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What is Graphite?
• Graphite is a natural form of carbon with the chemical formula C and is characterized by its hexagonal crystalline structure. It occurs naturally in metamorphic rocks such as marble, schist and gneiss
2
Graphite at A Glance
The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes, and pure form of carbon. Allotropes of carbon are;
- Graphite- Diamond- Coal
Graphite is;- Excellent HEAT conductor- Excellent ELECTRICITY conductor- Heat resistant (Melting Point 3927 C°)- Chemical and Corrosion resistant- Resistant to acids and oxidising agents- Lubricating
1. Supply Side Problem
• China Producing 80% of world natural graphite
• China has a 20% export duty and 17% VAT on graphite,
• Factories is closed in Hunan Province, creating a government-sponsored monopoly on amorphous graphite resources
• Other Countries: Brazil, North Korea, Canada, Norway, Mexico, Ukraine, Sri Lanka, Madagascar
4. Growing Demand and Technology
• 3-5% Annual growth rate of Traditional demand• Discovery of Graphene• Lithium-ion batteries&Fuel cells –EV, E-Bike, HEV• Nuclear technology – Pebble Bed Reactors• Plastics and composite frames (Boeing Co.'s new
Dreamliner)• Solar Energy• Industrialization and Urbanization of China, India and
emerging economies
Li-ion Batteries – Fuel Cells
• The growth of electric cars, bikes and scooters, all rely on Li-ion batteries and fuel cells
• 10 times more graphite than Li (by weight) to make Li ion batteries
• In an electric car battery 1.8 kg graphite /per kilowatt hour (KWh) needed. For an EV 30-50 Kg natural graphite is used for battery
Risks ???
• Price Risks; What if China increase production? Prices is Today prices if you have a product to sell today you can benefit it
• Graphene; 5 to 10 year needed for commercial production
• Projects; in the Pipeline are Flake Graphite, Amorphous Graphite???
• Demand; current demand coming from traditional uses, demand of new technologies could be over estimated
• Sensitive Projects; Not all of the projects will end up becoming mines, High production costs, high grade aimed. Environmental problems of high grade production. 70% loss of high grade processes, equity sharing projects
Risks ???
• EV – Li-ion Batteries; Expensive, not user friendly, it needs time
EV markets are; Japan, USA, EU – Developed countries. Recycling could be possible
Graphite in Turkey
• Majority of the graphite occurrences in Turkey is mainly “amorphous” type.
• A graphite occurrence around Balikesir city (West part of Turkey) has bigger crystalline structure. Most promising, most graphitized and high Carbon contented graphite mineralization explored in Balikesir, Yozgat, Konya, Kastamonu and Adıyaman cities.
• Occurrences in other places like Kutahya, Mugla, Bandirma is mostly semi graphite
Production in Turkey 1985-1999
March 2012
Year Production (tonnes)
Consumption (tonnes)
1985 - 4.100,00 1986 3.586,00 4.000,00 1987 8.900,00 3.400,00 1988 12.911,00 13.000,00 1989 11.000,00 12.000,00 1990 18.712,00 18.712,00 1991 26.763,00 26.763,00 1994 5.000,00 25.000* 1995 5.000,00 25.000* 1996 5.000,00 25.000* 1997 5.000,00 25.000* 1998 5.000,00 25.000* 1999 5.000,00 25.000*
Source: Turkey State Planning Institute, 8th Quinquennially
Development Plan, 2001
* = Rounded roughly
0,00
5.000,00
10.000,00
15.000,00
20.000,00
25.000,00
30.000,00
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Production (tonnes) -
Production(tonnes) -
www.saituysal.com.tr
Production in Turkey 2003-2009
March 2012
Year Production
(tonnes)
2003 0,00
2004 28,00
2005 0,00
2006 0,00
2007 0,00
2008 3.236,00
2009 2.400,00
Source: http://www.migem.gov.tr/links/istatistikler/2003_2009_URETIM_%20BILGILERI.mht Migem = Turkish Republic Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - General Directorate of Mining Affairs
0,00
500,00
1.000,00
1.500,00
2.000,00
2.500,00
3.000,00
3.500,00
Production (tonnes)
Production(tonnes)
www.saituysal.com.tr
Conclusion
• Graphite demand will increase even there could be some price fluctuations
• Whichever company moves ahead the quickest will do the best
• New applications and technology will drive the demand but will take time
• Low cost projects are important• Turkey has undiscovered, undeveloped potential and low
cost production opportunites, and European market is next to it