Gramma English in Thai

PRINTED :- 13/12/2014 -:- 8:52 PM CHAIRAT D.

Advanced English Grammar for High Learners Part of Speech 8 :- 1. Noun (n.) "" , , , , 8 :-

1. Common Noun , , , 2. Proper Noun , , , 3. Collective Noun , , , Common Noun of A flock of sheep is 4. Material Noun "" sugar ,bread, oil Common Noun of . 5. Abstract Noun 6. Noun Equivalent 5 Infinitive to Gerund ing Adjective the The good should be praised. Phrase I do not know what to say. 6.5 Clause What he is doing now is difficult for us to know. 7. Compound Noun "" 8. Agent Noun (suffix) er, or, ent,

2. Pronoun (pro.) "" Noun , I ,We ,You... 2.1. Personal Pronoun I, We, You, me, us, him, it, them 2.2. Possessive Pronoun mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, 2.3. Definite Pronoun This, These, That, Those, one, 2.4. Indefinite Pronoun some, any, nobody, 2.5. Interrogative Pronoun who, whom, whose, what, which 2.6. Relative Pronoun who, whom, 2.7. Reflexive Pronoun 5 myself, oursalves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, 2.8. Distributive Pronoun , each, either, neither

3. Verb(vt, vi) "" is ,have ,do ,read ,been ,seen ... 4. Adverb (adv.) "" verb, adjective, Phrasal Preposition (), Pronoun, adverb well , slowly , hard ,...

: He works hard every day. : These students are very intelligent. : You ought to go right to the end of the road. . : She drives very carefully : Hardly anybody likes her, because shes cruel. : We go to Bangsane almost every Sunday. : Fortunately(), no one complained of me.

5. Adjective (a.) "" Noun Pronoun higher income ... adjective 4 :

5.1. : The thin man can run very quickly. 5.2. Verb to be, look, feel, seem, get, etc.

: Im feeling a bit hungry. 5.3. : This matter made me foolish. 5.4. Adjective (Prepositional Phrase)

: I have known the manager suitable for his position.

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6. Preposition (pre.) "" Noun Pronoun 7. Conjunction (con.) "" , , He plays but I learn. 8. Interjection "" Chapter 2 Noun 8 22-23 (23) 23 a, an (21) 24 the (46) 25 28 Articles 26 Chapter 5 Pronouns 8 27 1. Personal Pronoun "" I, We, You, it, them 28

Subject Form Object Form Verb to be Verb to be 28 2. Possessive Pronoun mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its 29 3. Definite Pronoun This, These, That, Those, one 29 4. Indefinite Pronoun some, any, none, all, Someone 29 5. Interrogative Pronoun who, whom, whose, what, which 29 6. Relative Pronoun who, whom, where 29 7. Reflexive Pronoun "" 5 myself, oursalves, yourself 30 8. Distributive Pronoun , each, either, neither 30 Chapter 6 Verbs 5 30 Transitive Verb give, buy, write, speak 30 Intransitive Verb "" run, stay, light, 30 Finite Verb "" 30 Non-Finite Verb "" Non-Finite Verb 3 : 30 1. Infinitive : To (To+Verb 1) to walk etc. 2. Gerund : ing (Verb+ing) Walking, sleeping, smoking, etc. 3. Participle : ing eating, coming, etc. 3 eaten, cleaned, spoken, Auxiliary Verb ", , (Verb to be/have/do) 30 Auxiliary Verb 24 ( not) 31 Verb to be 31 Verb to have 32 Have to, Have got , Had better, had rather , had sooner 33 Verb to do 33 Will, Would, Shall, Should, Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Need, Dare, Ought to 34-38 Chapter 7: Adverbs 38 Adverbs , , , , , , etc. Adverb: Adverb 3 1.Simple, 2.Interrogative, 3.Conjunction 39 1. Simple Adverb () 8 39

Adverb of Time (Time when) Duration ( How long) 3 Place... in, on, at, near, Frequency How often

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Manner How Quantity Quite , , Fairly Adjective

Affirmation or Negation Exclamation V.3 2. Interrogative Adverb 6 41 Adverb of Time How long, When Place Where, How far ( ) Frequency How often Manner How

Quantity How much, How far Reason Why, Wherefore : Why do you say this ? 3. Conjunction Adverb 6 42

