joy of the s t uden t s he sa id th i s job wou ld be g iven to t he w a t e r c o n s e r v a n c y s tu - den t s of T s i n g h u a - - the l ead ing poly- t echn ica l u n i v e r s i t y in the count ry .

Ts inghua , w h i c h ha s a n i n s t i t u t e of des ign ing and a cons t r uc t i on c o m p a n y of its own, ha s p r e p a r e d the b l u e p r i n t s for a n e w l ib ra ry , can teen , l e c tu r e ha l l s and office bu i ld ings for the C h i n a People ' s Univers i ty , also on the w e s t e r n o u t s k i r t s of t he capital . These w e r e on d i sp lay a t the e x h i b i t i o n a n d t hey a roused t he P r e m i e r ' s in teres t . T h e S t a t e Counci l is p l a n n i n g to se t up can teens , nu r se r i e s , etc. for its staff. He e n q u i r e d a b o u t bu i ld ing costs, and p laced the o r d e r for the S t a t e Counci l w i t h T s i n g h u a t h e n and there .

B r i m m i n g w i t h pr ide , the T s i n g h u a g r a d u a t e s ac tua l ly got t he p l u m of t he day. P r e m i e r Chou was offer ing t h e m the job of des ign ing the p r e m i s e s of a people 's commune . " I ' l l s end you a l is t w h e n I get back , w i t h al l t he pa r t i cu l a r s , and you work it ou t and le t m e k n o w w h a t the lowes t costs wil l be," h e told them. W o r k i n g on t he p lan a n d bu i ld - ings of a people 's c o m m u n e is a job of top i m p o r t a n c e to the b u d d i n g T s i n g h u a engineers , and they a s s u red P r e m i e r Chou t h a t they would p rove equa l to the job.

Before he le f t t he e x h i b i t i o n P r e m i e r Chou e x a m i n e d a m i n i a t u r e m o t o r ca r m a d e by the professors and s t u d e n t s of the m o t i v e power d e p a r t m e n t . He was impressed w i t h this l i t t l e veh ic le a n d said t h a t i t could r ep l ace the ped icabs still r u n n i n g on the s t r ee t s of C h i n a ' s cities. "T ry to p roduce t h e s e cars a t t he lowest cost and use eas i ly o b t a i n a b l e mater ia l s . I t wi l l be a c o n t r i b u t i o n to c o m m u n i s m , " P r e m i e r Chou r e m a r k e d . He addres sed the g r a d u a t e s w h o h a d t u r n e d ou t en masse to say good-bye to him. He c o n g r a t u l a t e d t h e m on t he w a y they h a v e ca r r i ed ou t t h e pol icy la id down by the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y a n d C h a i r m a n Mao T s e - t u n g - - the pol icy of combin ing s tudy w i t h l a b o u r a n d educa - t ion w i th p roduc t ion .

"We are social is ts and e v e n w h e n com- m u n i s m is he r e we m u s t a l w a y s r e m e m - ber to combine study, w o r k a n d p roduc - t ion and s t r ive to b e cu l t u r ed w o r k e r s a n d a t t h e s ame t ime socialist~ who can

w o r k b o t h by h a n d a n d b r a i n , " w e r e P r e m i e r Chou ' s p a r t i n g words .

New Trend in Government Offices China ' s va r ious min i s t r i e s h a v e ceased

to be g o v e r n m e n t offices p u r e a n d s imple . S ince the conc lus ion of the rec t i f ica t ion c a m p a i g n m a n y h a v e b e g u n to se t up w h a t a re k n o w n in C h i n a t oday as " red and e x p e r t " ins t i tu tes . Ru n by a n d fo r the benef i t of t h e staff, t hey a re l ike s p a r e - t i m e colleges a t w h i c h c a d r e s - - f r o m the j u n i o r to the m i n i s t e r i a l l e v e l - - can al l s t u d y d e s k to desk, if t hey so wish.

At one of the des ign ing d e p a r t m e n t s of the F i r s t Min i s t ry of M a c h i n e - B u i l d i n g I n d u s t r y , for example , one e n g i n e e r l ec tu re s on the de s ign ing of the c e n t r a l h e a t i n g sys tem, a n d a t a n o t h e r t ime he a t t e n d s the l ec tu res on the des ign ing of ven t i l a t i on sys tems. T h e s e c r e t a r y of the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y c o m m i t t e e is t h e pol i t ica l t h e o r y l e c t u r e r b u t is a t t he s a m e t ime a n o r d i n a r y s tuden t .

W h a t e v e r d i f ferences t h e r e a re in t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n of these colleges t h e a i m is the same. "It is to p r o v i d e o p p o r t u n i - t ies for g o v e r n m e n t cadres to ra i se t h e i r pol i t ica l a n d p rofess iona l levels. I t is not s t udy for s tudy ' s sake b u t to acqu i r e g r e a t e r pol i t ica l u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d more specia l ized p ro fess iona l knowledge , in o rde r to cope w i t h the needs of the h igh - g e a r a d v a n c e s in i n d u s t r y a n d agr icu l tu re .

Th i s is on ly one p h a s e of the c h a n g e t h a t has come over the g o v e r n m e n t offices s ince the rec t i f ica t ion campa ign . The o t h e r is t h a t the g o v e r n m e n t offices, and not j u s t the i n d u s t r i a l min i s t r i e s , a re se t t ing up factor ies . They t u r n ou t p rod- ucts l ike o t h e r o r d i n a r y fac to r ies a n d b r ing in an e x t r a income. B u t t h e g rea t th ing a b o u t the fac to r ies of g o v e r n m e n t offices is t h a t t hey give the g o v e r n m e n t cadres d i r ec t con tac t w i t h real i ty . "Gov- e r n m e n t offices s h o u l d also set up factor ies ," sa id C h a i r m a n Mao Tse - tung on a r ecen t v is i t to T ien t s in , " o t h e r w i s e they a re a p t to indu lge in e m p t y t a lk and i so la te t h e m s e l v e s f rom rea l i ty . " W i t h the g o v e r n m e n t offices r u n n i n g fac to r i e s a t t he s a m e t ime, the c a d r e s of t h e Ch inese g o v e r n m e n t offices a r e w o r k e r s as well.

These r e c e n t changes in se t t ing up colleges a n d fac tor ies a re r evo lu t ion i z ing the l i fe a n d a t m o s p h e r e of t h e g o v e r n - m e n t offices. They go a long w a y in m a k i n g the cadres m o r e versa t i le . T h e y wil l also c r ea t e t h e g u a r a n t e e s for c a r r y - ing t h r o u g h the g e n e r a l l i ne for socia l i s t cons t ruc t ion .

Chanles in Handicraft Co.opc M a n y h a n d i c r a f t co -ope ra t ives d i r ec t ly

r e l a t ed to i n d u s t r y a re c h a n g i n g t h e i r ~ rgan iza t ion , f r o m the sys tem of o w n e r - sh ip by t h e m e m b e r s to t h e s y s t e m of o w n e r s h i p by the who le people, Th i s

socia l i s t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the h a n d i c r a f t co-ops was in i t i a t ed in the w i n t e r of 1957-58 a n d t akes two fo rms m a i n l y : f rom co -ope ra t ives in to co -opera t ive fac to r ies or in to s t a t e - o w n e d fac tor ies o p e r a t e d by t h e local au thor i t i es .

A t a n a t i o n a l h a n d i c r a f t confe rence r ecen t l y he ld in P e k i n g to s tudy the se changes , it wa s disclosed t h a t by t he end of June , 9,300 h a n d i c r a f t co -opera t ives w i t h a m e m b e r s h i p of 617,000 had s w i t c h e d ove r to co -opera t ive factories , a n d 3,100 w i t h a m e m b e r s h i p of 180,000 to s t a t e - o w n e d fac tor ies ope ra t i ng u n d e r t h e local au thor i t i e s . Most of these co- ops a re in the eng inee r ing , e lectr ical , w o o d - w o r k i n g , chemica l , m i n i n g and s m e l t i n g t rades . Th e changes we re a c c e l e r a t e d b y the flood of o rde r s to mee t t h e needs of the e x p a n d i n g local indus- t r ies a n d agr icu l tu re . Co-ope ra t ives in t h e se rv ice t r a d e s a n d those m a k i n g h o u s e h o l d a r t i c les a n d a r t objects , w h i c h a r e no t su i t ed for th i s t r ans i t i on , r e t a i n

t h e i r o r ig ina l forms.

Rural Canteens R u r a l c a n t e e n s h a v e come to stay. They

a re mu l t i p l y i n g t h r o u g h o u t China . I t is one of the mos t conspicuous deve lopm en t s in Ch ina ' s count rys ide . In H o n a n P r o v - ince, 310,000 la rge can teens w e r e opened in r e c e n t weeks , w i t h 71 pe r cen t of the p o p u l a t i o n t a k i n g t h e i r m e a l s da i ly at t he se c o m m u n i t y ea t ing places. In L iao- n ing Prov ince , in n o r t h e a s t China , the f a r m co-ops h a v e se t up 18,000 can teens . C h i n g h a i P rov ince , in the west , the spa r se ly popu la t ed oil region, w e n t one be t te r . P r a c t i c a l l y t he e n t i r e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n h a s sw i t ched to ea t ing a t the can teens . C a n t e e n s a re not on ly popu la r w i t h t h e Hart people, t h e idea ha s s p r e a d

, to the n a t i o n a l m i n o r i t y a reas too.

W o m e n , wh o m a k e u p m o r e t h a n 300 mi l l ion of Ch i n a ' s popula t ion , h a v e been t h e f i rs t to benef i t f r o m t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t a n d g r o w t h of t h e c o m m u n i t y canteens . F i r s t of all, t h e y a re f reed f rom the k i t c h e n a n d t h e g r i n d i n g stone. Befo re t h e c o m m u n i t y can teens , as one old peas- a n t w o m a n p u t i t a t t he open ing of the c a n t e e n in h e r vi l lage, " w o m e n toi led y e a r in a n d y e a r o u t in t h e k i t c h e n and r o u n d the g r i n d i n g stone, a n d yet , in m e n ' s eyes, t h e y d i d n ' t s eem to do much . "

Th e can t eens p lus t he n u r s e r i e s and o t h e r c o m m u n i t y se rv ices a re se t t ing f ree the m a n p o w e r of ha l f of Ch ina ' s popu l a - t ion. By w o r k i n g in t he fields or in the fac tor ies , w o m e n wil l be ab le to p lay t h e i r fu l l p a r t i n social l i fe w i t h t he menfo lk . T h e i m p a c t is no t only economic , i t is po l i t ica l and cu l t u r a l as well , fo r in al l t h e s e s p h e r e s w o m e n wi l l be ab le to en joy g e n u i n e equa l i t y w i t h men. T h e coming of t h e can teens signif ies no t j u s t a c h a n g e of h a b i t bu t a n en t i r e ly

n e w w a y of l iving.

HONGQ!

Greet the Upsurge in Forming People's Communes

Following is a translation o] the 1ull text of the editorial that appeared yesterday in "Hongqi" (Red Flag), No. 7, Sept. 1, theoretical journal published by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. - -Ed .

F OLLOWING the great victories in agricultural production this summer and autumn, peasants over wide areas are

becoming fur ther organized: small co-operatives are being amalgamated into large ones, the agricultural producers ' co-operatives are being t ransformed into people's communes where the township* and the commune become one entity and industry (the worker), agriculture (the peasant), exchange (the trader), culture and education (the student) and mil i tary affairs (the militiaman) merge into one. The establ ishment of people's communes is shaping up as a new, irresistible tide of mass movement on a nat ion-wide scale. In not a few places peasan t s of entire counties have organized themselves in people's communes in a very short period of time. In places where communes have not yet been set up, the broad masses of peasant activists are making preparations. They will strive to found communes through mass airing of views and debates around the t ime of the autumn harvest. The existing people's communes have shown even greater superiori ty over the fa rm co-operatives, in spurring the initiative of the masses in production, raising the rate of utilization of labour power and labour productivity, enlarging productive capital construction, accelerating the cultural and technical revolutions and in promoting public welfare.

The fact that the broad masses enthusiastically welcome the establishment of people's communes shows that this is the logical t rend of development of the present situation. The main foundations of the development of people's communes are the all-round and continuous leap forward of China's agricultural production and the constantly growinff political consciousness of the 500 million peasants. The Chinese peasants, having defeated capitalism economi- cally, politically and ideologically and having overcome right conservatism in agricultural production, have carried out agricultural capital construction on an un!orecedented scale, adopted advanced technical measures in fa rming and thereby are doubling f a rm yields or increasing them by several, a dozen or scores of time~. At the same time, small and medium industrial enterprises are being rapidly developed in the countryside (including county seats and towns) so as to develop agricultural production further, to develop industry over wide areas of the countryside, to promote the integration of industry and agriculture and to raise the standard of living of the rural population.

These changes in the countryside enable the peasants to see that the original organizational form of the agricultural producers ' co-operative, which is relatively small in

scale and has relat ively few fields of operation, can no longer meet the requi rements of the development of the productive forces. In fact, peasants in m a n y places have already had to break down the demarcat ion lines between small co-operatives, between small townships and some- times even between counties, in the course of constructing irrigation works, levelling and improving land, afforesting, struggling against natural calamities, mechanizing agriculture, building hydro-electr ic power plants and improving communicat ions and living conditions in the countryside on a large scale. Besides, for the f a r m co-operatives to operate agricul ture alone has become ent irely backward. The fa rm co-operat ive not only has to become a uni t for joint managemen t of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, side-lines and fisheries at one and the same time, but it also has to become a unified organizational unit where industry, agriculture, trade, education and mil i tary affairs merge into one. Thus, the merger of the township people 's council** and the f a rm co-operative facilitates unified leadership and the rapid expansion of the social productive forces, while the separa- tion of the township and the co-operat ive has become entirely unnecessary. To make full use of labour power, to enable women to play their full par t in field work and to ensure that there is no waste of the labour t ime of men and women, the f a rm co-operat ives mus t be not only organizers of production but also organizers of the way of life; not only do they have to collectivize labour further, but also to organize the collective way of life. On the basis of this urgent need, public canteens, nurseries, kindergartens, tailoring teams, etc. are being formed in large numbers. All this demands tha t the agricultural producers ' co-operat ives take an additional step forward to t ransform themselves into people 's communes.

T HIS t ransformat ion involves not only the en largement of organization and the scope of managemen t but also

impor tant changes in the relations of production. The people's communes in m a n y p l a c e s - - f o r instance the Weixing (Sputnik) Commune in Suiping County, Honan Province, tha t is described in another article in this issue of H o n g q i - - h a v e wiped out certain last vestiges of pr iva te ownership of the means of production (owing to the ever- growing need to work collectively and the extension of public canteen service to all the members , it becomes both impossible and unnecessary for them to keep small personal plots of land and breed their own pigs). And they have gone beyond the pa t te rn of collective ownership in certain respects. Moreover, f rom such developments as the supply system of grain within the commune, people can easily see the budding sprouts of communism.

