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7/31/2019 Graphing Section
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I. FUNCTIONS AND NOTATIONS
A. Relations and Functions
A function can be expressed in a table or a list form, but, a function can also be expressed in a
graph form. The domain of the function is plotted in the horizontal (x-axis), and the range is
plotted vertically (y axis). To graph a relation, we need to plot each given ordered pair. Here is an
example of a function:
Graph: *() () () ()+
B. Vertical Line Test
The definition of a function says that there can only be one range for a domain. Therefore, thegraph of a function cannot look like this:
In this graph, there are two or more corresponding y values for an
x value. This is called a vertical line test. We draw a straight line down
the graph and see the line passes through the graph at only one point each.
If it passes through only one point, it is a function.
C. Linear Functions
Linear functions are considered the simplest of all the types of functions. Linear functions are
the functions of the form, y = mx + b. These functions are straight lines where m is the slope and
b is the y-intercept. If m>0, the line rises, if m
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D. Absolute Value Function and Graph
Absolute value functions produce 2 solutions. When m 0, the functions are written as: () | | . In a graph of an absolute value function, there are two lines, a positiveand a negative. The two points meet up at one point called the vertex. The vertex is also where
either the maximum or the minimum is formed. The vertex can be found at the point ( ,c).
There are 3 steps in graphing an absolute value function:
1) Isolate the absolute value and find the vertex using ( , c).
2) Write an equation for where the absolute value is and one where the absolute value is .3) Graph the two equations found in step 2 on the correct domain.
Example:
Graph the absolute value function, | |Steps
1) Isolate the absolute value and find the vertex.
| | | |; m=1, b=1, c=4Vertex:( , c) = (-)
2) Write the 2 equations and solve
a) | |b) -| |
-
3) Graph the two equations found in step 2
on the correct domain.E. Translating, Stretching or Shrinking, Reflection
There are four things that affect the characteristics and the shapes of different graphs: translating,
stretching or shrinking, and reflection. These four things are represented as a, h, and k. The
parent function of an absolute value function is ||. Here is a chart for you!Translating, Stretching or Shrinking, Reflection
Parent Function ||y = |x + h The graph will move h units to the left
y = |x - h| The graph will move h units to the righty = |x| + k The graph will move k units up
y = |x| - k The graph will move k units down
a > 1 It is a stretch by the factor of a0 > a > 1 It is a shrink by the factor of a
y = -|x + h| Reflection over the x-axis
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6
2
4
6
8
10
12
x
y
y=x+5y=-x+5
y=|x|
y=1/2 |x-2|+3
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F. Graphing Inequalities
An inequality has two variables and the graph is shaded to represent the inequality. The
disconnected dashed line (- - - - -) means > or or y , the shading is above the line and if the inequality is y < or y
, the shading is below the line.
Example:
Graph the inequality, Steps
1) Graph the line, 2) Pick a test point and plug the coordinates
into the inequality. If the point fulfills the
inequality, we shade the side of the point.
If I pick (-2, 4) 4 (-3) + 22 -33) Shade over the line because our coordinates
Over the line fulfilled the equation.
G. Absolute Values Inequality
Graphing absolute values inequality is the same as graphing a regular inequality but it is just that
you need to pick a test-point inside or outside the value and see if the points fulfill the inequality. If
the point fulfills, then you shade the area on the side of the line of where the test point is .
Example:
Graph the absolute value inequality, || Steps
1) Graph the absolute value inequality , || 2) Pick a test point and plug the coordinates
into the inequality. If the point fulfills the
inequality, we shade the side of the point.
If I pick (2, 6) 6 |()| 633) Shade between the lines because our coordinates
between the lines fulfilled the equation.
y (5/3)x + 2
y|3x| + 2
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II. GRAPHING LINEAR SYSTEMS
A. Graphing Systems of Equation
A solution of a system of equations is a set of values for the variables that makes all the equations true.
You can solve some linear system by graphing the equations. The solution is the point where the lines of graph
intersect.
Example:
Solve { by graphing.Steps
1) Graph the two equations
2) Find the intersecting point of the two lines.
3) The intersecting point is the solution = (1, 3)
Graphical Solutions of Linear Systems
One Solution, Independent No Solution, Dependent No Solution, Inconsistent
B. Graphing Systems of Inequalities
When we solve systems of inequalities by graphing, we must remember that the solutions include all
points on one side of the boundary line.
Example:
Solve the System of Inequalities, { Steps
1) Graph and shade both inequalities.
2) Where the two shadings intersect is your solution.