Conjunction Adverb of Time/ Place/ Frequency / Manner / Quantity / Reason Adverb 42 Adverb Adjective 42 Adverbial Particles Adverb 42 Adverbial Particles 43 Two-Word Verb of Separable and Inseparable 43 Two-Word Verbs Adverbial Partical Chapter 8: Adjective "" 44 () ? good, bad, tall, dirty, wise, red, fat, thin, this, those, short, etc... - Adjective / Adjective 44 Adjective 45 1. Descriptive Adjective () good, black, happy, etc. 2. Proper Adjective () Proper Noun 3. Quantitative Adjective () much, many, etc. 4. Numberial Adjective 3

4.1 Cardinal Numberal Adjective one, two, three, etc. 4.2 Ordinal Numberal Adjective first, second 4.3 Multiplicative Adjective double, triple, etc

5. Demonstrative Adjective this, such, etc. 6. Interrogative Adjective () What, which, etc. 7. Possessive Adjective () my, our, your, his, her, etc. 8. Distributive Adjective () each, every, either, neither 9. Emphasizing Adjective () own (), very ( , ) 10. Exclamatory Adjective () What : What a man he is! ! 11. Relative Adjective What, Whichever Adjective-Equivalent 46 Adjective-Equivalent 11 7 :- 1. Adj.

2. Apostrophe (s) Adj. 3. Infinitive (to+V1) Adjective 4. Participle 5. Gerund ( Participle) 6. Phrase Adjective

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7. Subordinate Clause ()

Adjective 46 All Both Adjective Pronoun 47 Chapter 9: Prepositions and Idioms 47 Preposition "" Noun Pronoun Preposition (4 ) 47 - 1. Simple Preposition in, on, at, by, with, of, since, etc. - 2. Compound Preposition 2 about, above, besides, without, etc. - 3. Participial Preposition Participle ing barring , during , - 4. Phrasal Preposition ( 188-193) :-

as to = , in respect of = , because of = , in spite of = , by dint of = , instead of = , by means of =, in view of = at home in = , in sight of = at the top of = in event of = (=incase of) at enmity with = in the face of = by force of = in the quise of = by the side of = (= beside) in the hope of = (+Ving). by virture of = (+Ving) in the rear of = , by way of = , (+Ving) . in the teeth of = for fear of = (+Ving) in order to = for the purpose of = (+Ving) in proportion to = for the sake of = , in regard to = for want of = in unison with = in accordance with = an account of = in (on) behalf of =, on the brink of = , in case of = , on the eve of = , in common with = on the ground of = in connection with = on the part of = , , in consequence of = () on the point of = (+Ving) in consideration of = on the score of = , in course of = on pretence of = in defence of = with a view to = (+N. Ving) in defiance of = , with an eye to = in favour of = with reference to = in front of = His house stood in front of the bridge. in honour of = The day was kept as a public holiday in honour of the king. in keeping with = Your love of sport is in keeping with your age. in lieu of = You should take my report in lieu of his. in prospect of = Men plough in prospect of the coming harvest.

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in pursuance of = I was ready to do anything in pursuance of my son. in quest of = , He comes here in quest of what he needs.

Preposition 9 50-54 1. 2. 3.- 4. . 5. 6., 7. Preposition , 8. Preposition 9. 1. Preposition 50-51

In, On, At, Since, For, During, by untill 2. Preposition 51-52

above, below, over, under, toward, to, into, in, out of, through, from, in, at, between, Among 3. Preposition 52

about = , of = , on = (, ) 4. Preposition 53

of, from, out of, with, without 5. Preposition 53 What...for? ? Who...for? ? Where...for? ? 6. Preposition , 53

: with, in, of, without 7. Preposition , 53

by, with, through, without, of 8. Preposition 54

as well as , according to , against , , notwisthstanding apart from , besides , instead of

9. Preposition 54 at, by, in, on, out of at war by far (),out of order

Idioms 54-55 , , 3 : idiom 1. 2. ( Participle) 3. : 1. idiom : accuse of accustom to admit to answer to add to acquaint with agree on + agree about + agree to + agree with + approve of apologize to belong to believe in borrow from boast of become of beat up begin with blow away blow down blow off blow out boil away boil down breah away? bring out break into burn of buy off buy out buy up call in call at compare to care for(about) compare with congratulate on count on count in cross out cut down cut in cut out dash off declare of dispute about draw back dress up dream of drop into dry out eat away embark on enter into entitle into enter into entitle into face down face up fall down fall in love feed to feel for fight for figure on fill out finish up fly at follow up get ahead get along with get by get down get out of give over give in give on give up go along with hang on hang up hold by hold up involve in inquire about jump on join up keep away kick in knock down knock together laugh at leave off, live on listen to look for look out pack up

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pass away pass by point out play down quarrel over rool up run away save up see about see off take care of take up talk over wait on wait for write down work out etc. 2. idiom ( Participle): absent from afraid of adequate for ahead of angry with aware of (be) ashamed of appropriate for available to anxious about capable of clear to doubtful about (be) disappointed with= evident from famous for faithful to familiar with (to) fond of friendly with full of good at () good in () generous with + Noun = grateful to hopeful of happy about indentical with generous with + V-ing = jealous of loyal to (be) pleased with/by patient with proud of perfect for popular with responsible for satisfactory with superior to suspicious about (be)sastified with sick of +Ving unfit for etc.

3. idiom : approval of cause of confidence in cure for demand for difficulty in influence on faith in intention of invitation to matter with pride in progress in reputation solution to shortage of experience in care of etc.

Error in Idioms 56 add to , structure: add + something + to(with) + something blame for , structure: blame + someone + for + something compare with(to) ... structure: compare + something + with + something compensate for , structure: compensate + + for + conceal from structure: conceal + something + from + somebody congratulate on structure: congratulate + someone + on + something excuse for structure: excuse + someone + for + something excuse of structure: excuse + somebody + of + something explain to structure: explain + something + to + someone introduce to structure: introduce + someone + to + someone keep for structure: keep + something + for + someone prefer to ... structure: prefer + (someone/thing) + to + (someone/thing) remind of , structure: remind + someone + of + (someone/thing) reproach for , structure: reproach + + for + relieve of , structure: relieve + + of + subtract from structure: subtract + something + from + something thank for structure: thank + someone + for + something

Chapter 10: Conjunctions "" 57-60 , , Conjunction 1. Co-ordinate Conjunction Compound Sentence 57-59 1.1 And-type: 57-58

and both...and ...... and...too ... nor ... and also... ... not only...but also .....

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as well as , no less...than ... besides ... (whats more, furthermore, moreover, likewise, again) = ...

1.2 But-type : 58 but however while , (=) nevertheless () yet () on the other hand , , still , whereas , for all that , ,

1.3 Or-type : 59 or either...or ......( 2 ) or else () neither...or ......( 2 ) otherwise ()

1.4 So-type: 59 so () for () so therefore () so consequently accordingly ()

Conjunction Conjunctive Adverb () 59 2. Subordinate Conjunction 60 : that, how, if, unless, lest, when, while, after, as, as soon as, whether, etc... 9 :-1. . 2. 3. . 4. .5. , ,.6. 7. 8. 9. Error in Conjunctions () 61-64 Conjunction : as soon as ( = when) when 61 as long as , so long as (, ) cooma (,) because Conjunction because because of Preposition because of but that (...) if...not but for + ... but that but that but for either of + = () Neither of + = ( ) if (, ) comma (,) inasmuch as (, ) because in case (, ) (clause) may, might, should, can, could 62 ( In case clause may, might, should, can, could) in order to () Infinitive ( 1) 2 in order that () in order to in order that (Clause) lest () lest should no sooner...than (...) conjunctive not so...as () as...as ( as...as ) or () , ,

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or else () otherwise (Clause) Provide, providing () proviede that providing that 63 So that (, ) , so that may,might should + Verb1 So...that (...) so...that Adj. Adv. Adj. Such...that (.. .) such...that Noun Adjective so as to () in order to Infinitive supposing (, ) Clause since (, , ) 64 the same...as (, ) the same as until (Clause) until ( till) till ( until ) unless (... , ...) if...not

Chapter 11: Question Words 64-67 Question Words Question Words 21 : What Which (,,) When () Where () Who () Whom () Whose() Why How () How long : () How often How many How much How far How tall How high How wide How about + gerund , what about + noun : How old How fast How+Adjective (Adverb) Helping Verbs ( 244-246) 67 Chapter 12 : Agreement of Subjects and Verbs ( 248-261) 67-70 Agreement of Subject and Verbs 26 Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedents ( 260-261) (number) (person) 1. one one ones his her One must do ones duty. One ought to be responsible for what one says. 2. someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, each, either, neither, every, anyone, no one :-

- he she Everybody says he will do his best. - him her If anyone knows the truth, let him tell it. - his, her hers Anyone can make his choice now.

Chapter 13 : Tenses ( 262-300) 71-81 Present Simple Tense 72 s Present Continuous Tense 73 ing Present Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense 74 3 since, for Present Perfect Tense yet, just, already

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Past Simple Tense 75 ed Future Simple Tense 78 :- Shall - 1 I , We Will - 2, 3 he, she, it, you, they, Mary, Anna... (be) going to will, shall, (be) going to , will, shall Will I We 2 :- Chapter 14 Active and Passive Voice 301 82-86 Active Voice :-He punished a boy. Passive Voice :-A boy was punished by him. Active Voice :-

He punished a boy. Mary eats a mango. I shall write a letter.

Passive Voice :- A boy was punished by him. A mango is eaten by Mary. A letter will be written by me.

Active Voice Passive Voice () 1. Active Passive 2. Verb to be Tense Active 3. Active Passive 3 ( Verb to be) 4. Active Passive by

Passive Voice 12 Tense :-

Verb to be Passive Voice

Present Simple : S + is, am, are + Verb 3 + by ... Present Continuous : S + is, am, are + being + Verb 3 + by ... Present Perfect : S + have, has + been + Verb 3 + by ... Present Perfect Conti. : S + have, has + been + being + Verb 3 + by ... Past Simple : S + was, were + Verb 3 + by ... Past Continuous : S + was, were + being + Verb 3 + by ... Past Perfect : S + had + been + Verb 3 + by ... Past Perfect Conti. : S + had + been + being + Verb 3 + by ... Future Simple : S + will, shall + be + Verb 3 + by ... Future Continuous : S + will, shall + be + being + Verb 3 + by ... Future Perfect : S + will, shall + have + been + Verb 3 + by ... Future Perfect Conti. : S + will, shall + have + been + being + Verb 3 + by ... : Passive Voice Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous Tense PAGE 9 OF 95


Active Passive 12 Tense Present Simple Tense Present Continuous Tense Active: Chairat eats a mango. Active: Chairat is eating a mango. Passive: A mango is eaten by Chairat. Passive: A mango is being eaten by Chairat. Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense Active : Chairat has eaten a mango. Active : Chairat has been eating a mango. Passive: A mango has been eaten by Chairat. Passive : A mango has been being eaten by Chairat. Past Simple Tense Past Continuous Tense Active : Chairat ate a mango. Active: Chairat was eating a mango. Passive: A mango was eaten by Chairat. Passive: A mango was being eaten by Chairat. Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Active : Chairat had eaten a mango. Active : Chairat had been eating a mango. Passive: A mango had been eaten by Chairat. Passive: A mango had been being eaten by Chairat. Future Simple Tense Future Continuous Tense Active : Chairat will eat a mango. Active : Chairat will be eating a mango. Passive: A mango will be eaten by Chairat. Passive: A mango will be being eaten by Chairat. Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense Active : Chairat will have eaten a mango. Active : Chairat will have been eating a mango. Passive: A mango will have been eaten by Chairat. Passive: A mango will have been being eaten by... Passive Voice can, could, may, might, must, ought to, has to, have to, be going to Active Voice can, could, may, might, must, ought to, has to, have to, (be) going to Active Voice Passive Voice :-

+ + be + 3

:- Active Passive She can drive a car. A car can be driven by her. I may write a letter this evening. A letter may be writen by me this evening. Somsak must clean a table. A table must be cleaned by Somsak. You ought to meet him today. He ought to be met by you today.

can, could, may, might, must, ought to, has to, have to, be going to

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I have to speak English. English has to be spoken by me. She is going to sell her house. Her house is going to be sold by her. Passive

1. (Intransitive Verb) He slept there. Passive There was slept by him. ( there object slept slept )

2. (Transitive Verb) () Jack had his breakfast. Passive His breakfast was had by Jack.

3. Passive Voice He became a King. Passive A king was become by him. I am a student. ------------------------------ A student is been by me.

: Intransitive Verb Active Passive Preposition Object ( Preposition + Object transitive Verb ) :-

They will look after her well. = She will be looked after. I dont like people looking at me. = I dont like being looked at. He has turned down all our suggestions.

= All our suggestions have been turned down.

Passive Voice by Active by Passive by :- The house was painted nicely before they move in.

Passive Voice The house was nicely painted by a painter before they moved in

by a painter by...

Active : The people in Italy speak Italian. Passive : Italian is spoken in Italy.

by Passive Voice 2 :-

1. Active Voice :- I, We, You, He, She, They They will build a new road through here soon. = A new road will be built through here soon. She closed the door of the house. = The door of the house was closed. 2. Active Voice everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody No one has used the gate for five years. = The gat hasnt been used for five years. Somebody stole my watch last night. = My watch was stolen last night.

: by + () :- Active : Samran Kamying wrote Advanced English Grammar.

Passive : Advanced English Grammar was written by Samran Kamying.

Active : Columbus was discovered America.

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Passive : America was discovered by Columbus. : Active Voice People say that..., People believe that...

Passive Voice It is said that..., It is believed that..., :- Active : People say that honesty is the bast policy.

Passive : It is said that honesty is the bast polic.

Active : People believe that the earth is round. Passive : It is believed that that the earth is round.

Active Voice Object 2 :-

Object 2 :- 1. Direct Object ( ) 2. Indirect Object ( ) Active Voice 2 Passive Voice to 2 :-

Active : He gave me a book. - Passive (): I was given a book by him. - Passive (): A book was given to me by him.

Active : My grandfather told me a story. - Passive (): I was told a story by my grandfather. - Passive (): A story was told to me by my grandfather. Active : The teacher teaches Dang English. - Passive (): Dang is taught English by the teacher. - Passive (): English is taught to Dang by the teacher.

Passive Voice Question Words Active Voice Question Words Passive Voice :- 1. Question Words Active Who by whom 2. Verb to be, can, could, may, might Question Words 3. Active Voice by 4. Active Passive 3 :- Active : What do you want ? Passive: What is wanted by you ? Active : Who punished him ? Passive: By whom was he punished ? Active : Where do you see her ? Passive: Where is she seen by you ? Active : When did he send her a letter? Passive: When was she sent a letter by him? Active : Which book do you buy ? Passive: Which book is bought by you ? Active : Why did they destroy it ? Passive: Why was it destroyed (by them) ? Active : Whom does she love ? Passive: Who is love by her ? Active : How will you do it ? Passive: How will it be done by you ? Active : Whose car are you going to buy ? Passive: Whose car is going to be bought by you ?

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Passive Voice Active Voice Passive Voice : Let + object + be + Verb 3 :- Active : Open your book. Passive : Let your book be opend. Active : Dont kill the tiger. Passive : Let the tiger not be killed. Active : Close the window. Passive : Let the window be close. Active : Do it. Passive : Let it be done. Active : Dont destroy the contents. Passive : Let the contents not be destroyed.

Passive Voice Adverb of Manner passive Voice Active Adverb of Manner Adverb of Manner V3 :- Active : They did the work well. Passive : The work was well done (by them). Active : She dressed her shildren badly. Passive : Her children were badly dressed. Active Voice Infinitive Without to Active Voice Infinitive Without to Passive Infinitive With to :- Active : We saw them go out. = Passive : They were seen to go out. Active : They heard her sing there. = Passive : She was heard to sing there. : Let Infinitive Without to :- Active : They let us go. Passive : We were let go.

Active Voice Present Participle (V-ing)

Active Voice Present Participle (V-ing) Passive Voice :- being + 3 :- Active : I saw Dang writing the letter. Passive : I saw the letter being written by Dang. Active : I looked at him making the table. Passive : I looked at the table being made by them. : Object Present Participle Active Voice Passive being + V3

Passive Voice by Passive Voice Passive Voice by in, at, with, etc.

His essay () interests me. Passive : I am interested in his essay. ( I am interested by his essay. )

My success pleases her much. Passive : She is much pleased at my success. ( She is much pleased by my success. )

Snow covered the mountain. Passive : The mountain was cover with snow. The mountain was cover by snow.

Active : The fire killed four boys. