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GRAMMAR CLASS
Problem 1. Missing main verb
Remember that every English sentence must have a subject and a
main verb.S V
The sound of thedryer
bothers my concentration
Avoid using an –ing form, an innitive, an auiliary verb, or another!art of s!eech instead of a main verb.
Eam!le"
#ncorrect" The !rettiest girl in our class $ith long bro$n hair andbro$n eyes.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" #n my o!inion, too soon to ma&e a decision.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" 'o you &no$ $hether the movie that starts at seven(
%orrect"
Or
#ncorrect" Sam almost al$ays a lot of fun.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" The boo& that # lent you having a good bibliogra!hy.
%orrect"
Problem 2. Verbs that require an infnitive in thecomlement
Remember that the follo$ing verbs re)uire an innitive for a verb inthe com!lement.
agree decide hesitate need refuse
appear demand hope oer seem
arrange deserve intend plan tend
ask expect learn prepare threaten
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claim fail manage pretend wait
consent forget mean promise want
S V % +innitive -
e had !lanned to leave day before yesterdayAvoid using an –ing form after the verbs listed. Avoid using a verb$ord after want .
Eam!les"
#ncorrect" /e $anted s!ea& $ith -r. 0ro$n.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" e demand &no$ing our status.
%orrect"#ncorrect" # intend the inform you that $e cannot a!!rove youra!!lication.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" They didn1t !lan buying a car.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" The $eather tends im!roving in -ay.
%orrect"
Problem !. Verbs that require an "ing #orm in thecomlement
Remember that the follo$ing verbs re)uire an –ing form for a verb inthe com!lement"
admit enjoy recall
appreciate nish recommend
avoid keep regret
complete mention risk
consider miss stop
delay postpone suggest
deny practice tolerate
discuss quit understand
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S V % +3ing -/e enjoys travelling by !lane
Avoid using an innitive after the verbs listed. Forbid may be used$ith either an innitive or an –ing com!lement, but forbid from isnot idiomatic.
Eam!les
#ncorrect" She is considering not to go.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" e enjoyed tal& $ith your friend.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" /an& com!leted the $riting his thesis this summer.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" # miss to $atch the ne$s $hen # am travelling.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" She mentions sto! at El 4aso in her letter.
%orrect"
Problem $. Verbs hrases that require an "ing #orm in thecomlement
Remember that the follo$ing verb !hrases re)uire an –ing form for averb in the com!lement.
approve of do not mind keep on
be better o forget about lookforward to
can’t help get through object to
count on insist on think aboutof
S V 4h % +3ing -She forgot about cancelling her
a!!ointmentAvoid using an innitive after the verb !hrases listed. Avoid using averb $ord after look forward to and object to.
Remember that the verb !" likely does not re)uire an –ing form butre)uires an innitive in the com!lement.
Eam!les"
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Problems (ith mo)als an) mo)al*relate) atterns-odals are auiliary verbs. They are used $ith main verbs to giveadditional meaning to main verbs. The most common modals arelisted belo$, along $ith some of the additional meanings that theyadd to main verbs.
can !ossibility, ability, !ermissioncould !ossibility, ability in the !astmay !robability, !ermissionmight !robabilitymust necessity, logical conclusionshall future $ith em!hasisshould advice, obligation, !redictionwill futurewould condition
Problem +. Mo)al , Verb -or)
Remember that a modal is used $ith a verb word. A verb word is thedictionary form of the verb. #n some grammar boo&s, the verb word is called the bare innitive because it a!!ears $ithout the $ord to.Verb $ords are very im!ortant in many !atterns, but they are usedmost often $ith modals.
S modal Verb $ord
They might visit us
Avoid using an innitive or an –ing form instead of a verb $ord aftera modal.
Eam!les
#ncorrect" After you sho$ me the $ay, # can to go by myself.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" 8ur friends might sto!!ing to see us on their $ay to%alifornia.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" # $ould, if there is time, li&ing to ma&e a !hone call.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" 0eth may, $ith e9ort, to !ass this course.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" The :ight should to be on time.
%orrect"
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Problem . Logical conclusions/events in the ast.Remember that must is a modal. #ust follo$ed by the verb
$ord have and a !artici!le e!resses a logical conclusion based onevidence. The conclusion is about an event that ha!!ened in the!ast.
Remember that an observation in the !resent may serve asthe basis for a conclusion about something that ha!!ened in the!ast. #t may beconcluded that =my friend must have called last night.>
S must have !artici!le !ast time
-y friend must have called last night.
Avoid using should or can instead of must . Avoid using a verb $ordinstead of have and a !artici!le $hen referring to events in the !ast.
Eam!les#ncorrect" The streets are $et? it should have rained last night.%orrect"
#ncorrect" This !en $on1t $rite? it can have run out of in& +in the!ast.%orrect"
#ncorrect" The ring that # $as loo&ing at is gone? someone else mustbuy it.%orrect"
#ncorrect" /e doesn1t have his &eys? he must loc&ed them in his car.%orrect"
#ncorrect" # don1t see -artha any$here? she must be left early.%orrect"
Problem 0. Logical conclusions/vents in the resentRemember that must is a modal. #ust follo$ed by be and an –
ing form or an adjective e!resses a logical conclusion based onevidence. The conclusion is about an event that is ha!!ening no$.
S must be $ing !resent time
-y friend must be calling no$
S must be adjective !resent time
/e must be u!set no$
Avoid using a verb $ord instead of an –ing form after must be.
Eam!les
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#ncorrect" The line is busy? someone should be using the tele!honeno$.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 0ob is absent? he must have been sic& again +no$.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" /e is ta&ing a $al&? he must have felt better no$.%orrect"
#ncorrect" She must be study at the library no$ because all of herboo&s are gone.%orrect"
#ncorrect" Sarah must get a divorce +no$ because her husband isliving in an a!artment.
%orrect"
Problem . Logical Conclusions/vents that ReeatRemember that must is a modal. #ust follo$ed by a verb $ord
e!resses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion isabout an event that ha!!ens re!eatedly.
S must verb $ord re!eated time
-y friend must call often
Avoid using an innitive or an %ing form instead of a verb $ord aftermust .Eam!les"#ncorrect" The light is al$ays out in her room at ten o1cloc&? she
must have go to bed early every night.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 8ur neighbors must having a lot of money because theyare al$ays ta&ing e!ensive tri!s.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" /e can li&e his job because he seems very ha!!y.%orrect"
#ncorrect" /er English is very good? she must s!o&en it often.%orrect"
#ncorrect" %arol al$ays gets good grades? she should study a lot.%orrect"
Problem 13. 4no(le)ge an) abilit5/Know an) Know How
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Remember that know follo$ed by a noun e!resses &no$ledge.
S BC8 Coun
# &no$ the ans$er
Avoid using an innitive after know.
Remember that know how follo$ed by an innitive e!resses ability.
S BC8 ho$ innitive
# &no$ ho$ to ans$erthe
)uestion
Eam!les"#ncorrect" #f she &ne$ to drive, he $ould lend her his car.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" # don1t &no$ to use the card catalog in the library.%orrect"
#ncorrect" Dntil he came to the Dnited States to study, he didn1t&no$ to coo&.%orrect"#ncorrect" 'o you &no$ to ty!e(%orrect"
#ncorrect" ou1ll have to hel! her because she doesn1t &no$ to do it.%orrect"
6ercises7
4art A" %hoose the correct ans$er.
*. AriFona GGGGGGGGGGGGGG a very dry climate.
a. hasb. beingc. havingd. $ith
2. 8ne of the least e9ective $ays of storing information is learning GGGGGGGGGGGG it.
a. ho$ to re!eat
b. re!eatc. to re!eat
H
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d. re!eat
5. Strauss nished GGGGGGGGGGGG t$o of his !ublished com!ositionsbefore his tenth birthday.
a. $rittenb. $ritec. to $rited. $riting
7. -any modern architects insist on GGGGGGGGGGGG materials native tothe region that $ill blend into the surrounding landsca!e.
a. useb. to usec. the used. using
;. 0efore the Angles and Saons GGGGGGGGGGGGGG to England, the#berians had lived there.
a. comingb. comec. camed. did come
@. 0y the time a baby has reached his rst birthday, he should,$ithout the hel! of an adult, GGGGGGGGGGGGG sit u! or stand u!.
a. to be able tob. able toc. to be abled. be able to
. The theory of %ontinental 'rift assumes that there GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG long3term climatic changes in many areas during the !ast.a. must have beenb. must bec. must have
d. must
H. The general !ublic GGGGGGGGGGGGGG a large number of com!utersno$, because !rices are beginning to decrease.a. must buyb. must have boughtc. must be buyingd. must buying
I. Since more than ;J !ercent of all marriage in the Dnited Statesend in divorce, about half of the children in America must
GGGGGGGGGGG in single3!arent homes.a. gro$ u!
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b. to gro$ u!c. gro$ing u!d. have gro$ u!
*J. #n a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates $ill
GGGGGGGGGGG about English, languages, literature, history, and theother social sciences.a. &no$b. &no$ ho$c. &no$ledged. &no$ing
4art 0" %hoose the incorrect $ord or !hrase and correct it.
*. Venomous sna&es $ith modied teeth connected to !oison glands
A 0 in $hich the venom is secreted and stored.
% '
2. Re!resentative democracy seemed evolve simultaneously duringthe
A 0 %
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in 0ritain, Euro!e, and theDnited States.
'
5. -any !eo!le have sto!!ed to smo&e because they are afraid thatit may be
A 0 %'
harmful to their health.
7. 'uring Kac&son1s administration, those $ho did not a!!rove of!ermit
A 0
common !eo!le in the hite /ouse $ere shoc&ed by the!resident1s insistence
%
that they be invited into the mansion.
*J
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MD#N *
4roblems *O*J.
%orrect the sentences belo$.
*. esterday rained very hard. So $e decided to stay home n$atch some TV.
2. -y boyfriend doesn1t &no$ to my bro&en la!to!.
5. -y boss is never at his oPce during the lunchtime. /e musthave eaten his lunch at a restaurant nearby.
7. -y mates and # $ill, $hen $e are old enough to ma&e ourdecision, to move out and live on our o$n.
;. The head of the human resources de!artment1s mobile !honecannot be reached. /e must use his mobile to tal& to the ne$manager at the moment.
@. hen the orld ar ## has been over, !eo!le started to live in!eace li&e they used to do before.
. The ne$ em!loyees are loo&ing for$ard to hear from thedirector $hether or not their !ro!osal is granted.
H. At the end of the meeting, the customers managed gettingthe reimbursements for the s!oilt goods they had bought from
that su!ermar&et.
I. The coal mining com!anies $ith a massive income fromselling the !roduct to all over the $orld.
*J. The villain denied to steal from the chemical laboratory.
Lood luc&.
*2
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*7. The head of chemical engineering de!artment is not athis oPce at the moment. /e must teach in the classroom or atthe !ilot !lant.
*;. The e9ect of -t. -era!i eru!tion reaches the radius of
*J&m and the government $ould rather that the !eo!le $holive around -era!i not come bac& to their houses until thesituation comes bac& to normal.
Problem 11 Past Custom/Used to an) 8 Used to
Remember that used to is similar to a modal. &sed to $ith a verb$ord means that a custom in the !ast has not continued.
S used to verb $ord
/e used to live in the country
Avoid using a form of be after the subject. Avoid using the incorrectform use to.Remember that !" used to $ith an –ing form means to beaccustomed to.
S 0E used to 3ing form
/e $as used to livingin the
country
Avoid using a form of be after used to. Avoid using a verb $ordinstead of an %ing form. Avoid using the incorrect form use to.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" # used to $as studying at the Dniversity of Southern
%alifornia before # transferred here.%orrect"
Or
#ncorrect" e use to go to the movies )uite fre)uently.
%orrect"Or
#ncorrect" She $as used to get u! early.%orrect"
Or
#ncorrect" /e $as used to drin& too much.%orrect"
Or
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#ncorrect" She used to s!ea&ing in !ublic.%orrect"
Or
Problem 12 A)visabilit5/9a) 8etterRemember that had better is similar to a modal. Although had a!!ears to be a !ast, had better e!resses advice for the future.
S had better verb $ord
ou had better ta&e %hemistry @JJ this semester
Shad
betternot
verb$ord
ou
hadbetter
not
ta&e %hemistry @JJ this semester
Avoid using an innitive or a !ast form of a verb instead of a verb$ord. Avoid using don’t instead of not .
Eam!les"#ncorrect" ou had better to hurry if you don1t $ant to miss the bus.%orrect"
#ncorrect" e had better made reservations so that $e $ill be sureof getting agood table.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" e had better to chec& the schedule.%orrect"
#ncorrect" ou had better don1t )uit your job until you nd another
one.%orrect"
#ncorrect" ou had better don1t go alone.%orrect"
Problem 1! Pre#erence/-oul) RatherRemember that the !hrase would rather is similar to a modal.Although would rather a!!ears to be a !ast, it e!resses !referencein !resent and future time.
S $ould rather verb $ord
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# $ould rather drive
S $ould rather not verb $ord
# $ould rather not drive
Avoid using an innitive or an –ing form instead of a verb $ord.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" She told me that she1d rather not to serve on the
committee.%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f you don1t mind, #1d rather not going.%orrect"
#ncorrect" /e said that he1d rather $ent to a small college instead ofto a large university.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" #1d rather $riting this than !rint it because # don1t !rint$ell.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" Lreg $ould rather has a 4e!si than a beer.%orrect"
Problem 1$ Pre#erence #or Another/-oul) Rather :hatRemember that $hen the !reference is for another !erson or thing,would rather that introduces a clause. The other !erson or thing isthe subject of the clause.Although the verb is !ast tense, the !reference is for !resent orfuture time.
S $ouldrather that S V +!ast
#$ouldrather
that you drove
Avoid using a !resent verb or a verb $ord instead of a !ast verb.Avoid using should and a verb $ord instead of a !ast verb.
S $ould rather that S didn1t verb $ord
# $ould rather that you didn1t drive
Avoid using don’t or doesn’t instead of didn’t .
*@
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Eam!les"#ncorrect" #1d rather that you don1t do that.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 'iane $ould rather that her husband doesn1t $or&ing sohard.%orrect"
#ncorrect" The dean $ould rather that students ma&e a!!ointmentsinstead of dro!!ing by.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" -y roommate $ould rather that # don1t &ee! the light onafter ten o1cloc&.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" e1d rather that you should come tomorro$.%orrect"
Problem 1% ;egative &merativesRemember that an in!erative is e!ressed by a verb $ord.
4lease don1t verb $ord
4lease don1t tell anyone
Avoid using an innitive instead of a verb $ord.
ould you !lease not verb $ord
ould you !lease not tell anyone
Avoid using an innitive instead of a verb $ord. Avoid using don’t
after would you please'
Eam!les"#ncorrect" ould you !lease don1t smo&e.%orrect"
Or
#ncorrect" 4lease don1t to !ar& here.%orrect"
Or
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#ncorrect" ould you !lease not to be late.%orrect"
Or
#ncorrect" 4lease don1t to go yet.%orrect"
Or
#ncorrect" ould you !lease don1t $orry.%orrect"
Or
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#ncorrect" Are you going to ma&e your daughter to $or& !art time inthe store this summer(
%orrect"
#ncorrect" # can1t seem to ma&e this dish$asher running.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" 4atsy ma&es everyone doing his share around the house.%orrect"
Problem 1 Causative G:Remember that LET can be used as a causative. #n a causative, a!erson does not !erform an action directly. LET has less force andauthority than -ABE.
S LET someone innite
6et1s get Ral!h to go $ith us
S LET something !artici!le
6et1s get our car ed rst
Avoid using a verb $ord instead of an innitive after a !erson in acausative $ith LET. Avoid using a verb $ord instead of a !artici!leafter things in a causative $ith LET.Eam!les"#ncorrect" 'o you thin& that $e can get Baren ta&es us to San 'iego(%orrect"
#ncorrect" # $ant to get our house !aint before $inter.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 6et1s get some of our money echange for dollars.%orrect"
#ncorrect" Cora got her mother1s $edding dress to alter so that it t!erfectly.%orrect"
#ncorrect" e $ill have to get someone ing the !hone right a$ay.%orrect"
Problem 10 Causative 9AVRemember that /AVE can be used as a causative. #n a causative, a!erson does not !erform an action directly. /AVE has even less force
and authority than LET.
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S /AVEsomeo
neverb$ord
-y Englishteacher
had us give oral re!orts
S /AVE something !artici!le
#$ant to
havethis boo& rene$ed, !lease
Avoid using an innitive or an %ing form instead of a verb $ord aftera !erson in a causative $ith /AVE. Avoid using a verb $ord or aninnitive instead of a !artici!le after a thing in a causative $ith/AVE.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" Tom had a tooth ll.%orrect"
#ncorrect" /ave you had your tem!erature ta&ing yet(%orrect"
#ncorrect" They had their la$yer to change their $ills.%orrect"
#ncorrect" # li&e the $ay you had the beautician done your hair.%orrect"
#ncorrect" e are going to have our car before $e go to Toronto.%orrect"
Problem 1 Causative L:Remember that 6ET can be used as a causative. #n a causative, a!erson does not !erform an action directly. ith 6ET, a !erson gives!ermission for another !erson to do it.
S 6ET someone verb $ord
/is mother let him go to school
S 6ET something verb $ord
# am letting this machine cool
Avoid using an innitive or an %ing form instead of a verb $ord aftera !erson or a thing in a causative $ith 6ET.
Eam!le"
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#ncorrect" 4rofessor 0a&er let us to $rite a !a!er instead of ta&ing anal eam.%orrect"
#ncorrect" hen # $as learning to drive, my 'ad let me using his car.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" ould you let us the borro$ your notes(%orrect"
#ncorrect" 6arry is so good3hearted, he lets !eo!le too& advantage of him.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 'on1t let that bothers you.%orrect"
Problem 23 Causative 9LPRemember that /E64 can be used as a causative. #n a causative, a!erson does not !erform an action directly. ith /E64, a !ersonassists another !erson to do it.
S /E64 someoneverb $ordinnitive
/e/e
is hel!ingis hel!ing
meme
ty!eto ty!e
my !a!ermy !a!er
Avoid using an –ing form instead of a verb $ord or an innitive aftera !erson in a causative $ith /E64.Eam!les"#ncorrect" /er husband al$ays hel!s her that she does the laundry.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 'on1t you hel! each other the study for tests(%orrect"
#ncorrect" -y teacher hel!ed me getting this job.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 0ob said that he $ould hel! our nding the !lace.%orrect"
#ncorrect" This boo& should hel! you understand the lecture.%orrect"
Eercises4ART A" %hoose the correct ans$er.
