Grammar Newer(1)

8/20/2019 Grammar Newer(1)

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GRAMMAR CLASS

Problem 1. Missing main verb

Remember that every English sentence must have a subject and amain verb.

S !he sound o" thedryer

bothers my concentration

Avoid using an #ing "orm$ an in%nitive$ an au&iliary verb$ or another'art o" s'eech instead o" a main verb.

E&am'le(

)ncorrect( !he 'rettiest girl in our class *ith long bro*n hair andbro*n eyes.

Correct(

)ncorrect( )n my o'inion$ too soon to ma+e a decision.

Correct(

)ncorrect( ,o you +no* *hether the movie that starts at seven-

Correct(

Or

)ncorrect( Sam almost al*ays a lot o" "un.

Correct(

)ncorrect( !he boo+ that ) lent you having a good bibliogra'hy.

Correct(

Problem 2. Verbs that require an infnitive in thecomplement

Remember that the "ollo*ing verbs reuire an in%nitive "or a verb inthe com'lement.

agree decide hesitate need refuse

appear demand hope oer seem

arrange deserve intend plan tend

ask expect learn prepare threaten

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claim fail manage pretend wait

consent forget mean promise want

S C /in%nitive0 M

e had 'lanned to leave day be"ore yesterdayAvoid using an #ing "orm a"ter the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb*ord a"ter want .

E&am'les(

)ncorrect( 2e *anted s'ea+ *ith Mr. 3ro*n.

Correct(

)ncorrect( e demand +no*ing our status.

Correct()ncorrect( ) intend the in"orm you that *e cannot a''rove youra''lication.

Correct(

)ncorrect( !hey didn4t 'lan buying a car.

Correct(

)ncorrect( !he *eather tends im'roving in May.

Correct(

Problem 3. Verbs that require an –ing orm in thecomplement

Remember that the "ollo*ing verbs reuire an #ing "orm "or a verb inthe com'lement(

admit enjoy recall

appreciate nish recommend

avoid keep regret

complete mention risk

consider miss stop

delay postpone suggest

deny practice tolerate

discuss quit understand

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S C /6ing0 M2e enjoys travelling by 'lane

Avoid using an in%nitive a"ter the verbs listed. Forbid may be used*ith either an in%nitive or an #ing com'lement$ but forbid from isnot idiomatic.

E&am'les

)ncorrect( She is considering not to go.

Correct(

)ncorrect( e enjoyed tal+ *ith your "riend.

Correct(

)ncorrect( 2an+ com'leted the *riting his thesis this summer.

Correct(

)ncorrect( ) miss to *atch the ne*s *hen ) am travelling.

Correct(

)ncorrect( She mentions sto' at El Paso in her letter.

Correct(

Problem 4. Verbs phrases that require an –ing orm in thecomplement

Remember that the "ollo*ing verb 'hrases reuire an #ing "orm "or averb in the com'lement.

approve of do not mind keep on

be better o forget about lookforward to

can’t help get through object to

count on insist on think aboutof

S Ph C /6ing0 MShe "orgot about cancelling her

a''ointmentAvoid using an in%nitive a"ter the verb 'hrases listed. Avoid using averb *ord a"ter look forward to and object to.

Remember that the verb !" likely does not reuire an #ing "orm butreuires an in%nitive in the com'lement.

E&am'les(

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)ncorrect( She is li+ely +no*ing.

Correct(

)ncorrect( Let4s go to the movie *hen you get through to study.

Correct(

)ncorrect( e can4t hel' to *onder *hy she le"t.

Correct(

)ncorrect( ) have been loo+ing "or*ard to meet you.

Correct(

)ncorrect( e *ouldn4t mind to *ait.

Correct(

Problem 5. Irregular Past Form

Remember the 'ast "orms o" the irregular verbs are not the same asthe 'artici'les(

S /Past0 M

!he concert began at eighto4cloc+.

Avoid using a 'artici'le instead o" a 'ast "or sim'le 'ast statements.

E&am'les(

)ncorrect( !hey done it very *ell a"ter they had 'racticed.

Correct(

)ncorrect( 3e"ore she run the com'uter 'rogram$ she had chec+ed itout *ith her su'ervisor.

Correct(

)ncorrect( e eaten dinner in Albuuerue on our vacation last year.

Correct(

)ncorrect( My ne'he* begun *or+ing "or me about ten years ago.

Correct(

)ncorrect( ) +no* that you have been "orty on your last birthday.

Correct(

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Problems ith mo!als an! mo!al"relate! patternsModals are au&iliary verbs. !hey are used *ith main verbs to giveadditional meaning to main verbs. !he most common modals arelisted belo*$ along *ith some o" the additional meanings that theyadd to main verbs.

can 'ossibility$ ability$ 'ermissioncould 'ossibility$ ability in the 'astmay 'robability$ 'ermissionmight 'robabilitymust necessity$ logical conclusionshall "uture *ith em'hasisshould advice$ obligation$ 'redictionwill "uturewould condition

Problem #. $o!al % Verb &or!

Remember that a modal is used *ith a verb word. A verb word is thedictionary "orm o" the verb. )n some grammar boo+s$ the verb word is called the bare in%nitive because it a''ears *ithout the *ord to.erb *ords are very im'ortant in many 'atterns$ but they are usedmost o"ten *ith modals.

S modal erb *ord

!hey might visit us

Avoid using an in%nitive or an #ing "orm instead o" a verb *ord a"tera modal.

E&am'les

)ncorrect( A"ter you sho* me the *ay$ ) can to go by mysel".

Correct(

)ncorrect( 9ur "riends might sto''ing to see us on their *ay toCali"ornia.

Correct(

)ncorrect( ) *ould$ i" there is time$ li+ing to ma+e a 'hone call.

Correct(

)ncorrect( 3eth may$ *ith e:ort$ to 'ass this course.

Correct(

)ncorrect( !he ;ight should to be on time.

Correct(


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Problem '. (ogical conclusions)events in the past.Remember that must is a modal. #ust "ollo*ed by the verb

*ord have and a 'artici'le e&'resses a logical conclusion based onevidence. !he conclusion is about an event that ha''ened in the'ast.

Remember that an observation in the 'resent may serve asthe basis "or a conclusion about something that ha''ened in the'ast. =or e&am'le$ >here is a message on my des+.? )t may beconcluded that >my "riend must have called last night.?

S must have 'artici'le 'ast time

My "riend must have called last night.

Avoid using should or can instead o" must . Avoid using a verb *ordinstead o" have and a 'artici'le *hen re"erring to events in the 'ast.

E&am'les)ncorrect( !he streets are *et@ it should have rained last night.Correct(

)ncorrect( !his 'en *on4t *rite@ it can have run out o" in+ /in the'ast0.Correct(

)ncorrect( !he ring that ) *as loo+ing at is gone@ someone else mustbuy it.Correct(

)ncorrect( 2e doesn4t have his +eys@ he must loc+ed them in his car.Correct(

)ncorrect( ) don4t see Martha any*here@ she must be le"t early.Correct(

Problem *. (ogical conclusions)+vents in the presentRemember that must is a modal. #ust "ollo*ed by be and an #

ing "orm or an adjective e&'resses a logical conclusion based onevidence. !he conclusion is about an event that is ha''ening no*.

S must be $ing 'resent time

My "riend must be calling no*

S must be adjective 'resent time

2e must be u'set no*

Avoid using a verb *ord instead o" an #ing "orm a"ter must be.

E&am'les


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)ncorrect( !he line is busy@ someone should be using the tele'honeno*.Correct(

)ncorrect( 3ob is absent@ he must have been sic+ again /no*0.

Correct(

)ncorrect( 2e is ta+ing a *al+@ he must have "elt better no*.Correct(

)ncorrect( She must be study at the library no* because all o" herboo+s are gone.Correct(

)ncorrect( Sarah must get a divorce /no*0 because her husband isliving in an a'artment.

Correct(

Problem ,. (ogical -onclusions)+vents that epeatRemember that must is a modal. #ust "ollo*ed by a verb *ord

e&'resses a logical conclusion based on evidence. !he conclusion isabout an event that ha''ens re'eatedly.

S must verb *ord re'eated time

My "riend must call o"ten

Avoid using an in%nitive or an %ing "orm instead o" a verb *ord a"termust .E&am'les()ncorrect( !he light is al*ays out in her room at ten o4cloc+@ she

must have go to bed early every night.Correct(

)ncorrect( 9ur neighbors must having a lot o" money because theyare al*ays ta+ing e&'ensive tri's.

Correct(

)ncorrect( 2e can li+e his job because he seems very ha''y.Correct(

)ncorrect( 2er English is very good@ she must s'o+en it o"ten.Correct(

)ncorrect( Carol al*ays gets good grades@ she should study a lot.Correct(

Problem /0. 1nole!ge an! abilit)Know an! Know How

B


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Remember that know "ollo*ed by a noun e&'resses +no*ledge.

S D9 Doun

) +no* the ans*er

Avoid using an in%nitive a"ter know.

Remember that know how "ollo*ed by an in%nitive e&'resses ability.

S D9 ho* in%nitive

) +no* ho* to ans*erthe

uestion

E&am'les()ncorrect( )" she +ne* to drive$ he *ould lend her his car.

Correct(

)ncorrect( ) don4t +no* to use the card catalog in the library.Correct(

)ncorrect( ntil he came to the nited States to study$ he didn4t+no* to coo+.Correct()ncorrect( ,o you +no* to ty'e-Correct(

)ncorrect( Fou4ll have to hel' her because she doesn4t +no* to do it.Correct(

+ercises

Part A( Choose the correct ans*er.

1. Ariona HHHHHHHHHHHHHH a very dry climate.

a. hasb. beingc. havingd. *ith

5. 9ne o" the least e:ective *ays o" storing in"ormation is learning HHHHHHHHHHHH it.

a. ho* to re'eat

b. re'eatc. to re'eat

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d. re'eat

7. Strauss %nished HHHHHHHHHHHH t*o o" his 'ublished com'ositionsbe"ore his tenth birthday.

a. *rittenb. *ritec. to *rited. *riting

8. Many modern architects insist on HHHHHHHHHHHH materials native tothe region that *ill blend into the surrounding landsca'e.

a. useb. to usec. the used. using


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b. to gro* u'c. gro*ing u'd. have gro* u'

1K. )n a liberal arts curriculum$ it is assumed that graduates *ill

HHHHHHHHHHH about English$ languages$ literature$ history$ and theother social sciences.a. +no*b. +no* ho*c. +no*ledged. +no*ing

Part 3( Choose the incorrect *ord or 'hrase and correct it.

1. enomous sna+es *ith modi%ed teeth connected to 'oison glands

A 3 in *hich the venom is secreted and stored.

C ,

5. Re'resentative democracy seemed evolve simultaneously duringthe

A 3 C

eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in 3ritain$ Euro'e$ and thenited States.

,

7. Many 'eo'le have sto''ed to smo+e because they are a"raid thatit may be

A 3 C,

harm"ul to their health.

8. ,uring ac+son4s administration$ those *ho did not a''rove o"'ermit

A 3

common 'eo'le in the hite 2ouse *ere shoc+ed by the'resident4s insistence

C

that they be invited into the mansion.

1K


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)N 1

Problems 1O1K.

Correct the sentences belo*.

1. Festerday rained very hard. So *e decided to stay home n*atch some !.

5. My boy"riend doesn4t +no* to %& my bro+en la'to'.

7. My boss is never at his oce during the lunchtime. 2e musthave eaten his lunch at a restaurant nearby.

8. My mates and ) *ill$ *hen *e are old enough to ma+e ourdecision$ to move out and live on our o*n.


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Mid !est Class( HHHHH Dame( HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

1. A"ter her "amous husband4s death$ Eleanor Rosevelt continuedworking work the working to working "or 'eace.

5. !he Palo erde tree has beautiful yellow blossoms beautiful yellow blossoms having beautiful yellow blossoms withbeautiful yellow blossoms in s'ring.

