Great Slave Lake Metis Community

7/28/2019 Great Slave Lake Metis Community

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n

Bnstfrnaoh ]rfinh` fi tb` Kròt Qhov`Hoc` Oròs Lnx`d @urfpòg,Ngdnog

Oga`stry Afllugnty

jy Kwygg tb Efg s

Tb` vn`ws `xpr`ss`d ng tbns r`pfrt or` tbfs` fi tb`

outbfr ogd df gft gà`ssornhy r`pr`s`gt tb` vn`ws fi tb`

D`portl`gt fi Eustna` Aogodo'

Ojfrnkngoh How ogdQtrot`kna ]fhnay Krfup

Z`sòrab ogdQtotnstnas Dnvnsnfg

)


2/231

Tojh` fi Afgt`gts

Ojstroat nnOutbfrs Jnfkropby nn n

N' @xàutnv` Qullory nv

NN' L tbfdfhfky&Ngtrfduatnfg vn

NNN' GorrotnvÒ' Inrst Afgtoat ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( ?;?0 , ?2== ?J' Lnx`d,Oga`stry Iolnh n`s ng tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` Z`knfg tf ?2== ?:A' Iur Trod` ]fst Hni ` ot ?2== ?>D' D`v`hfpl`gt fi tb` Iur Trod` ogd tb` Inrst Lnx`d,Oga`stry

K`g`rotnfg( ?2== , ?2:= :0@' L rk`r fi tb` Iur Trod` Aflpogn`s ogd Abogk`s ng tb`

Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ]fpuhotnfg( ?2:= , ?21= 1;I' Iur Trod` Lfgfpfhy ogd tb` Orrn voh fi tb` Lnssnfgorn`s( ?21= , ?2>= 9:K' Tròty( Trod`rs ogd Kfhd( ?2>= , ?>== 22B' Ngaròs`d ]r`s`ga` ogd Z`kuhotnfgs jy ]`rsfgs gft fi Ngdnog&

Ngun t&Lnx`d,Oga`stry D`sa`gt( ?>=0 , ?>0= ?=:

NY' Dnsauss nfg&Qullory ??>

Y' Qukk`stnfgs ifr Iutur` Z`sòrab ?:>

YN' Zì`r`ga`s

YNN' Opp`gdna`s

Opp`gdnx O5 @xtroats fi Q`hàt`d @gtr n`s ng Fjhot` Jnr tb( Lorr nok` ogdDòtb Z`knst`rs

Opp`gdnx J5 Ltns Qarnp ,, OrabnvnoG`t "Qullorn`s fi K`gòhfknaohNgifrlotnfg fg Ltns Qarnp Opphnaotnfgs.

YNNN' C`y Dfaul`gts ogd Dfaul`gt Ngd`x "jfugd s`porot`hy.


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nn

Ojstroat

[ntb tb` Qupr`l` Afurt fi Aogodo dànsnfg ngZ' v' ]fwh`y S:==1\ : Q'A'Z'( Ltns w`r`ràfkgnz`d os bovngk og Ojfrnkngoh rnkbt tf bugt ifr iffd os ràfkgnz`d ugd`r sàtnfg 10 fi tbÀfgstntutnfg Oat( ?>2:' Ng afgs`qu`ga`( Eustna` Aogodo d`v`hfp`d o r`sòrab prfkrol d`snkg`d

tf `xphfr` tb` bnstfry r`hot`d tf pfssnjh` Ltns `tbgfk`g`sns ogd tb` nlpfsntnfg fi ìiàtnv`@urfpòg afgtrfh ng s`hàt`d snt`s oarfss Aogodo' Tbrfukb tb` us` fi orabnvoh ogd pujhnsb`ddfaul`gts( tbns pop`r `xphfr`s fg` fi tb` s`hàt`d k`fkropbna oròs3 tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` r`knfgfi tb` Gfrtb [`st T`rrntfrn`s' Tbns study `xolng`d tb` sfanoh bnstfry( d`lfkropbna( ogdk`gòhfknaoh joackrfugd fi tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` @urfpòg,Ngdnog oga`stry pfpuhotnfg( tb`dnstngatnv` auhturoh proatna`s fi tb` @urfpòg,Ngdnog oga`stry krfup( ogd sfl` pfssnjh` ngdnaotfrsfi ìiàtnv` @urfpòg afgtrfh' O d`tonh`d( abrfgfhfknaoh ogd tb`lotna( bnstfrnaoh gorrotnv`dotngk irfl tb` ?2tb a`gtury tf tb` :=tb a`gtury ns pr`s`gt`d( ohfgk wntb o dnsaussnfg surrfugdngka`rtong afga`pts utnhnz`d ng ]fwh`y'


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nnn

Outbfrs Jnfkropby

Kwygg`tb Efg`s ns o s`hi,`lphfy`d bnstfrnog wbfs` ahn`gts ngahud` i`d`roh ogd prfvnganohkfv`rgl`gts( Inrst Gotnfgs ogd Ltns frkognzotnfgs' Qb` bos j``g r`tong`d os og `xp`rt ng

s`v`roh afurt aos`s dòhngk wntb Ltns ogd Inrst Gotnfg ahonls( ngahudngkZ' v ]fwh`y ogd]fwh`y' B`r oròs fi spànohnzotnfg ngahud` tb` bnstfrnaoh d`v`hfpl`gt ogd woys fi hni` filnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfgs( ogd gng`t``gtb,a`gtury pujhna odlngnstrotnfg' Qb` bfhds o Lost`r+sd`kr`` ng ]ujhna Odlngnstrotnfg irfl _u``g+s Pgnv`rsnty( ogd o Lost`r+s d`kr`` ng Bnstfry irfl^frc Pgnv`rsnty'


5/231

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N' @xàutnv` Qullory

?' Pgtnh tb` sàfgd bohi fi tb` `nkbt``gtb a`gtury( tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` orò wos ugcgfwgtf p`fph` fi @urfpòg oga`stry' Ngdnog krfups aohh`d jy hot`r @urfpòg fjs`rv`rsQhov`y fr Qhov`( Abnp`wyog( Dfkrnj ogd ^`hhfwcgni`&Z`d Cgni`&Afpp`r

Ngdnogs( us`d ogd faaupn`d Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ogd nts vnangnty' Tfdoy( tb`s` krfups loyj` ngahud`d ugd`r tb` k`g`roh t`rl D`g`' Abnp`wyog trod` jrnkod`s trov`hh`d tf tb`Budsfg Joy Aflpogys ^frc Ioatfry fr Ifrt ]rnga` fi [oh`s "hot`r Aburabnhh. tf trodìurs ifr @urfpòg kffds( wbnab tb`y tb`g ng turg trod`d tf ftb`r Ngdnogs orfugd KròtQhov` Hoc`'

:' Qolu`h Bòrg` fi tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy trov`hh`d wntb o Abnp`wyog krfup fv`rtb` irfz`g Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ogd dfwg tb` Qhov` Znv`r ng tb` wngt`r fi ?;;? , ?;;:' Jytb` lnd,?;2=s( iur trod`rs bod `stojhnsb`d ngt`rlntt`gthy,fp`rot`d pfsts fg tb` sfutbsbfr` fi Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( gòr tb` lfutb fi tb` Qhov` Znv`r'

1' Bnstfrnaoh `vnd`ga` sukk`sts tbot o i`w lnx`d,oga`stry iolnhn`s loy bov` j``g r`snd`gtng tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` orò prnfr tf tb` orrnvoh fi tb` trod`rs' Tb` iotb`rs fi tb`sìolnhn`s loy bov` j``g oiinhnot`d wntb Ir`gab trodngk aflpogn`s fp`rotngk ng tb` ngt`rnfrfi Gfrtb Ol`rnao( orrnvngk ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc` jy ifhhfwngk tb` Abnp`wyog trod`jrnkod`s' Ohtbfukb tb` pfpuhotnfg fi sfh`hy @urfpòg oga`stry fi Kròt Qhov` Hoc` wosv`ry slohh ng tb` host init``g yòrs fi tb` `nkbt``gtb a`gtury( tb` `lphfy``s fi tb` trodngkaflpogn`s "`xahusnv`hy loh`. w`r` qunac tf ifrl iolnhn`s wntb hfaoh Abnp`wyog wfl`g'Jy ?2==( o gulj`r fi lnx`d,oga`stry abnhdr`g bod j``g jfrg ng tb` r`knfg( ogd@urfpògs bod `stojhnsb`d o hnlnt`d yòr,rfugd pr`s`ga` a`gtr`d fg trod` pfsts'

4' Kops ng tb` dfaul`gtory ràfrd ng tb` inrst twf dàod`s fi tb` gng`t``gtb a`gtury fjsaur`tb` d`v`hfpl`gt fi tbns afbfrt fi lnx`d,oga`stry abnhdr`g( jut jy ?2:= o prflng`gtkrfup fi hfaohhy,jfrg lnx`d,oga`stry oduhts bod `l`rk`d' Tbns krfup wos portnauhorhyoiinhnot`d wntb tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy( wbnab dflngot`d trod` ng tb` orò'

0' Oit`r tb` l`rk`r fi tb` BJA ogd tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy ng ?2:?( tb` tftoh gulj`r fip`fph` dnràthy `lphfy`d jy tb` iur trod` wos kròthy r`dua`d' Logy ug`lphfy`d@urfpògs ogd Aogodnogs w`gt bfl`' Ftb`rs( ngahudngk sfl` fi lnx`d oga`stry( stoy`dorfugd Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( wfrcngk ngt`rlntt`gthy ifr tb` BJA ogd&fr hnvngk wntb Ngdnogkrfups bugtngk ogd trodngk'

9' Jy tb` lnddh` fi tb` gng`t``gtb a`gtury( lnssnfgory prn`sts fi tb` frd`r fi Fjhot`s fiLory Nlloauhot` bod `stojhnsb`d o pr`s`ga` ot o i`w pfngts orfugd Kròt Qhov` Hoc`'Tb` jnrtb ogd lorrnok` ràfrds c`pt jy tb`s` prn`sts nhhustrot` tb` `stojhnsbl`gt fi og`twfrc fi lnx`d,oga`stry iolnhn`s orfugd tb` Hoc`( hngcngk p`fph` ng ogd fut fi iur,trod` `lphfyl`gt( ogd g`wafl`rs ogd hfgktnl` r`snd`gts'

;' Fjs`rv`rs ng tb` sàfgd bohi fi tb` gng`t``gtb a`gtury "prn`sts( iur trod`rs( ogd trov`hh`rs.w`r` afgsnst`gt ng nd`gtniyngk o lnx`d,oga`stry pr`s`ga` orfugd Kròt Qhov` Hoc`s`porot` irfl tb` @urfpòg ogd Ngdnog pfpuhotnfgs' Tb` pràns` aboroat`rnstnas fi tbns


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pfpuhotnfg or` gft w`hh,dìng`d ng tb` bnstfrnaoh ràfrds r`vn`w`d ifr tbns r`pfrt' [oysfi hni`( hogkuok`s spfc`g( ogd r`hnknfus oiinhnotnfg oppòr`d tf vory ohfgk tb` afgtnguulfi iuhh,tnl` @urfpòg iur,trod` `lphfyl`gt tbrfukb tf Ngdnog hni` fg tb` hogd' Y`ryk`g`rohhy spòcngk( lnx`d,oga`stry p`fph` sbfw`d o kròt`r t`gd`gay tf sòsfgoh fr iuhh,tnl` wok` `lphfyl`gt tbog tb` hfaoh Ngdnog pfpuhotnfg( lfr` scnhhs ogd cgfwh`dk` fi

hnvngk ogd trov`hhngk fg tb` hogd tbog tb` @urfpòg pfpuhotnfg( ogd lfr` k`fkropbna ogdfaaupotnfgoh lfjnhnty tbog `ntb`r' Lorrnok` pott`rgs ohsf afgtngu`d tf lpbosnz` tb` tn`sj`tw``g lnx`d,oga`stry iolnhn`s tbrfukb tb` gng`t``gtb a`gtury' A`gsus ogd sarnpràfrds ngdnaot` tbot tb` lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg orfugd Kròt Qhov` Hoc` wos ohlfst`gtnr`hy jfrg ogd rons`d ng tb` Otbojosao,Loac`gzn` dnstrnat'

2' Kfhd strnc`s ng tb` ûcfg ng ?2>; ogd ?2>2 ottroat`d ugprà`d`gt`d gulj`rs fitrov`hh`rs tbrfukb tb` Qhov` Znv`r ogd Kròt Qhov` Hoc` r`knfg' Ngt`rlntt`gt Gfrtb [`stLfugt`d ]fhna` potrfhs j`tw``g Hoc` Otbojosao ogd Kròt Qhov` Hoc` j`kog ng ?2>;'Aogodo afgahud`d Tròty @nkbt wntb Ngdnog p`fph` ot Ifrt Qlntb ogd Ifrt Z`sfhutnfg ng?2>> ogd ?>==' Qarnp wos ohsf nssu`d tf lnx`d,oga`stry opphnaogts' @urfpòg s`tth`l`gt

ng tbns r`knfg wos v`ry shfw tf d`v`hfp( ogd kfv`rgl`gt pr`s`ga` wos hnlnt`d ugtnh oit`rtb` Inrst [frhd [or'

>' Bnkb pfst,wor prna`s ifr iurs ottroat`d tropp`rs fi sfh`hy @urfpòg oga`stry tf tb` KròtQhov` Hoc` orò ng ?>?> ogd ?>:=( ogd fnh strnc`s gòr Ifrt Gfrlog ohsf b`nkbt`g`dkfv`rgl`gt ngt`r`st ng tb` r`knfg' O T`rrntfrnoh afuganh wos oppfngt`d ng ?>:=( ogd ng?>:? o T`rrntfrnoh anvnh s`rvna` stoii wos jrfukbt ngtf Ifrt Qlntb' Ng tb` sull`r fi ?>:?(Aogodo afgahud`d Tròty @h`v`g wntb Ngdnog p`fph` fi Kròt Qhov` Hoc`' Qarnp wosnssu`d ng ?>:4'


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NN' L`tbfdfhfky&Ngtrfduatnfg

Tbns r`pfrt ns tb` r`suht fi o suaa`ssiuh prfpfsoh sujlntt`d ugd`r o Z`qu`st ifr ]rfpfsohs jy tb`

D`portl`gt fi Eustna` Aogodo( ifr bnstfrnaoh r`sòrab fg tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` oròs lnx`d

@urfpòg,Ngdnog oga`stry afllugnty' Tb` study orò( oaafrdngk tf tb` Z`qu`st ifr ]rfpfsohs(wos os ifhhfws5

Qtudy r`knfg fr tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` orò ns o t`rl wbnab( ifr tb` purpfs`s fitbns study( spàninaohhy rì`rs tf tb` sfutbòst`rg Loac`gzn` Drongok` josng(`gaflpossngk tb` sbfr`s fi Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ogd nts sfutb`rg bngt`rhogds( wntb oifaus fg tb` lnx`d,oga`stry bnstfry fi tb` pr`s`gt,doy oròs fi Zo`,@dzf( GT(Ifrt Qlntb( GT( ogd Ifrt Z`sfhutnfg( GT'

Tb` fjeàtnv`s fi tb` r`vn`w( oaafrdngk tf tb` Z`qu`st ifr ]rfpfsohs w`r`5

o. Tf afgduat bnstfrnaoh r`sòrab ng tb` study r`knfg ng frd`r tf afgstruat o

gùtroh gorrotnv` d`sarnjngk tb` ioats `xnst`gt ng tb` dfaul`gtory bnstfrnaoh ràfrdr`hotngk tf tb` òrhy bnstfry fi lnx`d Ngdnog,@urfpòg fr lnx`d Ngunt,@urfpògoga`stry p`fph`s ng tb` r`knfg'j. Tf afhhàt( aflpnh` ogd ngd`x c`y( prnlory sfura` dfaul`gts oaafrdngk tftb` l`tbfdfhfky ogd tb` ifrlot prfvnd`d tf tb` Afgtroatfr'''

Tb` suaa`ssiuh afgtroatfr wos osc`d tf oddr`ss tb` ifhhfwngk c`y qu`stnfgs ng r`kord tf tb` study

r`knfg5

?' Nd`gtniy ogd abort tb` `tbgfk`g`sns fi ogy lnx`d @urfpòg,Ngdnog fr@urfpòg,Ngunt pfpuhotnfg ng tb` study r`knfg( ngahudngk `vnd`ga` fi tb` dot` jy

wbnab tb` lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg `l`rk`d3:' D`sarnj` ogd dfaul`gt ogy fi tb` dnstngatnv` auhturoh proatna`s( austflsfr trodntnfgs fi tb` lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg( ngahudngk wbot dnstngkunsb`d tb`lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg irfl @urfpòg( Ngdnog fr Ngunt krfups `xnstngk ot tb`tnl` ng tb` study r`knfg31' D`sarnj` ogd dfaul`gt vornfus ngdnaotfrs fi wb`g ìiàtnv` @urfpògafgtrfh ng tb` orò lnkbt bov` j``g `stojhnsb`d'

Tb` suaa`ssiuh afgtroatfr wos ohsf ngstruat`d tf ifaus fg prnlory sfura`s wbnh` r`sòrabngk ogd

wrntngk tb` r`pfrt( ogd gft tf ngahud` ngifrlotnfg irfl froh bnstfrn`s afhhàt`d ng tb`

afgt`lpfrory p`rnfd fr rà`gt `tbgfkropbna fjs`rvotnfg' Tb` afgtroatfr wos ohsf ngstruat`d gfttf loc` h`koh fr quosn,h`koh d`t`rlngotnfgs fg nssu`s suab os wb`tb`r o pfpuhotnfg wos o L`tns

afllugnty( fr tb` dot` fi ìiàtnv` @urfpòg afgtrfh ng tb` study orò' Dfaul`gtotnfg fi

afgtngunty j`tw``g pr`s`gt,doy pfpuhotnfgs ogd bnstfrna pfpuhotnfgs wos ohsf futsnd` tb` safp`

fi tb` study' Tb` a`gtroh afga`rg fi tb` study wos tf abort tb` òrhy bnstfry fi tb` ngt roatnfgs