All the points in the intersected area is a solution of the inequalities.
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
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3) Pick a coordinate point in the shaded area and plug into the equation.
C. Linear Programming
We used Linear Programming to find the maximum or the minimum of an equation. The maximum or
the minimum value occurs at one or more vertices of the region that contains all points that satisfy the
constraints.
Example:
Find the values of x and y that maximize and minimize P if P = -5x + 4y and has the constraints Steps
1) Graph and Shade the Inequalities.
2) Plug the coordinates the objective equation
P = -5x + 4y to evaluate vertices
(1, 3): P = -5(1) + 4(3) = 7
(4, 1): P = -5(4) + 4(1) = -16
(5, 4): P = -5(5) + 4(4) = -9
3) The maximum 7 occurs at (1, 3). The minimum -16 occurs
at (4, 1)
f(x)=-(2/3)x+(11/3)
f(x)=3x-11
f(x)=(1/4)x+(11/4)
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III. GRAPH QUADRATIC EQUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
A. Modeling Data WithQuadratic Functions
A graph of a quadratic function is called a Parabola. It has a shape of a bowl, with either a
minimum or a maximum which is the vertex of the parabola. A parabola has an axis of symmetry
which is mirror of the image divided from the vertex point. The y-value of the vertex is the
maximum or the minimum.
Minimum Maximum
B. Graphing Parabolas
In order to graph a quadratic function, you need at least three points. The standard form of a
quadratic function is y = ax2+ bx + c, a 0. When b = 0, the vertex of the parabola is (0, c) but
when b exists, we need to find the line of symmetry ry then further on calculate for thevertex by substituting the x value into the function.Example:
Sketch the curve, y = 2x28.
Steps
1) Graph the vertex, (0, c)
Vertex: (0, -8)
2) Make a table of values to find points on one side of
the graph.
x y
1 -6
2 0
3 10
y=-x^2
y=x^2
f(x)=2(x^2)-8
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3) Plot the corresponding points across the line of symmetry
and sketch the graph.
Sketch the curve, y = -x2 + 4x + 4.
Steps
1) Find the axis of symmetry and graph.
Axis of Symmetry: 22) Find the vertex.
When x = 2, y = -(22) + 4(2) + 4 = 8
Therefore, vertex = (2, 8)
3) Make a table of values to find points on one
side of the graph.
4) Sketch the curve
C. Translating Parabolas
As we discussed earlier, the standard form of a parabola is in the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c. To
translate a parabola, we use the vertex form: y = a(xh)2 + k. The parent function of a parabola is y
= x2. Here are the different translations charts.
Vertical Stretch, Shrink, and Reflections
x y
0 -8
1 -6
2 0
3 10
Parent Function y = x2
Reflection in the x-axis y = -x2
Stretch (a>1) or shrink (0
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Shifting Right, Left, Up and Down
Parent Function y = a(xh)2
+ k
h < 0 Shifts Right
h > 0 Shifts Left
K < 0 Shifts Up
K > 0 Shifts Down
Example:
Graph the Equation, ( ) Steps
1) Find the vertex and the line of symmetry.
Vertex: (h, k) = (-2, -4)
L.O.S: x = h = -2
2) Make a table of values to find points on one
side of the graph.
x y
-2 -4-1 -3.3
1 2
4 20
3) Sketch the graph
IV. RADICAL FUNTIONS AND RADICAL EXPONENTS
A. Inverse Relations and Function
The inverse of a function contains the same values as the original function, except that the x
and y have been reversed. For example, if your function was made up with the
points*( ) ()()+, then the inverse of the function is*( ) ()()+. Basically,the inverse is the reflection over the line y = x.
f(x)=(2/3)((x+2)^2)-4
Line of Symmetry
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Example:
B.Graphing Square Roots and Radical Functions
In order to determine if an inverse of a function is a function or not, we can do the horizontal line
test. If the line intersects the graph of a function 2 or more times, then the inverse of the function
isnt a function. We can also restrict the domain of a function to make the inverse also a function.
The inverse of the function f(x) is denoted by f-1(x).
Radical Functions are in the form of Original Function Reflection in the x-axis Stretch (a>1) or shrink (0
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y=(1/x)
V. RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
A. The Reciprocal Function Family
The reciprocal function belongs to a group of functions with standard form , whosedomain is all real numbers but x h. The original reciprocal function is
and it looks like this:
d
There are 4 quadrants in the graphing plane.
When a>0, the function has branches in quadrants 1 and 3. When
a
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