*The basic administrative unit in the countryside, ~ T r , ** Local government, ,-- Tr.

6

Of course, when the people's communes are established, it is not immediately necessary to t ransform collective ownership into ownership by the whole people and it is even less appropriate to strain to advance from socialism, i.e., the pr imary phase of communism, to its higher phase. The transition from collective ownership to ownership by the whole people is a process which may be fairly quick in one place and slower in another. After a period following the transition to ownership by the whole people, the productive forces of society will be expanded even more greatly; the products of society will become extremely abundant; the communist ideology, consciousness and moral character of the entire people will be raised immensely; and education will be universal and raised to a higher level. At the same time, differences between workers and peasants, between town and country as well as between mental work and manual w o r k - - t h e remnants of old society that cannot but be retained during the socialist p e r i o d - - w i l l gradually disappear; the remnants of unequal bourgeois right which reflect these differences will also gradually disappear. Then the function of the state will only be to deal with aggression from external enemies and will have no other use internally. By that time our country will enter a new era, from the socialist era based on the principle of "from each according to his ability and to each according to his work" to the communist era based on the principle of "from each according to his ability and to each according to his needs."

The present people's commune offers our country a good form of organization to accelerate socialist construction and the transition to communism. It will not only be the primary unit of our society at the present stage but will grow and become the pr imary unit of the future communist society.

T HE fact that the broad masses of working people, without any hesitation, accept this form of organization.

the people's commune, and change some outdated relations of production, is due not only to the fact that the productive forces of our society are developing at flying speed, but also because the Chinese people have grasped the guiding ideology of the Communist Par ty ' s Central Committee and Comrade Mao Tse-tung on uninterrupted revolution. The working people want no pause in the course of the revolution and they see that the more rapidly the revolution advances, the more benefits they will derive. In the course of their advance the-working people have put forward these slogans which are full of revolutionary spirit: Get organized along military lines, do things the way battle duties are carried out and live collective lives. "Get organized along military lines" of course does not mean that they are really organized into military barracks, nor does it mean that they give themselves the titles of generals, colonels and lieutenants. It simply means that the swift expansion of agriculture demands that they should greatly strengthen their organization, act more quickly and with greater discipline and efficiency, so that, like factory workers and armymen, they can be deployed with greater freedom and on a large scale. That is why they have come to the conclusion that they should organize along military lines. The peasant leaders who have put forward these slogans don't know perhaps that Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto had long since

advanced a programme for the "establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture." But they and the broad masses of the peasants who have gone through the long years of the armed struggles of the people's revolution know perfectly well that military lines are nothing to be feared. On the contrary, it is only natural to them that the whole population should be citizen soldiers ready to cope with the imperialist aggressors and their lackeys. Although the organization of agricultural labour along military lines at present is for waging battles against nature and not human enemies, it is nonetheless not difficult to transform one kind of struggle into another.

While no external enemies attack us, the people's communes, in which the workers, peasants, traders, students and militiamen are merged into one, aim to storm the fortresses of nature and to march to the happy future of industrialization, urbanization and communism in the countryside. If and when external enemies dare to attack us, then the entire armed population will be mobilized to wipe out the enemies resolutely, thoroughly and completely.

W OULD this breed commandism? In our opinion, for the people's communes to be organized along military lines

and to arm the entire population is a completely different matter from commandism. Without the people's communes, without the organization along military lines and without citizen soldiers, commandism can occur all the same. On the contrary, with the people's communes, with organization along military lines and with citizen soldiers, commandism can be avoided and the highest degree of democracy can be realized. Actually, as the productivity of labour is being constantly raised, as the mechanization and electrification of farm work is more and more developed, as there is a constantly increasing amount of social products and the people's cultural level is further raised, labour time will be gradually shortened, the intensity of labour will be gradually reduced and in this way the possibilities of overcoming eommandism become greater and greater.

To organize along military lines, to do things the way battle duties are carried out and to live collective lives certainly does not mean that the intensity of labour should be infinitely stretched. As the Central Committee of the Par ty has pointed out, we should do our work rhythmically and combine hard battle with necessary rest and regrouping. Besides, discipline and centralization in work must be built on the voluntary and democratic basis of the masses.

The very establishment and development of the people's communes must go through the process of thorough mental ferment among the masses. Only through a full airing of views and debates, only when the people in a locality are willing to go in for it entirely out of their own accord, should the agricultural producers' co-operatives be transformed into people's communes. In the present conditions when the upsurge of our country's agricultural production is welling up so, when the revolutionary consciousness of our peasants is so mature and the cadres of our Par ty have become so closely knit with the masses in the course of leading the rectification campaign and production, we believe that the people's communes, with their inherent advantages, are sure to grow rapidly throughout the country.

China and Cambodia

Peaceful Co -existence in Action

R ECENT developments in Sino-Cambodian relations mark a further advance in peaceful co-existence among

the Asian countries despite imperialist at tempts to sow division. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Premier of the King- dom of Cambodia, paid a two-week visit to China and signed a joint statement with Premier Chou En-lai (see full text on p. 14) on August 24. The document opens a new chapter in the relations between the two countries and represents an outstanding example of the five principles of peaceful co-existence in action.

Earlier, in July, the two countries established normal diplomatic relations when the Cambodian Government extended de jure recognition to China.

A Natural Sequence

These events follow naturally from the friendly relations which have existed between China and Cambodia over the past few years. The steady growth of these ties of friendship is positive proof that, given the desire to do so, countries with different social systems irrespective of their size can live together in peace and co-operate fruitfully for their mutual welfare.

Prince Sihanouk visited China for the first time two and a half years ago. The cornerstone of S ino-Cambodian friendship was laid in the joint statement he and Premier Chou En-lai signed on February 18, 1956 which stated that "the Five Principles (Panch Shila) should be considered henceforth as the immutable rules guiding the relations between China and Cambodia." The document also stressed that contacts and relations between the two countries should be maintained and promoted continuously, especially economic and cultural relations. Premier Chou En-lai's return visit to Cambodia at the end of 1956 further cemented the friendly ties.

The developments of the past years prove that the Chinese Government, as Prince Sihanouk noted upon his arrival in Peking on August 15, "scrupulously respects the five principles of peaceful co-existence." Cambodia, on her part, has set an example in pursuing a policy of peace and neutrality. She steadfastly refuses to join military blocs or allow the establishment of foreign military bases on her territory. Cambodia firmly upholds national independence and opposes interference and oppression from outside. She maintains that all nations, big or small, should treat each other as equals. All these are common desires of all the nationalist countries.

While China gives unreserved support to this posi- tion that Cambodia has chosen to take, the imperialists have tried by hook and crook to undermine it. In true gangster style they egged on the Ngo Dinh Diem clique of south Viet-nam to encroach upon Cambodian territories and create provocative incidents. Twenty-nine such incidents occurred this year. The Cambodian people have

thus seen for themselves, as a recent number of the Cam- bodian paper Meataphum (Fatherland) noted, that since Cambodia's independence, she has never been threatened by the communist countries; on the contrary, the Cam- bodians are harassed by their anti-communist neighbour.

Economic Co-operation

Apart f rom their beneficial effects on peace in South- east Asia and, indeed, in Asia as a whole, the amicable relations existing between China and Cambodia have produced significant results for the welfare of the two peoples. In April 1956 the two governments signed a trade and payments agreement in Peking which opened the way for the growth of commercial relations. The agreement provided for exports amounting to 5 million pounds sterling each way. Two months later a Sino-Cambodian agreement on economic aid and a protocol on its implementation were signed in Peking. China undertook to provide 800 million riels (equivalent to 8 million pounds sterling) of aid to Cambodia without compensation in the form of merchandise and factory equipment needed by Cambodia.

In 1957, Chinese goods amounting to two million pounds sterling were supplied to Cambodia, including cotton cloth, cement, raw silk and other items, as requested by the Cambodian Government. Chinese specialists have gone to Cambodia to help build a number of industrial plants. Construction has been started on a textile mill with 10,000 spindles, a plywood factory wi{h an annual capacity of 900,000 square metres and a paper mill with a daily output of 50 tons.

This aid from China, as the Sino-Cambodian joint communique of June 22, 1956 clearly stated, "is not sub- ject to any conditions" and the Cambodian Government "may use as it sees fit all equipment, construction material and merchandise given to Cambodia by China. The Chinese Government will not intervene or exercise any control over this use."

Speaking in Peking, Prince Sihanouk made these comments on Chinese aid:

Another expression of this fraternity and complete accord between our two countries is the generous and unconditional aid that your country gives us which con- tributes to the advance of our economy and hence to the consolidation of our independence. The initial results of this aid are already felt in the countryside where it ensures a marked improvement in the standard of living of our peasants. And shortly four factories will form the first nucleus of a national industry within the range of our possibilities.

All nationalist countries newly freed from colonial fetters strive to develop their own independent national economies as Cambodia does. They oppose the continued plunder and control of their economic lifelines by im-

perialism. They advocate economic co-operat ion between nations, i r respect ive of their size, on an equal footing. These aspirat ions are suppor ted by China and all the countries of the socialist camp.

The s ta tement signed by Premiers Chou En-lai and Sihanouk on August 24 called for the working out o f fur ther measures to develop t rade between the two countries. China has expressed its readiness to assist Cam- bodia further, wi thout any compensat ion or conditions, in building small-sized iron and steel works, prospecting for underground fuel resources, the construction of other enterprises and the search for other mater ia l s deemed necessary.

Elaborat ing the Chinese view on the question of aid, Premier Chou En-lai said that this country has a lways t raded with the nat ional is t countries on the basis of equal- i ty and mutual benefit, supplement ing each other 's wants, and has offered them technical assistance with no polit ical strings attached, to help them s tand on their feet. "We are firmly opposed," the P remie r stressed, "to the imper ia l - ists ' old policy of economic aggression represented by the American idea of 'an indust r ia l United States and an agricul tural Latin America, ' and the idea of the Kishi government in Japan of ' Japanese technique, Amer ican capital, and Southeast Asian resources . ' "

Along with the growth of economic co-operation, fr iendly contacts between the Chinese and Cambodian peoples have been increasing. There have been visits by cultural and theatr ical groups, Buddhists, journalis ts , athletes and pa r l i amen ta ry delegations. These are enabl ing the two peoples to know each other bet ter and are renew- ing their peaceful ties which have a t radi t ion of seventeen centuries and are today a source of fr iendship.

Overseas Chinese

On several occasions in Peking, Pr ince Sihanouk spoke about overseas Chinese in Cambodia. This is quite an impor tant question in S ino-Cambodian rela t ions as well as in relat ions between China and a number of other Southeast Asian countries. Pr ince Sihanouk recal led with appreciat ion that P remier Chou En-lai, dur ing his visi t to Cambodia, urged the overseas Chinese there to respect Cambodian laws and customs, re f ra in f rom taking par t in polit ical activit ies in the host count ry and contr ibute to Cambodia 's economic development. He stressed that this ful ly expressed China 's respect for Cambodia. This Chinese posit ion and Cambodia ' s sat isfaction with it, as well as her desire to protect the legi t imate r ights and interests of the Chinese res iding in Cambodia, was formally embodied in the jo int s ta tement of Premiers Chou En-lai and Sihanouk.

In the spiri t of the five principles of peaceful co- existence, the Chinese Government has a lways urged on overseas Chinese not only in Cambodia, but in all South- east Asian countries, to do likewise. But some countries, in order to sow discord and besmirch China, have inces- santly spread the falsehood tha t China exploi ts the overseas Chinese for subversive purposes. On this question, Premier Chou En-lai pointed out in his speech at a banquet given by Prince Sihanouk before he lef t Peking:

But facts show that the overwhelming majority of the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asian countries have always

lived on friendly terms with the local inhabitants in accordance with the directives of the Chinese Government, while the United States, in collusion with the Chiang Kai- shek clique, is making use of a handful of scum of overseas Chinese to carry out conspiratorial activities detri- mental to the Southeast Asian countries. An instance of such conspiratorial activities has been U.S. incitement of Chiang Kai-shek clique elements residing in Indonesia to support the Indonesian rebel clique openly. The United States and the Chiang Kai-shek clique are also interfer- ing in the internal affairs of certain Southeast Asian countries by the more covert means of bribery through the medium of individual bad elements among the overseas Chinese. We note with satisfaction that full mutual respect and confidence prevails between the Chinese and Cambodian Governments on the question of overseas Chi- nese, thus preventing any influence exercised by the sowers of discord.

The clear principles set for th in the Sino-Cambodian communique on the question of overseas Chinese will serve as an example for the solution of the same question between China and the other nat ional is t countries of Southeast Asia in a spir i t of f r iendly negotiation.

Spirit of the Times

Upon his a r r iva l in Peking, Pr ince Sihanouk expressed the hope that the f r iendship between China and Cambodia "will be the pures t example of the vir tue of peaceful co-existence among nations which have different regimes but are inspired by the same desire for peace and progress." His f ru i t fu l visi t has cer ta inly helped realize this ideal.

Across the Pacific, however, the enemies of peace are t ry ing to a r res t any t rend towards peaceful co-existence. Last month, the U.S. State Depar tment officially expressed "regret" when Cambodia and China establ ished diplomatic relations. And the Amer ican press repor ted that Wash- ington was "reconsider ing" its "aid" to Cambodia. All unbiased people will ask: What is there to be "regret ted" in f a raway Washington when two neighbouring Asian countries forge closer ties of peace and fr iendship?

The t imes are gone when Western colonialists could "divide and rule" Asian peoples wi th thei r "stick and carrot" tactics. Prince Sihanouk voiced the sent iments of many Asian and African peoples when he stated:

If they should desire to withdraw such aid, we do not think we would die as a result. In such an eventual- ity, we would simply endure more sacrifices in order to preserve our country. Cambodian people will never refuse to make such sacrifices if they know that their neutrality and independence are at stake.

Bidding farewel l to Prince Sihanouk and the delegation he led in Canton, Vice-Premier and Foreign Minister Chen Yi said that "the twent ie th century is a century of the Asian and Afr ican countries, a century of Latin America, and also a century of nat ional ism and socialism." It is in this new and growing spir i t of confidence that China and Cambodia, and many Asian and African countries, are co-operat ing ever more closely to advance the cause of peace, independence and anti-colonialism.

- - T . R. C.

Facts and Figures

Higher Education in China

C HINA'S higher education is expanding rapidly to meet the ever-increasing demand for trained personnel in

all fields of national construction. According to statistics compiled at the beginning of the 1957-1958 school year, more than 447,000 students were enrolled in the nation's 229 state-run institutions of higher learning. This is nearly three times as many students as the highest enrolment recorded in old China--154,612 in 1947. The number of faculty members too has increased from 16,940 in 1947 to 70,018 in the 1957-58 school year, more than four times as many.

As a result of the current "big leap forward" beginning last winter, the rate of expansion of higher education hfis been even greater during the last few months. By the end of June this year, more than 400 new higher educational institutions were established, not counting the many "red and expert colleges" and technical institutes which are mushrooming both in the cities and countryside.

Since liberation, special attention has been paid to expanding engineering and science courses to meet the needs of socialist construction. China's colleges and universities now offer 323 fields of specialization. Many of them deal with the newest scientific fields, such as nuclear physics, radio-chemistry, radio-electronics, auto- mation, etc. The 1957-58 school year saw more than 163,000 students taking engineering, courses. This was 5.9 times as many as in 1947.

Since liberation, the average annual allocation of state funds for education is 15.5 times larger than that in Kuo- mintang times. In the eight years between the founding of New China in 1949 and the end of 1957, the floor space in new buildings for state institutions of higher learning was approximately 10,160,000 square metres, or about 2.75 times as much as the total floor space of school buildings

NUMBER OF COLLEGE

GRADUATES

O

437,000 qraduates

1912- 1947 1949- 1958 (36 years) (9 years.)

built in old China in the five decades between 1898 and 1949, a total of only 3,700,000 square metres.

This fast growing higher educational system has trained a huge number of personnel for national construction. While only 210,000 college students graduated in old China in the 36 years between 1912 and 1947, there were more than 437,000 college graduates between 1949 and 1958. In other words, in the last nine

10

INCREASE IN NUMBER OF COLLEGE STUDENTS

OF WORKER-PEASANT ORIGIN

Number of College Students of Worker.Peasant Or;gin

40,000 80,000 ! 30,000 160,000

Percentage of Total Number of Students

20.46 % 29.20 % 34.29 % 36.42 %

years twice as many people graduated from colleges as In the past 36 years.

More Worker-Peasant Students

In old China, economic conditions were such that workers, peasants and their children could hardly keep body and soul together; they were denied educational opportunities. After liberation, the People's Government took many measures to enable working people and their children to go to school and college. College students now pay no tuition fees and are entitled to free lodging and free medical services. The state also established People's Scholarships; these provide stipends to students in need sufficient to pay for all or part of their board and for texLbooks, clothing, bedding, etc. In addition, children of workers and peasants, as well as cadres who have taken part in the revolution, enjoy priori ty of admission to colleges, if they qualify academically, or, in some instances, are exempted from entrance examinations. Special classes, pre-college courses and short- term middle schools were opened by many universities exclusively for workers and peasants to help them quickly acquire a senior middle school education. As a result of these measures, the proportion of students of worker-peasant origin in higher educational institutions has steadily increased from 20.46 per cent, in the 1952-53 school year to 36.42 per cent in the 1957-58 school year. Among first-year students, 44.5 per cent were of worker-peasant origin.

Evening schools and correspondence schools affiliated to the higher educational institutions have been founded for industrial workers and cadres who wish to study while they work. There are, in addition, a number of independent spare-time colleges. According to statistics compiled at the beginning of the 1957-58 school year, China has 186 spare-time colleges, evening schools and correspondence schools, with a total enrolment of 75,917. Since 1953, such spare-time colleges have graduated 11,446 students. At the present time, a large number of spare-

time colleges are being established in many factories and other enterprises.

Young people of the national minorities are being given steadily increasing opportunities to receive a college education. In the 1957-58 school year there were 16,051 national minority students in the nation's higher educational institutions. Since the founding of New China there has been a rapid development of higher education in the areas inhabited by national minorities. The Inner Mon- golian Autonomous Region, for instance, did not have one single college before liberation. Since 1952, four higher educational i n s t i t u t i ons - - an animal husbandry and veterinary institute, a teachers' college, a medical college and the University of Inner M o n g o l i a - - h a v e been successively established with a total enrolment of 3,000 students of different nationalities. By this autumn the state will have built ten more higher educational institutions in this region for the training of an even greater number of students of various nationalities.

W o m e n Take to Sc ience

Women in China now enjoy the same right to study as men. Before liberation, in 1947, there were 27,000 women students in colleges and universities. This was the highest pre-liberation figure, constituting only 17.8 per cent of the total number of college students. Now, more than 102,000 of the 447,000-odd college students in

FLOOR SPACE IN NEW BUILDINGS FOR HIGHER EDUCATIONAL STATE INSTITUTIONS

0

3,700,000square ~ ] I0,160,000

1898- 1947 1949- 1957

(49 years) (8 years)

square metres I

the country are women, making up 23.31 per cent of the total enrolment. The highest proportion of women students is in medical and phar- maceutical courses- -40 .2 per cent. They constitute from 22-24 per cent of students studying literature, art or attending normal schools. In old China very few women students took up science or engineering but today they make up around 18 per cent of students registered for such courses. Quite a few women students are taking courses in geological surveying, iron and steel technology or machine- building.

One of the essential features of higher education in old China was lack of integration between theory and practice. Education was divorced from productive labour. Today, apart from lectures, a great deal of attention is paid to seminars, classroom assignments, laboratory work, field work, practical designing, graduation dissertations, projects and theses, and other forms of in- tegrating theory with practice. But the most important re- form of all is the introduction of "work while you study" p r o g r a m m e s - - t h e integration of classroom study and the actual participation of students in production and practical work in connection with their specialities. The results prove that the implementation of such programmes strengthens the socialist outlook of the students, gives them a heightened interest in the work of national construction, a greater mastery of theoretical knowledge and ability to solve practical problems.

The Big Leap

China's Machine-Building Industry by WU TZU-CHIEN

I N the first six months of 1958, the value output of machine-building plants* registered an increase of 68.5

per cent over the corresponding period last year. The output of machine-tools nearly doubled and the output of electric motors more than doubled. The output of machinery in May was 7.22 per cent greater than in April and the figure for June was 14.62 per cent higher than for May. Output in the second quarter of the year was 40.28 per cent greater than in the first quarter.

Up to the end of 1957, there was virtually no tractor industry in China and only one type of motor vehicle was p r o d u c e d - - t h e "Liberation" lorry. During the first few months of 1958, the engineering plants in many parts of the country turned out more than 100 different types of tractors (including an 80 h.p. heavy tractor) and scores of different types of motor vehicles. Recently the No. 1

* Under the First Ministry of Machine-Building Industry. There are also machine-building plants under other ministries as well as plants run by local authorities.

Motor Car Works in Changchun, northeast China, produced China's first de luxe s e d a n - - t h e "Hongqi" (Red Flag) with a powerful 200 h.p. engine and a speed of 185 kilo- metres an hour. Jet planes, precision machine-tools and other complex machines are coming off the assembly lines in a continuous flow. Heavy machinery, like the 700 mm. rolling mill and such products of modern technology as television sets and electronic calculating machines are being made.

Sol id Foundat ion

Machinery, grain and steel are- -as the Chinese people call t h e m - - t h e "Three Commanders" of the national economy.

To catch up with and surpass Britain industrially, both heavy and light industries and transportation urgently need more and better equipment. Agriculture, which is progressing at a rate unknown before, is putting heavy pressure on the machine-building industry. To service the irrigation works that are being built all over the court-

11

OUTPUT /_ so.~ of

M A C H I N E T O O L S 45,OO0 ,11 194g- 1958

40,000 I - -

]5,00C= I

20,000 20 502 25.92S

15.000 ! f e3.708 ;0"000 t /13114 Pre-liberatlon peak i Iq~l

5, : i / ~ : I[ 5 ] ~ 1

I I I I I l I I I ~/4.Q '~ '53 '~,~ 't5 'sb '57 '58

Note: Decreases in 1954 and 1955 were due to the discon- tinuation of obsolete models and the introduction o£ new models. Thereafter, China's machine-tools production rose continuously on a new basis.

1 60,000

i es! '

try, it is est imated that irrigation machinery totalling 15 million h.p. will be needed. To mechanize fa rming to a substantial degree, China needs more than half a million tractors and some 20 million t rac tor -drawn implements. The machine-building industry itself needs to be expanded and retooled so that it can effectively play its role in the technical revolution which is now gathering momentum.

To cope with "the big leap of the national economy, the machine-building industry must fly. And the industry is indeed flying forward.

The foundation laid for the machine-building industry during the First Five-Year Plan served as a good beginning. The many modern plants built during the past five years form the backbone of the new machine-building industry.

Ways to Step Up Development Both the central and local authorit ies are working

energetically to accelerate the development of the machine-building industry. The whole country has been divided into several economic co-ordination areas (com- prising a number of provinces) each of which will build up a more or less complete machine-building network. The large engineering plants recently t ransferred f rom the central to the local authorities form the core of these networks. All will have basic industries that produce machine-tools, equipment for power stations, heavy machinery, mining machines, meters, agricultural machines, chemical engineering equipment, spare parts and baU-bearings. A forging and casting centre equipped with a hydraulic press of several thousand tons and machine- tools capable of processing large jobs will be set up in each economic co-ordination area.

During the Second Five-Year Plan (1958-1962), the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions will build up their own machine-building industries in the light of their specific economic characteristics and resources. In a few years ' time, each province will have a forging and casting centre equipped with a 1,000-ton hydraulic press and a number of factories that can produce, with materials locally available and necessary help

I2

f rom big plants outside of the province, equipment for small steel mills, power stations, coal-mines, chemical engineering plants and synthetic oil plants that are now mushrooming all over the country. They will also manu- facture and repair fa rm and t ranspor t machines and spare par ts for large factories near by.

Each county will have a n u mb er of manufactur ing and repair plants which, together wi th the repair shops run by the townships and fa rm co-ops, will fo rm a repair ne twork that will repair all f a rm machinery in the locality.

These machine-bui lding networks in the economic co- ordination areas, provinces and counties will be closely co-ordinated and integrated into a nat ion-wide compre- hensive machine-bui lding system with a number of key enterprises run directly by the central authorities.

This plan is being put into practice with great speed. A machine-bui lding ne twork is a l ready taking shape in 4-Iunan Province. By October, an impressive n u m b e r of machine-bui lding plants centring around a dozen key plants will be completed and go into product ion in the Sinkiang Uighur Autonomous Region.

To step up the mechanizat ion of agricul ture and t rans- port, bal l-bearing plants are being built throughout the country. By the end of July, for example, the Hsuchang Special Adminis t ra t ive Region in Honan Province set up 583 such plants. As a result, bal l -bearings were added to millions of implements and vehicles raising eKiciency greatly. The ball-bearing indust ry is growing so fast that by the end of this year bal l -bearings will have been added to the overwhelming major i ty of everything that turns.

The giant new heavy machinery works in Wuhan, run directly by the First Ministry of Machine-Building Indus- try, recently went into production. Another , in northeast China, is under construction. Even while it is in construction, product ion has begun in some of its workshops. Other giant new engineering works are also under construction.

Large, med ium and small machine-bui lding enterprises are being built simultaneously. One sure way of mul t ip ly- ing machine-bui lding plants is for the larger ones to build smaller ones wi th their own r e s o u r c e s - - t h e people call it "laying eggs." The Chengtu Measuring and Cutt ing Tools Factory has "hatched" several small factories. One of them is the Chengtu Bail-Bearing Factory. It called for an inves tment of only 1.3 million yuan and took only 38 days to build. Smaller plants require even less invest - ment and time. This explains the rapid expansion of engineering plants in the first half of 1958.

Technical Revolution The creative energy of the people set free by the

socialist revolution, part icular ly by the rectification campaign, has culminated in a great technical revolution.

Defying conventions, workers have devised a new method of processing huge equipment with a n u m b e r of small special machine-tools. They call this method the "ants nibbling at the bone." In order to solve the prob lem of equipment for the ni trogenous fertil izers industry in support of agricultural production, workers of the Nor theast Machine-Building Factory devised 19 special machine- tools of seven different types. Employing the method of the "ants nibbling at the bone," with their small machines they successfully turned out a 2,400 h.p. high pressure compressor which weighs 182 tons and can produce 50,000

tons of ferti l izer annually, This "ants" method is now being employed by an increasing number of plants. At a time when large machine-tools are not yet in abundant supply, this method is clearly of great impor tance in accelerating the development of the machine-bui lding industry.

The technique of welding has at tained a very high level. Another impor tant method of manufac tur ing heavy equipment is welding with the electro-slag welding machines now being produced in China.

Nowadays many medium and small plants are making automobiles. To make the f rame of a truck, a 3,500-ton press is generally required. However , workers of the Nanking Automobile Works did the job with a 200-ton press by breaking up the pressing process into three parts. Workers o4 m a n y factories have successfully made bevel-gears with modified ordinary milling machines where the "Gleason" machine is general ly required.

As more and more machines are being made, a shortage of steel is being felt even though the steel industry is developing by leaps and bounds. To cope with this situation, workers are utilizing substitutes. Workers in

Chungking have successfully used cement to make a planer and a big lathe which weighs 12 tons. Only two tons of the parts of the lathe are made of steel and all the rest is made of cement. They have also made a wooden 5-ton crane 11 metres long which costs less than 10 per cent of an ordinary metal crane. The stabili ty of these make- shift machines is amazing and they do the job just as well as the regular machines.

The precision machines recent ly manufactured in China give an indication of the technical level attained. The high precision gear-gr inding machine made in Shanghai, the universal thread grinder made in Dairen, the high f requency electric dr ive-grinding spindle made in Harbin and the induction positioning jig-boring machine made in Kunming have reached a very high technical level and are comparable to the best in the world.

In the Second Five-Year Plan, more and more new machines will be made. Such impor tan t fields of modern technology as heavy machinery, precision meters, jet pro- pulsion and electronics will be fur ther developed and new branches will be established. In the next few years, China's machine-building industry is expected to expand with astounding rapidity.

Report from Shenyang

A New Pattern of Industrial Development by CHU CHI-LIN

W ITH the rapid growth of local industries, a new pattern of industry is developing in C h i n a - - i n d u s t r i a l

"suns," the older industrial centres, surrounded by industrial satellites in the neighbouring counties.

Shenyang provides a good example.

Shenyang, one of northeast China's great new engineering centres, recently undertook to help 23 neighbouring counties set up 960 industrial enterprises within two years. These include power stations, coal-mines, iron smelting plants, engineering works, agricultural machinery repair plants, and factories making chemical fertilizer, paper, alcohol, sugar, etc. In some cases the assistance given will be all-embracing, covering technical consultation, surveys, designing of plants, supply of equipment, and training of technical personnel. This is all par t of the current efforts to develop local initiative and resources.

Shenyang's own thriving industrial and handicraf t production this year will be 40 per cent greater than in 1957. But such an increase in productive capacity creates new problems. - - rational use of machine-tools, adequate supplies of raw materials, proper use of technical forces, e t c . - - t h a t it is by no means an easy job to solve. Shen- yang has, in fact, been busy to make adjus tments in her economic setup, made necessary by the current upsurge in industry and agricul ture and to ensure the continued advance of that upsurge and all that goes with it.

But meanwhile the counties around Shenyang are also energetically building small and medium industrial units

which cater mainly to rural needs. They cannot, of course, provide themselves at short notice with all the necessary equipment and technical forces they need, so natural ly they turn to Shenyang for help. Plants, handicraf t co-ops, colleges and research institutes in Shen- yang, instead of taking it to be an extra burden, have accepted unreservedly these tasks in a real communis t spirit.

Shenyang is itself a young, though rapidly growing, industrial centre. In its own big leap, it needs bal l-bearings, electrical motors and electrical meters, etc., which are also the very things the neighbouring counties are clamouring for. The demand for both electrical generators and motors of medium capacity is especially urgent. Great numbers of these are needed by rural hydro-electric power stations and Shenyang 's own engineering works making industrial equipment for the counties. And Shenyang had no specialized factories producing these things.

Nurs ing a N e w Plant

To solve this problem 19 factories and the No. 1 Electrical Machinery Co-op in the city pooled resources in manpower , equipment and funds. In five days they laid the basis for an assembly shop for these products. Gett ing all its main components f rom the sponsoring factories, the shop will soon be assembling medium capacity electrical generators and motors at the rate of 1,000 a year with a total capacity of 720,000 kw. The whole shop represents a capital inves tment of less than 2 million yuan.

13

Within three years, wi th fu r the r i nves tmen t s out of its own profits and reserves, it wil l be enlarged in to an inde- penden t works. If a new p lan t of the same capaci ty were bui l t in the o rd ina ry way, it would take two years and involve an i n v e s t m e n t of 15 mi l l ion yuan. A ba l l -bea r ing and an electrical me te r p lan t will be s tar ted in the same manner .

Near ly all Shenyang ' s ne ighbour ing count ies p lan to bui ld at least one mach ine - r epa i r works and s ink one or more mines. S h e n y a n g has promised to give t hem all the necessary assis tance f rom des ign ing to operat ion.

Not eve ry th ing can be bu i l t a t the same t ime owing to f inancial l imi ta t ions , so the count ies have to decide on priorities. If there is a mine or a p lan t on their p lan which is not on the top pr ior i ty list bu t is needed by a city plant, a deal is f r equen t ly made whereby the S h e n y a n g p lan t or p lants co-operate wi th the local coun ty au thor i t i es to jo in t ly f inance a new plant . In this way t w e n t y en te r - prises in S h e n y a n g inves ted in an i ron smel t ing plant , a copper mine and an ore-dress ing p lan t in Kotso Coun ty by supply ing equ ipmen t . They reckoned they could produce the e q u i p m e n t in addi t ion to fulf i l l ing the product ion targets set t hem by the state. Because they need iron and copper as r aw mater ia ls , they are he lp ing the county and themselves at the same time.

When all the 960 p lants and mines in the S h e n y a n g area are commiss ioned two years hence, they will t u r n out a n n u a l l y enough chemical fer t i l izers to produce an extra 450,000 tons of g ra in ; 70 per cent of the county people wil l be able to use electr ici ty for l igh t ing; they

wil l be able to m a n u f a c t u r e w i t h i n the 23 count ies mos t of the mach ines in genera l use; as wel l as 470,000 tons of pig i ron, half of which wil l be used by S h e n y a n g ' s own indus t r ies , Besides l ight i ndus t r i a l products for local consumpt ion , they wil l also provide copper, artificial cotton and other r a w mate r i a l s for the city.

S h e n y a n g ' s i n d u s t r i a l en te rp r i ses are he lp ing the count ies in the ag r i cu l tu ra l field too. To mee t an u r g e n t call for i r r iga t ion and d ra inage e q u i p m e n t , they rounded up and sen t 560 pum ps and 700 other m a c h i n e s - - d i e s e l engines, s t eam engines , electr ical gene ra to r s and motors - - t o the countrys ide .

This k i n d of ne ighbou r ly socialist co-ord ina t ion is g iv ing a grea t s t imulus to the d e v e l o p m e n t of local in - dus t r ies a nd this in t u r n is l ead ing to ne w changes in the p roduc t ion of the re la t ive ly a d v a n c e d i n d u s t r i a l cities. For ins tance, w h e n all the n e i g h b o u r i n g count ies are able to make m a n y art icles tha t S h e n y a n g used to produce, it wil l be obl iged to r ead ju s t its economy, develop its in - dus t ry a long the l ines more su i ted to its new pos i t ion as a cent ra l i ndus t r i a l base s u r r o u n d e d by smal ler i ndus t r i a l satelli tes. I t can t hen devote its m a i n resources to the m a k i n g of large or precision, h igh -g rade products , appor - t ion ing more effort to the t r ia l m a n u f a c t u r e of n e w products:

Fa r f rom dis locat ing the economy as some pessimist ic wiseacres foretell , the rap id growth of local i ndus t r i e s in socialist Ch ina is open ing up a p romis ing new f u t u r e for her i ndus t r i a l cities a nd rap id ly p rov id ing be t t e r l iv ing condi t ions for her people.

Documents

CHINA -CAMBODIA JOINT STATEMENT

Following is the full text of the joint statement by Premier Chou En-lai and the Cambodian Premier Prince Norodom Sihanouk signed in Peking on August 24, 1958.--Ed.

At the invitation of Chou En-lai, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, on the occasion of the establishment of normal diplomatic relations between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia, His Royal High- ness Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Premier of the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia, leading a state delegation of the Kingdom of Cambodia, arrived in China on August 14, 1958 as the state guest of the Government of the People's Repub- lic of China.

The members of the Cambodian delegation are: Head of the delegation: His Royal Highness Premier

Norodom Sihanouk, Members: His Excellency Leng-Ngeth, Member of the

King's High Council; His Excellency Kou-Roun, Member of the King's High Council; Mr. Tim-Nguon, Minister of Na- tional Defence, Surface Defence and National Security; Mr. Touch-Kim, Minister of Economic and Financial Affairs; Mr. Chheng-Hak, Secretary General of the King's High Council; Mr. Phuong Magain, Deputy Secretary General of the King's High Council; Mr. Ang-Kim-Khoan, Member of the National Assembly.

His Royal Highness the Premier and the members of the delegation visited Kunming, Peking, Anshan, Shenyang,

14

Lushun and Dairen, Chinhuangtao and the Special Adminis- trative Region of Tientsin. Wherever they went they were accorded a very warm welcome and grand reception by the Chinese Government and people. They will proceed to visit Wuhan and Canton. The friendly visit of the Premier and the delegation and the welcome and reception they received in China were a clear reflection of the long-existing, profound friendship between the two peoples which has undergone a new development and the relations of friendship and co- operation between the two countries.

The Prince and the delegation, deeply impressed by the steady progress made by the Chinese people in their peaceful construction, expressed their heart-felt admirat ion and warm congratulations to them. The Chinese Government sincerely thanked the Prince and the delegation for their congratulations and considered them as a great encouragement to the Chinese people.

During their visit, Chairman Mao Tse-tung of the Peo- ple's Republic of China received Prince Norodom Sihanouk and the delegation, and held sincere and cordial talks with them.

Many talks were held between Premier Sihanouk and Premier Chou En-lai. Also participating in the talks were, among the members of the Cambodian delegation: Leng-Ngeth and Kou-Roun, Members of the King's High Council; Tim- Nguon, Minister of National Defence, Surface Defence and National Security; Touch-Kim, Minister of Economic and Financial Affairs; etc.; and, on the Chinese side: Ho Lung and

Chen Yi, V i c e - P r e m i e r s of the S t a t e Counc i l ; Yeh Chi- chuang, Min i s t e r of Fo re ign T r a d e ; Lo Kuei -po , V i c e - M i n i s t e r of Fore ign Affa i r s ; W a n g Yu-p ing , A m b a s s a d o r of the Peo- ple ' s Repub l i c of Cl~i.na to t he K i n g d o m of C a m b o d i a ; etc.

Dur ing the t a lks w h i c h w e r e he ld in a n a t m o s p h e r e of pe r fec t u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d s ince re co-opera t ion , t h e two P r e m i e r s e x c h a n g e d v iews on ques t ions of c o m m o n in t e r e s t to the two coun t r i e s a n d r e v i e w e d the c u r r e n t i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i tuat ion.

The two pa r t i e s r eca l l ed the h a p p y d e v e l o p m e n t of S ino- C a m b o d i a n re l a t ions w h i c h w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d on the bas is of the five p r inc ip les of peacefu l co -ex i s t ence fo l lowing the B a n d u n g C o n f e r e n c e a n d w e r e so l emn ly conf i rmed in the two s t a t e m e n t s s igned in 1956 d u r i n g His Roya l H ighnes s P r i n c e S i h a n o u k ' s v is i t to P e k i n g a n d P r e m i e r Chou En- la i ' s v is i t to P h n o m - P e n h .

The peoples of the two c o u n t r i e s h a v e a l w a y s s c rupu lous ly obse rved t he five p r inc ip les of peace fu l co-exis tence , a n d in p a r t i c u l a r the p r inc ip l e s of n o n - i n t e r f e r e n c e and respec t for each o the r ' s sovere ign ty . As a n a t u r a l r e s u l t of t he deve lop- m e n t of these r e l a t ions b e t w e e n t he two count r ies , the K i n g d o m of C a m b o d i a p roposed r e c e n t l y to e s t a b l i s h n o r m a l d ip lomat i c r e l a t ions w i t h the People ' s Repub l i c of C h i n a a n d to e x c h a n g e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of a m b a s s a d o r i a l rank . The People ' s Repub l i c of C h i n a accep ted th i s p roposa l w i t h g rea t p leasure .

The two pa r t i e s e x p r e s s e d s a t i s f ac t i on o v e r the successful i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e a g r e e m e n t on economic as s i s t ance concluded on J u n e 21, 1956 and s tud ied in de ta i l va r ious p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g t he i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t he t r a d e agree- m e n t conc luded on A p r i l 24, 1951]. W i t h a v i ew to ach i ev ing a b e t t e r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the t r a d e a g r e e m e n t t h e two pa r t i e s agreed tha t , in a c c o r d a n c e w i th Ar t i c l e 1 of the t r a d e ag reemen t , w h i c h s t i pu l a t e s the p r inc ip l e of i m p o r t - e x p o r t ba lance , the two G o v e r n m e n t s s h o u l d w o r k out, w i t h the leas t delay, concre te m e a s u r e s des igned to deve lop t r a d e b e t w e e n the two count r ies . Iaa o r d e r to p r o m o t e C a m b o d i a ' s economic p rospe r i ty and indus t r i a l i za t i on , t he Ch ine se side expres sed its read iness , a p a r t f r om s u p p l y i n g t he a id specif ied in the a g r e e m e n t on economic a s s i s t ance conc luded on J u n e 21, 1956, f u r t h e r to ass is t C a m b o d i a w i t h o u t a n y c o m p e n s a t i o n or condi t ions , acco rd ing to the n e e d s a n d capab i l i t i e s of Cambod ia , in bu i ld ing smal l - s i zed i ron and s tee l works , p rospec t ing for u n d e r g r o u n d fuel resources , t he c o n s t r u c t i o n of o t h e r e n t e r - pr ises and the s e a r c h for o t h e r m a t e r i a l s d e e m e d to be necessary , etc.

The two pa r t i e s w e r e sa t i s f ied w i t h the p rogress a l r e a d y m a d e in t he fields of c u l t u r a l i n t e r c o u r s e a n d f r i end ly contacts. They agreed to t ake a p p r o p r i a t e m e a s u r e s to f u r t h e r t he cu l tu ra l e x c h a n g e s and f r i e n d l y c o n t a c t s - b e t w e e n the two countr ies .

The two pa r t i e s w e r e sa t i s f ied w i t h t he fac t t h a t the overseas Ch inese in C a m b o d i a h a v e a l w a y s l ived in f r i e n d - ship and f r a t e r n i t y w i t h t he C a m b o d i a n people. On b e h a l f of the Ch inese G o v e r n m e n t , P r e m i e r Chou En- la i r e i t e r a t e d

t h a t the Ch i n e s e r e s id ing in C a m b o d i a shou ld s t r ic t ly ab ide by the laws a n d r e g u l a t i o n s of the K i n g d o m of C a m b o d i a and respec t the c u s t o ms of the C a m b o d i a n people, r e f r a i n f rom al l pol i t ica l ac t iv i t i es in t h e i r hos t count ry , and ass is t the C a m b o d i a n people in t h e i r effor ts for t h e p rospe r i ty of the c o u n t r y and the d e v e l o p m e n t of its economy. P r e m i e r S i h a n o u k exp re s sed s a t i s f ac t i on w i th this s t a t e m e n t of P r e m i e r Chou En- la i ' s a n d i n d i c a t e d on b e h a l f of the GoVern- m e n t of the K i n g d o m of C a m b o d i a the des i re to p ro tec t the l e g i t i m a t e r igh t s a n d i n t e r e s t s of the Ch inese res id ing in Cambod ia .

Th e two p a r t i e s po in t ed ou t u n a n i m o u s l y t h a t the policy of peace a n d n e u t r a l i t y p u r s u e d by the K i n g d o m of C a m b o d i a wh ich was no t on ly c o n d u c i v e to the m a i n t e n a n c e of the i n d e p e n d e n c e of C a m b o d i a , b u t also to the conso l ida t ion of peace in As ia a n d the wor ld , shou ld be r e spec ted by all na t ions . P r e m i e r Chou En- la i e x p r e s s e d the r eg re t of the Ch inese G o v e r n m e n t a t t he fac t t h a t C a m b o d i a n t e r r i t o ry w,'is o f ten i n v a d e d a n d b l o c k a d e d by some of its ne ighbours , a n d d e e m e d these to be e x t r e m e l y u n f r i e n d l y acts. The Ch inese G o v e r n m e n t hopes t h a t the A s i a n coun t r i e s conce rned wil l l ive in peace w i t h t h e K i n g d o m of C a m b o d i a in acco rdance w i t h t h e r e so lu t i ons of the B a n d u n g Conference . a n d no t a l low t h e m s e l v e s to be in f luenced by the policy of fore ign colonial is ts . P r e m i e r Chou En- la i f u r t h e r s t ressed t h a t the K i n g d o m of C a m b o d i a is one of the e x a m p l e s of the p u r s u a n c e of a pol icy of peace a n d n e u t r a l i t y and t h a t the Ch inese G o v e r n m e n t fu l ly respec t s a n d f i rmly suppor t s th is pol icy of peace a n d n e u t r a l i t y p u r s u e d by t he K ingdom of Cambod ia . P r e m i e r S i h a n o u k accep ted w i th sa t i s fac t ion P r e m i e r Chou En- la i ' s a b o v e s t a t e m e n t .

P r e m i e r S i h a n o u k dec l a r ed t h a t the G o v e r n m e n t of the K i n g d o m of C a m b o d i a holds t h a t the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of the G o v e r n m e n t of t h e Peop le ' s Repub l i c of Ch ina , r e p r e s e n t i n g 600 mi l l ion people, in i n t e r n a t i o n a l o rgan iza t ions a n d con- f e rences would be an i m p o r t a n t a n d n e c e s s a r y f ac to r in the s e t t l e m e n t of i n t e r n a t i o n a l issues a n d h e n c e also in the m a i n t e n a n c e of peace in As ia a n d the wor ld . P r e m i e r Chou En- la i e x p r e s s e d t h a n k s to P r e m i e r S i h a n o u k for th i s expres - s ion of f r i endsh ip .

Th e two p a r t i e s e x p r e s s e d the u n a n i m o u s op in ion t h a t the i n d e p e n d e n c e , s o v e r e i g n t y a n d t e r r i t o r i a l i n t eg r i t y of all na t ions m u s t be fu l ly respec ted , t h a t the n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d - ence m o v e m e n t is a n i r r e s i s t ib l e c u r r e n t in our p r e s e n t epoch, t h a t co lon ia l i sm in al l i ts m a n i f e s t a t i o n s is aga ins t t h e t r e n d of h i s to ry a n d is an evi l w h i c h m u s t b e uproo ted speedily. All i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i f fe rences shou ld be se t t l ed by the peaceful m e a n s of n e g o t i a t i o n in a c c o r d a n c e w i th t he p r inc ip les of co-exis tence , i n s t e a d of by m e a n s of w a r a n d the t h r e a t of a r m e d force.

F ina l ly , t h e two pa r t i e s e x p r e s s e d t h e i r des i re to deve lop c o n t i n u o u s l y the economic a n d pol i t ica l r e l a t ions b e t w e e n t he two coun t r i e s on t h e bas i s of t h e five p r inc ip les of peacefu l co -ex i s t ence for t h e m u t u a l benef i t of t h e two peoples and of the peace of S o u t h e a s t As ia a n d the wor ld .

CHINESE PROTESTS TO THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT

On August 27, 1958, the Chinese Ministry 05 Foreign Affairs delivered two notes to the office of the British charge d'affaires in Peking. Following are the two notes.--Ed.

Provocations in Hongkong In the ear ly m o r n i n g of A u g u s t 26, 1958 t he B r i t i s h

au tho r i t i e s in Hongkong , on the p r e t e x t of the " d a n g e r o u s

s t a t e " of the p r e m i s e s of the C h u n g Hu a Midd le School, dis- p a t c h e d a l a rge g roup of a r m e d police to close d o w n by b r u t e force t h e p r e m i s e s of the sa id school, a l lowed t h e a r m e d police to lay h a n d s s a v a g e l y on the t eachers , s taff a n d s t u d e n t s of t h e school as we l l as v i s i t ing news r epor t e r s o n t h e spot f r o m the H s i n h u a News A g e n c y b r a n c h in Hongkong a n d the H o n g k o n g Wenhui Pao, Takung Pao and Hsinwan Pao, s m a s h i n g c a m e r a s of t h e Ch inese repor te rs . This is a

15

grave and violent act, on the part of the Hongkong British authorities, of persecution and oppression of Chinese people's educational work in Hongkong and Kowloon and infringement upon the right to news coverage of Chinese reporters.

The forcible closure of the Chung Hua Middle School by the Hongkong British authorities was entirely a premeditated action. Back at the time when the Hongkong British authorities began to fabricate the pretext of the "dangerous state" of the premises in an attempt to persecute the school, the school authorities already filed a request to the department concerned for undertaking repairs. But the department concerned purposely procrastinated in the mat ter so as to pursue its scheme of closing down the school. It must be pointed out that this was not the first time that the Hongkong British authorities persecuted Chinese people's educational work and Chinese educational workers in Hongkong and Kowloon. The Hongkong British authorities, after publishing the "Education (Amendment) Ordinance" at the beginning of this year, already persecuted and oppressed Chinese people's educational work and Chinese educational workers in Hong- kong and Kowloon on many occasions and under various pretexts. Striking instances are the incident in May this year when the Hongkong British authorities prohibited Chinese schools from flying the Chinese national flag on holidays, and that of August 6 when Mr. Parker Tu, the principal of the Peichiao Middle School, was unreasonably deported. This series of repressive measures cannot but lead one to believe that the British authorities in Hongkong are pursuing a policy of deliberate sabotage and persecution of Chinese educational establishments in Hongkong and Kowloon.

On the other hand, the Hongkong British authorities have always shielded and connived at the propaganda and other activities carried out against the People's Republic of China by elements of the Chiang Kai-shek clique in Hongkong and Kowloon under the pretence of running schools. Further- more, they have even openly prescribed as textbooks for schools in Hongkong and Kowloon those published by the Chiang Kai-shek clique, which are filled with slanders against the People's Republic of China. This proves that they are persisting in a hostile policy towards China and a policy of creating "two Chinas" in disregard of the repeated denuncia- tions by the Chinese Government.

The Chinese in Hongkong and Kowloon have always had the right of running their own educational establishments. And the freedom and personal ' security to which reporters are entitled while engaged in legitimate news coverage is also a right recognized internationally. The Hongkong British authorities, however, have not only carried out oppressive measures against Chinese educational institutions in Hong- kong and Kowloon, but have instigated their police to lay hands wantonly on Chinese teachers, ~taff, students and reporters. These are deliberate provocations against the Chinese people. The Chinese Government is extremely indignant at these provocations and hereby lodges a strong protest with the British Government. It demands that the British Government and the Hongkong British authorities immediately stop their provocations against the Chinese people, guarantee against similar incidents in the future, com- pensate for all the losses and injuries suffered by the victims and punish the police who committed the violence, reopen the premises of the Chung Hua Middle School and reasonably settle the question of repairs so that it may begin its term on time, and ensure the freedom of news coverage and personal security of Chinese reporters. At the same time, the British Government and the Hongkong British authorities should immediately annul the decision prescribing the use by schools in Hongkong and Kowloon of textbooks put out by the Chiang

Kai-shek clique and suppress the activities and sabotage against China carried out by elements of the Chiang Kai-shek clique under the guise of running schools.

The Chinese Government asks the British Government to make a speedy reply.

Intrusions of Chinese Air According to reports received by the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs from the authorities concerned, at 10:10 hours on August 16, 1958, a British "Auster" mil i tary aircraft coming from the direction of Hongkong infringed at a low altitude the air space over Shumchun, Lientang and other areas of PaGan County, Kwangtung Province of China. Again at 12:35 hours on August 18, 1958, a mili tary aircraft coming from the direction of Hongkong infringed at a low alt i tude the air space over the Outer Lingting Island of Chuhai County, Kwangtung Province, and only left af ter circling seven times over the island.

It must be pointed out that recently on May 20, 21 and 22 and July 24, 1958, British mil i tary aircraft repeatedly infringed Chinese terri torial air over PaGan County of Kwangtung Province. The Ministry, by its notes dated May 24, June 18 and August 5, 1958, have lodged protests with the British Government and asked it and the British authorities in Hong- kong to cease immediately these provocations and guarantee that no similar incidents will occur in the future. In its reply note dated June 3, 1958, the British Government expressed "regret" over the infringement of Chinese territorial air by British mil i tary aircraft on May 22, 1958 and stated that "British aircraft operating from Hongkong are under standing instructions to take every care to avoid overflying Chinese territory." Nevertheless, the said reply and a fur ther reply dated July 2, 1958 failed to give a satisfactory answer to the Ministry's notes of protest dated May 24 and June 18. And the British Government has not yet replied to the Ministry's note of protest dated August 5.

The recurrences of air infr ingement on August 16 and 18 prove that the British Government 's claim in its above reply that British aircraft operating from Hongkong are under instructions to avoid overflying is not trustworthy. They show that the British Government and the British authorities in Hongkong have not only disregarded the previous solemn protests and statements made by the Chinese Government and failed to take effective measures to stop these hostile and provocative activities, but have continued these activities. It must be pointed out fur ther that, occurring at a time when the United States and its lackey, the Chiang Kai-shek clique, are creating tension in the Taiwan Straits, these activities of mili tary reconnaissance and harassment take on an extremely serious character.

In view of this, the Chinese Government lodges another strong protest with the British Government and demands once again that the British Government and the British authorities in Hongkong stop these provocations at once and guarantee against similar incidents in the future. The Chinese Govern- ment holds that the British Government should apologize to the Chinese Government for the intrusions into Chinese territorial air by British aircraft, punish the personnel who have engaged in these provocations, and guarantee against similar incidents in the future. The Chinese Government hereby solemnly declares that if these activities are not stopped, the British Government and the British authorities in Hongkong must be held responsible for all the consequences.

16

MUSIC and BALLET

A n A u s t r a l i a n C o n c e r t

Peking audiences have enjoyed a varied repertoire of dancing, music and singing given by a delegation of Aus- tralian concert artists led by John Rodgers. The dancing was especially interesting. We saw two pas de trois specially arranged by choreographer Laurel Martyn for this visit to China. The first, The Dream Time, danced by Laurel Martyn, Heather Macrae and Graham Smith, was a skilful adaptation of the music a.nd movements of Aus- tralian aboriginal art to the classical ballet. The second was a pas de trois in classical style danced to the music from Xanadu by Robert Hughes. Both of these were subtly evocative and classically clear-cut in composition. The traditional Fokine Les Sylphides was gracefully danced by the same trio.

Pianist Nancy Weir, clarinetist Thomas White and 'cellist Leon Segal gave a distinguished performance of the Beethoven Trio in B Flat Minor, Opus 11.

Nancy Ellis and Glen Balmford charm their audiences each in her own way. Nancy Ellis's soprano conveyed with deep feeling the meaning of the aboriginal songs and Negro spirituals she sang. Glen Balmford brought a very expres- sive voice and a delightful personality to the folk songs she sang to the guitar. Peking audiences especially liked the appreciation which the Australian artists ~howed for the art of the people, folk art, and for the masters.

This first Australian delegation of artists to visit China will tour Sian, Chengtu, Chungking, Kweiyang and Shanghai during the next six weeks.

The delegation was welcomed at its Peking premiere on August 23 by Hsu Kuang-hsiao, who led the Chinese cultural delegation to Australia in 1956. He recalled the warm welcome the Australian people had given the Chinese artists. "This return visit," he said on behalf of the Chinese People's Association for Cultural Relations with Foreign Coun- tries, "wil l certainly enhance friendly relations and promote fur ther cultural exchange between the Chinese and Aus- tralian peoples." --W. P.

PUBLISHING

¥ i W e n ' s S p e c i a l N u m b e r s

An increasing number of works by Asian and African writers are being translated into Chinese. The September

and October issues of Yi Wen, the monthly magazine of Chinese translations of world literature, will be special numbers devoted exclusively to Asian and African literature. The September issue carries a foreword by Mao Tun, Chairman of the Union of Chinese Writers, entitled "For the Friendship and Solidarity of the Asian-African Peoples." It has been enlarged from the usual 170 pages to around 240.

Selected poems by contemporary Arabian and African poets, songs of the people's sufferings and their longing for independence and freedom, make up the first section along with poems from India, ' l~epal and Iran.

The second part contains stories by writers from India, Japan, the United Arab Republic, Lebanon, Iraq, Algeria, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Burma, Turkey and the Union of South Africa. Then there is a play by the Pakistani playwright M. Adit, followed by folk-tales from Saudi Arabia, Liberia, Ethiopia, and the Union of South Africa. A special section commemorates the 700th anniversary of the publication of the Iranian poet Saadi's Rose Garden, with translations of parts of the poem and an essay on the world significance of Rose Garden by E. S. Bragunsky of th~ Soviet Union.

- -CHANG SAN

BOOKS

A F a s t - M o v i n g N o v e l

D A U G H T E R S AND SONS by Yuan Ching and Kung Chueh Foreign Languages Press. 326 pp.

Daughters and Sons is a story of the guerri l la warfare waged on the plains of Hopei against the Japanese invaders in the last war.

After capturing Peking in 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army began driving south. China's corrupt rulers were thrown into utter confusion. Describing the scene in Shenchia Village, where most of the action of the novel occurs, the authors acidly outlined the cowardice and depravity that was typical of Chiang Kai-shek's regime:

The Kuomintang army appeared briefly in the village during its rapid retreat, pausing only long enough to pillage and loot. The police left next, as news arrived of the fall of one large town after another. Every day, Japanese planes, wheeling overhead, dropped bombs on the cities. The big officials, carrying their gold and silver money, departed for healthier climes,

closely followed by the petty officials who took away as much as they could of whatever wasn't nailed down.

The people were left to their own devices, inexperienced, on fiat terrain that offered little cover, armed only with a determination to defend their homes. But they were not alone. Small but plucky units of the Communist-led Eighth Route Army had set up bases in the mountains and were harassing the enemy's flanks. Communist Par ty branches formed in the villages organized the peasants into guerrilla units and set up various kinds of popular associations.

Daughters and Sons traces the development of these people and their organiza- tions from their earliest clumsy begin- nings, through incredible difficulties and heartbreaking setbacks, until they emerge, competent, well-knit and mature.

Ta-shui is a rawboned young peasant who grows with his guerrilla unit. He joins the Communist Party, and learns administrat ive work by painful trial and error. By the end of the book, when the Hopei guerrillas are incorporated as part of the regular Eighth Route Army, he has become a dependable leader and a mature man.

Mei, the girl he loves, changes too as the story unfolds. After the failure of her marr iage to Chinlung, a ne'er--do- well who turns traitor, she throws her- self into her work in the women's association. She also undertakes a .number of dangerous scouting missions into enemy territory. Her activities bring her closer to Ta-shui, and at last they are able to marry.

There are unusually good portrayals of Par ty leaders in Daughters and Sons. Men like Blacky Tsai, Shuang the weaver, a n d - when he earns the quali- fications - - Ta-shui, in this ,novel are truly representative. United by the same beliefs and devotion to a common cause, they are admirable, at tract ive people, yet each has his own distinctive and very human personality.

Hardship and bitter struggle are the prelude to the t r iumph of these daughters and sons of China, but their story is punctuated with many light, and often hilarious, incidents. The wonderful sense of humour of China's peasants sustains them when the going is rough, and their quick wit helps them snatch many a situation from disaster.

The pace of the story is fast. I t is writ ten in a compact rollicking style, reminiscent of the colourful terseness of the classical Chinese adventure novel. This, its unflagging optimism, and the remarkable events it describes, make Daughters and Sons a joy to read.

,PO LI

I7

SiDELiGHTS

Co-op Men and the Sea. The old m a n , in E r n e s t H e m i n g w a y ' s The Old M a n and the Sea, fough t w i th the g r e a t m a r l i n for t h r e e days, c a u g h t it, on ly to h a v e it ea t en by t he sharks . No t so w i t h t he co-op f i s h e r m e n of S h a n t u n g P rov ince in eas t C h i n a who l a n d e d a s h a r k 14 m e t r e s long m l o n g e r t h a n t h e i r 2-ton j u n k - - w e i g h i n g 3 ~ tons. W h e n the s h a r k s t ruggled to escape, the j u n k would h a v e capsized h a d it no t b e e n for the he lp of two o t h e r j u n k s be long ing to the s a m e co-op. On b o a r d t he j u n k was a f i s h e r m a n by t he n a m e Yu C h u n g - chang who ne t t ed a s h a r k of s im i l a r size seve ra l years ago. B u t he was a lone and the g r e a t fish a w e d his f euda l mind . For f ea r of of fending such a sac red being, he gave up his ne t on w h i c h his l ive l ihood depended and le t t he s h a r k loose. He k n e w t h a t th is t ime it was t h a n k s to the e m a n c i p a t i o n of h is m i n d and the co-opera t ive effor t t h a t the g rea t s h a r k was landed.

More Record Crops. A f t e r A n h w e i (Peking Rev iew , No. 26, A u g u s t 1958), K iangsu and H u p e h h a v e become the second a n d th i rd p rov inces in the coun- t ry to r eg i s t e r an a v e r a g e ea r ly r ice y ie ld of one t h o u s a n d j i n p e r m u . . T h e r ecord pe r m u o u t p u t of va r ious crops fol low:

Crop O u t p u t in j i n per m u A r e a

Rice 43,869 H u p e h Rapeseeds 6,051 Wushan ,

K a n s u Pota toes 106,378 K a n g h s i e n ,

K a n s u Maize 22,489 S h a n g c h i u ,

H o n a n Bar ley 1,002 S h a n s i Mil le t 10,546 S h a n t u n g Tomatoes 45,660 H o n a n G r e e n t ea 1,412 Kiangs i

P . S . We regre t a n e r r o r in the ed i to r ia l in our i ssue of las t w e e k w h i c h i n a d v e r t - en t ly g a v e the r ecord p e r m u yield for r ice as 44,367 j in. This f igure was the yield of a co-op in A n h w e i P r o v i n c e in a,n a r ea of 1.03 mu.

F a s t - G r o w i n g Pigs. H u a y u n g C o u n t y in H u n a n P r o v i n c e has f o u n d a successful way of m a k i n g its pigs g row fa t quickly , no t in weeks or mon ths , bu t days. By r e m o v i n g the thyro id gland, c l ipping the ears, a n d cu t t i ng t he ta i l a p ig can be m a d e to ga in a n a v e r a g e of 6 j i n a day. The qua l i t y of the p o r k is no t d i m i n i s h e d in any way.

A n Underground Sea. A huge s u b t e r - r a n e a n s ea a b o u t t h r e e t imes the a r e a

I 8

of Ceylon has been d i s cove red in eas t China . I t lies b e n e a t h mos t of K i a n g s u P r o v i n c e a n d p a r t s of A n h w e i a n d H o n a n .

H u n d r e d s of t h o u s a n d s of yea r s ago th is was p a r t of t h e Eas t C h i n a Sea. T h o u g h s i l ted up in t h e course of t ime, t he w a t e r l a y e r s t i l l h a s a n a v e r a g e d e p t h of 200 met res , i n c r e a s i n g in some places to 400 met res . I t con t a in s a r o u n d 40,000 mi l l i on tons of wa te r . I n some places t h e w a t e r is w i t h i n two to t h r e e m e t r e s of the s u r f a c e of t h e g round . I t was d i scove red by t e a c h e r s a n d s t u d e n t s of the geology d e p a r t m e n t of N a n k i n g Unive r s i ty .

24-Hour Tro l l ey B u s Serv ice . In P e k i n g , S h a n g h a i a n d C h u n g k i n g t ro l l ey bus se rv ices h a v e been p u t on a 24-hour basis. T h e n e w a r r a n g e m e n t h a s b e e n w e l c o m e d espec ia l ly b y n i g h t sh i f t w o r k - ers, l a t e s h o p p e r s a n d t r a v e l l e r s w h o h a v e to ca tch t r a i n s in t h e we e h o u r s of t he morn ing . P e k i n g ' s s w i t c h to th i s r o u n d - t h e - c l o c k s c h e d u l e wa s p r e c e d e d by a l e t t e r f r om a r e a d e r to R e n m i n Ribao a f e w days e a r l i e r sugges t i ng t h a t P e k i n g shou ld fo l low the e x a m p l e of C h u n g k i n g a n d a d o p t t h e n e w sys tem.

Seen and Heard. A m a n , w h i l e s t ro l l i ng a long t h e s t ree t , s u d d e n l y spat . He wa s i m m e d i a t e l y a p p r o a c h e d by a l i t t l e girl who pol i te ly a sked h i m if h e h a d spat . The m a n a d m i t t e d t h a t h e h a d a n d wa s a b o u t to w a l k a w a y w h e n the g i r l s t opped h i m a n d gave h i m a d i scour se on the evi ls of sp i t t ing . S h e smi l ed w h e n she h a d f in ished, h a n d e d h i m a s l ip of paper , apologized fo r h a v i n g t a k e n up his t i m e a n d wi shed h i m good-day. T h e m a n looked a t t h e s l ip of paper . T h e gi r l was a m e m b e r of a Young P i o n e e r s ' H e a l t h In spec t ion T e a m w h i c h wa s doing i ts p a r t in the c a m p a i g n a g a i n s t sp i t t ing .

Miss ion A c c o m p l i s h e d . 75-year-o ld K u r - ban , a U i g h u r p e a s a n t of S i n k i a n g in Ch ina ' s f a r west , s l aved a l l h is l i fe for l a n d l o r d s m un t i l l i b e r a t i o n came. W i t h v i r t u a l l y n o t h i n g m o r e t h a n a s h i r t to his b a c k before , he a c q u i r e d a h o u s e of his o w n a n d 14 m u of l and w h i c h he b r o u g h t in to his f a r m co-op w h e n he jo ined it. He w a n t e d to t h a n k t h e Com- m u n i s t P a r t y a n d C h a i r m a n Mao fo r hl~ n e w life. A n idea took hold of h i m : h e

m u s t see the m a n a nd t h a n k h i m fo r h a v i n g done so m u c h for a poor fe l low l ike h im. He got h i s d o n k e y r e a d y a n d was to se t ou t for his t r i p to Pek ing , t h o u s a n d s of k i l o m e t r e s away , to see

C h a i r m a n Mao. Peop le told h i m the cap i t a l is a long w a y off a n d t h a t no one h a d eve r a t t e m p t e d a t r ip to P e k i n g on a donkey . He g a v e up ti le idea, bu t got h is t h ings r e a d y again . He s topped the f i rs t m o t o r v e h i c l e he r a n in to on the road a n d a s k e d if he could get a lift . He wa s k i n d l y p u t off w i t h the e x p l a n a t i o n t h a t i t was no picnic to h i t c h - h i k e to Pek ing . So the old m a n w a i t e d fo r s o m e t h i n g b e t t e r to t u r n up. M e a n w h i l e , he h a d w r i t t e n seve ra l t imes to C h a i r m a n Mao. One day he was o v e r j o y e d to r e c e ive C h a i r m a n Mao ' s a n s w e r a n d a n enc losed p h o t o g r a p h of h im. B u t his r ea l c h a n c e came. In J u n e he was c h o s e n for h is e x c e l l e n t w o r k on t h e f a r m co-op to go to P e k i n g w i t h a de l ega t ion to see the n a t i o n a l f a r m tools exh ib i t ion . He chose h is bes t f ru i t p r e s e r v e s as a p r e s e n t for C h a i r - m a n Mao. Bu t his s tay in the cap i t a l was n e a r i n g its end. T h e r e w a s n ' t any news yet w h e t h e r t h e r e was a c h a n c e of see ing C h a i r m a n Mao. He was res t less .

J In t h e ho te l he a sked w h a t was t he

qu i ckes t wa y of s e n d i ng off a le t te r . "By a i r mai l , " he was told. At once he h a d two l e t t e r s w r i t t e n and pos ted : F r o m K u r b a n , Pek ing , by a i r to C h a i r m a n Mao, Pek ing . K u r b a n not on ly m e t C h a i r m a n Ma o a t l as t b u t r e t u r n e d to S i n k i a n g w i t h a p i c t u r e 6f h i m s e l f a n d C h a i r m a n Mao.

Plas t i c Motor Car. C h i n a has succeeded in m a k i n g h e r f irst p l a s t i c m o t o r c a r body. This n e w ca r is a b o u t ha l f the w e i g h t of s i m i l a r m o t o r veh ic le s of t he s a m e size w i t h a s tee l body. L i g h t a n d h igh ly m a n o e u v r a b l e , th i s n e w mode l a l lows for g r e a t e r speed a n d load and c o n s u m e s less pe t ro l . I n r igo rous road tests , t h e c a r p r o v e d t h a t i ts body is as s t r o n g as any s tee l body. I t h a s o t h e r a d v a n t a g e s too: g r e a t e r i n s u l a t i o n a n d r e s i s t a n c e to fire, r u s t a n d acid. T h e top of the ca r is p r i m r o s e a n d the r e s t of the body green. T h e n e w p las t i c b o d y was m a d e by young t e c h n i c i a n s a n d w o r k e r s of the m o t o r veh ic les r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e w i t h t he co- o p e r a t i o n of a n i n d u s t r i a l c h e m i c a l p l a n t in N a n k i n g .

Will there be room for me in the storage bins?

CHINESE PRESS OPINION

D i p l o m a t i c R e l a t i o n s w i t h I r a q

"A very happy event for China and Iraq!" This, from a Renmin Ribao leader on August 26, is typical of the warmth with which the Chinese press greeted the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Iraq.

The same editorial declares: "We rejoice that the artificial barr ier between our two countries, imposed for so long a time by the imperialists, has now been removed and that the hands of those on the Yangtse and the Tigris are finally joined."

"The Chinese people," it continues, "regard the birth of the Republic of Iraq as an event of great significance . . . . I t opened a new page in the annals of a country that has now taken the road of independent development. It dealt a telling blow against the imperialist front of aggression and war preparations in the Middle East and shattered the Eisen- bower Doctrine and the Bagdad Pact. It has also greatly inspired the Arab people and the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America and ushered in a new upsurge of the national l iberation struggle in these areas.

"The Chinese people regard the victory of the Iraqi people as their own. Like the people of Iraq, the Chinese people also suffered long years of imperialist aggression and oppression. That is the reason for the fellow feeling we have always had for the Iraqi people and why we rejoice in their victory today."

Renmin Ribao points out that friendly contacts between the Chinese and Iraqi peoples date back to very ancient times. "As early as the fifth century, Chinese ships sailed to the banks of the Euphrates and travellers and traders from Bagdad were also frequently seen along the southeastern coasts of China. In the eighth century, there was in Bagdad a special Chinese porcelain market and Iraqi envoys came to China during the Tang and Sung dynasties. There are many more instances of cultural inter- flow in the history of relations between China and the Arab world as a whole. These contacts, however, were severed after the invasion of the Eastern countries by Western colonialism. But this was obviously an artificial, abnormal and, from a historical point of view, temporary phenomenon."

"Friendship between the Chinese and Iraqi peoples has grown in the common fight against imperialist aggression and for peace," the editorial concludes. "The

Chinese people take their stand together with the Iraqi people and all the rest of the world's people in defence of peace in the Middle East and throughout the world, in support of the national independence of the Asian, African and Latin American peoples and to promote peace-

ful co-existence and friendly co-operation among nations."

Sino-Camb odian Communique Commonly described in Chinese edi-

torial comment as "a document which opens a new page in Sino-Cambodian relations," the Chou E n - l a i - Sihanouk joint communique signed on August 24 (see p. 14 for full text) received banner headline treatment in all leading Peking papers.

Renmin Ribao (August 25) notes that China has always fully respected and supported the Cambodian Government 's policy of non-participation in mili tary blocs and its insistence on national independence and the equality of all nations, big or small. As a socialist country, it says, China stands resolutely opposed to aggressive mili tary blocs. It has always considered the nationalist countries which follow a policy of peace and neutrali ty as an important force in safe- guarding Asian and world peace and opposing colonialism. In contrast, the imperialists are hostile to these countries and are doing everything in their power to undermine them. It is precisely for this reason that Cambodia has in recent years been repeatedly subjected to foreign interference and threats, all aimed to force it to change its policy of peace and neutrality.

Gongren Ribao (Daily Worker) ex- presses the appreciation of the Chinese people for the warm words which Prince Sihanouk had for China's steady progress in peaceful construction. "We are ready," it . . . . . . . . says, "to work with might and main, along with the Cambodian people, for the two countries' prosperity and close friendship, and for Asian and world peace."

Middle East Yension Remains Middle East tension has

not relaxed merely because the U.N. resolution was adopted. As long as U.S. and British troops re- main in Lebanon and ~ B a c k to businessl

Jordan, they will seek pretexts and opportunities to extend their aggression and create tension. The peoples of the world need to make a still greater effort to com- pel Washington and London to heed the U.N. resolution and withdraw their troops from the Middle East. This is the gist of the Renmin Ribao commentator 's August 29 analysis of the present Middle East situation.

The commentator points to many in- dications that the United States is trying to bypass the U.N. resolution and is plotting new mili tary ventures. Examples are recent U.S. mil i tary provocations against insurgent headquarters in Beirut's Basta district and the commandeering of houses in Beirut by U.S. troops looking apparently to long-term occupation. The British, he notes, have recently sent four warships to the Middle East as rein- forcements, while a Foreign Office spokesman declared on August 26 that it was "too early" to forecast the date of a British withdrawal from Jordan.

All this shows that Washington and London accepted the U.N. resolution calling for withdrawal of their troops merely to stave off the mounting pressure of world-wide condemnation. In fact, they have not relinquished one jot of their aggressive ambitions in the Middle East, the commentator concludes.

A f r i c a C r i e s " I n d e p e n d e n c e ! "

Cries for independence have drowned out de Gaulle 's talk about a "federal state," writes Da Gong Bao (August 2g), commenting on the French premier 's recent tour in French Africa where he tried to sell his "draf t constitution" to the people.

De GauUe's scheme for a French- African "federal state" is a snare, the

commentary says. De Gaulle claims that acceptance of his draft constitution will usher in "a new era" in relations between France and her overseas ter-

Hua Cllun-wu tn "Renmln Rtbao"

lg

r i tor ies , but , t h e c o m m e n t a r y asks, s ince t h a t cons t i tu t ion , a p a r t f r o m giv ing the t e r r i t o r i e s some n o m i n a l local a u t o n o m y , r e t a in s al l powers of defence, fo re ign affairs , economy, l aw a n d e d u c a t i o n in the h a n d s of t he m e t r o p o l i t a n g o v e r n - ment , w o n ' t t e r r i t o r i e s w h i c h jo in the " f ede ra l s t a t e " in a c t u a l f ac t r e m a i n F r e n c h colonies?