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j`tw``g( ogd r`h`vogt sfanoh aboroat`rnstnas fi( Ngdnogs ogd @urfpògs ng tb` study orò( ogd tb`

`l`rk`ga` fi ogy lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfgs'

Ng tbns r`pfrt( N wnhh tb`rìfr` j` ogohyzngk tb` afgt`gt fi bnstfrnaoh prnlory sfura`s r`h`vogt tf

tb` c`y qu`stnfgs N wos osc`d tf oddr`ss( wntb `lpbosns fg tb` òrhy p`rnfd fi `l`rk`ga` fi o

lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg' Ng ogohyzngk tb`s` dfaul`gts( bfw`v`r( nt ns nlpfrtogt tf

ugd`rstogd tbot tb`y df gft prfvnd` aflph`t` ngifrlotnfg ojfut tb` p`fph`( `v`gts ogd r`knfgs

ugd`r study' Tb` prnlory sfura`s r`vn`w`d w`r` aròt`d jy p`fph` fi sfh`hy @urfpòg oga`stry

wbf w`r` r`hotnv` g`wafl`rs tf tb` orò ogd w`r` gft prnvy tf tb` ngt`rgoh wfrcngks fi tb`

Ngdnog( Ngunt fr lnx`d,oga`stry sfan`tn`s tb`r`' @oab dfaul`gt wos aròt`d tf l``t tb` g``ds fi

tb` wrnt`r ogd bns prfspàtnv` oudn`ga`( wb`tb`r nt wos ifr og `gt`rtongngk trov`h gorrotnv`( og

oaafugt fi ingoganoh trogsoatnfgs( o abrfgfhfky fi tb` jusng`ss fi o iur trod` pfst fr o lnssnfg( fro Lfugt`d ]fhna` r`pfrt' Ngdnog( Ngunt( fr lnx`d,oga`stry p`fph` fi tb` gng`t``gtb a`gtury ng tbns

r`knfg dnd gft aròt` tb`nr fwg dfaul`gts tf ràfrd wbot wos nlpfrtogt tf tb`l' Os lfst

dfaul`gt outbfrs w`r` fi Jrntnsb d`sa`gt( `v`g tb` auhtur`s ogd oatnvntn`s fi tbfs` fi Ir`gab,

Aogodnog oga`stry or` r`pfrt`d irfl og futsnd`rs p`rspàtnv`' Tb` dfaul`gtory `vnd`ga`

r`kordngk dnstngatnv` auhturoh proatna`s fi tb` lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg ns v`ry sbohhfw ifr lfst

fi tb` study p`rnfd3 tb` `xt`gt tf wbnab tbns oaaurot`hy rìhàts tb` bnstfrnaoh sntuotnfg ot dnii`r`gt

p`rnfds ns fp`g tf dnsaussnfg' Lnx`d,oga`stry p`fph` ng tbns r`knfg odfpt`d o vorn`ty fi hni`

pott`rgs ogd auhturoh logni`stotnfgs' N dnd gft wnsb tf abffs` fg` fr lfr` fi tb`s` tf aròt` o

st`r`ftyp` okongst wbnab sfl` ftb`r lnx`d,oga`stry krfup lnkbt j` lòsur`d( ogd N dnd gft s`t

fut tf d`sarnj` "ifr `xolph`. Ir`gab,Aogodnog vfyokùr fr Frcg`y auhtur`s( wbnab wfuhd bov`

j``g ogftb`r prfeàt ohtfk`tb`r ogd o luab hork`r fg`' Ogftb`r dniinauhty lnkbt j` tbot ng

ifaussngk fg tb` òrhn`st ràfrds ogd tb` d`v`hfpl`gt fi lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfgs( N bov` gft

aogvoss`d tb` cngd fi hot`r ràfrds tbot lnkbt d`sarnj` auhturoh d`v`hfpl`gt' Ly fjeàtnv` bos

j``g tf prfvnd` os ahòr o pnatur` os pfssnjh` fi wbot ns ng tb` dfaul`gts tbot N dnd r`vn`w'

Tb` nssu`s fi pr`s`ga` ogd ojs`ga` fi dfaul`gtory ngifrlotnfg or` v`ry prflng`gt ng tbns study

orò' Os gft`d ng tb` pr`vnfus porokropb( lfst dfaul`gt aròtfrs( wntb tb` hnt`roay scnhhs tf

k`g`rot` dfaul`gts ogd tb` hnt`rot` oudn`ga` tf ròd ogd pr`s`rv` tb`nr pop`rs( w`r` auhturoh

futsnd`rs tf tb` lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg' Dfaul`gts w`r` aròt`d wb`r` ogd wb`g tb`r` w`r`


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@urfpògs tf aròt` tb`l( wbnab hòv`s buk` oròs ng tnl` ogd spoa` ugr`pfrt`d tf us' ]`fph` fi

Ngdnog( Ngunt fr lnx`d oga`stry or` r`pfrt`d fghy ot tb`nr ngt`rsàtnfgs wntb dfaul`gt aròtfrs'

Tb` oppòroga` fi a`rtong typ`s fi dfaul`gts( ifr `xolph` tb` vntoh stotnstnas r`knst`rs tbot w`r`

`stojhnsb`d ng tb` ?20=s( loy sudd`ghy r`vòh o bnstfrnaoh sntuotnfg tbot wos pr`vnfushy fghy

iongthy vnsnjh`' Nt ns nlpfrtogt gft tf afgius` tb` `l`rk`ga` fi typ`s fi ngifrlotnfg wntb tb`

`l`rk`ga` fi tb` bnstfrnaoh pb`gfl`go tb`y d`sarnj`( ogd tf ràfkgnz` tbot tb` quohntn`s fi tb`

dfaul`gtory ngifrlotnfg hìt tf us afuhd sc`w tb` bnstfrnaoh pnatur` w` s`` ohlfst j`yfgd tb`

ràfkgntnfg fi tb` pfpuhotnfg ot tb` tnl`' N bov` abfs`g tf us` o styh` ng tbns r`pfrt tbot jrngks

tb` dfaul`gts tf tb` ifrìrfgt( pfssnjhy ot tb` `xp`gs` fi d`v`hfpngk o slfftb bnstfrnaoh

gorrotnv` ng wbnab tb` sfura`s or` jurn`d ng suppfrtngk rfh`s tf tb` stfry' Fg` afuhd ohlfst soy

tbot tbns ns o bnstfrnaoh prfinh` fi dfaul`gtory ngifrlotnfg( rotb`r tbog o bnstfrnaoh prfinh` fi

lnx`d,oga`stry p`fph`( jut tb`r` or` sf logy ngt`rpfhotnfgs j`tw``g tbot dfaul`gtory ràfrd(tb` p`fph`( ogd us( tbot N j`hn`v`d tbot nt wos nlpfrtogt tf j` trogspor`gt ng s`ttngk fut tb`

lot`rnoh'

]ort fi tbns trogspor`gay ns tb` us` fi t`rlngfhfky os nt oppòrs ng tb` sfura` dfaul`gts' T`rls

suab os Ojfrnkngoh( Ngdnk`gfus ogd Ngdnog aorry o rogk` fi lògngks ifr lfd`rg ròd`rs'

Ot tb` r`qu`st fi tb` D`portl`gt fi Eustna`( N bov` gft us`d tb` t`rl Ojfrnkngoh fr gfg,

Ojfrnkngoh' Ni tb` sfura` dfaul`gts `gojh`d l` tf loc` ahòr nd`gtninaotnfgs fi "ifr `xolph`.

Abnp`wyog( D`g`( lnx`d oga`stry( Ir`gab,Aogodnog( fr Frcg`y( N bov` afgv`y`d tb`s`

nd`gtninaotnfgs ng tb` r`pfrt' Ng logy ngstoga`s( bfw`v`r( tb` dfaul`gts or` gft ahòr( ogd ng

tb`s` aos`s N bov` us`d tb` wfrds Ngdnog( Ngunt fr lnx`d,oga`stry os o gfg,spànina t`rl

`ljroangk ohh tb` pfssnjh` fptnfgs fi Ngdnog( Ngunt ogd lnx`d Ngdnog&Ngunt&@urfpòg `tbgnanty'

Tb` t`rl Ngdnog( ng tbns r`pfrt( ns usuohhy quft`d irfl o dfaul`gt( jut faaosnfgohhy N bov`

ifugd nt opprfprnot` tf us` nt os o k`g`roh d`sarnptfr ifr o auhturoh krfup dnstngat irfl @urfpòg

fr lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfgs jut gft gà`ssornhy hnlnt`d tf fg` trnjoh krfup'

Qfl` bnstfrna t`rls( suab os bohi,jr``d fr souvok`( or` gfw gft iovfur`d jy logy p`fph`'

Bfw`v`r( tb` `vfhutnfg fi d`sarnptnv` t`rls( `spànohhy ifr p`fph` fi lnx`d oga`stry ns o

snkgninaogt port fi tb` stfry' Nt ns port fi tb` `vfhutnfg fi p`ra`ptnfgs ogd nd`gtnty ifr tb`s`

p`fph` os o s`porot` pfpuhotnfg' Tb`rìfr`( tb` bnstfrna t`rls wnhh j` us`d ng quftotnfg lorcs os


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tb`y oppòr ng tb` dfaul`gts' Ng ngstoga`s wb`r` t`rls or` gft spànin`d fr wb`r` gf dfaul`gt

ns j`ngk quft`d dnràthy( tb` lfd`rg t`rl lnx`d oga`stry wnhh j` us`d' Tbns t`rl wnhh j`

opphn`d fghy tf p`fph` fi lnx`d Ngdnog&Ngunt&Ltns ogd @urfpòg d`sa`gt' _uftotnfgs irfl

dfaul`gts wnhh pr`s`rv` tb` frnkngoh sp`hhngks( pugatuotnfgs ogd usok`s( os tb`s` or` port fi tb`

ovonhojh` ngifrlotnfg ojfut tb` sfura`'

Fg` nlpfrtogt ospàt fi pr`s`ga` ogd ojs`ga` ng bnstfrnaoh dfaul`gtotnfg ns tb` pr`s`ga` fr

ojs`ga` fi wfl`g ogd abnhdr`g ng tb` ràfrds' Qfl` typ`s fi ràfrds( suab os tb` iur trod`

ràfrds fg wbnab tbns pop`r r`hn`s sf bòvnhy( or` gftfrnfushy pffr ot ràfrdngk tb` hnv`s ogd

gol`s fi wfl`g ogd abnhdr`g' [ntbfut gol`s( wfl`g ogd abnhdr`g dnsoppòr irfl tb`

bnstfrnaoh ràfrd( ogd aoggft j` hngc`d pfsntnv`hy tf hot`r ngdnvnduohs fr iolnhn`s' Tb`

afll`ga`l`gt fi vntoh stotnstnas r`knst`rs ifr Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ng tb` ?20=s jrngks logy wfl`gogd abnhdr`g joac ngtf tb` bnstfrnaoh ràfrd( ogd r`hotnfgsbnps j`tw``g iolnhn`s tbrfukb tb`

i`loh` hng`s sudd`ghy jàfl` oppor`gt' Bfw`v`r( `v`g tb`s` dfaul`gts s`rnfushy ugd`rstot`

tb` prflng`ga` ogd p`rsnst`ga` fi tb` i`loh` port fi tb` lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg( os

r`hotnfgsbnps futsnd` tb` ifrloh ràfkgntnfg fi tb` Aburab "pfhykolfus iolnhn`s( afuph`s gft

lorrn`d ng tb` Aburab( abnhdr`g jfrg fut fi Aburab lorrnok`s. or` fjsaur`d' Tb`r` ns gf dfujt

tbot logy lnx`d,oga`stry wfl`g ogd abnhdr`g or` gft oaafugt`d ifr ng tb` dfaul`gts ogd ng

tbns pop`r'

Tb` ogtbrfpfhfknst Znabord Qhfjfdng( ng bns study fi tb` Loac`gzn` Dnstrnat "ngahudngk Kròt

Qhov` Hoc`. L`tns pujhnsb`d ng ?>99( fjs`rv`d(

Tb`r` ns ogftb`r wnd`spròd iòtur` fi cngsbnp ogd sfanoh hni` olfgk Loac`gzn`L`tns tbot ns gft osy tf aboroat`rnz`' Tbns ns tb` potrfgylna afggàtnfg' Tb`jòr`rs fi gft logy lfr` tbog o dfz`g iolnhy gol`s afgstntut` o loefrnty fiLoac`gzn` L`tns( wntb ojfut os logy ftb`r gol`s shnkbthy h`ss afllfg' O i`wfi tb`s` gol`s w`r` jfrg` jy oga`stfrs fi ròh bnstfrnaoh dnstngatnfg3 ohh fi tb`lor` gol`s w`hh,cgfwg ogd r`pòt`dhy `gafugt`r`d ng tb` bnstfry fi tb` gfrtbw`stogd fi tb` iur trod`' Tb` stud`gt fi gfrtb`rg ogd iur trod` bnstfry i``hs os tbfukbb` ns `gafugt`rngk tb` hnvngk post os b` bfjgfjs wntb p`fph` gol`d Jòuhnù(


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L`rar`dn( Logd`vnhh`( Hoii`rty( Jfuvn`r( Iojn`g( Nsjnst`r( Efg`s(? Ih`tt( Bordnsty(Iros`r( Aols`hh( Bfdksfg( Inrtb( Qt`wort ogd LaCoy':

Tb` bnstfry fi lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfgs ng tbns r`knfg( os nt ns ng logy r`knfgs( ns ròhhy o cngd

fi iolnhy bnstfry' Tb` bnstfry j`kngs wntb tb` ngntnoh afgtoat j`tw``g og nd`gtninojh` @urfpòg,oga`stry p`rsfg ogd og Ngdnog p`rsfg( ogd tb` dfaul`gtotnfg fi r`suhtngk abnhdr`g' Tb` bnstfrnog

tb`g trn`s tf troa` ogd dfaul`gt tb`s` abnhdr`g os tb`y lotur`( toc` fg faaupotnfgs( ifrl

portg`rsbnps( ogd bov` abnhdr`g fi tb`nr fwg' Tb` bnstfry fi tb`s` lnx`d,oga`stry abnhdr`g toc`g

tfk`tb`r jàfl`s tb` bnstfry fi tb` lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg( wntb ohh nts vorn`ty ogd afllfg

tbròds'

Tb` bnstfrnaoh opprfoab cgfwg os afhhàtnv` jnfkropby ns o portnauhorhy pfw`riuh woy fi

afhhàtngk ogd frkognzngk ngifrlotnfg ojfut pfpuhotnfgs tf ohhfw ifr tb` ogohysns fi tr`gds ogd

dnii`r`ga`s'1 Nt ns portnauhorhy w`hh,sunt`d tf k`g`rotngk ngifrlotnfg ojfut pfpuhotnfgs tbot

oppòr ng sfl` bnstfrnaoh ràfrds( jut wbnab or` pffrhy,d`sarnj`d ng afgt`lpfrory gorrotnv`

sfura`s' Os suab( nt s``ls ndòh ifr tb` study fi lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfgs'

Tb` drowjoac fi afhhàtnv` jnfkropby studn`s ns tbot tb`y or` `xtr`l`hy tnl`,afgsulngk tf

d`v`hfp' Dotojos`s or` afgstruat`d ng wbnab ohh tb` ovonhojh` slohh jnts fi bnstfrnaoh doto or`

aflpnh`d ifr òab nd`gtninojh` p`rsfg ng tb` ràfrds' Tbns ngifrlotnfg aog afl` irfl a`gsusdoto( oaafugt jffcs( vntoh stotnstnas ràfrds( l`gtnfgs jy gol` ng gorrotnv` dfaul`gts(

`lphfyl`gt ràfrds( hogd r`knst`rs( tox rfhhs( `ta`t`ro' Tb` dotojos` aog tb`g j` sfrt`d tf aròt`

ngdnvnduoh fr iolnhy stfrn`s "sfl`tnl`s ng storthngk d`tonh. fr tf nd`gtniy tr`gds( hngcok`s ogd

vornoga`s oarfss tb` pfpuhotnfg k`g`rohhy' Tb`s` aog k`g`rot` ing`hy,sfrt`d bnstfrnaoh ogohys`s fi

? Gf r`hotnfg tf tb` pr`s`gt outbfr'

:

Znabord Qhfjfdng(L`tns fi tb` Loac`gzn Dnstrnat"Fttowo5 Aogodnog Z`sòrab A`gtr` ifr Ogtbrfpfhfky(Pgnv`rsnt Qongt`,]ouh Pgnv`rsnty( ?>99.( ;='

1 ]ujhnsb`d `xolph`s fi tbns l`tbfdfhfky( ngahudngk `xphogotfry sàtnfgs fg bfw nt wos opphn`d( ngahud` Lnabo`hCotz( Tb` ]`fph` fi Bolnhtfg( Aogodo [`st5 Iolnhy ogd Ahoss ng o Lnd,Gng`t``gtb,A`gtury Anty "Aoljrndk`(Loss'5 Borvord Pgnv`rsnty ]r`ss( ?>;0.3 Dovnd Kokog(Bfpìuh Trov`hh`rs5 Iolnhn s( Hogd ogd Qfanoh Abogk` nglnd,Ynatfrnog ]``h Afugty( Aogodo [`st"Tfrfgtf5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Tfrfgtf ]r`ss( ?>2?.3 Efy ]orr( Tb` K`gd`r fiJròdwngg`rs5 [fl`g( L`g ogd Abogk` ng Twf Ngdustrnoh Tfwgs( ?22= , ?>0= "Tfrfgtf5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Tfrfgtf]r`ss( ?>>=.( ogd J`ttngo Jrodjury( [frcngk Iolnhn`s5 Ok`( K`gd`r ogd Donhy Qurvnvoh ng Ngdustrnohnzngk Lfgtròh"Tfrfgtf5 LaAh`hhogd ) Qt`wort( ?>>1.'


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ngafl`( `tbgnanty( faaupotnfgoh doto( k`fkropbna hfaotnfg( iolnhy r`hotnfgsbnps( hogkuok` ogd

auhturoh aboroat`rnstnas( ogd ftb`r c`y ioatfrs ng d`sarnjngk pfpuhotnfgs' Bfw`v`r( aròtngk o

dotojos` fi tbns typ`( `v`g ifr o r`hotnv`hy slohh pfpuhotnfg hnc` tb` lnx`d,oga`stry p`fph` wntb

sfl` hngc tf Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( aog toc` twf tf tbr`` lfgtbs' Hork` prfeàts aog toc` yòrs'

Tb` aflprflns` ròab`d ifr tbns pop`r wos tf us` logy fi tb` sol` sfura`s tbot o afhhàtnv`

jnfkropby study wfuhd us`( jut tf ogohyz` tb`l ng o d`sarnptnv` rotb`r tbog o stotnstnaoh ogd

dotojos`,a`gtr`d woy' Tbns fi afurs` bos nts ionhur`s ogd hnlntotnfgs' Tb` afgahusnfgs aog fghy

j` og `stnlot` fi wbot tb` r`suht fi o lfr` d`tonh`d study lnkbt j`' Hngcs( pott`rgs(

dnsafgtnguntn`s ogd tr`gds tbot o syst`lotna doto sfrt lnkbt turg up loy bov` j``g fv`rhffc`d'

Bfw`v`r( os opprfxnlot` os tb` r`suhts lnkbt j`( N j`hn`v` tbot nt ns stnhh pfssnjh` tf puhh fut sfl`

sukk`stnv` d`tonhs ogd strogds tf nhhustrot` sfl` fi tb` sohn`gt iòtur`s fi tb` lnx`d,oga`strypfpuhotnfg ng tbns r`knfg' Z`hyngk fg gorrotnv` sfura`s ohfg` wfuhd hòv` us wntb ohlfst

gftbngk( ogd wfuhd drow us tf sfura`s tbot or` d``phy jnos`d' [bnh` dfaul`gts suab os oaafugt

jffcs( pfst efurgohs ogd vntoh stotnstnas r`knst`rs or` jnos`d ng tb` typ` fi ngifrlotnfg tb`y ràfrd(

tb` josna ngifrlotnfg tb`y aog prfvnd` fg ngafl`( `xp`gdntur`s( k`fkropbna hfaotnfg ogd iolnhy

r`hotnfgsbnps ns h`ss d`p`gd`gt fg p`rsfgoh fpngnfg tbog ns tb` d`sarnptnfg fii`r`d jy o trogsn`gt

trov`hh`r fr og ogkry `lphfy`r'

Fi afurs`( N bov` gft nkgfr`d tb` d`sarnptnv` lot`rnoh ovonhojh`( os hnlnt`d os nt ns' N bov`

ott`lpt`d tf afljng` o vorn`ty fi tàbgnqu`s ng wrntngk tbns r`pfrt' Tb`r` ns sfl` opprfxnlot`

stotnstnaoh ogohysns irfl gul`rna ogd d`lfkropbna sfura`s suab os oaafugt jffcs ogd a`gsus`s'

Tbns lot`rnoh phus sfl` gorrotnv` ngifrlotnfg irfl pfst efurgohs( r`pfrts( trov`hh`rs oaafugts

ogd tb` hnc` aog j` afljng`d tf k`g`rot` sfl` slohh jnfkropbn`s fi s`hàt`d ngdnvnduohs( wbnab

aog nhhulngot` tb` `xp`rn`ga`s fi lnx`d,oga`stry p`fph`' Tb`g( tb`r` or` sfl` k`g`roh

d`sarnptnfgs fi lnx`d,oga`stry p`fph` os o krfup tbot aog knv` og odd`d dnl`gsnfg tf tb` lfr`

ing`hy,d`tonh`d lot`rnoh' Ingohhy( N bov` trn`d tf pr`s`gt ohh tb`s` typ`s fi doto odb`rngk os ahfs`hy

os pfssnjh` tf o abrfgfhfknaoh irol`wfrc( tf c``p o s`gs` fi tb` pott`rgs fi hni`( abogk`( ogd

afgtngunty fv`r tnl`'


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Gft ohh fi tb` dfaul`gtory ngifrlotnfg ovonhojh` bos j``g r`vn`w`d ifr tbns r`pfrt' N ifauss`d

fg tb` òrhn`st lot`rnoh ovonhojh` ifr òab hfaotnfg( ng oaafrdoga` wntb ly k`g`roh ngstruatnfgs'

Qfl` oddntnfgoh sfura`s ifr r`vn`w( `spànohhy ng hot`r p`rnfds( or` nd`gtnin`d ng tb`

Dnsaussnfg&Ogohysns ogd Qukk`stnfgs ifr Iurtb`r Z`sòrab sàtnfgs fi tbns r`pfrt' Os w`hh(

ràfrds irfl odeoa`gt oròs( suab os Ifrt Qnlpsfg ogd Ifrt Abnp`wyog( loy j` r`h`vogt tf tbns

orò jut w`r` gft ngahud`d ng tb` study r`knfg'

Tbns r`pfrt ns dnvnd`d ngtf s`v`g loefr sàtnfgs5 og @xàutnv` Qullory( tbns

L`tbfdfhfky&Ngtrfduatnfg( tb` bnstfrnaoh Gorrotnv` "nts`hi dnvnd`d ngtf `nkbt ports.( o

Dnsaussnfg&Qullory oddr`ssngk spànina qu`stnfgs os prfpfs`d jy tb` D`portl`gt fi Eustna`(

Qukk`stnfgs ifr Iutur` Z`sòrab( Opp`gdna`s tf tb` Gorrotnv`( o hnst fi Zì`r`ga`s tf sfura`s

afgsuht`d ng r`sòrabngk tb` r`pfrt( ogd twf s`porot` vfhul`s fi s`hàt`d C`y Dfaul`gts wntbog ngd`x'


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NNN' Gorrotnv`

NNN'O Inrs t Ngdnog,@urfpòg Afgtoat ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( ?;?0 , ?2==

Pgtnh tb` host quort`r fi tb` `nkbt``gtb a`gtury( tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` orò wos ugcgfwg tf

@urfpògs' Ng ?9;=( wb`g tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy wos abort`r`d ng @gkhogd os jftb o h`koh

afll`ranoh `gtnty ogd tb` krogt`` fi o vost t`rrntfry ng Gfrtb Ol`rnao( tb` ngt`rnfr fi Gfrtb

Ol`rnao gfrtb,w`st fi Hoc` Qup`rnfr ogd tb` afost gfrtb,w`st fi Budsfg Joy bod gft j``g

`xphfr`d fr lopp`d jy @urfpògs'4 Tb` krogt tf tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy ngahud`d tb` hogds

ogd wot`rs drongngk ngtf Budsfg Joy'0

Ng ?;?1( tb` Tròty fi Ptràbt j`tw``g Jrntong ogd Iroga` ohhfaot`d ports fi Gfrtb Ol`rnao tf

òab afugtry' Jrntong wos afginrl`d ng nts pfss`ssnfg fi tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy t`rrntfrn`s'Ng ?;91( ugd`r tb` Tròty fi ]orns( Iroga` a`d`d ohh nts t`rrntfrn`s ng Gfrtb Ol`rnao( wntb tb`

`xa`ptnfg fi tb` nshogds fi Qt' ]n`rr` ogd Lnqu`hfg ogd tb` tfwg fi G`w Frhògs( tf tb` Jrntnsb'

Ot tb` tnl` fi tb` Tròty fi ]orns( @urfpòg loppngk ogd `xphfrotnfg fi gfrtbw`st`rg Gfrtb

Ol`rnao bod prfkr`ss`d hntth` snga` ?9;=' Og @gkhnsb lop pr`por`d irfl xnstngk cgfwh`dk` ng

?;44 sbfw`d gftbngk gfrtb ogd w`st fi tb` [nggnp`k Znv`r syst`l( ogd o Ir`gab lop fi ?;00

hoj`hh`d tb` sol` prfeàt`d t`rrntfrn`s os `gtnr`l`gt ngafggus'9

Ng ?;?0( o Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy `lphfy``( [nhhnol Qt`wort( oaaflpogn`d jy Abnp`wyog

"D`g`. kund`s( bod arfss`d tb` Jorr`g Hogds irfl ^frc Ioatfry tf vnsnt tb` Abnp`wyog òst fi

Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ogd tb` Qhov` Znv`r( jut gf wrntt`g ràfrds fr lops fi tbns efurg`y w`r`

aròt`d' Qt`wort wos oppor`gthy tff nhh ifr luab fi tb` trnp tf loc` gft`s fi bns hfaotnfg fr j`

ojh` tf fii`r o afb`r`gt oaafugt fi tb` afugtry fr nts p`fph`' Trod` kffds irfl tb` Budsfgs

Joy Aflpogy w`r` j`ngk aorrn`d nghogd ot tbns tnl` jy pr`pfgd`rogthy Ar`` trod`rs( wbfl tb`

Aflpogy bod orl`d wntb kugs' Durngk Qt`worts efurg`y tf Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( bns i`loh`

Abnp`wyog kund` ogd ngt`rpr`t`r( Tbogod`htbur( bod g`kftnot`d o pòa` okr``l`gt j`tw``g b`r

4 @orhy lops r`hot`d tf tb` Aogodnog Gfrtb [`st or` sullornz`d ng phot`s 19 ogd 02 ng Z' Afh` Borrns(BnstfrnaohOthos fi Aogodo( Yfh' N( Irfl tb` J`knggngk tf ?2== "Tfrfgtf5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Tfrfgtf ]r`ss( ?>2;.'

0 Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy Abort`r t`xt ifugd ot www'sfhfg'frk

9 Borrns( phot`s 19 ogd 02'


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:

p`fph` ogd tb` Ar``' Qbfrthy oit`r tb` r`turg fi Qt`wort ng ?;?;( tb` BJA `stojhnsb`d ]rnga` fi

[oh`s Ifrt ot tb` lfutb fi tb` Aburabnhh Znv`r( ng og ott`lpt tf ròab tb` Abnp`wyog pfpuhotnfg

lfr` dnràthy' Abnp`wyog trodngk portn`s tb`g vnsnt`d jftb Aburabnhh ogd ^frc Ioatfry';

Psngk bnstfrnaoh dfaul`gt( ogtbrfpfhfknsts Dnolfgd E`gg`ss ogd Afrg`hnus Fskffd ott`lpt`d tf

phft tb` dnstrnjutnfg fi Ngdnog p`fph`s orfugd Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ot afgtoat( ng wfrcs pujhnsb`d ng

?>91 ogd ?>49 r`spàtnv`hy'2 Ohtbfukb tb`nr wfrc dnii`r`d ng d`tonh( tb`y okr``d ng phoangk tb`

^`hhfwcgnv`s "ohsf cgfwg bnstfrnaohhy os tb` Z`d Cgnv`s fr Afpp`r Ngdnogs. ot tb` òst`rg

`gd fi Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( tb` Dfkrnj ot nts gfrtb`rg tnp "ng tb` vnangnty fi pr`s`gt,doy Zo`,@dzf.(

ogd tb` Qhov` fr Qhov`y p`fph` ohfgk tb` w`st`rg ogd sfutb`rg sbfr`s' E`gg`ss ogd Fskffd

hfaot`d tb` Abnp`wyog j`tw``g Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ogd Budsfg Joy( tb` Jòv`r "gfw cgfwg os

tb` Tsottng`. sfutb fi tb` Qhov`y p`fph` ng tb` vnangnty fi Hoc` Otbojosao( ogd tb` Cosco ogdQ`cogn tf tb` w`st fi tb` Jòv`r ogd Qhov`y' Tfdoy( tb` Qhov`y( Abnp`wyog( ogd Dfkrnj p`fph`

or` ohh ngahud`d ugd`r tb` t`rl D`g`( ogd tb` ^`hhfwcgnv`s bov` jàfl` ngafrpfrot`d ngtf

ftb`r D`g` krfups'> Ng tbns pop`r( tb` bnstfrnaoh t`rls wnhh j` us`d os tb`y oppòr ng tb` sfura`

dfaul`gts( os tb`y rìhàt tb` ugd`rstogdngk fi @urfpòg fjs`rv`rs ot tb` tnl` os tf tb`

frkognzotnfg ogd dnstrnjutnfg fi s`porot` Ngdnog p`fph`s'

Dfaul`gtory bnstfry ifr tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` orò j`kngs ng ?;;=( wntb Qolu`h Bòrg`s

oaafugt fi bns ?;;= , ?;;: `xp`dntnfg irfl ]rnga` fi [oh`s Ifrt tf tb` Afpp`rlng` Znv`r ogd

tb` Oratna Faòg' Bòrg`s d`sarnptnfg fi bns vfyok` wos wrntt`g ojfut tw`gty yòrs hot`r( ogd

pujhnsb`d ng ?;>0' Tb` Gfrtb`rg Ngdnogs "Abnp`wyog&D`g`. wntb wbfl b` trov`hh`d w`r`

sòsfg`d trod`rs' B` d`sarnj`d tb` trod` ng tb` òrhy ?;;=s os ifhhfws5

; Q`` Tbogod`htbur( bttp5&&www'kfv'lj'ao&aba&orabnv`s&bjao&ojfut&aja1'btlh "`xtroats fi efurgohs ogd ftb`rdfaul`gts fg Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy w`jsnt`.3 Borrns( phot` 023 Khygdwr [nhhnols( [nhhnol Qtuort( ngDnatnfgory fi Aogodnog Jnfkropby( vfh' NN( Dovnd Boyg` ogd Ogdr Yoabfg( `ds' "Tfrfgtf5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Tfrfgtf]r`ss( ?>9>3 r`prngt`d wntb afrràtnfgs ?>2:.( 9?4 , 9?9'

2 Dnolfgd E`gg`ss( Tb` Ngdnogs fi Aogodo( 9tb @dntnfg "Fttowo5 Gotnfgoh Lusùl fi Aogodo( Juhh`tng gf' 90(Ogtbrfpfhfknaoh Q`rn`s gf' ?0( ?>91.( 1;; 4=43 Afrg`hnus Fskffd( Tb` Dnstrnjutnfg fi tb` Gfrtb`rg OtboposcogNgdnogs "G`w Bov`g5 ôh` Pgnv`rsnty( ôh Pgnv`rsnty ]ujhnaotnfgs ng Ogtbrfpfhfky( gf' 11( ?>49.' Jftb osr`lopp`d jy Dovnd Ohog Borrnsfg ng Boy Znv`r( G[T' ?2== ?>0=5 O K`fkropbnaoh Qtudy fi Qnt` ogd Qntuotnfg(]b'D tb`sns "K`fkropby.( Pgnv`rsnty fi Ohj`rto "?>24.'

> Q`` J`ryh Knhh`spn`( T`rrntfrnoh Krfups Jìfr` ?2:?5 Otboposcogs fi tb` Qbn`hd ogd tb` Loac`gzn` Drongokògd ^`hhfwcgni`( ngBogdjffc fi Gfrtb Ol`rnaog Ngdnogs( vfh' 9( Qujoratna( Eug` B`hl( `d' "[osbngktfg( D' A'5Qlntbsfgnog Ngstntutnfg( ?>2?.( ?9? , ?923 :20 , :>='


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Jìfr` Aburabnhh Znv`r wos i`tth`d jy tb` Budifgs Joy Aflpogy( wbnab wos gftlfr` tbog inity yòrs pr`vnfus tf tbns efurg`y j`ngk ugd`rtoc`g( tb` Gfrtb`rgNgdnogs bod gf ftb`r l`toh jut afpp`r olfgk tb`l( `xa`pt o ilohh quogtnty finrfg,wfrc( wbnab o porty fi tb`l wbf vnint`d ^frc Ioatfry ojfut tb` yòr fg`tbfusogd i`v`g bugdr`d ogd tbnrt``g( fr fg` tbfuiogd i`v`g bugdr`d ogd ifurt``g(

purabos`d3 ogd o i`w pnà`s fi fhd nrfg ifugd ot Aburabnhh Znv`r( wbnab bodugdfujt`dhy j``g hìt tb`r` jy Aoptong Lfgc

Tb` Afpp`r Ngdnogs i`t o kròt vohu` fg tb`nr gotnv` l`toh `v`g tf tbns doy3 ogdprì`r nt tf nrfg ifr ohlfit `v`ry ui` `xa`pt tbot fi o botab`t( o cgni`( ogd ogowh[b`g tb`y `xabogk` afpp`r ifr nrfg,wfrc wntb fur trodngk Gfrtb`rgNgdnogs( wbnab ns jut i`hdfl( tb` itogdord ns og na`,abnii`h fi afpp`r ifr og na`,abnii`h fi nrfg( fr og na`,abnii`h ogd o i`w orrfwbòds fi afpp`r( ifr o bohi,wfrgbotab`t3 jut wb`g tb`y jort`r iurrs wntb fur Ngdnogs( tb` ìtojhnib`d ruh` ns tf knv`t`g tnl`s tb` prna` ifr `v`ry tbngk tb`y puraboi` tbot ns knv`g ifr tb`l ot tbÀflpogys Ioatfry' Tbus( o botab`t tbot ns jfukbt ot tb` Ioatfry ifr fg` jòv`r,

icng( fr fg` aot,icng( fr tbr`` frdngory lortngs icngs( ns ifhd tf tbfi` p`fph` ot tbòdvoga`d prna` fi fg` p`r tbfuiogdp`r a`gt'3 tb`y ohsf poy ng prfpfrtnfg( ifrcgnv`s( ogd `v`ry ftb`r ilohh`r pnà` fi nrfg,wfrc' Ifr o ilohh jrois c`tth fi twfpfugds( fr twf pfugds ogd o bohi w`nkbt( tb`y poy inxty lortngs( fr tw`gty jòv`rng ftb`r cngds fi iurrs' Ni tb` c`tth`s or` gft jruni`d( fr nhh,ui`d ng ogy ftb`rrìpàt( tb` Gfrtb`rg trod`rs bov` tb` afgian`ga` ot tnl`s tf `xoat ifl`tbngklfr`' Nt ns ot tbns `xtrovokogt prna` tbot ohh tb` Afpp`r ogd Dfk,Znjj`d Ngdnogs(wbf troiina wntb fur yòrhy trod`rs( iupphy tb`ls`hv`s wntb nrfg,wfrc( )a'

Irfl tbfi` twf trnj`s fur gfrtb`rg Ngdnogs ui`d ifrl`rhy tf puraboi` lfit fi tbìurrs tb`y jrfukbt tf tb` Aflpogys Ioatfry3 ifr tb`nr fwg afugtry prfdua`d v`ryi`w fi tbfi` ortnah`s( ogd j`ngk ot tbot tnl`( ot wor wntb tb` Qfutb`rg NgdnogsSAr``\ tb`y w`r` pr`v`gt`d irfl p`g`trotngk ior `gfukb joacwords tf l``t wntblogy ognlohs fi tb` iurr cngd3 sf tbot d``r,icngs( ogd iuab iurrs os tb`y afuhd`xtfrt irfl tb` Afpp`r ogd Dfk,rnjj`d Ngdnogs( aflpfi`d tb` wbfh` fi tb`nrtrod`3 wbnab fg og ov`rok` fi logy yòrs( ogd ngd``d tnhh v`ry hot`hy( i`hdfl fr`v`r `xa``d`d inx tbfuiogdLod` Jòv r p`r oggul'

Ot prì`gt boppy nt ns ifr tb`l( ogd kròthy tf tb` odvogtok` fi tb` Aflpogy( tbottb`y or` ng p`riàt pòa`( ogd hnv` ng irn`gdibnp wntb tb`nr Qfutb`rg g`nkbjfurs'Tb` kffd ìiàt fi tbns borlfgy ns ohròdy if vninjh`( tbot wntbng o i`w yòrs tb`trod` irfl tb` quort`r bos ngaròi`d logy tbfuiogds fi Lod` Jòv`r ogguohhy3ifl` yòrs `v`g tf tb` olfugt fi `h`v`g tbfuiogd icngs' Jìnd` tb` odvogtokòrningk tf tb` Aflpogy irfl tbns ngaròi`( tb` pffr Gfrtb`rg Ngdnogs ròpnggul`rojh` j`gìnts irfl o ing` ogd ph`gtniuh afugtry( wntb tb` prfdua` fi wbnabtb`y ogguohhy hfod tb`li`hv`s ifr trod`( wntbfut knvngk tb` hòit fiina` tf tb`prfp`r ngbojntogts'

Q`v`roh ott`lpts bov` j``g lod` tf ngdua` tb` Afpp`r ogd Dfk,rnjj`d Ngdnogs tfvnint tb` Aflpogys Ifrt ot Aburabnhh Znv`r( ogd ifr tbot purpfi` logy prì`gts


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bov` j``g i`gt( jut tb`y g`v`r w`r` ott`gd`d wntb ogy iuaaìs' Ogd tbfukbi`v`roh fi tb` Afpp`r Ngdnogs bov` vnint`d Aburabnhh( ng tb` aopoanty fi i`rvogts tftb` Gfrtb`rg Ngdnogs( ogd w`r` k`g`rohhy i`gt joac hfod`d wntb prì`gts ifr tb`nrafugtryl`g( y`t tb` Gfrtb`rg Ngdnogs ohwoys phugd`r`d tb`l fi tb` wbfh` iffgoit`r tb`y hìt tb` Ifrt' Tbns cngd fi tròtl`gt( odd`d tf tb` logy ngafgv`gn`gan`s

tbot ott`gd if hfgk o efurg`y( or` kròt fjstoah`s ng tb`nr woy3 ftb`rwni` nt wfuhdj` os pfiinjh` ifr tb`l tf jrngk tb`nr fwg kffds tf lorc`t( os ifr tb` gfrtb`rgNgdnogs tf kf if ior tf puraboi` tb`l fg tb`nr fwg oaafugt?=

Ohtbfukb l`toh( kugs ogd trod` kffds w`r` afllfg olfgk tb` p`fph` Bòrg` ogd bns porty l`t

,, b` d`sarnj`d o krfup fi Ngdnog p`fph` tb`y `gafugt`r`d os sf pffr os gft tf bov` fg` kug

olfgk tb`l?? b` ràfrd`d tbot o wflog irfl o ior t`rrntfry tf tb` [`st( aoptur`d jy

Otbopuiafw Ngdnogs( bod g`v`r s``g nrfg( fr ogy ftb`r cngd fi l`toh( tnhh sb` wos toc`g

prnsfg`r'?:

Bòrg` sp`gt port fi tb` wngt`r fi ?;;? ?;;: lfvngk sfutb tbrfukb nshogds fv`r o v`ry hork`

irfz`g Hoc` Otbopusafw ogd dfwg o rnv`r' Hot`r sabfhors "suab os Borrns ogd Gòtjy. bov`

nd`gtnin`d tb`s` iòtur`s os Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ogd tb` Qhov` Znv`r'?1

Bòrg`( ng d`sarnjngk tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` orò( dnd gft l`gtnfg ogy rnvoh gfg,Ngdnog trod`rs ng

tb` vnangnty' Tb`s` trod`rs wfuhd bov` j``g fi afgsnd`rojh` ngt`r`st tf bnl ogd bns afhhòku`s ng

tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy' Bfw`v`r( jy ?;;9 Aogodnog trod`rs fp`rotngk fut fi Lfgtròhbod p`g`trot`d ior `gfukb nghogd ohfgk tb` Qoscotab`wog ogd G`hsfg Znv`r syst`ls tf prfvnd`

aflp`tntnfg ifr tb` Abnp`wyog iur trod`' @v`g Bòrg`s kund` ogd irn`gd Lotfgoj`` tbròt`g`d

tf toc` bns jusng`ss Tf tb` Aogodnog Trod`rs ni Bòrg` dnd gft knv` bnl `gfukb pr`s`gts ot

Ifrt ]rnga` fi [oh`s ng Fatfj`r ?;;9'?4

?= Qolu`h Bòrg`(O Efurg`y irfl ]rnga` fi [oh`ss Ifrt ng Budsfgs Joy tf tb` Gfrtb`rg Faòg ugd`rtoc`g jyfrd`r fi tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy ifr tb` Dnsafv`ry fi Afpp`r Lng`s( o Gfrtb [`st ]ossok`( )a' Ng tb` ^òrs

?;9>( ?;;=( ?;;?( ) ?;;:' "@dlfgtfg5 L' K' Burtnk Htd'( ?>;?.( ?;0 ?;>' Tb` Lod` Jòv`r wos o stogdord fi

trod` fr aurr`gay `qunvoh`gt ifr tb` iur trod`( gftnfgohhy jos`d fg tb` vohu` fi fg` prnl` dr`ss`d jòv`r scng'?? Njnd'( :21'

?: Njnd'( :9;'

?1 Njnd'( ::1( :4; :;=3 s`` ohsf O Lop `xbnjntngk Lr' Bòrg`s Troacs ng bns twf efurgn`s ifr tb` dnsafv`ry fi tbÀfpp`r Lng` Znv`r( ng tb` ^òrs ?;;=( ?;;? ogd ?;;:( ugd`r tb` dnràtnfg fi tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy( jfugdng tb` sol` vfhul`( ogd tb` Ngtrfduatnfg jy B' J' Gòtjy( p' xxn3 ohsf Borrns( phot` 02'

?4 Njnd'( :>= :>? "ig'.3 s`` ohsf Borrns( phot` 9:'


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Nt ns uga`rtong( irfl tb` `xnstngk sfura`s( `xoathy wb`g sfl` fi tb`s` òrhy Aogodnog Trod`rs

lod` tb`nr woy tf tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` r`knfg' Bnstfrnog C`rry Oj`h `stnlot`d tbot o gulj`r

fi Ir`gab,L`tns bod j`kug tf orrnv` ng o vntoh jut hntth`,cgfwg pfpuhotnfg sbnit os òrhy os tb`

?;0=s'?0 Tb` inrst pfssnjh` `vnd`ga` fi suab o pr`s`ga` r`hot`s tf Irogfns Jòuhnù "N. "Tb`

]otrnorab.( wbfs` sfg Irogfns Jòuhnù NN tfhd Iotb`r @lnh` ]`tntft?9 ng ?291 tbot bns iotb`r bod

afl` tf tb` gfrtbw`st "dot` ogd hfaotnfg ugspànin`d. wntb o abort`r`d trodngk aflpogy aohh`d

Ho Aflpokgn` d`s Qnfux'?; Tbns aflpogy bod pfsts os ior w`st os tb` vnangnty fi pr`s`gt,doy

]rnga` Ohj`rt jìfr` tb` kfv`rgl`gt fi G`w Iroga` ahfs`d tb`l ng ?;9='?2 Abrnstfpb`r Bogcs(

ng o jnfkropby fi Irogfns Jòuhnù NN dfg` ifr tb` Bnstfrna Qnt`s ogd Lfgul`gts Jford fi

Aogodo( spàuhot`d tbot tb` s`gnfr Jòuhnù bod iohh`g ng wntb tb` Abnp`wyog trodngk jrnkod`s tf

Ifrt ]rnga` fi [oh`s oit`r tb` ahfsngk fi tb` Aflpokgn` d`s Qnfux pfsts( ogd bod tb`r`jy ifugdbns woy tf Kròt Qhov` Hoc`' Tb`s` hfgk,dnstoga` Abnp`wyog jrnkod`s w`r` dnsafgtngu`d oit`r o

d`vostotngk slohhpfx `pnd`lna ng tb` òrhy ?;2=s( tb` `stojhnsbl`gt fi nghogd pfsts ahfs`r tf tb`

bugtngk krfugds fi tb` Abnp`wyog ogd tb`nr trodngk ahn`gts( ogd tb` t`lpfrory d`struatnfg fi

]rnga` fi [oh`s Ifrt jy tb` Ir`gab ng ?;2:'?>

Jòuhnù NN tfhd ]`tntft qufnqu` souvok`( eonlons h`s Irogons pora` qu` lfg krogd,pr` tont

Irogons(:= nlphyngk tbot bns iolnhy bod ftb`rwns`( irfl bns krogdpor`gts k`g`rotnfg ifrword(

?0 C`rry Oj`h(Drul Qfgks5 Khnlps`s fi D`g` Bnstfry "Lfgtròh ogd Cngkstfg5 LaKnhh,_u``gs Pgnv`rsnty ]r`ss(?>>1.( ;9'

?9 @lnh` ]`tntft wos o Ir`gab lnssnfgory prn`st fi tb` frd`r fi Fjhot`s fi Lory Nlloauhot` wbf sp`gt s`v`roh yòrsng tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ogd Loac`gzn` Znv`r r knfgs' Q`` Efbg Q' Lfnr( lnh` ]`tntft( ngDnatnfgory fi AogodnogJnfkropby( vfh' RNY( Zolsoy Affc ogd Eòg Bol`hng( `ds' "Tfrfgtf5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Tfrfgtf ]r`ss( ?>>2.( 212 , 24='

?; @lnh` ]`tntft( K`fkropbn` d` hOtbojoscow,Loac`gzn` `t d`s krogds hoas du josng oratnqu` "]orns5 Hnjronr` A'D`hokrov`( ?2;0.( ?23 @lnh` ]`tntft(@g rfut` pfur ho l`r Khoanoh` "]orns5 H`tfurz`y `t Og`( ?22;.( 1?:'

?2 Abrnstfpb`r Bogcs( Irogafns Jòuhnù NN5 Tb` host Afurùrs d` Jfns ng tb` Ior Gfrtbw`st( ugpujhnsb`d BnstfrnaQnt`s ogd Lfgul`gts Jford fi Aogodo Ok`gdo ]op`r( g' d'( ;3 s`` ohsf Borrns( phot` 4='

?> Q`` Bòrg`( ?;2 ?;>3 [' O' Qhfog( Tb` Gotnv` Z`spfgs` tf tb` @xt`gsnfg fi tb` @urfpòg Trod`rs ngtf tbÒtbojosao ogd Loac`gzn` Josng( ?;;= ?2?4( Aogodnog Bnstfrnaoh Z`vn`w( Yfh' HR( gf' 1 "?>;>.5 :2? :21'Tb` pràns` lfrtohnty rot` fi tb` slohhpfx `pnd`lna ns gft cgfwg3 Bòrg` `stnlot`d tbot nt afuhd bov` j``g os bnkbos >= p`r a`gt "Qhfog( :2:.' O Abnp`wyog trodngk jrnkod` orrnv d ot Ifrt ]rnga` fi [oh`s ng ?;2;( oit`r og ojs`ga`fi s`v`roh yòrs' Jy tb` òrhy ?;>=s( tb` Abnp`wyogs w`r` `xpr`ssngk kròt r`huatoga` tf ugd`rtoc` tbns hfgk trnp"s`` Qhfog( :>=.'

:= @lnh` ]`tntft( Trodntnfgs Ngdn`gg`s du Aogodo Gfrd,Fu`st"]orns5 Lonsfggùv` Irr`s `t Ab' HÀh`ra( ?229.(112' Tbns ngt`rvn`w tffc phoa` ng Abnp`wyog( sf tb`s` loy gft j` Jòuhnùs `xoat wfrds'


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gft nd`gtnin`d os sfh`hy @urfpòg' B` tfhd ]`tntft tbot bns lftb`r wos Dg( qun g` porh` qu`

h` Arns( ogd tbot bns krogdlftb`r bod j``g Ar``':? Tb` spàninaotnfg tbot bns D`g` lftb`r

spfc` fghy Ar`` loy bngt tbot sb` fr b`r por`gts bod j``g aoptur`d fr odfpt`d jy tb` Ar``' Tb`

Ar`` ogd Abnp`wyog t`rrntfrn`s w`r` odeoa`gt tf òab ftb`r oarfss gfrtb`rg Aogodo( fv`rhoppngk

ng tb` vnangnty fi pr`s`gt,doy Ifrt Abnp`wyog' Irogfns Jòuhnù Ns kròt krogdsfg tfhd tb`

surv`yfr K`frk` Jhogab`t( ng tb` òrhy ?>:=s( tbot bns kròt krogdiotb`r wos o Ir`gablog fi tb`

Aburabnhh jrnkod`' Tb`y aolp`d ot Ifrt Abnp`wyog'::

Ng ?;;2( ]`t`r ]fgd h`d o slohh porty ngtf tb` Hoc` Otbojosao orò tf `stojhnsb o trodngk pfst fg

tb` Otbojosao Znv`r ojfut 4= lnh`s sfutb fi tb` Hoc`' Tbns wos tb` inrst pfst `v`r junht j`yfgd

tb` L`tby` ]frtok` irfl tb` @gkhnsb Znv`r tf tb` Otbojosao Znv`r syst`ls' ]fgd jrfukbt fut

sfl` fi tb` iurs b` bod afhhàt`d ng tb` sprngk fi ?;;>( bovngk j``g tr`l`gdfushy suaa`ssiuh'B` r`turg`d tf Otbojosao ng tb` sprngk fi ?;21( os port fi o portg`rsbnp aohh`d tb` Gfrtb [`st

Aflpogy( ogd aol` fut okong ng tb` sprngk fi ?;24' Tb` wngt`r fi ?;24 ?;20 sow ]fgd

portnanpotngk ng dnsaussnfgs r`kordngk tb` ifrlotnfg fi tb` g`w Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy

portg`rsbnp( os w`hh os ogftb`r prfpfs`d g`w aflpogy( hot`r aohh`d tb` G`w Afga`rg':1

Durngk tbns tnl`( b` dr`w o lop ng og ott`lpt tf afgvnga` kfv`rgl`gt potrfgs tf spfgsfr og

`xphfrotfry efurg`y tf tb` Na` Qò( wbnab b` suppfs`d tf j` ahfs` tf tb` futh`t fi Kròt Qhov`

Hoc`':4 Tb` droitngk fi tbns lop( wbnab wos jos`d fg ngifrlotnfg prfvnd`d tf bnl jy tb`

Ngdnogs( bos h`d sfl` sabfhors tf j`hn`v` tbot b` ròab`d Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ng `xphfrngk ogd

trodngk trnps durngk tb` wngt`r fi ?;21 ?;24( ohtbfukb tb`r` ns gf dnràt `vnd`ga` ifr tbns' :0 B`

r`turg`d tf Hoc` Otbojosao ng tb` iohh fi ?;20( tbns tnl` ahfs`hy ifhhfw`d jy o aflp`tntfr( Efbg

:? Njnd'( 41='

:: Irfl Jhogab`t pop`rs ot tb` J' A' Orabnv`s ogd Zàfrds Q`rvna`( ant`d ng Qogdro Dfhog( Tb` Qoht Znv`rQ`tth`l`gt( ng ]nacngk up tb` Tbròds5 Ltns Bnstfry ng tb` Loac`gzn` Josng "^`hhfwcgni`5 Ltns B`rntokÒssfanotnfg fi tb` Gfrtbw`st T`rrntfrn`s( ?>>2.( :9:'

:1 Tbns ns gft tb` sol` os tb` R^ Aflpogy( wbnab wos gft ifrl`d ugtnh ?;>2'

:4 Tb` lop ns GLA :41?0( ugtnth`d( gf dot`3 ogd ns ohsf jfugd ng Kfrdfg Aborh`s Dovndsfg( Tb` Gfrtb [`stAflpogy "G`w ^frc5 Zuss`hh ) Zuss`hh( ?>9;.'

:0 Jorry Kfukb( ]`t`r ]fgd( ngDnatnfgory fi Aogodnog Jnfkropby( Yfh' Y( `ds' Iroga`ss Bohp`ggy ogd EògBol`hng( 921 , 924 "Tfrfgtf5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Tfrfgtf ]r`ss( ?>21.3 Borry [' Duacwfrtb( Tb` @gkhnsb Znv`r Jffc5 OGfrtb [`st Aflpogy Efurgoh ogd Oaafugt Jffc fi ?;29"Lfgtròh ogd Cngkstfg5 LaKnhh,_u``gs Pgnv`rsnty]r`ss( ?>>=.( ?;;( ig' 0=' Duacwfrtb quft`s o h`tt`r fi Nsooa Fkd g tf bns iotb`r ràfugtngk o afgv`rsotnfg wntb]fgd ng ?;2>( durngk wbnab ]fgd ahonl`d tf bov` `xphfr`d tb` Loac`gzn` Znv`r tf ;= lnh`s irfl nts futh`t fg KròtQhov` Hoc`'


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Zfss( irfl tb` G`w Afga`rg wbf stojhnsb`d o rnvoh pfst gft ior owoy' Ng ?;20( ]fgds

trodngk ifrt wos hfaot`d gòr tb` d`hto fi tb` Otbojosao Znv`r( ogd wos logg`d jy tbr`` ah`rcs

ogd ifrty,snx vfyokùrs( wbnh` Zfss bod ojfut tw`gty,ifur l`g':9 Ng ?;29( ]fgd s`gt bns

sàfgd,ng,afllogd( Autbj`rt Krogt(:; ogd sfl` l`g tf wngt`r ot o g`w pfst fg Kròt Qhov`

Hoc` sfl` lnh`s òst fi tb` Qhov` Znv`r d`hto' Hour`gt H`rfux( tb`g o trod`r ifr tb` G`w

Afga`rg( `stojhnsb`d o trodngk bfus` tb` sol` wngt`r v`ry gòr jy' Ot hòst fg` bnstfrnog

j`hn`v`s tbot ]fgd afuhd bov` `xphfr`d Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ng tb` sull`r fi ?;2;( jos`d fg og

updot`d ogd lfr` oaaurot` lop b` prfdua`d ng Euhy ?;2;':2 Fg tb` updot`d lop( o hng` ns drowg

irfl Krogts pfst tbrfukb tb` nshogds ng Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( tf og x fg tb` sbfr`s fi pr`s`gt,doy

^`hhfwcgni` Joy':> Nt ns gft cgfwg wbot tbns hng` lògs3 nt loy j` og `xphfrotnfg rfut` fi

]fgds fr Krogts' ]fgd r`long`d ot Hoc` Otbojosao ugtnh tb` sprngk fi ?;22( wb`g b` hìt tb`

Gfrtb [`st ifr kffd' Tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy bfus` aohh`d Ifrt Abnp`wyog wos `stojhnsb`dng tb` sprngk fi ?;22( fg tb` gfrtb sbfr` fi Hoc` Otbojosao' 1=

Tb` rnvoh bfus`s fg Kròt Qhov` Hoc` w`r` oppor`gthy ojogdfg`d oit`r tb` sull`r fi ?;2;(

ohtbfukb H`rfux stoy`d ng tb` orò ugtnh lndwngt`r ?;2>'1? H`rfuxs jnfkropb`r ahonls ifr bns

sujeàt tb` dnstngatnfg fi j`ngk tb` inrst wbnt` log tf `xphfr` Kròt Qhov` Hoc`'1: H`rfux

sbor`s wntb Oh`xogd`r Loac`gzn` ogd bns porty tb` inrst ahòrhy dfaul`gt`d efurg`y tbrfukb tb`

w`st`rg port fi Kròt Qhov` Hoc`' Fg Eug` 1( ?;2>( Loac`gzn` d`port`d Ifrt Abnp`wyog wntb o

krfup tbot ngahud`d ifur Aogodnogs( twf fi wbfl w`r` ott`gd`d jy tb`nr wnv`s( ogd o K`rlog

:9 Duacwfrtb( xvnnn' Yfyokùr ns Duacwfrtbs t`rl'

:; Qafttnsb,jfrg iotb`r fi tb` Ltns hòd`r jy tb` sol` gol`( wbf wos jfrg ng ?;>1 oit`r tb` s`gnfr Krogt bodlfv`d tf tb` Qfurns Znv`r ng pr`s`gt,doy Qoscotab`wog' Q`` Bortw`hh Jfwsin`hd( Autbj`rt Krogt( ngDnatnfgoryfi Aogodnog Jnfkropby( vfh' NY( Iroga`ss Bohp`ggy ogd Eòg Bol`hng( `ds' "Tfrfgtf5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Tfrfgtf ]r`ss(?>;>.( 1?='

:2 Duacwfrtb ( p' xxnnn'

:> Tbns lop ns r`prfdua`d ng K`frk` Zolsoy Zo`( Tb` Q`tth`l`gt fi tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` Irfgtn`r( Gfrtbw`stT`rrntfrn`s( Aogodo( irfl tb` @nkbt``gtb tf tb` Tw`gtn`tb A`gtury( ]b'D' tb`sns "K`fkropby.( Pgnv`rsnty fiLnabnkog "?>91.( 2:'

1= Kfukb( 921 , 9243 Z`g Iulfhòu(Os Hfgk os tbns Hogd Qbohh Host 5 O Bnstfry fi Tròty 2 ogd Tròty ??( ?2;= ,?>1> "Tfrfgtf5 LaAh`hhogd ) Qt`wort( ?>;0( r`prngt`d jy Aohkory5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Aohkory ]r`ss( :==4.'

1? ]n`rr` Duifur( Hour`gt H`rfux( ngDnatnfgory fi Aogodnog Jnfkropby( Yfh' YNNN( `ds' Iroga`ss Bohp`ggy ogdEòg Bol`hng( 0== "Tfrfgtf5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Tfrfgtf ]r`ss( ?>20.'


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2

Spfssnjhy Efbg Qt`ngjruac( o G[A ah`rc\3 w` w`r` oaaflpogn`d ohif jy og Ngdnog( wbf bod

oaqunr`d tb` tnth` fi @gkhnib Abnì( ogd bns twf wnv`s( ng o ilohh aogf`( wntb twf yfugk Ngdnogs3

bns ifhhfw`rs ng ogftb`r ilohh aogf`'11 Ogftb`r aogf` aorrn`d Hour`gt H`rfux( bns ar`w( ogd

sfl` trod` kffds' Tb` @gkhnsb Abnì bod oaqunr`d bns gnacgol` irfl bovngk j``g o ifhhfw`r

fi Lotfgoj``( Bòrg`s kund` ogd irn`gd( ogd bovngk j``g o hòd`r fi tb` Abnp`wyog jrnkod`s tf

tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogys Ifrt ]rnga` fi [oh`s&Ifrt Aburabnhh pfst'14 Fg` fi Irogfns

Jòuhnù Ns jnfkropb`rs stot`s tbot Jòuhnù bod j``g ohnkg`d wntb tb` @gkhnsb Abnì( o

ròsfgojh` ossulptnfg ni Jòuhnù bod j``g port fi tb`s` jrnkod`s'10

Tbfs` wbf l`t Irogfns Jòuhnù NN ot dnii`r`gt tnl`s ng bns hni` `stnlot`d b` bod j``g jfrg ot

vornfus dot`s irfl ?;;? tf ?;>1'19 Ng fg` stfry Jòuhnù tfhd ]`tntft( b` `stnlot`d bns ok` os

snxt``g fr s`v`gt``g ng ?;>> "n' `' jfrg ?;2? fr ?;2:.( wb`g b` bod j``g wfrcngk ifr tb` Gfrtb[`st Aflpogy os o bugt`r ifr tb` pfst fg Kròt Jòr Hoc`'1; Ng ogftb`r stfry( ng wbnab b`

ràfugt`d bfw b` bod s``g h`s pr`ln`rs Irogons ot Krfss`,Nh` gòr pr`s`gt,doy Ifrt

]rfvnd`ga` fg Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( b` d`sarnj`d bnls`hi os o init``g,yòr,fhd hnvngk wntb bns

por`gts' Tbns `v`gt wos dot`d ?;2>3 bfw`v`r nt ns gft aflph`t`hy ahòr irfl ]`tntfts r`gdntnfg

fi tb` stfry wb`tb`r tbns dot` wos knv`g jy Jòuhnù fr nlput`d jy ]`tntft' ]`tntfts gft`s fg

tbns stfry ngdnaot` tbot nt r`hot`s tf tb` inrst vnsnt tf Kròt Qhov` Hoc` jy ]`t`r ]fgd "?;21 ?;24(

fr ?;2;6.' Jòuhnù d`sarnj`d tb` orrnvoh fi o kròt gulj`r fi Ir`gab( wntb ug krogd abì( phus

ug abì sujoht`rg`( wbf bod wntb tb`l ug Ogkhons qun aflpr`gont( e` arfns( ug pù d`

tabnpp`woyog gol`d Eol`s' "Jòuhnù tfhd ]`tntft tbns stfry ng Abnp`wyog'. Tbns krfup

vnsnt`d tb` aojng fi Jòuhnùs ugah` Eoaqu`s( ogd osc`d ni ogyfg` tb`r` ugd`rstffd Ir`gab'

Eoaqu`s r`phn`d ng tb` oiinrlotnv`( oddngk tbot gfus sfll`s tfus nan Irogons fu inhs d`

Irogons' H` krogd abì d`s Jhogas tb`g tfhd bnl tbot Eoaqu`s wfuhd s`rv` os og ngt`rpr`t`r(

14 Njnd'

10 Bogcs( ;'

19 Q`` Bogcs( 2'

1; ]`tntft( Trodntnfgs Ngdn`gg`s( 11;' Hhfyd C`ntb phoa`s tb` afgstruatnfg fi o G[A Kròt Jòr Hoc` pfst ot sfl`tnl` j`tw``g ?2=? ogd ?2=4' Oh`xogd`r Loac`gzn`( l`gtnfg`d jy Jòuhnù ng bns stfry( oppor`gthy orrnv`d tf tocàbork` fi tbns pfst ng ?2=0' Q``Gfrtb fi Otbojosao5 Qhov` Hoc` ogd Loac gzn` Znv`r Dfaul`gts fi tb` Gfrtb [`stAflpogy ?2== , ?2:?( `d' Hhfyd C`ntb( :9 "Lfgtròh ogd Cngkstfg5 LaKnhh,_u``gs Pgnv`rsnty ]r`ss( :==?.'


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ogd r`qu`st`d bnl tf ross`ljh` dfga tfut h` lfgd`' Eoaqu`s tb`g afgv`g`d o l``tngk fi tfus

h`s souvok`sd` tfus h`s ats du hoa d`s @sahov`s( ngahudngk tb` Dfkrnjs( ohtbfukb lo

iolnhh` ovont pfus h`s ngtrts d`s Dg' Tb` Ir`gab tb`g `xphong`d tbot tb`y wnsb`d tb`

Ngdnogs tf aotab ogd pr`por` iurs ogd lòt( ogd tbot ng `xabogk` tb`y wfuhd prfvnd` tb`l wntb

jòuafup d` jfgg`s `t j`hh`s abfs`s tf ohhfw tb`l tf hnv` aflifrtojhy' Tb` Ir`gab tb`g kov`

o l`toh c`tth` tf tb` Dfkrnjs ogd d`lfgstrot`d nts usìuhg`ss( ogd dnstrnjut`d ftb`r pr`s`gts suab

os @urfpòg ahftbngk( o cgni`( o botab`t( g``dh`s( ogd tfjoaaf "wntb wbnab tb` Dfkrnjs w`r`

ugiolnhnor.' Jòuhnù tb`g gft`d tbot bns ugah` hìt tf ifhhfw tb` Ir`gab tf oat os og ngt`rpr`t`r'12

Jòuhnù bnls`hi dnd gft spàniy tbot b` l`t wntb ]`t`r ]fgd( wbf wos og Ol`rnaog wbf loy

bov` spfc`g `gfukb Ir`gab tf afllugnaot` wntb bns sujfrdngot`s' Jòuhnù loy bov` l`t o

porty irfl Krogt fr H`rfuxs pfsts sfl` tnl` j`tw``g ?;29 ogd ?;2;' Nt ohsf s``ls pfssnjh`tbot tb` krfup d`sarnj`d lnkbt bov` j``g irfl Oh`xogd`r Loac`gzn`s afgvfy( wbnab lnkbt

`xphong wby tb`r` w`r` o hork` gulj`r fi Ir`gab,spòcngk p`fph` pr`s`gt "os fppfs`d tf o slohh

`xphfrotfry porty suab os lnkbt bov` trov`hh`d wntb ]fgd.' Tb` Ir`gab,spòcngk p`rsfg wbf

l`t wntb Jòuhnùs ugah` Eoaqu`s loy bov` j``g H`rfux( fr `v`g Loac`gzn` bnls`hi( os lfst

trod`rs spfc` ot hòst o hntth` Ir`gab' Loac`gzn` d`sarnj`s twf l``tngks wntb Ngdnogs gòr Kròt

Qhov` Hoc` tbot sbor` sfl` fi tb` iòtur`s fi Jòuhnùs stfry( ohtbfukb nt ns fdd tbot Loac`gzn`

dnd gft fjs`rv` tbot tb` Ngdnogs spfc` ihu`gt Ir`gab' Tbns loy j` `xphong`d ni nt wos ng ioat

H`rfux tbot l`t wntb tb`l p`rsfgohhy( ogd tb` rì`r`ga` tf tb` yfugk log wbf spfc`

Abnp`wyog loy ohsf sukk`st tbot ot hòst sfl` fi tb` afgv`rsotnfgs w`r` aorrn`d fut ng tbot

hogkuok`'

Ahfs` tf Jnk Nshogd "òst fi pr`s`gt,doy Ifrt ]rfvnd`ga`.( Loac`gzn` d`sarnj`d aflngk oarfss

tbr`` hfdk`s fi Z`d,Cgni` Ngdnogs( wbf tfhd tb`l tbot tb`r` w`r` logy lfr` hfdk`s fi tb`nr

irn`gds ot gf kròt dnstoga`( ogd fg` fi tb` Ngdnogs i`t fii tf i`tab tb`l' H`rfux purabos`d o

hork` quogtnty fi iurs irfl tb`s` p`fph`( ogd tb` @gkhnsb Abnì afhhàt`d lfr` tbog fg`

bugdr`d scngs fg oaafugt fi trodngk d`jts fw`d tf bnl( d`spnt` tb` ioat tb` tb`r` w`r` gft

ojfv` tw`hv` fi tb`l quohnin`d tf cnhh jòv`r' Loac`gzn` b`hd s`v`roh dnsaussnfgs wntb tb`

krfup r`kordngk tb` pfssnjh` rfut` tf tb` rnv`r b` wos s``cngk( jut afuhd fjtong gf ngifrlotnfg

12 ]`tntft( Trodntnfgs Ngdn`gg`s( 4:> 411'


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tbot wos lot`rnoh tf fur `xp`dntnfg3 gfr w`r` tb`y oaquongt`d wntb ogy port fi tb` rnv`rjut tb`

lfutb fi nt' Loac`gzn` tb`g `gkok`d fg` fi tb` Ngdnogs tf afgduat us3 ogd N oaafrdngkhy

`qunpp`d bnl wntb vornfus ortnah`s fi ahftbngk( )a'' Oit`r tbns(

Ng tb` oit`rgffg N oii`ljh`d tb` Ngdnogs( ng frd`r tf ngifrl tb`l tbot N ibfuhd toc`

ly d`portur` fg tb` ifhhfwngk doy3 jut tbot p`fph` wfuhd r`long fg tb` spft tnhhtb`nr afugtryl`g( wbf tb`y bod l`gtnfg`d( ibfuhd orrnv`3 ogd tbot( ni tb`yjrfukbt o iuiinan`gt quogtnty fi icngs tf loc` nt ogiw`r( tb` Ir`gabl`g wfuhdr`turg ifr lfr` kffds( wntb o vn`w tf wngt`r b`r`( ogd junhd o ifrt( wbnab wfuhdj` afgtngu`d os hfgk os tb`y ibfuhd j` ifugd tf dì`rv` nt' Tb`y oiiur`d l`( tbotnt wfuhd j` o kròt `gafurok`l`gt tf tb`l tf bov` o i`tth`l`gt fi furs ng tb`nrafugtry3 ogd tbot tb`y ibfuhd `x`rt tb`li`hv`s tf tb` utlfit tf cnhh jòv`r( od tb`ywfuhd tb`g j` a`rtong fi k`ttngk og od`quot` vohu` ifr tb`l' Bntb`rtf( tb`y iond(tb` Abnp`wyogs ohwoys pnhhok`d tb`l3 fr( ot lfit( kov` hntth` fr gftbngk ifr tbìrunts fi tb`nr hojfur( wbnab bod kròthy dniafurok`d tb`l3 ogd tbot( ngafgi`qu`ga` fi tbns tròtl`gt( tb`y bod gf lftnv` tf puriu` tb` jòv`r( jut tf

fjtong o iuiinan`gt quogtnty fi iffd ogd ronl`gt'1>

H`rfux stoy`d j`bngd tf wont ifr tb` ftb`r Ngdnogs( ogd dnd gft oaaflpogy Loac`gzn` ogy

iurtb`r' B` w`gt fg orfugd Kròt Qhov` Hoc` tf stojhnsb o t`lpfrory sull`r trodngk pfst ot

Hoa ho Lortr`( ogd l`t Loac`gzn` okong fg tb` sfutb sbfr` fi Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ng Oukust fi

?;2>' Ng tb` lògtnl`( Loac`gzn` ogd tb` @gkhnsb Abnì kr`w `xosp`rot`d wntb tb`nr kund`(

wbf bod dniinauhty ingdngk tb` `gtroga` tf tb` rnv`r' Fg Eug` :>( tb`y ingohhy stort`d up tb` rnv`r

tb`y bod j``g hffcngk ifr' Ojfut tbnrty lnh`s up tb` rnv`r( fur Z`d,Cgni` Ngdnog bod g`v`r

`xphfr`d j`yfgd fur pr`s`gt intuotnfg( ohtbfukb b` ogd bns r`hotnfgs ir`qu`gthy l`t up tb`

Bfrg Znv`r tf tb` gfrtb'4=

Ojfut ?== lnh`s up tb` rnv`r( Loac`gzn` l`t ogftb`r krfup fi inv` iolnhn`s( wbf turg`d fut tf

j` Qhov`y ogd Dfkrnj' Tb` Ngdnogs trov`hhngk wntb Loac`gzn` spfc` wntb tb`l ng Abnp`wyog'

Tb` Loac`gzn` porty

lod` tb`l ilfc`( tbfukb nt wos `vnd`gt tb`y dnd gft cgfw tb` ui` fi tfjoaaf3 w`hnc`wni` iupphn`d tb`l wntb krfk3 jut N ol dnipfi`d tf tbngc( tbot tb`y oaa`pt`dfur anvnhntn`s rotb`r irfl iòr tbog ngahngotnfg' [` oaqunr`d o lfr` ìiàtuohngihu`ga` fv`r tb`l jy tb` dnitrnjutnfg fi cgnv`s( jòds( owhs( rngks( kort`rngk(inrìt``hs( ihngts( ogd botab`ts4?

