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GranulationGranulation

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ObjectivesObjectives

Granulation Why? Granulation techniques Particle bonding Granulation mechanism Equipments

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GranulationGranulation

Any process whereby small particles are gathered into large masses in which the original particles can still be identified. or

Granulation is the process in which primary powder particles are made to adhere to form larger, multiparticle entities called granules.

Pharmaceutical granules ranges between 0.2 and 4.0 mm The granulation by direct size enlargement of primary particles, or size

reduction from dry compacted material.

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Why granulation?Why granulation?

For tablets In encapsulation Modified release

dosage form

Done to increase the uniformity of drug distribution in the

product densify the material enhance the flow rates and rate uniformity facilitate metering or volumetric dispensing improve the appearance of the product improve compression properties of the mix prevent segregation of components in powder mix reduce production of toxic dust/ reduce dust reduce possibility of ‘cake’ formation increase convenience of transport

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Most Frequently Used Pharmaceutical Most Frequently Used Pharmaceutical Granulation TechniquesGranulation Techniques

Divided into two types: wet methods which utilize a liquid in the process, and dry methods in which no liquid is utilized. Wet granulation technology is the more common

Wet Dry Others/advance

Wet Low shear mixer High shear mixer Fluid bed granulator Spray dryer Extrusion/spheronization Continuous fluid bed

granulator pelletizers

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Dry Slugging Roller compactor

Others/advance Steam Melt Foam Moisture activated dry Thermal adhesion

granulation process

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Particle bonding mechanismsParticle bonding mechanisms Adhesion and cohesion forces in immobile liquid films

and b/w individual powder particles

Interfacial forces in mobile liquid films within granules

Solid bridges

Attractive forces between solid particles

Form-Closed Bonds or Interlocking Bonds

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Bonding Mechanisms in Wet Bonding Mechanisms in Wet MassingMassing

The mechanisms of bonding in the wet state depend on capillary and interfacial forces between the particles

These four states are termed: pendular, funicular, capillary, and droplet or suspension state

The mechanism of agglomeration can be considered as a gradual change from a triphasic stage (air-liquid-solid) in which most granules are in pendular and funicular states, to a biphasic (liquid-solid) particulate assembly, in which the granules will be in the capillary and droplet states.

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Granulation mechanismGranulation mechanism

Nucleation Transition Ball growtho Coalescenceo Breakageo Abrasion transfero Layering

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Equipment for wet granulationEquipment for wet granulation

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Low shear/planetaryLow shear/planetary

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High shear mixer/granulatorHigh shear mixer/granulator

Diosna Little ford lodige mixer Little ford MGT mixer Diosona Gral

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Collette gralCollette gral

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Granulators with drying facilitiesGranulators with drying facilities

Fludized bed Spray drier Double core and twin shell blenders with

liquid feed and drying capabilities Day nauta mixer Topo granulator CF granulator

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Fludized bed dryerFludized bed dryer

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Spray dryerSpray dryer

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Extrusion/spheronizationExtrusion/spheronization

Used for multiparticulate controlled drug delivery Spheronizers/pelletizer/extrusioner Stepso Dry mixingo Wet massingo Extrusiono Spheronizationo Drying o Screening

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SpheronizerSpheronizer

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RotogranulatorRotogranulator

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Dry Granulation EquipmentDry Granulation Equipment

sluggers roller compactors

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Dry Granulation EquipmentDry Granulation Equipment

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Other /advance Other /advance

Steam granulation Melt Foam Moisture activated dry Thermal adhesion granulation process

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You never will be the person you can be if pressure, tension and discipline are taken out of your life.

You see things; and you say "Why?" But I dream things that never were; and I say "Why not?“

“You are rewarding a teacher poorly if you remain always a pupil.

The good teacher makes the poor student good and the good student superior. When our students fail, we, as teachers, too, have failed.

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