2*
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I. The #mmigration and CaturaliFation Service often GGGGGGGGGGGGGG their visas if they ll out a!!ro!riate !a!ers.a. lets students etendb. lets students for etendc. letting students to etend
d. let students etending*J. #n !artnershi! $ith Kohn '. Roc&efeller, /enry
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A0 %the handica!!ed. '
@. Too much $ater ma&es !lants turning bro$n on the edges of
their leaves. A 0 %'
. #n order to receive full reimbursement for je$elry that mightbe stolen, A0the o$ner must get all !ieces a!!raise. % '
H. -ost !residential candidates have their names !rint on theballot in the ACe$ /am!shire !rimary election because it is customarilythe rst one 0% 'in the nation, and $inning it can give them a good chance tobe nominated
by the !arties.
I. The Cational 0as&etball Association $ill not let any athlete tocontinue A!laying in the league unless he submits voluntarily totreatment for
0 %drug addiction.
'*J. 'octors agree that the :uid around the s!inal cord
hel!s the nourish the A 0 %'brain.
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%onditionals are statements $ith if or unless. They are o!inionsabout the conditions +circumstances that in:uence results, ando!inions about the results.
There are t$o &inds of conditionals. #n most grammar boo&s, they
are called real or factual conditionals and unreal or contrary$to$fact conditionals. Factual conditionals e!ress absolute, scientic facts,!robable results, or !ossible results. (ontrary$to$fact conditionalse!ress im!robable or im!ossible results.
Problem 21 'actual Con)itionals/Absolute? ScientifcResultsRemember that absolute conditionals e!ress scientic facts. )ill and a verb $ord e!resses the o!inion that the result is absolutelycertain.
%8C'#T#8C RESD6T
#f SV
+!resent, S
V+!resent
#f a
catalystis used ,
thereaction
occurs more ra!idly
8r
%8C'#T#8C RESD6T
#f S V+!resent , S $ill verb$ord
#f a
catalystis used ,
thereaction
$ill occurmore
ra!idly
Avoid using will and a verb $ord instead of the !resent verb in theclause beginning $ith if . Avoid using the auiliary verbs have* has*do* and does $ith main verbs in the clause of result.
Eam!les"
#ncorrect" #f $ater freeFes, it has become a solid.%orrect"Or
#ncorrect" #f children be healthy, they learn to $al& at abouteighteen months old.%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f orange blossoms are e!osed to very coldtem!eratures, they $ithered and died.
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%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f the trajectory of a satellite $ill be slightly o9 at launch,
it $ill get $orse as the :ight !rogresses.%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f light stri&es a rough surface, it di9used.%orrect"
Problem 22 'actual Con)itionals/Probable Results #or the'uture
Remember that will and a verb $ord e!resses the o!inion that theresults are absolutely certain. #n order of more to less !robable, usethe follo$ing modals" will* can* may .
#f SV
+!resent , S
$illcanmay verb $ord
#f $e ndher
address, $e $ill $rite her
S
$illcanmay
verb$ord if S
V+!resent
e
$ill $riteher
if $e
nd her address
Avoid using the !resent tense verb instead of a modal and a verb$ord in the clause of result.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" #f you !ut too much $ater in rice $hen you coo& it, it gotstic&y.%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f they have a good sale, # $ould have sto!!ed by on my$ay home.%orrect"
#ncorrect" e $ill $ait if you $anted to go.%orrect"
2@
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#ncorrect" #f you listen to the )uestions carefully, you ans$er themeasily.%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f $e nished our $ord a little early today, $e1ll attend the
lecture at the art museum.%orrect"
Problem 2! 'actual Con)itionals/Possible ResultsRemember that although a !ast verb is used, the o!inion is forfuture time. #n order of most !ossible to least !ossible, use thefollo$ing modals" would* could* might .
#f SV
+!ast , S
$oul
dcoul
dmigh
t verb $ord
#f $e foundher
address,$e
$ould
$rite her
Q+The sentence order can be reversed but $ithout using a coma asin
4roblem 22Avoid using would and a verb $ord instead of a !ast tense verb inan =if> clause.Eam!les"#ncorrect" #f Kim1s family meet Baren, # am sure that they $ould li&eher.%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f you made your bed in the morning, your room loo&sbetter $hen you got bac& in the afternoon.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f Kudy didn1t drin& so much co9ee, she $ouldn1t havebeen so nervous.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f you $ould go to bed earlier, you $ouldn1t be so slee!yin the morning.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f she $ould eat fe$er s$eets, she $ould lose $eight.
%orrect"
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Problem 2$ 'actual Con)itionals/Probable Changes in PastResults
Remember that the s!ea&er or $riter is e!ressing an o!inion aboutthe results of the !ast under di9erent conditions or circumstances.
#n order of the least !robable, use the follo$ing modals" would*could* might'
#f S had!artici!l
e , S
$ouldhavecouldhavemighthave
!artici!le
#f $e had found heraddress,
$e $ouldhave
$ritten her
#f $e had foundher
address,$e
couldhave
$ritten her
#f $e had found/er
address,$e
mighthave
$ritten her
Avoid using would have and a !artici!le instead of had and a!artici!le in the clause beginning $ith if . using have as a
!artici!le.6amle#ncorrect" #f $e had the money, $e $ould have bought a ne$stereo system.%orrect "
#ncorrect" #f the neighbors hadn1t )uieted do$n, # $ould have haveto call the !olice
%orrect "
#ncorrect" #f her mother let her, Anne $ould have stayed longer.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f $e $ould have &no$n that she had !lanned to arrivetoday, $e could have met her at the bus station.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" #f # had more time, # $ould have chec&ed my !a!er again.%orrect"
Problem 2% Contrar5*to*'act Con)itionals/&mossible ResultWere
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Remember that the verb !" is al$ays were in contrary3to3factconditionals.
#f S $ere
#f the!arty $ere on
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#ncorrect" you $on1t get $ell unless you are ta&ing your medicine.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 'ean never calls his father unless needs money.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" e can1t !ay the rent unless the scholarshi! chec&.%orrect"
4R806E-S #T/ SD0KDC%T#VES
Problem 2 &mortance/Sub@unctive Verbs
Remember that the follo$ing verbs are used before that and the
verb $ord clause to e!ress im!ortance.
ask propose urgedemand recommenddesire request insist require prefer suggest
S V that SVerb$ord
-r. johnson
!refers
that she s!ea& $ith him !ersonally
Avoid using a !resent or !ast tense verb instead of a verb $ord.Avoid using a modal before the verb $ord.Cote" the verb insist may be used in non3subjunctive !atters in the!ast tense.
#ncorrect" # !ro!ose that the vote is secret ballot.%orrect"
#ncorrect" The foreign student advisor recommended that shestudied more English before enrolling at the university.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" The la$ re)uires that everyone has his car chec&ed atleast once a year.
%orrect"
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#ncorrect" She insisted that they $ould give her a recei!t.%orrect"
Problem 20 &mortance/nouns )erive) #rom Sub@unctiveVerbsRemember that the follo$ing nouns are used in this !attern"demand recommendationinsistence request preference requirement proposal suggestion
noun that S
verb
$ord
Therecommendation
that $e be evaluated $as a!!roved
Avoid using a !resent or !ast tense verb instead of a verb $ord.Avoid using a modal before the verb $ord.Eam!les"#ncorrect" /e com!lied $ith the re)uirement that all graduate
students in education should $rite a thesis.%orrect"
#ncorrect" The committee refused the re)uest that the !rere)uisiteshall be $aived.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" She ignored the suggestion that she gets more eercise.%orrect"
#ncorrect" The terrorist1s demand that the airline !rovides a !lane$ill not be met by the deadline.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" /e regretted not having follo$ed his advisor1srecommendation that he dro!!ing the class.
%orrect"
Problem 2 &mortance/&mersonal 6ressionsRemember that the follo$ing adjectives are used in im!ersonal
e!ressions.
essential important
imperative necessary
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#t is adjective innitive
#t is im!ortant to verify the data
Or
#t is adjective that Sverb$ord
#t is im!ortant that the data be veried
Avoid using a !resent tense verb instead of a verb $ord. Avoid usinga modal before the verb $ord.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" #t is not necessary that you must ta&e an entrance
eamination to be admitted to an American university.
%orrect"or
#ncorrect" #t is im!erative that you are on time. %orrect"
or
#ncorrect" #t is im!ortant that # $ill s!ea& $ith -r. illiamsimmediately.
%orrect" or
#ncorrect" #t is im!erative that your signature a!!ears on youridentication card.
%orrect"or
#ncorrect" #t is essential that all a!!lications and transcri!ts are led
no later than Kuly *.%orrect"
Or
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S V % innitive +!ur!ose
6auraShe
jogsta&es vitamins
to stayto feel
tbetter
Avoid e!ressing !ur!ose $ithout the $ord to in the innitive. Avoidusing for instead of to.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" ear several layers of clothing for &ee! $arm.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 'avid has studied hard the succeed.%orrect"
#ncorrect" 'on1t move your feet $hen you s$ing for !lay golf $ell.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" Virginia al$ays boils the $ater t$ice ma&e tea.%orrect"
#ncorrect" ait until Kune !lant those bulbs.%orrect"
Eercises"4art A" %hoose the correct ans$er.
*. 6ess moderate members of congress are insisting thatchanges in the Social Security System GGGGGGGGGGGG made.a. $illb. arec. beingd. be
2. #t is the recommendation of many !sychologists GGGGGGGGGG toassociate $ords and remember names.a. that a learner uses mental imagesb. a learner to use mental imagesc. mental images are used
d. that a learner use mental images5. #t is necessary GGGGGGGGGGGG the a!!roaches to a bridge, theroad design, and the alignment in such a $ay as to bestaccommodate the e!ected traPc :o$ over and under it.a. !lanb. to !lanc. !lanningd. the !lan
7. #n the -orrill Act, %ongress granted federal lands to the states GGGGGGGGGGG agricultural and mechanical art colleges.a. for establish
b. to establishc. establish
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d. establishment;. #f $ater is heated to 2*2 degree
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event, the !resident schedules !ress conferences $ith thene$s media at 'his discretion.
5. #t is essential that vitamins are su!!lied either by foods orA
0by su!!lementary tablets for normal gro$th to occur. % '
7. 4a!yrus $as used for to ma&e not only !a!er but also sails,bas&ets, and
A 0 %'clothing.
;. #f a live s!onge is bro&en into !ieces, each !iece $ould turninto a ne$ A0s!onge li&e the original one. % '
@. #f you don1t register before the last day of regular registration,you !aying A 0%
a late fee. '
. #f drivers obeyed the s!eed limit, fe$er accidents occur. A 0 %'
H. #f dinosaurs $ould have continued roaming the earth, man$ould have A 0%evolved )uite di9erently. '
I. #f $e $ere to consider all of the di9erent &inds of motion indiscussing the Amovement of an object, it is very confusing, because even anobject at 0 %rest is moving as the earth turns. '
*J. Dsually boys cannot become 0oy Scouts unlesscom!leted the fth grade.
A 0 %'
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Problem !1 Passives/-or)
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hite%orrect"
#ncorrect" -ost of us are s!onsored from our !arents.%orrect"
#ncorrect" The car $as ins!ected for %ustoms.%orrect"#ncorrect" The bill has already been !aid -r. Adams.%orrect"
#ncorrect" State Dniversity is governed from the 0oard of Regents.%orrect"
Problem !! Passives/&nfnitivesRemember that a !assive innitive can be used $ith a !resent formof the 0E verb to e!ress a future intention, and $ith the !ast formof the 0E verb to e!ress an intention that $as not realiFed in the!ast.
S 8 resB to be articile#uturetime
The !roject is to be com!leted by 2J2;.
S 8 astB to be articile ast time
The !roject $as to be com!leted by *II;.
Avoid using a !artici!le $ithout to or be to e!ress intention. Avoidusing a verb $ord instead of a !artici!le $ith to be.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" The !lay $as to be cancel, but it $as only !ost!oned.%orrect"
#ncorrect" The nalists are to named at the net meeting.%orrect"
#ncorrect" The results of the eam are be announced tomorro$.%orrect"
#ncorrect" e $ere to be notify if there $as a !roblem.%orrect"
#ncorrect" The game is to rescheduled.
%orrect"
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Problem !$ ;ecessit5 #or Reair or &mrovement/;ee)Remember that CEE' may e!ress necessity for re!air orim!rovement.
S ;> *ing #orm
This !aragra!h needs revising.
Avoid using an innitive or a !artici!le instead of an –ing form.
S ;> to be articile
This !aragra!h needs to be revised.
Avoid using an –ing form instead of a !artici!le.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" /is car needs to .%orrect"
or
#ncorrect" The rug needs cleaned before $e move in.%orrect"
or
#ncorrect" The house needs to !aint, but $e !lan to $ait until netsummer to do it.
%orrect"or
#ncorrect" /er $atch needed re!aired.%orrect"
or
#ncorrect" The hem of this dress needs mended before # $ear itagain.%orrect"
or
Problem !% 8elie# an) 4no(le)e/Anticiator5 It Remember that an antici!atory it clause e!reses belief or&no$ledge. Antici!atory means before. Some it clauses that gobefore main clauses are listed belo$",t is believed,t is hypothesi-ed,t is known,t is said,t is thought
,t is true,t is written
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Anticiator5it
that S V
#t is believed thatall
mammalse!erience dreams
Avoid using an –ing form, a noun, or an innitive instead of a subjectand verb after an antici!atory it clause.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" #t is hy!othesiFed that the subjects in the control grou!
not to score as $ell. %orrect"
#ncorrect" #t is generally &no$n that she leaving at the end of theyear.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" #t is said that a buried treasure near here. %orrect"
#ncorrect" #t is believed that a horseshoe bringing good luc&. %orrect"
#ncorrect" #t is thought that our ancestors building this city. %orrect"
PRuration/9ave , ParticileRemember /AVE !artici!le means that the activity is etendedover a !eriod of time. /AVE !artici!le is es!ecially common $ithadverbs of duration such as since and for'
S9AV
articile )urationB
The Englishlanguage
has changed since Sha&es!eare1stime
Avoid using the !artici!le instead of /AVE !artici!le. Avoid using averb $ord or a !ast form instead of a !artici!le.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" e have live in Seattle for ve years. %orrect"
#ncorrect" /ave you $rote your mother a letter( %orrect"
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#ncorrect" Ray given us a lot of hel! since $e arrived. %orrect"
#ncorrect" # have too& this medication since 2JJJ. %orrect"
#ncorrect" e been friends since $e $ere children. %orrect"
Problem ! >uration/9ave , 8een , ParticileRemember that /AVE been !artici!le means that a recentlycom!leted activity $as etended over a !eriod of time. Rememberthat it is a !assive. The actor is not &no$n or not im!ortant.
9AV been Particile
She has been acce!ted to State Dniversity
Avoid using /AVE !artici!le instead of /AVE been !artici!le ina !assive !attern. Avoid using been !artici!le.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" The !arty has !lanned for t$o $ee&s. %orrect"
#ncorrect" our ty!e$riter been ed, and you can !ic& it u! anytime.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" ayne has elected to the student government. %orrect"
#ncorrect" e been taught ho$ to coo&. %orrect"
#ncorrect" The class been changed to room *J. %orrect"
Problem !0 Pre)iction/Will Have , ParticileRemember that will have follo$ed by a !artici!le and a futureadverb e!resses a !rediction for a future activity or event.
a)verb#utureB
S(ill
have
Particile
0y the year2J2J,
researchers
$illhave
discovered
a cure forcancer
Avoid using will instead of will have.
Eam!les"
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#ncorrect" ou $ill nished your home$or& by the time the moviestarts. %orrect"
#ncorrect" Kan $ill left by ve o1cloc&.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" 0efore school is out, # have returned all of my libraryboo&s. %orrect"
#ncorrect" e have gotten an ans$er to our letter by the time $ehave to ma&e a decision.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" 0efore $e can tell them about the discount, they $illbought the tic&ets.
%orrect"
Problem ! =n#ulflle) >esires in the Past/Had Hoped Remember that had hoped e!resses a ho!e in the !ast did notha!!en.
Sha)
hoe)that
S (oul) verb (or)
e
hadho!ed
thatshe
$ould change her mind
Avoid using a verb $ord instead of would and a verb $ord.Eam!les"#ncorrect" /e had ho!ed that he graduate this semester, but he
couldn1t nish his thesis %orrect"
#ncorrect" e had ho!ed him staying longer. %orrect"
#ncorrect" They had ho!ed that she not nd out about it. %orrect"
#ncorrect" # had ho!ed she coming to the !arty. %orrect"
#ncorrect" /is father had ho!ed that he go into business $ith him. %orrect"
Problem $3 Missing Au6iliar5 Verb/ActiveRemember that some main verbs re)uire auiliary verbs.
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8 *ing
-om is $atering her !lants
/AVE !artici!le
-om has $atered her !lants
MAL Verb (or)
-om should $ater her !lants
Avoid using –ing forms $ithout 0E, !artici!les $ithout /AVE, andverb $ords $ithout modals $hen –ing a !artici!le, or a verb functionas a main verb.
Eam!les"#ncorrect" The !arty is a sur!rise, but all of her friends coming. %orrect"
#ncorrect" She read it to you later tonight. %orrect"
#ncorrect" The sun shining $hen $e left this morning.
%orrect"
#ncorrect" e gone there before. %orrect"
#ncorrect" # can1t tal& $ith you right no$ because the doorbellringing. %orrect"
Part A7 Choose the correct ans(er
*. #n the stringed instruments, the tones GGGGGGGGGGGG by !layinga bo$ across a set of strings that may be made of $ire or gut.a. they !roduceb. !roducingc. are !roducedd. that are !roducing
2. The famous architect,
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d. in:uencing for his mother
5. The T8E
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;. That it is believed that most of the earth)ua&es in the $orldoccur near
A 0%the youngest mountain rangesOthe /imalayas, the Andes,
and the Sierra'
Cevadas.
@. Arlington Cational %emetery, a memorial area that includesthe mast of
Athe battleshi! #aine, the Tomb of the Dn&no$n Soldier, andthe eternal
:ame at the grave of Kohn
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'
RV&- ERC&S7 PR
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constructed bet$een the earth and the moon. '
H. #t is essential the !ractice a foreign language in order to retaina high level
A 0% 'of !rociency.
I.