7. )nsurance rates are not the same "or di:erent 'eo'le becausethey are not li+ely have the same ris+.

8. Although "raternal t*ins are born at the same time$ they donot tend resembling each other any more than do othersiblings.


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18. !he head o" chemical engineering de'artment is not athis oce at the moment. 2e must teach in the classroom or atthe 'ilot 'lant.

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)ncorrect( She used to s'ea+ing in 'ublic.Correct(

Or

Problem /2 6!visabilit)7a! etterRemember that had better is similar to a modal. Although had a''ears to be a 'ast$ had better e&'resses advice "or the "uture.

S had better verb *ord

Fou had better ta+e Chemistry KK this semester

Shad

betternot

verb*ord

Fou

hadbetter

not

ta+e Chemistry KK this semester

Avoid using an in%nitive or a 'ast "orm o" a verb instead o" a verb*ord. Avoid using don’t instead o" not .

E&am'les()ncorrect( Fou had better to hurry i" you don4t *ant to miss the bus.Correct(

)ncorrect( e had better made reservations so that *e *ill be sureo" getting agood table.

Correct(

)ncorrect( e had better to chec+ the schedule.Correct(

)ncorrect( Fou had better don4t uit your job until you %nd another

one.Correct(

)ncorrect( Fou had better don4t go alone.Correct(

Problem /3 Preerence)&oul! atherRemember that the 'hrase would rather is similar to a modal.Although would rather a''ears to be a 'ast$ it e&'resses 're"erencein 'resent and "uture time.

S *ould rather verb *ord

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) *ould rather drive

S *ould rather not verb *ord

) *ould rather not drive

Avoid using an in%nitive or an #ing "orm instead o" a verb *ord.

E&am'les()ncorrect( She told me that she4d rather not to serve on the

committee.Correct(

)ncorrect( )" you don4t mind$ )4d rather not going.Correct(

)ncorrect( 2e said that he4d rather *ent to a small college instead o"to a large university.

Correct(

)ncorrect( )4d rather *riting this than 'rint it because ) don4t 'rint*ell.

Correct(

)ncorrect( Greg *ould rather has a Pe'si than a beer.Correct(

Problem /4 Preerence or 6nother)&oul! ather 8hatRemember that *hen the 're"erence is "or another 'erson or thing$would rather that introduces a clause. !he other 'erson or thing isthe subject o" the clause.Although the verb is 'ast tense$ the 're"erence is "or 'resent or"uture time.

S *ouldrather that S /'ast0

)*ouldrather

that you drove

Avoid using a 'resent verb or a verb *ord instead o" a 'ast verb.Avoid using should and a verb *ord instead o" a 'ast verb.

S *ould rather that S didn4t verb *ord

) *ould rather that you didn4t drive

Avoid using don’t or doesn’t instead o" didn’t .

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E&am'les()ncorrect( )4d rather that you don4t do that.Correct(

)ncorrect( ,iane *ould rather that her husband doesn4t *or+ing sohard.Correct(

)ncorrect( !he dean *ould rather that students ma+e a''ointmentsinstead o" dro''ing by.

Correct(

)ncorrect( My roommate *ould rather that ) don4t +ee' the light ona"ter ten o4cloc+.

Correct(

)ncorrect( e4d rather that you should come tomorro*.Correct(

Problem /5 9egative ImperativesRemember that an in'erative is e&'ressed by a verb *ord.

Please don4t verb *ord

Please don4t tell anyone

Avoid using an in%nitive instead o" a verb *ord.

ould you 'lease not verb *ord

ould you 'lease not tell anyone

Avoid using an in%nitive instead o" a verb *ord. Avoid using don’t

a"ter would you please'

E&am'les()ncorrect( ould you 'lease don4t smo+e.Correct(

Or

)ncorrect( Please don4t to 'ar+ here.Correct(

Or

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)ncorrect( ould you 'lease not to be late.Correct(

Or

)ncorrect( Please don4t to go yet.Correct(

Or

)ncorrect( ould you 'lease don4t *orry.Correct(

Or

P:(+$; &I87 -6


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)ncorrect( Are you going to ma+e your daughter to *or+ 'art time inthe store this summer-

Correct(

)ncorrect( ) can4t seem to ma+e this dish*asher running.

Correct(

)ncorrect( Patsy ma+es everyone doing his share around the house.Correct(

Problem /' -ausative =+8Remember that GE! can be used as a causative. )n a causative$ a'erson does not 'er"orm an action directly. GE! has less "orce andauthority than MAE.

S GE! someone in%nite

Let4s get Ral'h to go *ith us

S GE! something 'artici'le

Let4s get our car %&ed %rst

Avoid using a verb *ord instead o" an in%nitive a"ter a 'erson in acausative *ith GE!. Avoid using a verb *ord instead o" a 'artici'lea"ter things in a causative *ith GE!.E&am'les()ncorrect( ,o you thin+ that *e can get aren ta+es us to San ,iego-Correct(

)ncorrect( ) *ant to get our house 'aint be"ore *inter.Correct(

)ncorrect( Let4s get some o" our money e&change "or dollars.Correct(

)ncorrect( Dora got her mother4s *edding dress to alter so that it %t'er"ectly.Correct(

)ncorrect( e *ill have to get someone %&ing the 'hone right a*ay.Correct(

Problem /* -ausative 76V+Remember that 2AE can be used as a causative. )n a causative$ a'erson does not 'er"orm an action directly. 2AE has even less "orce

and authority than GE!.

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S 2AEsomeo

neverb*ord

My Englishteacher

had us give oral re'orts

S 2AE something 'artici'le

)*ant to

havethis boo+ rene*ed$ 'lease

Avoid using an in%nitive or an %ing "orm instead o" a verb *ord a"tera 'erson in a causative *ith 2AE. Avoid using a verb *ord or anin%nitive instead o" a 'artici'le a"ter a thing in a causative *ith2AE.

E&am'les()ncorrect( !om had a tooth %ll.Correct(

)ncorrect( 2ave you had your tem'erature ta+ing yet-Correct(

)ncorrect( !hey had their la*yer to change their *ills.Correct(

)ncorrect( ) li+e the *ay you had the beautician done your hair.Correct(

)ncorrect( e are going to have our car %& be"ore *e go to !oronto.Correct(

Problem /, -ausative (+8Remember that LE! can be used as a causative. )n a causative$ a'erson does not 'er"orm an action directly. ith LE!$ a 'erson gives'ermission "or another 'erson to do it.

S LE! someone verb *ord

2is mother let him go to school

S LE! something verb *ord

) am letting this machine cool

Avoid using an in%nitive or an %ing "orm instead o" a verb *ord a"tera 'erson or a thing in a causative *ith LE!.

E&am'le(

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)ncorrect( Pro"essor 3a+er let us to *rite a 'a'er instead o" ta+ing a%nal e&am.Correct(

)ncorrect( hen ) *as learning to drive$ my ,ad let me using his car.

Correct(

)ncorrect( ould you let us the borro* your notes-Correct(

)ncorrect( Larry is so good6hearted$ he lets 'eo'le too+ advantage o" him.Correct(

)ncorrect( ,on4t let that bothers you.Correct(

Problem 20 -ausative 7+(PRemember that 2ELP can be used as a causative. )n a causative$ a'erson does not 'er"orm an action directly. ith 2ELP$ a 'ersonassists another 'erson to do it.

S 2ELP someoneverb *ordin%nitive

2e2e

is hel'ingis hel'ing

meme

ty'eto ty'e

my 'a'ermy 'a'er

Avoid using an #ing "orm instead o" a verb *ord or an in%nitive a"tera 'erson in a causative *ith 2ELP.E&am'les()ncorrect( 2er husband al*ays hel's her that she does the laundry.Correct(

)ncorrect( ,on4t you hel' each other the study "or tests-Correct(

)ncorrect( My teacher hel'ed me getting this job.Correct(

)ncorrect( 3ob said that he *ould hel' our %nding the 'lace.Correct(

)ncorrect( !his boo+ should hel' you understand the lecture.Correct(

E&ercisesPAR! A( Choose the correct ans*er.

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1. 2arvard HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH a school "or men$ but no* it iscoeducational$ serving as many *omen as men.a. *as usedb. used to bec. *as used to

d. *as used to be5. !o chec+ "or acidity$ one had better HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH litmus

'a'er.a. useb. usingc. to used. use"ul

7. Rhododendrons *ould rather HHHHHHHHHHHHHH in shady 'laces$and so *ould aaleas.a. to gro*b. gro*ingc. gro*nd. gro*

8. A good counsellor *ould rather that the 'atient HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH his or her o*n decisions a"ter being hel'edto arrived at a general understanding o" the alternatives.a. ma+esb. ma+ingc. *ill ma+ed. made


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J. !he )mmigration and Daturaliation Service o"ten HHHHHHHHHHHHHH their visas i" they %ll out a''ro'riate 'a'ers.a. lets students e&tendb. lets students "or e&tendc. letting students to e&tend

d. let students e&tending1K. )n 'artnershi' *ith ohn ,. Roc+e"eller$ 2enry =lager

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH the Standard 9il Com'any.a. hel'ed "ormingb. hel'ed "ormc. he hel' "ormd. hel'ing to "orm

Part 3( Choose the incorrect *ord or 'hrase and correct it.1. As television images o" the astronauts sho*ed$ even "or

trainedA'ro"essionals *ho are used to moved about in a lessenedgravitational 3 C%eld$ there are still 'roblems. ,

5. )n today4s com'etitive mar+ets$ even small businesses hadbetter

Ato advertise on ! and radio in order to gain a share o" the

mar+et. 3 C ,

7. !he Amish 'eo'le$ descended "rom the Germans and S*iss$*ould rather

using horses than machines "or trans'ortation and "arm *or+because A 3Cthey believe that a sim'le li"e +ee's them closer to God. ,

8. )t is said that the American ;ag has %ve6'ointed stars because3etsy told A3General ashington she *ould rather that he changing thesi&6'ointed C ,ones.


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A3 Cthe handica''ed. ,

. !oo much *ater ma+es 'lants turning bro*n on the edges o"

their leaves. A 3 C,

B. )n order to receive "ull reimbursement "or je*elry that mightbe stolen$ A3the o*ner must get all 'ieces a''raise. C ,

I. Most 'residential candidates have their names 'rint on theballot in the ADe* 2am'shire 'rimary election because it is customarilythe %rst one 3C ,in the nation$ and *inning it can give them a good chance tobe nominated

by the 'arties.

J. !he Dational 3as+etball Association *ill not let any athlete tocontinue A'laying in the league unless he submits voluntarily totreatment "or

3 Cdrug addiction.

,1K. ,octors agree that the ;uid around the s'inal cord

hel's the nourish the A 3 C,brain.

P:(+$; &I87 -:9>I8I:96(;

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Conditionals are statements *ith if or unless. !hey are o'inionsabout the conditions /circumstances0 that in;uence results$ ando'inions about the results.

!here are t*o +inds o" conditionals. )n most grammar boo+s$ they

are called real or factual conditionals and unreal or contrary$to$fact conditionals. Factual conditionals e&'ress absolute$ scienti%c "acts$'robable results$ or 'ossible results. (ontrary$to$fact conditionalse&'ress im'robable or im'ossible results.

Problem 2/ Factual -on!itionals)6bsolute? ;cientifcesultsRemember that absolute conditionals e&'ress scienti%c "acts. )ill and a verb *ord e&'resses the o'inion that the result is absolutelycertain.

C9D,)!)9D RESL!

)" S

/'resent0$ S

/'resent0

)" a

catalystis used $

thereaction

occurs more ra'idly

9r

C9D,)!)9D RESL!

)" S /'resent0 $ S *ill verb*ord

)" a

catalystis used $

thereaction

*ill occurmore

ra'idly

Avoid using will and a verb *ord instead o" the 'resent verb in theclause beginning *ith if . Avoid using the au&iliary verbs have* has*do* and does *ith main verbs in the clause o" result.

E&am'les(

)ncorrect( )" *ater "reees$ it has become a solid.Correct( i" *ater "reees$ it becomes a solid.Or

!he *ater becomes a solid i" it "reees.)ncorrect( )" children be healthy$ they learn to *al+ at abouteighteen months old.Correct( i" childeren are healthy$ they learn to *al+ at abouteighteen months old.

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)ncorrect( )" orange blossoms are e&'osed to very coldtem'eratures$ they *ithered and died.

Correct( i" orange blossoms are e&'osed to very cold tem'eratures$they *ither and die.

)ncorrect( )" the trajectory o" a satellite *ill be slightly o: at launch$it *ill get *orse as the ;ight 'rogresses.

Correct( )" the trajectory o" a satellite is slightly o: at launch$ it *illget *orse as the ;ight 'rogresses.

)ncorrect( )" light stri+es a rough sur"ace$ it di:used.Correct( i" light stri+es a rough sur"ace$ it di:usses.

Problem 22 Factual -on!itionals)Probable esults or theFuture

Remember that will and a verb *ord e&'resses the o'inion that theresults are absolutely certain. )n order o" more to less 'robable$ usethe "ollo*ing modals( will* can* may .

)" S

/'resent0 $ S

*illcanmay verb *ord

)" *e %ndher

address$ *e *ill *rite her

S

*illcanmay

verb*ord i" S

/'resent0

e*ill rite

he

ri"

*

e=ind her address

Avoid using the 'resent tense verb instead o" a modal and a verb*ord in the clause o" result.E&am'les()ncorrect( )" you 'ut too much *ater in rice *hen you coo+ it$ it gotstic+y.Correct( i" you 'ut too much *ater in rice *hen you coo+ it$ it getstic+y.

)ncorrect( )" they have a good sale$ ) *ould have sto''ed by on my

*ay home.Correct( i" they have a good sale$ ) *ill sto' by on my *ay home.

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)ncorrect( e *ill *ait i" you *anted to go.Correct( i" you *ant to go$ *e *ill *ait.e *ill *ait i" you *ant to go.)ncorrect( )" you listen to the uestions care"ully$ you ans*er them

easily.Correct( i" you listen to the uestion care"ully$ you *ill ans*er themeasily.

)ncorrect( )" *e %nished our *ord a little early today$ *e4ll attend thelecture at the art museum.

Correct( i" *e %nish our *ord a little early today$ *e *ill attend thelecture at the art museum.

Problem 23 Factual -on!itionals)Possible esultsRemember that although a 'ast verb is used$ the o'inion is "or"uture time. )n order o" most 'ossible to least 'ossible$ use the"ollo*ing modals( would* could* might .

)" S

/'ast0 $ S

*ould

could

migh

t verb *ord

)" *e "oundher

address$*e

*ould

*rite her

Q/!he sentence order can be reversed but *ithout using a coma asinProblem 550Avoid using would and a verb *ord instead o" a 'ast tense verb inan >i"? clause.E&am'les()ncorrect( )" im4s "amily meet aren$ ) am sure that they *ould li+eher.Correct(

)ncorrect( )" you made your bed in the morning$ your room loo+sbetter *hen you got bac+ in the a"ternoon.

Correct(

)ncorrect( )" udy didn4t drin+ so much co:ee$ she *ouldn4t havebeen so nervous.

Correct(

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)ncorrect( )" you *ould go to bed earlier$ you *ouldn4t be so slee'yin the morning.

Correct(

)ncorrect( )" she *ould eat "e*er s*eets$ she *ould lose *eight.

Correct(

Problem 24 Factual -on!itionals)Probable -hanges in Pastesults

Remember that the s'ea+er or *riter is e&'ressing an o'inion aboutthe results o" the 'ast under di:erent conditions or circumstances.)n order o" the least 'robable$ use the "ollo*ing modals( would*could* might'

)" S had'artici'l

e $ S

*ouldhavecouldhavemighthave

'artici'le

)" *e had "oundher

address$*e

*ouldhave

*ritten her

)" *e had "ound

her

address$ *e

could

have *ritten her

)" *e had "ound2er

address$*e

mighthave

*ritten her

Avoid using would have and a 'artici'le instead o" had and a'artici'le in the clause beginning *ith if . using have as a'artici'le.+ample)ncorrect( )" *e had the money$ *e *ould have bought a ne*stereo system.

Correct (

)ncorrect( )" the neighbors hadn4t uieted do*n$ ) *ould have haveto call the 'olice

Correct (

)ncorrect( )" her mother let her$ Anne *ould have stayed longer.Correct(

)ncorrect( )" *e *ould have +no*n that she had 'lanned to arrivetoday$ *e could have met her at the bus station.

Correct(

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)ncorrect( )" ) had more time$ ) *ould have chec+ed my 'a'er again.Correct(

Problem 25 -ontrar"to"Fact -on!itionals)Impossible esult

WereRemember that the verb !" is al*ays were in contrary6to6"act

conditionals.

)" S *ere

)" the

'arty*ere on =riday$ *e could go

Avoid changing were to agree *ith the subject in contrary6to6"actstatements.

E&am'les()ncorrect( )" 3arbara *as really my "riend$ she *ould call me once a*hile.

Correct(/3arbara is not my "riend.0

)ncorrect( )" Mr. 2arris is single$ ) could introduce him to my sister.Correct(/Mr. 2arris is not single.0

)ncorrect( )" the meat *as a little more done$ this *ould be an

e&cellent meal.Correct(/!he meat is not done0

)ncorrect( )" my daughter is here$ ) *ould be very ha''y.Correct(/My daughter is not here0

)ncorrect( !his a'artment be 'er"ect i" it *ere a little larger.Correct(/!he a'artment is not larger0

Problem 2# -ontrar"to"Fact -on!itionals)-hange in-on!itions UnlessRemember that there is a subject and a verb that determines thechange in conditions a"ter the connector unless'

S unless S

Luisa

*ont return unless she gets a scholarshi'

Avoid deleting unless "rom the sentence@ avoid deleting either thesubject or the verb "rom the clause a"ter unless.

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E&am'les()ncorrect( ) can4t go ) don4t get my *or+ %nished.Correct(

)ncorrect( !hey are going to get a divorce unless he sto''ing drugs.

Correct(

)ncorrect( you *on4t get *ell unless you are ta+ing your medicine.Correct(

)ncorrect( ,ean never calls his "ather unless needs money.Correct(

)ncorrect( e can4t 'ay the rent unless the scholarshi' chec+.Correct(

PR93LEMS )!2 S3DC!)ES

Problem 2' Importance);ub@unctive Verbs

Remember that the "ollo*ing verbs are used be"ore that and theverb *ord clause to e&'ress im'ortance.

ask propose urgedemand recommenddesire request

insist require prefer suggest

S that Serb*ord

Mr. johnson

're"ers

that she s'ea+ *ith him 'ersonally

Avoid using a 'resent or 'ast tense verb instead o" a verb *ord.

Avoid using a modal be"ore the verb *ord.Dote( the verb insist may be used in non6subjunctive 'atters in the'ast tense. ='r e&am'le( +e insisted that , was wrong'

E&am'les()ncorrect( !he doctor suggested that she *ill not smo+e.Correct(

)ncorrect( ) 'ro'ose that the vote is secret ballot.Correct(

)ncorrect( !he "oreign student advisor recommended that shestudied more English be"ore enrolling at the university.

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Correct(

)ncorrect( !he la* reuires that everyone has his car chec+ed atleast once a year.

Correct(

)ncorrect( She insisted that they *ould give her a recei't.Correct(

Problem 2* Importance)nouns !erive! rom ;ub@unctiveVerbsRemember that the "ollo*ing nouns are used in this 'attern(demand recommendationinsistence request preference requirement proposal suggestion

noun that Sverb*ord

!herecommendation

that *e be evaluated *as a''roved

Avoid using a 'resent or 'ast tense verb instead o" a verb *ord.Avoid using a modal be"ore the verb *ord.E&am'les()ncorrect( 2e com'lied *ith the reuirement that all graduate

students in education should *rite a thesis.Correct(

)ncorrect( !he committee re"used the reuest that the 'rereuisiteshall be *aived.

Correct(

)ncorrect( She ignored the suggestion that she gets more e&ercise.Correct(

)ncorrect( !he terrorist4s demand that the airline 'rovides a 'lane*ill not be met by the deadline.

Correct(

)ncorrect( 2e regretted not having "ollo*ed his advisor4srecommendation that he dro''ing the class.

Correct(

Problem 2, Importance)Impersonal +pressions

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Remember that the "ollo*ing adjectives are used in im'ersonale&'ressions.

essential important imperative necessary

)t is adjective in%nitive

)t is im'ortant to veri"y the data

Or

)t is adjective that Sverb*ord

)t is im'ortant that the data be veri%ed

Avoid using a 'resent tense verb instead o" a verb *ord. Avoid usinga modal be"ore the verb *ord.

E&am'les()ncorrect( )t is not necessary that you must ta+e an entrance

e&amination to be admitted to an American university.Correct(

or

)ncorrect( )t is im'erative that you are on time. Correct(

or

)ncorrect( )t is im'ortant that ) *ill s'ea+ *ith Mr. illiamsimmediately.

Correct(or

)ncorrect( )t is im'erative that your signature a''ears on your

identi%cation card.Correct(or

)ncorrect( )t is essential that all a''lications and transcri'ts are %ledno later than uly 1.

Correct(Or

PR93LEMS )!2 )D=)D)!)ESAn in%nitive is to the verb *ord

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Problem 30 Purpose)infnitivesRemember that an in%nitive can e&'ress 'ur'ose. )t is a short "orm

o" in order to.

S C in%nitive /'ur'ose0

LauraShe

jogsta+es vitamins

to stayto "eel

%tbetter

Avoid e&'ressing 'ur'ose *ithout the *ord to in the in%nitive. Avoidusing for instead o" to.

E&am'les()ncorrect( ear several layers o" clothing "or +ee' *arm.Correct(

)ncorrect( ,avid has studied hard the succeed.Correct(

)ncorrect( ,on4t move your "eet *hen you s*ing "or 'lay gol" *ell.Correct(

)ncorrect( irginia al*ays boils the *ater t*ice ma+e tea.Correct(

)ncorrect( ait until une 'lant those bulbs.

Correct(

E&ercises(Part A( Choose the correct ans*er.

1. Less moderate members o" congress are insisting thatchanges in the Social Security System HHHHHHHHHHHH made.a. *illb. arec. beingd. be

5. )t is the recommendation o" many 'sychologists HHHHHHHHHH toassociate *ords and remember names.a. that a learner uses mental imagesb. a learner to use mental imagesc. mental images are usedd. that a learner use mental images

7. )t is necessary HHHHHHHHHHHH the a''roaches to a bridge$ theroad design$ and the alignment in such a *ay as to bestaccommodate the e&'ected trac ;o* over and under it.a. 'lanb. to 'lan

c. 'lanningd. the 'lan

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8. )n the Morrill Act$ Congress granted "ederal lands to the states HHHHHHHHHHH agricultural and mechanical art colleges.a. "or establishb. to establishc. establish

d. establishment


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5. ,es'ite their insistence that he *ill a''ear *hen there is anim'ortant A 3Cevent$ the 'resident schedules 'ress con"erences *ith the

ne*s media at ,his discretion.

7. )t is essential that vitamins are su''lied either by "oods orA

3by su''lementary tablets "or normal gro*th to occur. C ,

8. Pa'yrus *as used "or to ma+e not only 'a'er but also sails$bas+ets$ and

A 3 C,clothing.


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1K. sually boys cannot become 3oy Scouts unlesscom'leted the %"th grade. A 3 C,

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Problem 3/ Passives)&or! :r!erRemember that in a 'assive sentence the actor is un+no*n or notim'ortant. !he subject is not the actor. Passive sentences are alsocommon in certain styles o" scienti%c *riting.

; +participl

e

Stateniversity

is locatedat the corner o" College and

!hird.

Avoid using a 'article *ithout a "orm o" the verb 3E.

E&am'les

)ncorrect( My *edding ring made o" yello* and *hite gold.Correct(

/)t is the ring$ not the 'erson *ho made the ring$ that isim'ortant.0

)ncorrect( )" your brother invited$ he *ould come.Correct(

)ncorrect( Mr. ilson +no*n as illie to his "riends.Correct(

)ncorrect( Re"erences not used in the e&amination room.Correct(

)ncorrect( Laura born in )o*a.Correct(

Problem 32 Passives)6gentRemember that in a 'assive sentence$ the actor is un+no*n or notim'ortant. !he subject is not the actor. !he actor in a 'assivesentence is called an agent.

by'erson

machine

!his re'ort *as*ritten

)t *as 'rinted

byby

Phil.com'uter.

Avoid using for or form instead o" by .

E&am'les

)ncorrect( !he decisions on cases li+e this are made "rom ,ean

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hiteCorrect(

)ncorrect( Most o" us are s'onsored "rom our 'arents.Correct(

)ncorrect( !he car *as ins'ected "or Customs.Correct()ncorrect( !he bill has already been 'aid Mr. Adams.Correct(

)ncorrect( State niversity is governed "rom the 3oard o" Regents.Correct(

Problem 33 Passives)InfnitivesRemember that a 'assive in%nitive can be used *ith a 'resent "ormo" the 3E verb to e&'ress a "uture intention$ and *ith the 'ast "ormo" the 3E verb to e&'ress an intention that *as not realied in the'ast.

; + ApresB to be participleuturetime

!he 'roject is to be com'leted by 5K5


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Problem 34 9ecessit or epair or Improvement)9ee!Remember that DEE, may e&'ress necessity "or re'air orim'rovement.

; 9++> "ing orm

!his 'aragra'h needs revising.

Avoid using an in%nitive or a 'artici'le instead o" an #ing "orm.

; 9++> to be participle

!his 'aragra'h needs to be revised.

Avoid using an #ing "orm instead o" a 'artici'le.

E&am'les()ncorrect( 2is car needs to %&.Correct(

or

)ncorrect( !he rug needs cleaned be"ore *e move in.Correct(

or

)ncorrect( !he house needs to 'aint$ but *e 'lan to *ait until ne&tsummer to do it.

Correct(or

)ncorrect( 2er *atch needed re'aired.Correct(

or

)ncorrect( !he hem o" this dress needs mended be"ore ) *ear itagain.Correct(

or

Problem 35 elie an! 1nole!e)6nticipator It Remember that an antici'atory it clause e&'reses belie" or+no*ledge. Antici'atory means be"ore. Some it clauses that gobe"ore main clauses are listed belo*(,t is believed,t is hypothesi-ed,t is known,t is said,t is thought

,t is true,t is written

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6nticipatorit

that ; V

)t is believed thatall

mammalse&'erience dreams

Avoid using an #ing "orm$ a noun$ or an in%nitive instead o" a subjectand verb a"ter an antici'atory it clause.

E&am'les()ncorrect( )t is hy'othesied that the subjects in the control grou'

not to score as *ell. Correct(

)ncorrect( )t is generally +no*n that she leaving at the end o" theyear.

Correct(

)ncorrect( )t is said that a buried treasure near here. Correct(

)ncorrect( )t is believed that a horseshoe bringing good luc+. Correct(

)ncorrect( )t is thought that our ancestors building this city. Correct(

P:(+$; &I87 C76V+%P68I-IP(+D+ave* has* or had . 'artici'le e&'ress duration o" time.

Problem 3# >uration)7ave % ParticipleRemember 2AE 'artici'le means that the activity is e&tendedover a 'eriod o" time. 2AE 'artici'le is es'ecially common *ithadverbs o" duration such as since and for'

;76V

+participle A!urationB

!he Englishlanguage

has changed since Sha+es'eare4stime

Avoid using the 'artici'le instead o" 2AE 'artici'le. Avoid using averb *ord or a 'ast "orm instead o" a 'artici'le.

E&am'les()ncorrect( e have live in Seattle "or %ve years. Correct(

)ncorrect( 2ave you *rote your mother a letter- Correct(

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)ncorrect( Ray given us a lot o" hel' since *e arrived. Correct(

)ncorrect( ) have too+ this medication since 5KKK. Correct(

)ncorrect( e been "riends since *e *ere children. Correct(

Problem 3' >uration)7ave % een % ParticipleRemember that 2AE been 'artici'le means that a recentlycom'leted activity *as e&tended over a 'eriod o" time. Rememberthat it is a 'assive. !he actor is not +no*n or not im'ortant.

76V+ been Participle

She has been acce'ted to State niversity

Avoid using 2AE 'artici'le instead o" 2AE been 'artici'le ina 'assive 'attern. Avoid using been 'artici'le.

E&am'les()ncorrect( !he 'arty has 'lanned "or t*o *ee+s. Correct(

)ncorrect( Four ty'e*riter been %&ed$ and you can 'ic+ it u' anytime.

Correct(

)ncorrect( ayne has elected to the student government. Correct(

)ncorrect( e been taught ho* to coo+. Correct(

)ncorrect( !he class been changed to room 1K. Correct(

Problem 3* Pre!iction)Will Have % ParticipleRemember that will have "ollo*ed by a 'artici'le and a "utureadverb e&'resses a 'rediction "or a "uture activity or event.

a!verbAutureB

;ill

have

Participle

3y the year5K5K$

researchers

*illhave

discovered

a cure "orcancer

Avoid using will instead o" will have.

E&am'les(

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)ncorrect( Fou *ill %nished your home*or+ by the time the moviestarts. Correct(

)ncorrect( an *ill le"t by %ve o4cloc+.

Correct(

)ncorrect( 3e"ore school is out$ ) have returned all o" my libraryboo+s. Correct(

)ncorrect( e have gotten an ans*er to our letter by the time *ehave to ma+e a decision.

Correct(

)ncorrect( 3e"ore *e can tell them about the discount$ they *illbought the tic+ets.

Correct(

Problem 3, esires in the Past)Had Hoped Remember that had hoped e&'resses a ho'e in the 'ast did notha''en.

;ha!

hope!that

; oul! verb or!

e

hadho'ed

thatshe

*ould change her mind

Avoid using a verb *ord instead o" would and a verb *ord.E&am'les()ncorrect( 2e had ho'ed that he graduate this semester$ but he

couldn4t %nish his thesis Correct(

)ncorrect( e had ho'ed him staying longer. Correct(

)ncorrect( !hey had ho'ed that she not %nd out about it. Correct(

)ncorrect( ) had ho'ed she coming to the 'arty. Correct(

)ncorrect( 2is "ather had ho'ed that he go into business *ith him. Correct(

Problem 40 $issing 6uiliar Verb)6ctiveRemember that some main verbs reuire au&iliary verbs.

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+ "ing

Mom is *atering her 'lants

2AE 'artici'le

Mom has *atered her 'lants

$:>6( Verb or!

Mom should *ater her 'lants

Avoid using #ing "orms *ithout 3E$ 'artici'les *ithout 2AE$ andverb *ords *ithout modals *hen #ing a 'artici'le$ or a verb "unctionas a main verb.

E&am'les()ncorrect( !he 'arty is a sur'rise$ but all o" her "riends coming. Correct(

)ncorrect( She read it to you later tonight. Correct(

)ncorrect( !he sun shining *hen *e le"t this morning.

Correct(

)ncorrect( e gone there be"ore. Correct(

)ncorrect( ) can4t tal+ *ith you right no* because the doorbellringing. Correct(

Part 6 -hoose the correct anser

1. )n the stringed instruments$ the tones HHHHHHHHHHHH by 'layinga bo* across a set o" strings that may be made o" *ire or gut.a. they 'roduceb. 'roducingc. are 'roducedd. that are 'roducing

5. !he "amous architect$ =ran+ Lloyd right$ *as greatly HHHHHHHHHHHH $ *ho *anted him to study architecture.a. in;uenced by his mother

b. "rom his mother4s in;uencec. his mother in;uenced him

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d. in;uencing "or his mother

7. !he !9E=L e&amination HHHHHHHHHHHHHH by the year 5KK5.a. com'letely revisedb. is revised com'letely

c. is to be revised com'letelyd. com'letely is to revise

8. )" more than %ve thousand dollars in monetary instruments istrans'orted into the nited States$ a re'ort needs

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH *ith the Customs 9ce.a. %leb. %lingc. to %led. to be %led


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J. !he gira:e survives in 'art because it HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH thevegetation in the high branches o" trees *here other animashave not graed.a. to reachb. can reach

c. reachingd. reach

1K. Many boo+s HHHHHHHHHH $ but one o" the best is +ow to)in Friends and ,n/uence 0eople by ,ale Carnagie.a. have *ritten about successb. *ritten about successc. have been *ritten about successd. about success"ul

Part -hoose the incorrect or! or phrase an! correct it.1. or+ is o"ten measure in units called "oot 'ounds.

A 3 C ,

5. )n the ionos'here$ gases have been 'artly ionied "or high"reuency A 3Cradiation "rom the sun and other sources. ,

7. =rom no* on$ ne* buildings in level one earthua+e ones inthe nited

AStates are to constructed to *ithstand a tremor *ithoutsu:ering

3 C,structural damage.

8. 3ecause the interstate high*ay system lin+ing roads acrossthe country

A*as built about "orty6%ve years ago$ most o" the roads in thesystem no*

3 Cneed re'aired.

,

8


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,

+VI+& +E+-I;+ P:(+$; 2'"40

1. !here are still many e&am'les o" Cro6Magnon murals HHHHHHHHHHH in the caves o" =rance and S'ain.a. they are le"tb. leaving them

c. le"td. leave

5. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH that Lee 2arvey 9s*ald may not have actedalone in the assassination o" ohn ennedy.a. !hin+ingb. !o thin+c. )t is thoughtd. !he thought

7. Phos'hates HHHHHHHHHHHHH to most "arm land in America.

a. need addedb. need to addc. need to addingd. need to be added

8. !he states reuire that every citien registers be"ore voting inan election. A 3C ,


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constructed bet*een the earth and the moon. ,

I. )t is essential the 'ractice a "oreign language in order to retaina high level

A 3C ,o" 'ro%ciency.

J. =e*er babies born *ith de"ects because o" advances in'renatal care

A 3 Cduring this decade. ,

1K. Although the scul'tor had ho'ed that he be able to

%nish the large stone A3"aces at Mount Rushmore$ the *or+ *as le"t "or his son tocom'lete. C,

CMLA!)E RE)E ETERC)SE =9R ER3S

1.

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