1> Loac`gzn`( Yfyok`s( ?9 ?;'

4= Njnd'( :4 :0'

4? Njnd'( 11'


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Tbns oaafugt pnacs up tb` ports fi Jòuhnùs stfry r`kordngk tb` pr`s`ga` fi tb` Dfkrnjs( tb`nr

ugiolnhnornty wntb tfjoaaf( ogd tb` pfsntnv` ìiàt fi tb` dnstrnjutnfg fi @urfpòg kffds'

Loac`gzn` ohsf oaaurot`hy d`sarnj`d tb` Dfkrnj sprua`,rfft affcngk pfts tbot w`r` port fi

Jòuhnùs oaafugt' O kund` irfl tbns krfup w`gt( ohj`nt r`huatogthy( wntb Loac`gzn`s porty(

jut tb` r`st fi Loac`gzn`s d`sarnptnfg fi tb`l( os tnlnd p`fph` wntb ohlfst gf cgfwh`dk` fi

@urfpòg tàbgfhfky( df`s gft s``l hnc`hy tf opphy tf tb` Jòuhnù iolnhy aolp'

Ot tb` afll`ga`l`gt fi tb` r`turg efurg`y irfl tndoh wot`rs tf Ifrt Abnp`wyog( Loac`gzn`

fjs`rv`d tbot tb`r` w`r` t`g l`g ogd ifur wfl`g ng bns porty54: oppor`gthy( bnls`hi( tb` ifur

Aogodnogs ogd tb`nr twf wnv`s( tb` K`rlog( tb` @gkhnsb Abnì ogd bns twf wnv`s( twf Ngdnog

bugt`rs( ogd tb` p`rsfg wbf bod trov`hh`d wntb tb`l snga` tb` vnangnty fi Jnk Nshogd "tb` kundìrfl tb` Dfkrnj&Qhov`y aolp bod d`s`rt`d tb`l( ogd tb`r` ns gf ràfrd fi tb` inrst kund` bovngk

hìt.' Nt ns pfssnjh` tbot tbns uggol`d p`rsfg wos Eoaqu`s Jòuhnù( Irogfns NNs ugah`( ogd tbot

tbns ns tb` sfura` fi tb` stfry ràfrd`d ng s`v`roh dfaul`gts tbot tb` s`gnfr Jòuhnù

oaaflpogn`d Loac`gzn` tf tb` Oratna Faòg' Ni tbns ns tb` aos`( nt oppòrs tbot Loac`gzn` ot

hòst ngntnohhy nd`gtnin`d tb` Jòuhnùs os Ngdnogs ugd`r tb` ngihu`ga` fi tb` @gkhnsb Abnì(

ohtbfukb tb`y nd`gtnin`d tb`ls`hv`s os j`ngk Irogons fu inhs d` Irogons' Loac`gzn`( ughnc`

ftb`r `xphfr`rs( dnd gft d`sarnj` fr `v`g gol` bns l`g ng tb` efurgoh fi bns vfyok` tf tb` Oratna

Faòg( sf w` bov` gf iurtb`r ngsnkbts os tf wb`tb`r bns fpngnfgs fi bns Jnk Nshogd kund` abogk`d

fv`r tnl`' Loac`gzn` dnd gft` afgsnst`gthy tbot tb` twf yfugk Ngdnog bugt`rs trov`hh`d ogd

wfrc`d tfk`tb`r( wbnab loy lòg tbot tb` Jnk Nshogd kund` ossul`d o rfh` ahfs`r tf tbot fi tb`

Aogodnog `gkoks41os o aogf`log ogd k`g`roh wfrc`r'

Irogfns Jòuhnù N( bfw`v`r( ns gol`d jy Loac`gzn` os oaaflpogyngk bnl fg bns vfyok` tf

tb` ]oanina Faòg ng ?;>1'44 Loac`gzn` ngdnaot`d tbot Efs`pb Hogdry ogd Aborh`s Dua`tt` w`r`

4: Njnd'( ;;'

41 Tbns wos o afllfg t`rl us`d jy Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy fiina`rs tf d`sarnj` tb`nr `lphfy``s' Loac`gzn` rì`rstf tb` Ngdnogs ng bns porty jut ror`hy l`gtnfgs tb` ftb`rs s`porot`hy( d`sarnjngk tb`l fghy os l`g'

44 Njnd'( ?0:'


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tb` l`g ng tbns ar`w wbf bod ohsf oaaflpogn`d bnl ng ?;2>'40 Loac`gzn` ohsf fjs`rv`d tbot tb`

l`g wbf w`r` wntb bnl ot bns pfngt fi d`portur` ng tb` ]òa` Znv`r afugtry bod lod` tb`

ordufus rfugd,trnp efurg`y tf Zongy Hoc` wntb tb` sprngk jrnkod`s(49 phoangk tb`l inrlhy ng tb`

aot`kfry fi iur,trod` aogf`l`g'

Z`kordh`ss fi tb` dniinauhty ng `stojhnsbngk tb` pràns` dot` fi tb` `stojhnsbl`gt fi tb` lnx`d,

oga`stry Jòuhnù iolnhy( nt s``ls ròsfgojh` tf stot` tbot tb`y w`r` ohròdy hnvngk ng tb` Kròt

Qhov` Hoc` orò ot tb` v`ry j`knggngk fi tb` p`rnfd fi @urfpòg trod`r r`snd`gay tb`r`' Tb`

Ir`gab,Aogodnog( Ir`gab,spòcngk Jòuhnùs bod ngt`rlorrn`d wntb tb` Ar`` "ng tb` inrst lnx`d

k`g`rotnfg. ogd tb` Abnp`wyog "ng tb` sàfgd k`g`rotnfg.( ogd bod `stojhnsb`d tn`s wntb tb`

Abnp`wyog orfugd Kròt Qhov` Hoc`'

Hour`gt H`rfux `stojhnsb`d o pfst ng ^`hhfwcgni` Joy ng tb` iohh fi ?;2>( oit`r bns trnp joac tf

Ifrt Abnp`wyog wntb Loac`gzn`( jut hìt tb` Otbojosao,Loac`gzn` dnstrnat p`rlog`gthy ng tb`

sprngk fi ?;>?'4;

Bfw`v`r( jy tb` ?;>=s( p`fph` fi @urfpòg oga`stry bod j`kug tf `stojhnsb o suiinan`gthy

p`rsnst`gt pr`s`ga` ng tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` orò tbot tb` inrst snkgs fi hfaoh lnx`d,oga`stry

iolnhy ifrlotnfg oppòr' Fhd Ifrt ]rfvnd`ga` pfst gòr `hhfwcgni` Joy wos `stojhnsb`d jy

tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy ng ?;>=( ogd o p`rlog`gt G[A Hoa ho Lortr` pfst wos fp`g`d anrao

?;>:' O Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy pfst wos r`,`stojhnsb`d gòr tb` lfutb fi tb` Qhov` Znv`r ng

?;>?( ogd wos lfv`d ng tb` sol` vnangnty ng ?;>4 ogd ?;>> tf j`tt`r aoptur` trod` rfut`s ogd

insb`rn`s'42 Tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy wos afgspnaufushy ojs`gt ng tbns r`knfg jìfr` ?2=='

]`t`r Indh`r( og BJA trod`r ogd surv`yfr( wngt`r`d wntb Abnp`wyog Ngdnog p`fph` fg Kròt

40 Njnd'

49 Njnd'( ?19'

4; Duifur( 0=='

42 Zo`( ??>3 C`ntb( ?? ?1'


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?1

Qhov` Hoc` ng ?;>? ?;>:( jut b` wos oiinhnot`d wntb o strukkhngk BJA pfst fg Hoc` Otbojosao

tbot wos ahfs`d ng tb` sprngk fi ?;>:'4>

NNN'J Lnx`d,Oga`stry Iolnhn`s ng tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` Z`knfg tf ?2==

Tb` frnkngs fi tb` Jòuhnù iolnhy ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc` bov` ohròdy j``g dnsauss`d' [bnh` tb`

ràfrds ifr tbns òrhy p`rnfd or` ior irfl aflph`t`( s`v`roh ftb`r ngdnvnduohs fi @urfpòg

oga`stry wbf hnv`d ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc` aog j` nd`gtnin`d jy gol`( ogd ng sfl` aos`s ngifrlotnfg

aog j` fjtong`d fg wnv`s ogd iolnhn`s'

Tbnrt``g l`g( phus twf s`gnfr ah`rcs( w`r` bnr`d jy tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy tf `stojhnsb tb`

pfst fg Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ng ?;29' Tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy wos luab j`tt`r stoii`d ogd`qunpp`d tbog nts rnvohs ng tbns p`rnfd( ogd nts bfp`s ifr tbns r`knfg w`r` bnkb( sf tbns loy j`

afgsnd`r`d o sujstogtnoh afgtngk`gt' Inv` fi tb` l`g "ng fg` aogf`. jfugd ifr Kròt Qhov` Hoc`

drfwg`d `g rfut`( hòvngk fghy `nkbt tf wfrc wntb fg` ah`rc "Krogt. ot tb` Hoc`' Q`v`g l`g ogd

fg` ah`rc w`r` dnspotab`d tf tb` g`w ]òa` Znv`r pfst ng tb` sol` yòr' O lngnlul fi ifur "os

`gkok`d jy Loac`gzn` ng ?;2>. tf inv` l`g w`r` r`qunr`d tf logok` o aogf`( pfrtok`

`qunpl`gt( junhd ogd longtong o pfst( aut wffd( insb( bugt ogd ugd`rtoc` trodngk `xp`dntnfgs ot

og futpfst' Bfw`v`r( nt wos nlpfrtogt tf c``p `lphfy``s tf o lngnlul( `spànohhy ng o afugtry

os dniinauht os Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( tf loxnlnz` prfints ogd r`dua` tb` strong fg iffd supphn`s' Tb`

pfpuhotnfg fi @urfpòg d`sa`gt `lphfy`d ot tb`s` pfsts "ng tftoh. aog tb`rìfr` j` `stnlot`d os

opprfxnlot`hy tbnrt``g tf init``g ng ?;29 ?;2;( p`rbops fghy o i`w j`tw``g ?;2; ogd ?;2>(

ogd prfjojhy h`ss tbog :0 ng tb` ?;>=s' O stot`l`gt fi tb` gulj`r fi wngt`rngk `lphfy``s

"portg`rs( ah`rcs ogd s`rvogts. ifr tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy ng ?2=: stot`d tb` tftoh gulj`r fi

`lphfy``s ng pfsts ng tb` Otbojosao dnstrnat( wbnab ngahud`d ?2 pfsts suab os tb` hork` pfst fi

Ifrt Abnp`wyog( pfsts ior up tb` Loac`gzn` Znv`r( pfsts ot Kròt Jòr Hoc` ogd fg tb` Hnord

ogd Goboggn Znv`rs os w`hh os ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( os :=;'0=

4> Q`` BJAO( J'>&o&?( J'>&o&:( ogd J'>&o&1( Hoc` Otbojosao ]fst Efurgohs( ?;>= ?;>:3 ohsf E' K' LaKr`kfr(]`t`r Indh`r5 Aogodos Ifrkftt`g @xphfr`r ?;9> ?2:: "Aohkory5 Initb Bfus` Htd'( ?>>2.( 14 4:'

0= K`g`roh Z`turg fi tb` D`portl`gts ogd ]fsts faaupn`d jy tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy( ng tb` Ngdnog Afugtry( wntbtb` gulj`r fi ]ortg`rs( Ah`rcs ) L`g `lphfy`d ng tbot Trod`( `xahusnv` fi tb` Cngks ]fsts( 1= Fatfj`r ?2=:(r`prngt`d ng Dovndsfg( :2='


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?4

Tb` gol`s fi tb` tbnrt``g l`g wbf w`r` bnr`d tf oaaflpogy Autbj`rt Krogt tf tb` Gfrtbw`st

Aflpogys Kròt Qhov` Hoc` pfst ng ?;29 bov` j``g pr`s`rv`d ng tb` @gkhnsb Znv`r Jffc( o

aflp`gdnul fi o irokl`gt irfl o Hoc` Otbojosao pfst efurgoh( oaafugts( ogd lnsa`hhogy irfl

tb` sprngk fi ?;29( ogd tb` gol`s fi tb` inv` wbf drfwg`d aog j` d`dua`d jy tb`nr ojs`ga` irfl

hot`r ràfrds'0? Ftb`r ngdnvnduohs gol`d os wfrcngk fut fi tb` Hoc` Otbojosao pfst oppòr ng

hot`r iur trod` dfaul`gts r`hot`d tf tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ogd Loac`gzn` dnstrnats' Qfl` fi tb`s`

p`fph` or` hngc`d tf wnv`s ogd abnhdr`g ng tb` ràfrds( nd`gtniyngk tb` inrst k`g`rotnfg fi lnx`d,

oga`stry abnhdr`g krfwngk up ng tb` r`knfg'

Ifr `xolph`( fi tb` tbnrt``g l`g dnspotab`d tf Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ng ?;29( Hoprns`( Hovnfh`tt`0:

ogd Hov`rdur`01 aog j` pfsntnv`hy hngc`d tf wnv`s3 ogd Efs`pb Hogdry Aodn`g ogd Aborh`sDfua`tt` Aodn`g w`r` twf fi tb` ifur Aogodnogs wbf tffc twf wnv`s wntb tb`l wntb

Loac`gzn` tf tb` Oratna' Hogdry "tb` nd`gtnin`r Aodn`g fr Aoy`g fit`g lògs Oaodnog.

purabos`d ;0 jugab`s fi jòds ogd o dfz`g rngks ot Nh`,o,ho,Arfss` ng Eug` fi ?;29(04 wbnab

afuhd bov` j``g ifr o wni` ogd i`loh` r`hotnv`s "ohtbfukb tb` quogtnty ngvfhv`d s``ls tf sukk`st

o slohh stfac ifr trodngk.' Autbj`rt Krogt ohsf bod o iolnhy( jut nt oppòrs tbns iolnhy wos

stort`d oit`r b` hìt tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` r`knfg'00 Hoprns`( jy ?2==( bod twf wnv`s ogd og

ugcgfwg gulj`r fi abnhdr`g tbot lfv`d wntb bnl j`tw``g bns pfstngks ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ogd

tb` Loac`gzn` Znv`r(09 wbnab bos prflpt`d bnstfrnog Borry Duacwfrtb tf stot` tbot Hoprns`

wfuhd bov` j``g fg` fi tb` inrst vfyokùrs tf toc` o Abnp`wyog wni`'0; Fg` fi bns doukbt`rs

wos fhd `gfukb tf j` lorrn`d tf og Ngdnog wbf trod`d ot tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogys pfst fg

0? Duacwfrtb( xxxvn xxxvnn'

0: C`ntb( ?11( ig' ?2'

01

Duacwfrtb( ?00 ?09'04 Oaafugt jffc ng @gkhnsb Znv`r Jffc( "BJAO I':&?.( r`prngt`d ng Duacwfrtb( 1='

00 K`frk` [ffdafac( Autbj`rt Krogt( ngDnatnfgory fi Aogodnog Jnfkropby( Yfh' YNNN( `ds' Iroga`ss Bohp`ggyogd Eòg Bol`hng( 14? "Tfrfgtf5 Pgnv`rsnty fi Tfrfgtf ]r`ss( ?>20.'

09 Efbg Tbflsfg( Efurgoh Loac`gzn`s Znv`r Ohnos Zfacy Lfugtong ?2== ?2=?( os r`prngt`d ng C`ntb( ?11"`gtry ifr ?= Fatfj`r ?2==.'

0; Duacwfrtb( xxvnnn'


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?0

]òa` Znv`r ng ?2==3 o sfg wos v`ry hnc`hy tb` Joptnst` Ho ]rns` wbf oaaflpogn`d Qolu`h Jhoac

up tb` Inghoy Znv`r "o trnjutory fi tb` Loac`gzn`. ng ?2:4' 02

Hour`gt H`rfux( Autbj`rt Krogts aflp`tntfr fg Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( bod oaafrdngk tf bns

jnfkropb`r lod` o afugtry lorrnok` wntb og Fenjwo irfl tb` Otbojosao r`knfg prnfr tf ?;2>(

ogd tbot tb`y bod ot hòst ifur knrhs'0> Tbns ns shnkbthy p`rph`xngk( os tb` Fenjwo bod gft

k`g`rohhy p`g`trot`d os ior os Otbojosao ot tbns tnl` ogd H`rfux bod orrnv`d ng tb` Gfrtbw`st

fghy oit`r ?;24' Ng ioat( os H`rfux bod pr`vnfushy j``g stotnfg`d ot Lnabnhnloacngoac ng

Lnabnkog( bns wni` wos prfjojhy irfl tbot vnangnty' Tb`r` ns gf iurtb`r ngifrlotnfg ovonhojh`

ojfut bns lnx`d,oga`stry abnhdr`g' Nt ns ughnc`hy tbot bns afugtry iolnhy aol` fut tf _ujà wntb

bnl ng ?;>? ?;>:( os b` lorrn`d o Ir`gab,Aogodnog wflog ot HOssflptnfg ng Eug` ?;>9' 9=

Ogftb`r log ng Loac`gzn`s ar`w ng ?;>1( Eoaqu`s Jòuabolp( ohsf bod o ràfrd`d iolnhy'

Jòuabolp wfrc`d ot Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy pfsts up tb` Loac`gzn` Znv`r ng tb` ?;>=s( ogd ng

Eug` ?;>> wos cnhh`d wbnh` fg o trodngk `xp`dntnfg tf tb` Ngunt'9? Fg 1= Fatfj`r ?2==( bns

wndfw ogd b`r twf abnhdr`g orrnv`d ot tb` G[A Qhov` Hoc` pfst s``cngk iffd ogd sb`ht`r'

@h`v`g doys hot`r( sb` w`gt tf hnv` wntb og ugnd`gtnin`d Ngdnog'9:

Irogfns ]nab inrst oppòr`d ng Otbojosao&Loac`gzn` ràfrds os orrnvngk ot tb` Gfrtb [`st

Aflpogys Otbojosao pfst ng Loy ?;29 irfl Nh`,o,ho,Arfss`( wntb o h`tt`r ifr ]`t`r ]fgd'91

]nabs oaafugt ifr tbot yòr sbfws tbot b` bod j``g `gkok`d durngk ?;20 ogd bod j``g port fi

tb` jrnkod`s irfl Zongy Hoc`( ogd tbot ]fgd `gkok`d bnl ifr tbr`` yòrs stortngk ng Eug` ?;29 tf

wfrc ot Otbojosao'94 Ng ?;2;( b` oppor`gthy sbft ogd cnhh`d og fppfsngk trod`r( ogd b`

02 Njnd'( p' ?04'

0> Duifur( 0== "quft` irfl tb` jnfkropby.'

9=

Njnd'9? C`ntb( :=( 121'

9: Eol`s ]frt`r( Efurgoh c`pt jy Lr ]frt`r ot Qhov` Hoc`( ?2== ?2=?( os r`prngt`d ng C`ntb( ??; "`gtrn`s ifr 1=Fatfj`r ogd > Gfv`lj`r ?2==.'

91 Efurgoh c`pt jy Autbj`rt Krogt ot Hoc` Otbojosao( ?;29( os r`prngt`d ng Duacwfrtb( ?; ?2 "`gtry ifr 9 Loy?;29.'

94 Oaafugt jffc ng @gkhnsb Znv`r Jffc "BJAO I':&?.( os r`prngt`d ng Duacwfrtb( ;;'


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?9

dnsoppòr`d ngtf tb` hfaoh Abnp`wyog pfpuhotnfg ugtnh ?;>?( wb`g b` wos fjs`rv`d fv`rs``ngk

afgstruatnfg fi o g`w Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy pfst ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc` gòr tb` lfutb fi tb`

Qhov` Znv`r'90 Ng Eoguory fi ?2=?( tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogys Zngk Hoc` "Kròt Qhov` Hoc`.

pfst efurgoh ràfrd`d tb` orrnvoh fi ]nabs jrftb`r,ng,how Tbnfg`hzor(99 nlphyngk tbot ]nab bod

lorrn`d ngtf tb` hfaoh Abnp`wyog pfpuhotnfg' Tb` gol` ]nab ns sujs`qu`gthy ifugd ir`qu`gthy

ng iur,trod` ràfrds ifr tb` Otbojosao&Loac`gzn`( ogd ot hòst sfl` fi tb`s` p`fph` or` v`ry

hnc`hy Irogafns ]nabs d`sa`gdogts' Tb` s`gnfr ]nab dn`d ng og oaand`gtoh kugpfwd`r

`xphfsnfg ot Boy Znv`r ng tb` sull`r fi ?2?2'9;

]nabs dànsnfg "ogd ojnhnty. tf vognsb ngtf tb` hfaoh Ngdnog pfpuhotnfg wos gft ugnqu`( ogd nt

bnkbhnkbts sfl` fi tb` ròsfgs wby tb` pràns` dot`s ogd anraulstoga`s fi lnx`d,oga`stry iolnhy

ifrlotnfg or` fit`g fjsaur`' Tb`r` w`r` gf jnrtb( lorrnok` fr dòtb ràfrds ng tb` Kròt Qhov`Hoc` r`knfg ugtnh ?20: ot tb` òrhn`st' Tb` efurgohs fi iur trod`rs w`r` ngt`gd`d ifr tb`

dfaul`gtotnfg fi afll`ranoh ngifrlotnfg ogd tb` logok`l`gt fi tb` iur trod` rotb`r tbog

abrfgnahngk tb` hni` ogd tbfukbts fi tb` `lphfy``s( sf ngifrlotnfg r`kordngk p`rsfgoh r`hotnfgs

ogd iolnhy hni` oppòrs fghy ror`hy' Loh` `lphfy``s w`r` `xpàt`d tf org tb`nr sohorn`s jy

p`rifrlngk spànina toscs( ogd tb`s` toscs or` ràfrd`d ng tb` efurgohs' Ohtbfukb tb`

afgtrnjutnfgs fi wfl`g w`r` ràfkgnz`d os `ss`gtnoh tf hni` ng tb` Gfrtb [`st( tb`nr hojfur

rà`d`d ngtf tb` joackrfugd fi `v`rydoy rfutng`s ogd tb`y w`r` gfrlohhy ràflp`gs`d ng iffd

ogd sb`ht`r fghy tbrfukb tb`nr portg`rs' Iur trod` wrnt`rs fit`g gol`d fghy tb` lfst nlpfrtogt

Ngdnogs tf tb`nr trod` ng tb` efurgohs( ogd Ngdnog wfl`g( hnc` tb`nr jrftb`rs ogd iotb`rs( r`long

gol`h`ss tb`r`' Tb` ngdnvnduohs l`gtnfg`d ng tb` efurgohs w`r` fghy tbfs` wbf ngt`rsàt`d wntb

tb` trod` fi tb` pfst( ogd ni tb`r` w`r` tbfs` hnc` ]nab wbf dnd gft aor` tf afl` gòr( tb`y afuhd

j` ngvnsnjh` jftb tf tb` trod`rs ogd tf pr`s`gt,doy r`sòrab`rs'

90 Efurgoh fi o Efurg`y irfl Aulj`rhogd Bfus` Gfrtb Ol`rnao tfwords tb` Otbopnsafw Afugtry ogd joac tf^frc Ioatfry( ]bnhnp Turgfr( ?;>= ?;>:( BJAO J'>&o&1 "ohsf r`prngt`d ngEfurgohs fi Qolu`h Bòrg` ogd ]bnhnpTurgfr( `d' E' J' Tyr`hh "Tfrfgtf5 Tb` Abolphong Qfan`ty( ?>14.( `gtry ifr :: Euhy ?;>?3 ]`t`r Indh`r( O Efurgohirfl Nh` o ho Arfss` jy woy fi Qwog Hoc`( `gtrn`s ifr :0 Eug` ogd > Euhy( ?;>?( os quft`d ng LoaKr`kfr( 14 103ohsf C`ntb( 4?0 4?;'

99 Eol`s ]frt`r( Efurgoh c`pt jy Lr ]frt`r ot Qhov` Hoc`( ?2== ?2=?( os r`prngt`d ng C`ntb( ?:1 "`gtry ifr >Eoguory ?2=?.'

9; C`ntb( 4?;'


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?;

]`tntft d`sarnj`d ogftb`r pfssnjhy snlnhor aos` ng bns jffc Outfur du Krogd Hoa @sahov`s "?2>?.'

Ng nt( b` d`sarnj`d l``tngk dùx vnùx Ltns irogaf,d`g`( tfus dùx s`ptuok`gonr`s ot Kròt

Qhov` Hoc` ng ?291' Tbns wfuhd nlphy tbot jftb l`g w`r` jfrg ng tb` ?;>=s fr pfssnjhy tb` hot`

?;2=s' Fg` fi tb`l( Hfuns Aoy`g(

tont h` inhs dug ]ornsn`g qun tont v`gu sabfu`r fjsaurl`gt ab`z h`Tabnpp`woyogs' E` hourons d`vng o sfg hogkok` phus abtn qu` a`hun d` hokgrohnt d`s Ltns( sfg oaa`gt phus pur3 lons surtfut sfg sa`ptnansl`92

Tb`r` or` s`v`roh ngdnvnduohs aorryngk tb` surgol` Aodn`g fr Aoy`g ng tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc`

r`knfg ng tb` iur trod` dfaul`gts fi tb` ?;>=s ogd orhy ?2==s' Tb`r` or` Efs`pb Hogdry Aodn`g

ogd Aborh`s Dfua`tt` Aodn`g( l`gtnfg`d ojfv`( wbf w`r` `gkok`d tf kf tf Kròt Qhov` Hoc` jy

tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy ng ?;29 ogd wbf trov`hh`d wntb Loac`gzn` tf jftb tb` Oratna ogd

]oanina Faògs' Ot hòst fg` fi tb`s` l`g loy bov` bod o wni` wntb bnl ng ?;29 ogd&fr ?;2>'Tb`g tb`r` ns o Aodn`g g`vou D`Joh` "tbns gol` oppòrs ng s`v`roh vornogts. wbf wos wfrcngk

fut fi tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogys Kròt Qhov` Hoc` pfst ng ?2=='9> B` ogd Efbg Tbflsfg( ah`rc

ot tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` pfst( trov`hh`d wntb twf wfl`g tf fp`rot` og futpfst ot Hoc` Ahonr`

"gòr Hoc` Otbojosao. ng tb` sull`r fi ?2==';= O ]n`rr` Hoggòu Aodn`g h` Krfs G`z "okong

ifugd ng logy vornogts. ohsf s`rv`d ot tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogys Kròt Qhov` Hoc` "Zngk Hoc`.

pfst ng ?2==( ogd tbns log ns nd`gtnin`d ng tb` efurgohs os bovngk o iolnhy';? Tbr`` ftb`r

Aodn`gs or` l`gtnfg`d ng Loac`gzn` Znv`r efurgohs fi tb` òrhy ?2==s( ogd o Lnab`h ogd o

Hfuns Aodn`g oppòr fg tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy `lphfyl`gt r`knst`r ifr Otbojosao ifr tb`

p`rnfd ?2?? ?2:?' Hfuns Aodn`g bod o sfg gol`d Hfuns wbf s`rv`d tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy

ng Otbojosao j`tw``g ?2?2 ogd ?2:?';: Nt loy j` nlpfssnjh` tf osa`rtong ifr a`rtong wbnab fi

tb`s` l`g wos tb` iotb`r fi tb` log wntb wbfl ]`tntft spfc` ogd p`rbops ni Hfuns iotb`r

ròhhy wnsb`d tf abfu`r fjsaur`l`gt ab`z h` Tabnpp`woyogs( gfg` fi tb`s` pfssnjnhntn`s or`

oaaurot` ,, jut tb`r` or` logy pft`gtnoh lnx`d,oga`stry abnhdr`g olfgkst ohh tb`s` ngdnvnduohs'

92 @lnh` ]`tntft(Outfur d`s Krogds Hoa d`s @sahov`s "]orns5 Ohj`rt Qovng`( ?2>?.( ;9 ;;'

9> Eol`s ]frt`r( Efurgoh c`pt jy Lr ]frt`r ot Qhov` Hoc`( ?2== ?2=?( os r`prngt`d ng C`ntb( 22( >4 "`gtrn`s ifr:> I`jruory ogd ?= Oprnh ?2==.3 ohsf C`ntbs afhhàtnv` jnfkropby fi tb` Aodn`gs( 122 ,1>='

;= Njnd'( ?=? "`gtry ifr : Eug` ?2==.'

;? Njnd'( ??; "`gtry ifr 1= Fatfj`r ?2==.'

;: C`ntb( 1>='


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?2

]`tntfts ftb`r vnùx L`tns irogaf,d`g`( Joptnst` H` Aolorod` d` Logd`vnhh`( wos Hfuns

Aoy`gs jrftb`r,ng,how( ogd oaafrdngk tf ]`tntft wos dfrnkng` gfrlogd`';1 Tb` Logd`vnhh`

iolnhy ns w`hh,dfaul`gt`d ng tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` r`knfg irfl ?2== fgwords' Tb` inrst

rì`r`ga` tf Logd`vnhh`s ng iur trod` dfaul`gts ns ng tb` s`rvogts afgtroats fi tb` Gfrtb [`st

Aflpogy ifr ?;>>( wb`r` Efs`pb Logd`vnhh` ns gft`d os bovngk r`g`w`d bns afgtroat ot Ifrt

Abnp`wyog';4 Ng Lorab fi ?2==( tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy pfst efurgohhnst ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc`

ràfrd`d Logd`vnhh`s orrnvoh( wntb bns iolnhy( irfl tb` Hfdk`s( wb`r` b` bod j``g hnvngk

wntb tb` Ngdnogs';0 Ng Loy fi ?2==( ugusuohhy( tb` efurgoh lorc`d tb` jnrtb fi o doukbt`r tf

Logd`vnhh` ogd bns wni`';9 Ng Fatfj`r fi ?2==( ogftb`r Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy `lphfy`` tffc o

aogf` sond tf j`hfgk tf Logd`vnhh`(;; okong o gfv`hty os i`w `lphfy``s bod suab snkgninaogt

prfp`rty fi tb`nr fwg ng tb` Gfrtb [`st' Tb`s` ahu`s loy ngdnaot` tbot Logd`vnhh` bod ohròdyj``g ng tb` afugtry ogd bod `stojhnsb`d rffts tb`r` ifr o p`rnfd fi tnl` jìfr` ?2=='

]`tntft gol`d s`v`roh ftb`rs ng bns ràfhhàtnfgs fi tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` orò5

Ho prs`ga` dogs a`s porok`s sujoratnqu`s d` Ltns irogons trs ks `t gs dogsh` poys ll`( t`hs qu` Jòuhnù( ]fntros( sfg jòu,irr`( Aoy`g( H` Aolorod`(Hoihùr( d` Aborhfns( h`s irr`s Tfurogeòu `t outr`s( gfus `st ug` prùv` qu` gfsaflpotrnfts d`vogar`gt gfs jfgs vfnsngs dfutr`,Logab` dogs h`s ]oys d@g,Bout' Lohbùrùs`l`gt( ov`gturn`rs sogs ifrtug`( afurùrs d` jfns fjsaur`s(

k`gs sogs h`ttr`s gn jut ovfu( nhs g` s` sfuanr`gt eolons d` r`v`gdnqu`r hbfggùr`t ho khfnr` dovfnr dafuv`rt `t bojnt h`s pr`ln`rs a`s rknfgs ràuh`s `tngbfspntohnr`s';2

Fi tb` ftb`rs b` l`gtnfgs( o Eòg,Joptnst` Hoihùr ogd bns sfg Eòg,Joptnst` w`r` oatnv` ng tb`

]òa` Znv`r afugtry ifr tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy irfl ?;29 tf ?2::( wb`g tb` Hoihùrs w`r`

trogspfrt`d tf Lfgtroh wntb tb`nr iolnhn`s' Tb` sfg wos r`bnr`d ogd wfrc`d os og ngt`rpr`t`r ng

;1 ]`tntft(Outfur d`s Krogd Hoa d`s @sahov`s( ;2'

;4 C`ntb( 4=2 4=>'

;0 Eol`s ]frt`r( Efurgoh c`pt jy Lr ]frt`r ot Qhov` Hoc`( ?2== ?2=?( os r`prngt`d ng C`ntb( 22 "`gtry ifr ?Lorab ?2==.'

;9 Njnd'( >9 "`gtry ifr 0 Loy ?2==.'

;; Njnd'( ??0 "`gtry ifr ?1 Fatfj`r ?2==.'

;2 ]`tntft(Outfur d`s Krogds Hoa d`s @sahov`s( ;2'


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tb` ]òa` j`tw``g ?2:; ogd ?2;0' Ogy hngcs j`tw``g tbns iolnhy ogd o Kròt Qhov` Hoc` iolnhy

prnfr tf ?2== or` uga`rtong';> Tb` Tfurogkòu iolnhy oppòrs tf frnkngot` wntb og Ogtfng`

Tfurogkòu wbf aol` fut wntb tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy ng tb` @gkhnsb Znv`r dnstrnat orfugd

?;20 ?;29( prfjojhy jrngkngk wntb bnl og Ngdnog wni` irfl tb` Z`d Znv`r dnstrnat ogd pfssnjhy

ot hòst fg` doukbt`r' Eòg,Joptnst` Tfurogkòu( hnc`hy Ogtfng`s sfg( stoy`d ng tb` Otbojosao

dnstrnat'2=

Ng oddntnfg( tb`r` or` ftb`r Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy `lphfy``s wbf bod wnv`s ogd abnhdr`g jy tb`

turg fi tb` gng`t``gtb a`gtury ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc`5 Eòg,Joptnst` Odol( jrftb`r,ng,how tf o

bugt`r wbf potrfgnz`d tb` G[A Qhov` Hoc` pfst32? Jostfg fr Jfstfggons( og `lphfy`` ot Kròt

Qhov` Hoc` ng ?2== wbf wogt`d tf stoy ahfs` tf tb` pfst jàous` bns wni` wos ojfut tf knv` jnrtb

tb`r`32: Efs`pb ]oss,por,tfut fr Gosph`tt`( `gkok`d ng ?;29 tf s`rv` ot Kròt Qhov` Hoc`( wbfs`wflog ogd ohh b`r abnhdr`g w`r` knv`g iffd ot Qhov` Hoc` pfst ng ?2== tf tnd` tb`l fv`r tf

Ifrt Abnp`wyog321 ogd Lfrng( wbfs` Abnp`wyog wni` irfl tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc`&Ifrt

Abnp`wyog r`knfg bod d`s`rt`d bnl ogd kfg` joac tf b`r r`hotnv`s( jut wbf w`gt joac tf bnl ot

Kròt Qhov` Hoc` ng ?2== tf jòr bns abnhd ng prì`r`ga` tf j`ngk sfhd fr turg`d fii tf ogftb`r

log'24

Tb` tftoh fi ohh tb`s` ngdnvnduohs tbot w` aog gol`( irfl tb` i`w ràfrds tbot survnv`( sukk`st

tbot tb`r` wos o yfugk jut snkgninaogt ogd krfwngk pfpuhotnfg fi inrst,k`g`rotnfg lnx`d,oga`stry

abnhdr`g ng tb` Kròt Qhov` Hoc` r`knfg jy ?2==' Qfl` fi tb`s` abnhdr`g w`r` r`hot`d tf Ngdnog

;> Duacwfrtb( ?0? ?0:'

2= Njnd'( ?;= ?;?'

2? [nhhnol [`gtz`h( Efurgoh c`pt ot Qhov` Hoc`( ?2=:( r`prngt`d ng C`ntb( ?99( ?;1 ?;0 "`gtrn`s ifr :? Oukust?2=:( ?0 Q`pt`lj`r ?2=:( :? Q`pt`lj`r ?2=:.'

2: Eol`s ]frt`r( Efurgoh c`pt jy Lr ]frt`r ot Qhov` Hoc`( ?2== ?2=?( os r`prngt`d ng C`ntb( ??0 "`gtry ifr ?0

Fatfj`r ?2==.'21 Njnd'( ??? "`gtrn`s ifr 1 ogd ; Oukust ?2==.3 s`` ohsf Duacwfrtb( ?9?' ]frt`r gft`d ng bns efurgoh tbot]ossp`rtfus wflog tfhd bnl tbot b`r C``p`r Lorhng bos Kft tb` T`t` d` H`nvr`s Doukbt`r tf wni` ogd tbrfwgb`r owoy'

24 Eol`s ]frt`r( Efurgoh c`pt jy Lr ]frt`r ot Qhov` Hoc`( ?2== ?2=?( os r`prngt`d ng C`ntb( ??0 "`gtrn`s ifr ?4ogd ?0 Fatfj`r ?2==.3 ohsf njnd' "C`ntb.( 4?13 Eol`s LaC`gzn`( efurgoh c`pt ot Ifrt Abnp`wyog( ?;>>( os r`prngt`dngH`s Jfurk`fns d` ho Aflpokgn` du Gfrd,Fu`st( Yfh' NN( `d' H' Z' Lossfg "G`w ^frc5 Ogtnquornog ]r`ss Htd'(?>9=.( 124 120 "`gtrn`s ifr > ogd ?= Oprnh ?;>>.'


33/231

:=

krfups futsnd` tb` study orò( suab os tb` Ar`` ogd Fenjwo( jut lfst fi tb` fg`s wbfs` iolnhn`s

aog j` nd`gtnin`d w`r` r`hot`d vno tb`nr lftb`rs tf tb` Abnp`wyog Ngdnog pfpuhotnfg trodngk fut

fi tb` Qhov` Hoc` pfsts' Tb`s` abnhdr`g oppòr tf iohh ngtf tbr`` k`g`roh aot`kfrn`s5 tbfs` hnc` tb`

abnhdr`g fi Hoihùr ogd Efbg Tbflsfg( wbf trov`hh`d joac tf _ujà wntb tb`nr iolnhn`s wb`g

tb`nr iotb`rs tfur ng tb` Gfrtb [`st wos fv`r(20 tbfs` hnc` tb` abnhdr`g fi Jòuabolp ogd

H`rfux( wbfs` wb`ròjfuts oit`r tb`nr iotb`rs d`portur` or` ugcgfwg ogd wbf loy bov`

r`turg`d wntb tb`nr lftb`rs tf tb` Ngdnog pfpuhotnfg( ogd tbfs` hnc` tb` abnhdr`g fi Logd`vnhh`(

Jòuhnù ogd Aoy`g wbf hot`r jàol` prflng`gt ng tb` lnx`d,oga`stry pfpuhotnfg' @v`g wntbng

iolnhn`s( abnhdr`g loy bov` ifugd dnii`r`gt d`stngotnfgs( d`p`gdngk fg abfna`s( huac( lorrnok`

ogd scnhhs' Tb` inrst dàod`s fi tb` gng`t``gtb a`gtury w`r` tf j` pnvftoh ifr tbns yfugk krfup'

NNN'A Iur Trod` ]fst Hni` ot ?2==

Jy ?2==( tb` pott`rgs fi iur trod` pfst hni`( nlpfrt`d irfl òst`rg pfsts ogd odopt`d tf hfaoh

afgdntnfgs( w`r` w`hh,`stojhnsb`d ng tb` Otbojosao,Loac`gzn` dnstrnat'29 @oab pfst bod o s`gnfr

fiina`r ng abork`' Ng tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy( tb`s` s`gnfr l`g "afllns( fr ah`rcs( fr

trod`rs. w`r` ohlfst ohh fi Qafttnsb frnkng fr d`sa`gt3 tbfs` wbf w`r` gft jfrg ng Qafthogd

usuohhy aol` irfl _u`jà' Tb` `lphfy``s fi tb` pfst w`r` pr`dflngogthy Ir`gab,Aogodnog(

ogd w`r` sfrt`d ngtf rogcs ogd pond "vno ar`dnts( os gf aosb anrauhot`d ng tb` Gfrtb [`st ot tbns

tnl`. rfukbhy jos`d fg `xp`rn`ga`( scnhhs( ogd r`hnojnhnty' Tb`s` rogcs w`r` cgfwg jy tb`

pfsntnfgs toc`g ng o aogf`5 kfuv`rgonh "st``rslog( o s`gnfr rogc.( lnhnù "lnddh`log( fr

k`g`roh wfrc`r. ogd d`vogt "jfwslog( s`gnfr tf tb` lnhnù jut j`hfw tb` kfuv`rgonh.' Qfl`

`lphfy``s w`r` ohsf nd`gtnin`d os ngt`rpr`t`rs( kund`s "o v`ry s`gnfr ogd r`spfgsnjh` rogc. ogd

scnhh`d trod`sl`g' Qfl`tnl`s( l`g w`r` knv`g jfgus`s fr pond ot o lfr` s`gnfr rogc lnd,

sòsfg( ni tb`y bod d`lfgstrot`d `xa`ptnfgoh ojnhnty ogd bod toc`g fg `xtro wfrc' Bfw`v`r( tb`

efurgohs sbfw tbot junhdngk ogd c``pngk o iur pfst prfvnsnfg`d( bòt`d( `qunpp`d( ogd supphn`d

wntb austfl`rs `gtonh`d o t`rrnina olfugt fi bord pbysnaoh hojfur( ogd tbot ohh rogcs "ngahudngk(

20 Ifr Tbflsfg( s`` C`ntb( ?:2'

29 Tb` ngifrlotnfg ng tbns sàtnfg ns o sygtb`sns fi s`v`roh pfst efurgohs( pr`vnfushy ant`d' Tbns ngahud`s ohh tbèfurgohs up tf ?2=: r`prngt`d ng C ntb3 tb` Hoc` Otbojosao efurgoh r`prngt`d ng Duacwfrtb3 tb` Turgfr efurgohr`prngt`d ngEfurgohs fi Qolu`h Bòrg ( Tyr`hh( `d'3 BJAO( J'>&o&?( J'>&o&: ogd J'>&o&13 ogd tb` LaC`gzn` efurgohr`prngt`d ng Lossfg( Yfh' NN'


34/231

:?

`spànohhy ot slohh pfsts( tb` ah`rcs. w`r` `xpàt`d tf df tb`nr sbor`' Tb` l`gs donhy hni` ot o

pfst ngahud`d auttngk wffd( locngk ogd r`ponrngk aogf`s( iurgntur`( l`toh kffds( ogd junhdngks3

hfaotngk ogd jrngkngk ng gà`ssorn`s hnc` jnrabjorc ogd lòt irfl Ngdnog bugt`rs( kfngk fut tf

hnv` ifr w``cs ot o tnl` wntb krfups fi Ngdnogs tf `gsur` tbot tb`y bugt`d ogd jrfukbt tb`nr iurs

ngtf tb` pfst "aohh`d hnvngk `g d`rfung`.( ogd( `spànohhy ot Otbojosao ogd Kròt Qhov` Hoc`(

insbngk' [b`g rotnfgs kr`w sbfrt ot o pfst( l`g ogd tb`nr iolnhn`s wfuhd j` s`gt `ntb`r tf hnv`

wntb o krfup fi Ngdnogs fr tf hnv` ot o insbngk stotnfg( tf r`dua` pr`ssur` fg iffd supphn`s' Hntth`

okrnauhtur` wos proatns`d ot tb`s` pfsts ng tb` òrhy yòrs ogd ohlfst gf ihfur fr ftb`r @urfpòg

iffd wos jrfukbt ng3 tb` prnganpoh iffd supphy wos lòt "ir`sb fr drn`d( usuohhy jrfukbt ng jy

trodngk Ngdnogs fr Ngdnog bugt`rs bnr`d jy tb` pfst. ogd insb "aoukbt ir`sb donhy( tfk`tb`r wntb

ogy stfr`d stfac drn`d fr irfz`g irfl pòc spowgngk tnl`s.' ]`llnaog( lod` irfl drn`d

juiiohf( d``r fr lffs` lòt ogd pfugd`d wntb iot ogd j`rrn`s "ni ovonhojh`. wos o tròt sov`d ifrtb` trov`hhngk sprngk ogd iohh aogf` jrnkod`s sbnppngk iurs fut ogd trod` kffds ng' Tb`s` jrnkod`s

bod tf lfv` tff iost tf bugt fr insb `grfut`( ogd g``d`d tb` bnkb,`g`rky( aflpoat( d`gs` iffd

sfura` tbot p`llnaog afuhd supphy'2;

Tb`r` w`r` logy ftb`r gà`ssory toscs ifr pfst hni` tbot or` ngi`rr`d ng tb` efurgohs ogd oaafugts

fi tb` p`rnfd' Lffs` ogd d``r bnd` bod tf j` dr`ss`d ogd lod` up ngtf ahftbngk ogd lfaaosngs

"o trov`hhngk log afuhd kf tbrfukb o ponr fi lfaaosngs ng o doy.' Qfl` ròdy,lod` ahftb`s w`r`

jrfukbt ng( jut lfst fi o pfsts ngv`gtfry wos ng yord kffds tbot wfuhd bov` tf j` lod` up jy

tb` us`r' "Qfl` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy pfsts bod tonhfrs( os tb` BJA dnsafurok`d tb`nr l`g

irfl ifrlngk portg`rsbnps wntb hfaoh wfl`g'. Qng`ws bod tf j` xtroat`d irfl hork` kol` ogd

pr`por`d ifr us` ng sgor`s( sgfwsbf`s( ahftbngk ogd `qunpl`gt' Tb` l`g sbor`d o afllfg

cntab`g orò ogd rà`nv`d rotnfgs fi lòt ogd insb( jut tb`r` wos gfrlohhy gf fg` p`rsfg ng

abork` fi pr`porngk lòhs' Ni v`k`tojh` prfduats suab os sprua` kul( tr`` rffts ogd j`rrn`s w`r`

ovonhojh` gòrjy( sfl`fg` bod tf afhhàt ogd pr`por` tb`l' Insbg`ts bod tf j` lod` ogd

r`ponr`d( ogd sgor`s ifr slohh kol` "`spànohhy rojjnts( o stoph` ot gfrtb`rg pfsts. lod`( s`t ogd

`lptn`d' Ng bugtngk portn`s( sfl`fg` bod tf aorry jokkok` ogd s`t up aolps wbnh` tb` l`g w`r`

fut abosngk kol` ogd troppngk iur,jòr`rs' [bf w`r` tb`s` ngvnsnjh` wfrc`rs6 Lotfgoj``(

2; Jos`d fg o sygtb`sns fi pfst efurgohs pr`vnfushy ant`d' Q`` ohsf C`ntb( > , :9'


35/231

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Qolu`h Bòrg`s Abnp`wyog kund` ogd irn`gd( safhd`d Bòrg` fg bòrngk tbot b` bod twna`

ionh`d ng bns ott`lpts tf ròab tb` ior ngt`rnfr5

B` ottrnjut`d ohh fur lnsifrtug`s tf tb` lniafgduat fi ly kund`s( ogd tb` v`ryphog w` puriu`d( jy tb` dìnr` fi tb` Kfv`rgfr( ng gft tocngk ogy wfl`g wntb us

fg tbns efurg`y( wos b` iond( tb` prnganpoh tbngk tbot faaosnfg`d ohh fur wogts5ifr( iond b`( wb`g ohh tb` l`g or` bòvy hod`g( tb`y aog g`ntb`r bugt gfr trov`h tfogy afgind`rojh` dnitoga`3 ogd ng aoi tb`y l``t wntb iuaaìs ng bugtngk( wbf ns tfaorry tb` prfdua` fi tb`nr hojfur6 [fl`g( odd`d b`( w`r` lod` ifr hojfur3 fg`fi tb`l aog aorry( fr bouh( os luab os twf l`g aog df' Tb`y ohif pntab fur t gts(loc` ogd l`gd fur ahftbngk( c``p us worl ot gnkbt3 ogd( ng ioat( tb`r` ns gf iuabtbngk os trov`hhngk ogy afgind`rojh` dnitoga`( fr ifr ogy h`gktb fi tnl`( ng tbnsafugtry( wntbfut tb`nr oiinitoga`' [fl`g( iond b` okong( tbfukb tb`y df `v`rytbngk( or` longtong`d ot o trnihngk `xp`ga`3 ifr os tb`y ohwoys itogd affc( tb` v`ryhnacngk fi tb`nr ingk`rs ng iaora` tnl`s( ns iuiinan`gt ifr tb`nr iujinit`ga`' Tbns(bfw`v`r fdd nt loy oppòr( ns jut tff tru` o dìsarnptnfg fi tb` intuotnfg fi tb`

wfl`g ng tbns afugtry

22

Bòrg`( oit`r trov`hhngk wntb Lotfgoj``s krfup ifr ohlfst twf yòrs( d`sarnj`d hni` fg tb` hogd

os `xa`ssnv` bord hojfur( ogd gft`d tbot Ngdnog wfl`g w`r` aopojh` fi drìingk ohh cngds fi

icngs( afgv`rtngk tb`l ngtf tb` dnii`r`gt ports fi tb`nr ahftbngk( ogd ojh` tf aorry `nkbt fr t`g

itfg` Sfg` stfg` < ?4 pfugds\ ng Qull`r( fr bouh o luab kròt`r w`nkbt ng [ngt`rwb`g tb`

l`g cnhh ogy hork` jòit( tb` wfl`g or` ohwoys i`gt tf jrngk nt tf tb` t`gt5 wb`g nt ns jrfukbt

tb`r`( `v`ry fp`rotnfg nt ugd`rkf`s( iuab os iphnttngk( dryngk( pfugdngk( )a' ns p`rifrl`d jy tb`

wfl`g'2>

Austfl ogd dnphfloay odd`d iurtb`r proatnaoh ròsfgs ifr l`g ot tb` pfsts tf s``c i`loh`

aflpognfgsbnp( ogd ifr tb` hfaoh Ngdnog pfpuhotnfgs tf j` wnhhngk tf oaa`pt suab portg`rsbnps'

Bòrg` fjs`rv`d tbot nt ns o v`ry afllfg austfl olfgk tb` l`g fi tbns afugtry tf `xabogk` o

gnkbts hfdkngk wntb òab ftb`rs wnv`s' Jut tbns ns if ior irfl j`ngk afgind`r`d os og oat wbnab

ns arnlngoh( tbot nt ns ìt``l`d jy tb`l os fg` fi tb` itrfgk`st tn`s fi irn`gdibnp j`tw``g twf

iolnhn`s3 ogd ng aoi` fi tb` dòtb fi `ntb`r log( tb` ftb`r afgind`rs bnli`hi jfugd tf iuppfrt tb`

abnhdr`g fi tb` dàòi`d'>= Ng ngt`r,`tbgna portg`rsbnps( tb` aous` fi dnphfloay afuhd j` iurtb`r

22 Bòrg`( 00'

2> Njnd'( 2> >='

>= Njnd'( ?:>'


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:1

ossnst`d jy tb` `xabogk` fi cgfwh`dk` fi hogkuok`( t`rrntfrn`s ogd austfls' Tb` odvogtok`s fi

`stojhnsbngk hfgk,t`rl r`hotnfgsbnps j`tw``g @urfpògs wntb oaa`ss tf vohuojh` kffds( ogd

Ngdnog p`fph` wntb oaa`ss tf iffd ogd iurs( s``l`d oppor`gt tf jftb portn`s ogd bov` j``g w`hh,

dfaul`gt`d ng ftb`r hfaotnfgs'>?

Qfl`tnl`s vnfh`ga` lorr`d tb`s` ngt`rkrfup r`hotnfgsbnps `stojhnsb`d tbrfukb wfl`g' Bòrg`

bod r`lorc`d tbot tb` Abnp`wyog Ngdnog l`g wntb wbfl b` bod trov`hh`d stok`d wr`sthngk

lotab`s ifr wfl`g( jftb ottoab`d ogd sngkh`( wntb tb` wflog fjhnk`d tf kf wntb tb` vnatfr3>: b`

bod ohsf s``g wfl`g irfl wòc`r krfups aoptur`d jy ifra`(>1 ogd wfl`g jòt`g jy tb`nr loh`

portg`rs'>4 Tb` Gfrtb [`st Aflpogy trod`rs( bfw`v`r( ot hòst p`rnfdnaohhy fv`rst`pp`d tb`

Abnp`wyog jfugds fi oaa`ptojh` j`bovnfur ng aflp`tngk ifr ogd opprfprnotngk wfl`g' Ng

?;>:( Lohafhl Zfss( tb` Budsfgs Joy Aflpogy trod`r pfsntnfg`d g`xt tf Ifrt Abnp`wyog(fjs`rv`d(

Tb` E`pfwyog Ngdnogs aflphongs v`ry luab fi tb` ngeustna` dfg` tb`l jy tbÀogodnogs ng tocngk tb`nr wfl`g irfl tb`l jy ifra`3 sfl` fi tb` Aogodnogsc``ps gf h`ss tbog 1 wfl`g ) s`v`roh :' og ngstoga` bopp`g`d tbns doy fi tb`ngeustna` fi tb` Aogodnogs ng tb` troiina fi tb` Ionr Q`x' O Aogodnog tbot bod :wfl`g jìfr`( w`gt tf t

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