Greenhouse gas emissions caused from Livestock in Japan

Osamu ENISHILivestock research team on global warming

National Institute of Livestock and Grassland ScienceNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization,

2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japanenishu@affrc.go.jp

Japan

Tsukuba, Ibaraki

Scenery from the roof

A main building for research

In this presentation…..

１．Animal production in Japan

２．Major source of GHG in this section

３．CH4 caused from ruminant

４．What research are need for next step ?

Main Livestock in Japan

Japanese black cattle

Japanese Brown cattleJapanese shorthorn

Holstein

Jersey

1.Suffolk1.Suffolk1.Suffolk

SuffolkCorridale

Saanen

Minor livestock in Japan

Japanese native goat

Livestock population in Japan

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Sheep

Goats

Horse

×1000Head

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Dairy cattle

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Pigs

×1000Head

Methane estimated source in Japan (Ministry of the Environment, Japan

2006)

Ruminant(96.8%)

Others(3.2%)

343GgCH4

GHG from Ruminant

• Ruminant(Cattle,sheep,goat) emit methane as a part of their normal digestive processes.

Feeds

Methane

Microbes(archaea)

CH4 production represents a loss of 3 to 13% of dietary energy.

Measurement of methane production from ruminant(Open circuit respiration apparatus)

This apparatus is used to research and analyze energy metabolism and use by gathering and analyzing the gases produced, particularly by respiration and other such operation, by domestic animals

Air conditioner

Automatic feeder

W aste chute

Ports for canister connection

Inlet air Outlet air

Teflon tube placed for sampling inlet air

Air conditioner

Automatic feeder

W aste chute

Ports for canister connection

Inlet air Outlet air

Teflon tube placed for sampling inlet air

Method for Estimation Current Methane Emission

Estimate methane emission by Shibata’s equation (Methane production(L/day) = -0.849×DMI2 + 42.793×DMI- 17.766)

Dividing animals into animal group

Collecting population data

Collecting dry matter intake（DMI) of each animal group

Multiplying the population by estimate methane emission for each animal group

Summing emissions across animal group

Prediction of methane emission from enteric fermentation in Japan

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0 5 10 15 20 25

Meth

ane p

roduction（L/da

y)

y = -0.849x2 + 42.793x

　　　　　- 17.766

Dry matter intake(kg)

Y=-0.849×DMI2 + 42.793×DMI- 17.766)

Average dry matter intake of cattleDry matter intake(kg/day)

Dairy cow Lactating 20.6Dry 8.5Growing< 2 years old(except 5,6 months old) 7.55,6 months old 3.7

Beef cow Reproductive cattle( > 1year old) 7.1(< 1 year old:except 5,6 months old) 6.7(5,6 months old) 4.4Fattening cattle(Japanese block)(steer: >1 year old) 8.4(< 1 year old:except 5,6 months old) 6.8(5,6 months old) 4.3(heifer; > 1year old) 6.4(< 1 year old:except 5,6 months old) 6.1(5,6 months old) 4.1Dairy bull cattle for fattening(except 5,6 months old) 8.7(5,6 months old) 5.3

(Ministry of the Environment, Japan 2006).

CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation (kgCH4/year/head)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Dairy cow Lactating 136 136 136 134 133 132 132 132 13 128 127 126 125 123 120

Dry 24 24 24 23 23 22 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 18 17Growing < 2 years old(except 5,6 months old 31 31 31 30 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 25 25 26 285,6 months old 32.7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Beef cow Reproductive cattle ( > 1year old) 40 41 41 41 40 39 38 38 38 38 39 39 38 38 38(< 1 year old:except 5,6 months old) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1(5,6 months old) 0.2 0.2 0.32 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Fattening cattle(Japanese block) (steer: >1 year old) 27 28 29 30 30 30 29 29 28 28 29 29 29 28 28(< 1 year old:except 5,6 months old) 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7(5,6 months old) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2(heifer; > 1year old) 10 11 12 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16(< 1 year old:except 5,6 months old) 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5(5,6 months old) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Dairy bull cattle for fattening(except 5,6 months old) 60 61 62 62 62 61 62 63 64 64 64 63 63 61 60(5,6 months old) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 4

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19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003

Total

Dairy cattle

Beef cattle

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CH

4

YearA change of methane　production

Factors affecting methane emission from ruminant

• Feed intake level• Digestibility of feeds• Feed processing• Addition of lipid(unsaturated fatty acid) ,and so on

To take an accurate measurement of methane in various condition

“Methane emission is influenced by many factors”

It is need to develop simple measurement techniques of quantity of methane emission

A trial of simple measurement technique of quantity of methane emission

Sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique(SF6)

Rusitec(Semi-continuous system similar to rumen)

In vitro gas production technique

Open circuit respiration chamber

The research that we have to do

1.It is important to develop the technology needed to estimate CH4 emission accurately from ruminant and practically method to reduce the amounts of CH4.

2. Evaluation and a prediction of global warming impact on animal production.

3. We have to develop the feeding technology of livestock for warming.

Future studyIn vitro gas production technique(Menke’s

method) appears to have the capacity to determine the CH4 production potential of ruminant diets. Further studies are needed to evaluate in vitro technique to reflect the treatment difference among the feed.

We found that condensed tannin(CT) compounds reduced the methane emissions from goat. Therefore, It is need to study about methane reduction using cattle

Factors affecting methane emission from ruminant

Improving animal productivity decreases methane emissions per unit of product.

Correlation methane production and liveweight gain

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0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

L iveweight gain (kg/day)

Meth

ane p

rodu

cti0on

(g/Liv

ew

eig

ht

gain

)

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Meth

ane p

rodu

ction

( per

livew

eig

htga

in 1

kg）

Control experimental plotBeef cow

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Meth

ane p

rodu

ction

（per

milk

yie

ld 1

kg）

Control Experimental plotDairy cow

decrease methane production of about 15%

decrease methane production of about 20%

Methane reduction by calcium fatty acid

Emission Reduction

• Unsaturated fatty acids• Fat rich by-products• Ionophore• Removing ciliate protozoa from rumen

Greenhouse gas emissions caused from Livestock in JapanIn this presentation…..�Livestock population in Japan Methane estimated source in Japan (Ministry of the Environment, Japan 2006)GHG from RuminantMethod for Estimation Current Methane EmissionPrediction of methane emission from enteric fermentation in JapanAverage dry matter intake of cattleCH4 emissions from enteric fermentation (kgCH4/year/head) Factors affecting methane emission from ruminantThe research that we have to doFuture studyFactors affecting methane emission from ruminantEmission Reduction