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Graywater Use byGraywater Use byUrban Households:Urban Households:
a sustainability a sustainability issueissue
DAVID ZAHLERDAVID ZAHLER
GEO 300GEO 300
Environmental Environmental ConservationConservation
OLGAOLGA
Oregon Legal Graywater Oregon Legal Graywater
AssociationAssociation
OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline
• The SceneThe Scene• OLGAOLGA
– MissionMission– VisionVision
• ConservationConservation– Water UseWater Use– Potential benefitsPotential benefits– Other Conservation Other Conservation
MeasuresMeasures– Graywater RulesGraywater Rules
• ConclusionsConclusions
The Scene The Scene – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion
http://www.oasisdesign.net
• Graywater:Graywater:– Water from laundry, bathtub, shower Water from laundry, bathtub, shower
and (some) sinks;and (some) sinks;– Water that has been used and is no Water that has been used and is no
longer drinkable;longer drinkable;– BUT, graywater has NEVER come in BUT, graywater has NEVER come in
contact with human wastecontact with human waste• OLGA wants to use this graywater for OLGA wants to use this graywater for
irrigation purposesirrigation purposes
The SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe Scene –– OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion
The SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe Scene
• 2003 Corvallis Pop: 2003 Corvallis Pop: 50,00050,000
• In 20-40 years: 60-In 20-40 years: 60-80,00080,000
• Water sources:Water sources:– Rock CreekRock Creek– Willamette RiverWillamette River– Groundwater: 5 wells Groundwater: 5 wells
The SceneThe Scene – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion
http://sarasota.extension.ufl.edu/
• Water Use by Customer ClassWater Use by Customer Class
Source: Mark Taratoot, Corvallis Public Works
The SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe Scene
38% 1% 17% 1% 38% 5%38% 1% 16% 1% 39% 5%0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
All Commercial Fraternity -Sorority
Multi Family Schools Single Family Metered Free
Percent of Total Consumption
2002
2003
OLGAOLGA
The SceneThe Scene – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion
• Projection of Water Demand by Projection of Water Demand by PopulationPopulation
Source: Economic and Engineering Services, inc
The SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe Scene – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion
Population Average Daily WaterDemand, CFS (mgd)
Maximum Daily WaterDemand, CFS (mgd)
50,000 11.6 (7.5) 23.2 (15)
60,000 15.4 (10.0) 30.9 (20)
80,000 20.9 (13.5) 41.8 (27)
120,000 30.9 (20.0) 61.9 (40)
• Projection: Anticipated rate of water Projection: Anticipated rate of water withdrawal from the Willamette River withdrawal from the Willamette River
Source: Economic and Engineering Services, inc
The SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe Scene – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion
Population Peak Day Demand Anticipated Rate of Diversionfrom Taylor WTP
50,000 (present) 23.0 cfs (14.9 mgd) 32.3 cfs (20.9 mgd)
60,000 (10 - 20 years) 30.9 cfs (20.0 mgd) 43.8 cfs (28.3 mgd)
120,000 (build-out) 61.9 cfs (40.0 mgd) 93.0 cfs (60.0 mgd)
• Projections based on Projections based on current Urban Growth current Urban Growth BoundaryBoundary
• Changes in use patterns of Changes in use patterns of any or all customer any or all customer classes would change classes would change future water demandfuture water demand
• Other unforeseen changes Other unforeseen changes may reduce future water may reduce future water demanddemand– City of Corvallis is exploring City of Corvallis is exploring
the possibility of recycling the possibility of recycling treated wastewater treated wastewater
The SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe Scene – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion
• Corvallis can produce Corvallis can produce enough drinkable water enough drinkable water to support population to support population projectionsprojections
• But… single family But… single family dwellings are a major dwellings are a major consumer of this water, consumer of this water, and a significant volume and a significant volume is used for reasons other is used for reasons other than drinking or eatingthan drinking or eating
• ““Graywater” can be used Graywater” can be used as/considered a as/considered a resource, not a waste resource, not a waste item item
The SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe SceneThe Scene – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion
• Organizational Vision Organizational Vision Statement:Statement:– ……dedicated to the creation of dedicated to the creation of
sustainable Oregon Communities with sustainable Oregon Communities with respect to water use. respect to water use.
– Water use as an important indicator for Water use as an important indicator for sustainability: sustainability:
• A gallon used twice is a gallon that stays A gallon used twice is a gallon that stays unprocessed in our waterways;unprocessed in our waterways;
• Energy used for water transport and Energy used for water transport and purification is reduced;purification is reduced;
• City saves money on water coming and City saves money on water coming and going;going;
OLGAOLGAOLGAOLGAThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – Conservation – Conclusion
One gallon of One gallon of graywater used by graywater used by urban households is urban households is one gallon of one gallon of potable water potable water reserved for its reserved for its highest and best usehighest and best use—human —human consumption.consumption.
OLGAOLGAOLGAOLGAThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – Conservation – Conclusion
• Organizational Mission Statement:Organizational Mission Statement:
… … assist the State of Oregon to assist the State of Oregon to develop, test (through household develop, test (through household demonstration sites), and demonstration sites), and adopting graywater use adopting graywater use regulations that facilitate reduced regulations that facilitate reduced water consumption in urban water consumption in urban households through safe, households through safe, effective, graywater use.effective, graywater use.
OLGAOLGAOLGAOLGAThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion – Conservation – Conclusion
• Household Water Use for an Household Water Use for an Average Home:Average Home:
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
Use GPCD Percent of indoor use
Toilets 18.5 26.7%
Showers 11.6 16.8%
Faucets 10.9 15.7%
Baths 1.2 1.7%
Dishwasher 1.0 1.4%
Clothes Washer 15.0 21.7%
Leaks 9.5 13.7%
“Other” 1.6 2.2%
• Household Water Use for an Household Water Use for an Average Home:Average Home:
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
Use GPCD Percent of indoor use
Toilets 18.5 26.7%
Showers 11.6 16.8%
Faucets 10.9 15.7%
Baths 1.2 1.7%
Dishwasher 1.0 1.4%
Clothes Washer 15.0 21.7%
Leaks 9.5 13.7%
“Other” 1.6 2.2%
Blackwater Sources (?)
• Household Water Use for an Household Water Use for an Average Home:Average Home:
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
Use GPCD Percent of indoor use
Toilets 18.5 26.7%
Showers 11.6 16.8%
Faucets 10.9 15.7%
Baths 1.2 1.7%
Dishwasher 1.0 1.4%
Clothes Washer 15.0 21.7%
Leaks 9.5 13.7%
“Other” 1.6 2.2%
“Easy” Graywater Sources
(some faucets)
• Graywater Savings:Graywater Savings:– Use 9 gallons/person/day from showersUse 9 gallons/person/day from showers– Use 5 gallons/person/day from faucetsUse 5 gallons/person/day from faucets– Use 10 GPD from clothes washer…Use 10 GPD from clothes washer…
– ……to water your garden perennials, you to water your garden perennials, you conserve about 25 GPD for “highest and best conserve about 25 GPD for “highest and best use”use”
… … 60 gallons per day in an average household!60 gallons per day in an average household!
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
• Other Conservation Measures: Other Conservation Measures: SAVINGSSAVINGS– Install high efficiency toilet: Install high efficiency toilet: 10 GPCD10 GPCD– Install efficient showerhead:Install efficient showerhead: 3 GPCD 3 GPCD– Install efficient clothes washer:Install efficient clothes washer: 5 GPCD 5 GPCD– Fix leaks!Fix leaks! 5 GPCD 5 GPCD
TOTAL Savings:TOTAL Savings: 23 GPCD23 GPCD
• The irony: Increased efficiency leads to less The irony: Increased efficiency leads to less available graywater for irrigation purposes.available graywater for irrigation purposes.
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
• Graywater Rules:Graywater Rules:– Defines how a system should be Defines how a system should be
constructedconstructed
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
• Graywater Rules:Graywater Rules:– Defines how a system should be Defines how a system should be
constructedconstructed– Defines where a system can be Defines where a system can be
constructedconstructed
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
• Graywater Rules:Graywater Rules:– Defines how a system should be Defines how a system should be
constructedconstructed– Defines where a system can be Defines where a system can be
constructedconstructed– Defines when a system can be usedDefines when a system can be used
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
• Graywater Rules:Graywater Rules:– Defines how a system should be Defines how a system should be
constructedconstructed– Defines where a system can be Defines where a system can be
constructedconstructed– Defines when a system can be usedDefines when a system can be used– Defines how graywater is appliedDefines how graywater is applied
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
• Graywater Rules:Graywater Rules:– Defines how a system should be Defines how a system should be
constructedconstructed– Defines where a system can be Defines where a system can be
constructedconstructed– Defines when a system can be usedDefines when a system can be used– Defines how graywater is appliedDefines how graywater is applied– Defines graywater and what nasty Defines graywater and what nasty
things shouldn’t be in itthings shouldn’t be in it
ConservationConservationConservationConservationThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – OLGA – ConservationConservation – Conclusion – Conclusion
• Graywater Rules:Graywater Rules:
– Such rules can make Such rules can make graywater use for irrigation graywater use for irrigation purposes safe and part of purposes safe and part of the water conservation the water conservation “toolkit” for urban “toolkit” for urban householdshouseholds
ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – Conservation – OLGA – Conservation – Conclusion Conclusion
The State of Oregon, The State of Oregon, through DEQ rules, can through DEQ rules, can proactively change the proactively change the culture of domestic culture of domestic water consumption water consumption through safe, legal through safe, legal graywater use.graywater use.
ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionThe Scene The Scene –– OLGA – Conservation – OLGA – Conservation – ConclusionConclusion