The c o m m e n t a r y po in t s ou t t h a t de Gau l l e a lso t r i ed to b l a c k m a i l t he people in t he se t e r r i t o r i e s w i t h t h r e a t s t h a t i n d e p e n d e n c e wil l l ead to the end of "economic a id" a n d o the r " d a n g e r s of s e p a r a t i o n s . " He even i nvoked a n i m a g i n a r y t h r e a t of aggres s ion f r o m As ia w h i c h he al leged w o u l d come w i t h inde - pendence . B u t the A f r i c a n people ' s wi l l for i n d e p e n d e n c e c a n n o t be s h a k e n by th rea t s , ca jo le ry or p ressure . " I n d e - p e n d e n c e [ " was the i n s i s t en t c ry t h a t m e t de G a u l l e on t he I v o r y Coast , in Madagasca r , in D a k a r and o t h e r t e r -

r i tor ies .

D a G o n g B a o wr i t e s : The peop le of F r e n c h Afr ica , who h a v e suf fered so m u c h f rom co lon ia l i s t exp lo i t a t ion , a re now awakened . T h e i r o w n e x p e r i e n c e ha s t a u g h t t h e m t h a t only g e n u i n e inde - pendence can b r e a k the shack le s oi colonial ism. De Gau l l e ' s a t t e m p t to sho re up F r e n c h co lonia l ru le in A f r i c a w i t h h is " d r a f t c o n s t i t u t i o n " is b o u n d to fa i l in face of t he p r e s e n t w i d e s p r e a d a w a k e n i n g of n a t i o n a l fee l ing there .

Geneva Agreemenf in Danger The wor ld can n o w see h o w f l ag ran t ly

the U n i t e d Sta tes , w o r k i n g h a n d in g love w i t h t he sou th V i e t - n a m au thor i t i e s , is v io la t ing t he G e n e v a a g r e e m e n t , dec la res a R e n m i n R i b a o c o m m e n t a r y , c i t ing the r ecen t I n t e r i m R e p o r t of the I n t e r n a - t iona l Commiss ion in Vie t -nam.

Quot ing the repor t , w h i c h covers the 12 m o n t h s e n d i n g A p r i l th i s year , i t notes t h a t because t he sou th V i e t - n a m au thor i t i e s h a v e p e r s i s t e n t l y r e fused to pa r t i c ipa t e in t he w o r k of the jo in t commiss ion of de lega tes f rom bo th p a r t s of V ie t -nam, the ac t iv i t i es of t h a t commiss ion could no t b e r e sumed , m a k i n g it imposs ib le to i m p l e m e n t the G e n e v a a g r e e m e n t in the d e m i l i t a r i z e d zone. F u r t h e r m o r e , l a rge n u m b e r s of s o u t h V i e t - n a m m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l h a v e re- pea ted ly i n t r u d e d in to the demi l i t a r i z ed zone w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n a n d r e s i s t ance f ighters a re be ing p e r s e c u t e d on a l a rge scale in sou th V i e t - n a m . As for t he Un i t ed S ta tes , i t has no t on ly sec re t ly suppl ied s o u t h V i e t - n a m w i t h m i l i t a r y p lanes a n d a rms , b u t is also p r e p a r i n g open ly to sh ip l a rge q u a n t i t i e s of c o m b a t m a t e r i a l t h e r e to " r e p l a c e " the a r m s t a k e n o u t by the F r e n c h troops.

" T h e s e v io la t ions b y t he Un i t ed St~ates a n d ti~e sou th V i e t - n a m au tho r i t i e s h a v e

THE PASSING SHOW

The Voice of America U.S. conchrn and f r iendship for the Lebanese

people is charmingly exemplif ied in a "phrase book" recent ly put out by the U.S. Defence Depar tmen t for Amer ican soldiers wishing to converse with Arabs in the Middle East.

Among the fr iendly expressions l isted in the hook which the compilers th ink will come ~n handy to GIs are: "Halt , or I fire[" "Leave the house, all of you! . . . . Where have the people of your village h idden themse lves?" "You are under ar res t [" "All of you leave the vil lage wi th in 24 hours[" "Tnke shovels and s tar t digging! Those who refuse will be shot["

"I can ' t 1ind Shat in the b o o k ! "

Hongkong ",(qdoJ6oaE)" Down in Hongkong in the geography textbooks approved by the Hong-

kong Education Dept., China is said to consist of two par ts : China (1) and China (2). China (1) is the main land ; the province of Taiwan is China (2). Nanking is the "capi ta l" of China, and P e k i n g ? - tha t ' s the " former capital ." And so you won ' t be surpr ised to find in it, in line wi th react ionary Kuo- min tang claims, tha t Viet-nam, Burma and Thai land are China 's "lost terr i - tories." Nothing like a good "Br i t i sh" education, y 'know.

in a c t u a l fac t p a r a l y s e d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l commis s io n , " says t h e c o m m e n t a r y c i t ing the conc lus ion of t h e r e p o r t w h i c h s t a t e s

t h a t if t hese t r e n d s w e r e p e r m i t t e d to deve lop t h e c o m m i s s i o n wou ld be u n a b l e to d i s c h a r g e its respons ib i l i t i es .

The v io la t ions of t h e a g r e e m e n t by the U n i t e d S ta t e s a n d t h e s o u t h Vie t - n a m au th o r i t i e s a r e in fac t m o r e se r ious t h a n i n d i c a t e d in t h e I n t e r i m Repor t , t he p a p e r po in t s out. Th e U n i t e d S ta t e s is i n t ens i f y i n g its ef for ts to e x p a n d its m i l i t a r y bases in s o u t h V i e t - n a m a n d bu i ld m i l i t a r y a i r f ie lds a n d s t r a t eg ic h ighways . U.S. m i l i t a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s and adv i se r s a re f o u n d in g r o w i n g n u m b e r s in e v e r y p a r t of s o u t h Vie t - nam. T h e s e U.S. e f for ts h a v e the obv ious p u r p o s e of speed ing up its d e v e l o p m e n t of s o u t h V i e t - n a m into i ts l o n g - t e r m m i l i t a r y base, to b e used to s a b o t a g e peace in V i e t - n a m a n d to c a r r y out aggres s ion a n d i n t e r v e n t i o n in t h e S o u t h - eas t A s i a n coun t r i es .

T h e H u s s e i n m o n a r c h y is t o d a y a p u p p e t r e g i m e w h i c h has p u t its " i n t e r n a l s e c u r i t y " in to t h e h a n d s of a c o m m i t t e e led by t h e B r i t i s h a n d A m e r i c a n m i l i t a r y a t t a c h e s in A m m a n . I t is th i s c o m m i t t e e w h i c h p r e p a r e s l is ts of p a t r i o t s to be a r r e s t e d a n d gives o rde r s to t he secur i ty forces.

" T h i s shows al l t h e m o r e c l ea r l y t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e of B r i t i s h t roops in J o r d a n h a s n o t h i n g to do w i t h ' u p h o l d i n g the i n d e p e n d e n c e of a s m a l l c o u n t r y , ' " says C o m m e n t a t o r . " I t is to b a t t e r d o w n the r e s i s t a n c e of t h e peop le to co lon ia l ru le ."

" B u t n e i t h e r B r i t i s h t roops n o r A m e r - i can do l la r s c a n a v e r t the d o o m of the t r a i t o r Hu s s e i n w h o h a s been r e p u d i a t e d by t h e J o r d a n i a n s . T h e day wi l l come w h e n it wi l l be H u s s e i n a n d his m a s t e r s wh o s t a n d t r i a l b e f o r e t he peop le . "

Husse in Monarchy D o o m e d The H u s s e i n m o n a r c h y ' s a t t e m p t s to

s m o t h e r w i d e s p r e a d oppos i t ion to i ts t r a i t o r o u s ru l e a re fu t i l e ; i ts days a re n u m b e r e d , says R e n m i n Ribao ' s Com- m e n t a t o r (Augus t 22).

C o m m e n t a t o r po in t s ou t t h a t a l t h o u g h J o r d a n i a n p r i sons a re c r a m m e d w i t h po l i t i ca l p r i sone r s a n d m a n y p a t r i o t s h a v e b e e n ki l led or b r u t a l l y t o r t u r e d for oppos ing B r i t i s h occupat ion , these b loody zepress ions wi l l on ly s t i r up g r e a t e r p o p u l a r i¢ ldignat ion a n d res i s t ance . W i d e s p r e a d p ro tes t s a g a i n s t the pe r secu - t ion of N a d i a Su l ty a n d o t h e r pa t r io t s a re p roof of this.

• . - = j - -

"Law and order" in Hongkong M~ K u in " R e n m i n Ribao"

20

C H I N A AND THE

WORLD P r e m i e r S l h a n o u k E n d s ¥1mit

P r e m i e r Norodom S ihanouk lef t for home on Augus t 27 a f t e r a t w o - w e e k visit in China. In a f a r ewe l l speech at Canton airport , the C a m b o d i a n l eade r praised China ' s a ch i evemen t s in con- s t ruct ion and S i n o - C a m b o d i a n f r i end- ship. He declared: " In m a k i n g your count ry achieve w h a t some people con- s idered impossible , you have set an example for the As ian and Af r i can peoples. Our visit to China has g iven us new hope and courage in becoming mas te r s of our fa te ."

During his visit, the Cambod ian P r e - mier received the w a r m e s t of we lcomes f rom the Chinese G o v e r n m e n t and people. He had severa l talks wi th Chai r - man Map Tse- tung and P r e m i e r Chou En-lai. He t r ave l l ed widely, f rom Shenyang and Dai ren in the indus t r ia l nor theast , to Tients in , W u h a n and Canton. He saw the g iant A n s h a n s teel centre, agr icul tura l co-ops outs ide Pek ing and Tientsin, China ' s e x p e r i m e n t a l a tomic reac tor and cyclotron, and flying s tunts by units of the Chinese Ai r Force. He was accompan ied on his tour by V ice -P remie r and Fore ign Min i s t e r Chert Yi.

C h i n a , l r a q E x c h a n g e E u v o y s

Sino-h ' aq i re la t ions m a d e rapid advances las t week.

On Augus t 25, the g o v e r n m e n t s of the two countr ies announced the i r decis ion to exchange d ip lomat ic envoys of a m b a s - sadorial rank.

On Augus t 26, the Chinese A m b a s s a d o r to the U.A.R. Chen Chia-kang, in Bagdad since Augus t 21 to hold ta lks wi th the Iraqi Gove rnmen t , was rece ived by P remie r Kassem. They d iscussed ques- tions re la ted to the s t r eng then ing of f r iendly ties be tween the two countr ies .

Earlier , the Chinese A m b a s s a d o r me t wi th Act ing Fore ign Minis te r Siddiq Shanshal , Economic Min i s t e r I b r a h i m Kubba, and F inance Min i s t e r M u h a m m e d Hadid to exchange v iews on the deve lopment of f r iendly re la t ions and economic ties.

S o v i o t T h e r m o - N u c l o a r P o , v o r D e v l e e A u n o u n e e d i n P o k i n g

For th ree hours , 300 leading Chinese scient is ts ga thered in a hall of the

Ch inese Ins t i tu te of Atomic Energy l i s tened in ten t ly to one of the most i m p o r t a n t r ecen t Sovie t scientif ic an- nouncement s . I t was a repor t by the no ted Sovie t physicist , A c a d e m i c i a n I.V. Kurcha fov , re layed by his s t uden t Vorobyov w h o m he had sent to Pek ing especia l ly for the purpose, on a new advance m a d e by Soviet sc ient is ts in the cont ro l led produc t ion of t h e r m o - n u c l e a r ene rgy for peace fu l purposes .

The p a p e r revealed, for the first t ime to the wor ld , the work ings of the new device cal led "Ogra ," wh ich p romises to br ing m a n k i n d closer to ach iev ing a cont ro l led t h e r m o - n u c l e a r react ion. Big- ger t h a n and super io r to all the t he r m o- nuc lea r reac t ion e q u i p m e n t so fa r m a d e public, it has a l ready s t a r t ed exper i - m e n t a l work.

The a n n o u n c e m e n t of this n e w Soviet scientif ic a c h i e v e m e n t in China on Augus t 20, before it was m a d e k n o w n in o ther pa r t s of the world, speaks for the deep f r i endsh ip b e t w e e n the Chinese and Soviet peoples and the close col labora t ion b e t w e e n the two count r ies ' nuc lea r scient is ts . I t unde r l ines the inva luable ass is tance the Soviet Union has a l ready given China in p romot ing the advance of Chinese nuc lea r physics. Chinese phys ic is t s have been work ing for m a n y years in the Jo in t Ins t i tu te of Nuclear Resea rch at D u b n y in the U.S.S.R. The first Chinese a tomic reac tor and cyclot ron which recent ly s t a r t ed operat ion, were ins ta l led wi th Soviet help.

B r i t i s h B r u t a l i t y in H o n g k o n g

Chinese public opinion has been deeply ange red by the closing of the Chung Hua Middle School in Hongkong by the Bri t ish au thor i t i es on Augus t 26 and the m a n h a n d l i n g of t eachers and s tuden t s of

the school and Chinese n e w s m e n by the Br i t i sh pol ice tha t accompan ied it.

Publ ic reac t ion was immedia te . Many mass organ iza t ions d e m a n d an im- m ed i a t e s top to this pe rsecu t ion of Chi-

nese schools.

The Chinese Educa t iona l Workers ' Union, in a s t a t e m e n t issued on the day of the out rage , exposed this Bri t ish act as pa r t of a p r e m e d i t a t e d plan to harass Chinese educa t iona l work in Hongkong.

The Al l -Ch ina S tuden t s Federa t ion w a r n e d the Br i t i sh au thor i t i es tha t "Ch ina today is no longer the China of a c en t u r y back; it wil l not to lera te such

host i le acts aga ins t the Chinese people."

The Al l -Ch ina Jou rna l i s t Associat ion c o n d e m n e d the Br i t i sh m a n h a n d l i n g of Chinese r epor t e r s as a violation of f r e e d o m of the press. In suppor t of the i r Chinese colleagues, the In te rna - t ional Organiza t ion of Journa l i s t s and fore ign co r r e sponden t s in Pek ing have issued s t a t e m e n t s condemning the

Br i t i sh outrage.

Many mass organ iza t ions sent deputa -

t ions to the Br i t i sh charge d 'affa i res office in Pek ing and persona l ly handed in p ro tes t s d e m a n d i n g tha t those respon- s ible for the ou t rage be penal ized and compensa t ion g iven to the injured.

In Canton, south China, p ro tes t demon-

s t ra t ions and mee t ings were held on Augus t 26 and 27. At a joint mee t ing

of un ive rs i ty t eachers and s tudents , the V ice -P re s iden t of C h u n g s h a n Univers i ty ,

Chen Hsu-ching, po in ted out that the Br i t i sh a t tack on Chung Hua Middle School was' one of a ser ies of provoca- t ions aga ins t the Ch inese people. Only recent ly , he said, the Br i t i sh au thor i t ies had r emoved P a r k e r Tu, pr inc ipa l of the

T h ~ ~ h a t t e r e d S h i b b o l e t h s o f C o l o n i a l i # n a

"The 20th century is the century of the Asian and African countries, of Latin America, of nationalism and socialism," declared Vice-Premier and Foreign Minister Chen Yi at a reception to Prince Sihanouk in Canton.

The colonialists, he said, had spread all sorts of nonsense about the Eastern nations. They put it about that the Chinese people were by nature foolish, backward and lazy; that China had too big a population, putting unbearable pressure on the land, and that no government could solve the problem of feeding it. They alleged that China was backward in science, poor in natural resources and could never be. industrialized. These colonialist lies had influenced part of the Chinese people and made them look down on themselves. Similar cases might also exist in other Asian and African countries.

"If we don' t smash this spiritual colonialist enslavemeni, we cannot stand up," the Vice-Premier said, and noted China's experience in smashing these shibboleths of colonialism, and getting the confidence to dare to think, speak out and act. "The Eastern peoples," he said, "are not inferior to those of the West, nei ther are they by nature backward." Experience proved that "'once the peoples of the Asian and African countries and of Latin America free themselves from the oppression and spiritual bondage of colonialism, they will emerge in inexhaustible strength. By relying on this strength and by mutual support, the independent Asian and African countries will certainly shake off backwardness, gain economic independence and catch up with the 'advanced' countries."

21

Peichiao Middle School and a local educationist of over 20 years' standing, and forcibly expelled him from Hong- kong without justifiable cause.

On August 28, the Chinese Foreign Ministry, in a note to the British charge d'affaires office in Peking, lodged a serious protest against this outrage against the CtIinese people (see p.15 for full text).

C u i t n i r a l N e w s

A Chinese acrobatic troupe is now visiting Latin America. Made up of

some of China's best acrobats, it will perform in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Chile.

Chinese and Sovie t actors will appear together on the screen for the first time in a joint Sino-Soviet cinematic effort, a widescreen colour feature film, showing the friendship between the Chinese and Soviet peoples and provisionally entitled The Wind from the East.

The directors are E. L. Dzigan and Kan Hsueh-wei. It will be released on October 1, 1959, on the tenth anniversary of the founding of New China.

Cameramen from the Changchun and Moscow Film Studios are already out on location in Chekiang, Fukien and Kwang- tung Provinces getting documentary

material for the film. Scenes will also be shot in the Soviet Union.

A Hindi -Chtnese dict ionary is being compiled by the Eastern Languages Department of Peking University. The first such dictionary in the world, it will be published soon.

Meanwhile in India, the Indian Academy of Literature has decided to compile and publish a standard Chinese- Hindi and Tibetan-Hindi dictionary.

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc.

Pro q r a m m c s arc sub j ec t tO change. W h e r e t imes are not l isted c onsu l t t hea t re or dai ly press.

P E K I N G O P E R A

& THE S P U T N I K S IN I l E A V E N Tile Spu t - niks, n e w e s t a r r i va l s in h e a v e n , r e scue t w o celest ial m a i d s f r o m the t y r a n n y of the J a d e E m p e r o r . T h e y c h e e r all and s u n d r y by desc r ib ing the g r e a t h a p p e n i n g s on e a r t h and te l l ing t h e m the n e w s tha t soon h e a v e n and ea r t h will be b r o u g h t m u c h c loser b y space t ravel• P r o d u c e d b y the China Pe- k ing Opera C o m p a n y .

Sept. 3 R e n m i n (People ' s ) T h e a t r e Sept. 6 & 7 Bei) tng W o r k e r s ' Club

• M I N G T O M B S P A S T A N D P R E S E N T A flew ope ra wr i t t e n by Ching Ku-hsue i l on the Ming T o m b s Reservo i r . P r o d u c e d by the China P e k i n g Opera C o m p a n y .

Sept. 4 & 5 R e n m i n Thea t re Sept. 6 & 7 Y u a n En Si T h e a t r e

• I M P E R I A L C O N C U B I N E CIIEN r E [ T h e s to ry of the Ching E m p e r o r K u a n g H s u ' s f avour l t e concub ine Chen Fei, who w a s a s sa s s ina t ed at the in s t iga t ion of the E m p r e s s D o w a g e r Tse Hsi. P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g Opera C o m p a n y of P e k i n g a n d s t a r r i n g CImng Chun-ch iu .

Sept. 5 Bei j tng W o r k e r s ' Club

P I N G J U O P E R A

• THE G I R L W I T H P I G T A I L S desc r ibes a fear less y o u n g girl who he lps to rou t a g a n g of coun t e r - r e vo lu t i ona r i e s . P r o d u c e d by the China P l n g j u Ope ra C o m p a n y .

Sept. 3-5 Da Z h o n g Thea t re

S H A O H S I N G O P E R A

• WU GU NIANG A wicked landlord tries to sell his own sister in order to obtain more money and prevent her marriage with a farm-hand. The farm-hand rescues her and t oge the r t h e y escape to f r e e d o m . P r o d a e e d by the v is i t ing Sha ohs ing Ope ra C o m p a n y o£ Cheklang.

Sept. 2-5 Chang A n Thea t re

T H E A T R E

• THE RED F L A G U N F U R L E D A p l a y based on a t rue inc iden t wh ich h a p p e n e d r ecen t ly in Shangha i . A steel w o r k e r , suf fer - Ing f r o m a c u t e second d e g r e e burns , is s a v e d by the c onc e r t e d efforts of the hosp i ta l s taff and his o w n will to l ive. Th e socia l is t out look of the me d i c a l s taff was the dec i s ive f ac to r in m a k i n g this m i r a c l e possible . P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t Thea t r e .

Sept . 2-12 S h o u d u (Capital) T h e a t r e

• A T R I P T H R O U G H S P A C E A de l igh t fu l f a n t a s y fo r ch i ld ren p r o d u c e d by the China Ch i ld ren ' s T h e a t r e . Young P ion ee r s ' t r ip to the m o o n a nd the i r m a n y o the r a d v e n t u r e s in space.

Sept . 2-7 B e l j t n g (Pek ing) Thea t r e

• S O N OF T H E W O R K I N G C L A S S Based on the a u t o b i o g r a p h y of Wu Yun-to9 one Of China ' s bes t - loved r e v o l u t i o n a r y he roes . Th r i ce s e r ious ly w o u n d e d , he n e v e r s t op p ed

22

w o r k i n g for the r evo lu t ion . P r o d u c e d by the Ch ina You th A r t T h e a t r e .

Sept. 2-5 China Y o u t h Ar t T h e a t r e

M O D E R N O P E R A

• F I R E a n d T W O R O A D S T w o o p e r a s on the t h e m e of the p e o p l e ' s f ight a g a i n s t c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s . The f o r m e r h a s i ts se t t ing in a f a r m i n g co-op; the l a t t e r is b a s e d on a t r u e l nc lden t w h i c h took p lace in P e k l n g . P r o d u c e d by the C e n t r a l E x p e r i m e n t a l O p e r a T h e a t r e .

S h o w i n g s e p a r a t e l y f r o m Sept . 5-10 a t Tianqlao T h e a t r e

F I L M S

• C R E S T OF W A V E S F e a t u r e film p r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g F i lm Studio. A br i l l i an t y o u n g doctor , made conce i t ed by success , m a k e s s eve ra l ca re l e s s m i s t a k e s , s e r ious ly e n d a n - g e r i n g a pa t i en t ' s life. T h e c o m r a d e l y he lp of his co l l eagues m a k e s h i m see a n d c o r r e c t isis e r ro r s .

Sept. 2-4 X t n Jie K o u , Z h o n g y a n g , Guang A n Men , Be i j ing W o r k e r s ' Club, Da Hua, Jiao Dad K o u

• T H E M I S S I N G M A N A n exc i t ing a n d m o v i n g s t o ry abou t a Sov ie t off icer w h o got lost b e h i n d the e n e m y r e a r in the 2rid W o r l d War . HOW he m a k e s con t ac t wi th the u n d e r g r o u n d , Joins the Czech g u e r r i l l a s and f inal ly sacr i f ices h is life. Sovie t f e a t u r e film in eolour , d u b b e d in Chinese .

Sept . 4-8 P e k i n g Exh ib i t i on C e n t r e C i n e m a , Xin Jie Kou , Z h o n g y a n g , G u a n g A n Men, Be t j t ng Worker s" Club, Da H u e

• L I T T L E H E R O E S tel ls h o w a g r o u p of b r a v e ch i l d r en in a K iangs t v i l l age o r g a n i z e a You th Gue r r i l l a B r i g a d e to res i s t the KMT's Whi te T e r r o r in the e a r l y 1930s. C h a n g c h u n F i lm Studio p roduc t ion .

Sept. 2-6 S h o u d u Thea t re , Sheng l | , Z h o n g y a n g

Sept. 3-6 Bet t ing T h e a t r e • THE L E N I N G R A D S Y M P H O N Y desc r i be s the he ro i c f ight ing sp i r i t of the L e n i n g r a d people In the h a r d e s t d a y s of the S e c o n d World War . Sovie t f e a t u r e film d u b b e d in Chinese.

Sept . 2-4 P e k i n g Exh ib i t i on Cen t re C i n e m a Sept. 5-7 Ertong (Chi ldren ' s ) C tnema , X t n

Z h o n g Guo, G u a n g Ha T h e a t r e • " THE S I S T E R S A co lou red wldescreen Sovie t f i lm a d a p t e d f r o m the first p a r t of the t r i logy Ordeal w r i t t e n by Alexe l To ls toy . T h r o u g h the s t o ry of two s isters it describes the life a n d confl icts of the m o r i b u n d " u p p e r c l a s s" in Russ ia in the s t o r m y y e a r s b e f o r e an d d u r i n g the F i r s t Wor ld War . In Russ i an , wi th Chinese sub-t i t les .

Sept . 2-8 S h o u d u (Capital) C i n e m a

E X H I B I T I O N S

• E X H I B I T I O N OF H U N G A R I A N P A I N T - I N G S ( R E P R O D U C T I O N S ) OF THE 19TH A N D 20TH C E N T U R I E S O p e n da i ly (excep t Mon.) 9 a .m. to 6 p .m.

In s ide the P a l a c e M u s e u m • E X H I B I T I O N OF W A L L P A I N T I N G S A N D P O S T E R S D R A W N B Y K I A N G S U P E A S A N T S - - o v e r 200 r e p r o d u c t i o n s and photos. Till Sept. 14.

At the Gal lery o f the Ari ts ts ' Un ion

• P O L I S I I F O L K A R T S A N D H A N D I C R A F T S E X H I B I T I O N G a y , h a n d - p r i n t e d text i les , po rce la ins , b a s k e t - w o r k , pa pe r - c u t s , toys , etc. Da i ly ( excep t Moo.) 9-12 a .m. , 2-7 p .m . till Sept. 7,

A t the Work}rig Peop le ' s Palace of Cu l ture • R E V O L U T I O N A R Y H I S T O R Y E X H I B I T I O N A r i ch col lec t ion of d o c u m e n t s a n d pho tos c o v e r i n g the en t i r e pe r iod of the n e w - d e m o - c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n in China . Also d i s p l a y e d a r e w e a p o n s a n d m a n y o t h e r a r t i c les u sed d u r i n g the r evo lu t ion . Dai ly ( excep t Mon.) 8-12 a .m. , 2:00-4:30 p .m.

At the M u s e u m of R e v o l u t i o n a r y His tory (at Xl H u e Men Gate , P a l a c e M u s e u m )

L E C T U R E S

• " L E V T O L S T O Y A N D C H I N A " - - S p e a k e r : w e l l - k n o w n t r a n s l a t o r of Rus s i a n a n d Sovie t l i t e r a t u r e Ko P a o - c h u a n . J o i n t l y s p o n s o r e d by the S top-Sov ie t F r i e n d s h i p Assoc ia t ion a n d the P e k i n g L i b r a r y in c e l e b r a t i o n of the 13Oth a n n i v e r s a r y of t be b i r th of To l s toy .

A t the Cul tural Club of the S ino-Sov ic t F r i e n d s h i p Assoc ia t ion , Sept . 6, 7:30 p.m.

S E L E C T E D T E L E V I S I O N P R O G R A M M E S

Sept . 2 7:35-8:00 p .m. P r o g r a m m e of Ch inese songs

and dances 8:30-10:00 p .m. Sovie t f e a t u r e f i lm The

Miss ing M a n ( d u b b e d in Chinese) Sept . 4

7:32-8:00 p .m. S h o r t p l ay : T h e P a r t y S a v e d His Life the n o w w e l l - k n o w n s t o r y of the S h a n g h a i s tee l w o r k e r w h o s u r v i v e d s e v e r e b u r n s

8:10 p .m. A shor t t a lk on Ch i na ' s a t o m i c r e a c t o r a n d c y c l o t r o n by Li YI of the Chinese A c a d e m y of Sc iences

0:30-10:00 p .m. S h a o h s i n g ope ra T h e J a d e Brace l e t

Sep t . 6 8:30-10:00 p . m . Film version of modern

opera Hung Hsta, the story of a revolutionary peasant girl

Sept . 7 7:30-10:30 p.m. The p lay UnJorge t tab le

T imes , p e r f o r m e d by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e

P E K I N G R A D I O

SELECTED MUSIC P R O G R A M M E S T h e s ta t tons are l is ted as f o l l ows :

l - - Cen t r a l P e o p l e ' s B r o a d c a s t i n g Sta t ion, 1st P r o g r a m m e

I I - C e n t r a l P e o p l e ' s B r o a d c a s t i n g Sta t ion , 2nd P r o g r a m m e

I I I - P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s B r o a d c a s t i n g S ta t ion Sept . 2 6-7 p .m. (III) - - R u m a n t a n Ar t i s t s

C o n c e r t Sept . 3 6-7 p .m. (III) S h o s t a k o v i c h ' s l l t h

S y m p h o n y in G m i n o r (1905) Sept . 4 6-7 p .m. (I iI) - - Works by Chopin,

D v o r a k , etc. Sept . 4 10:lS-1O:~O p .m. ( H I ) - Mus ic b y Bul-

g a r i a n C o m p o s e r s Sept . 6 11:30-12:20 n o o n (IH) - - F e m a l e vocal

n u m b e r s s u n g by m e m b e r s of the Centra l P h i l h a r m o n i a

.... ~ ..... ~:~,i~ ~ :.

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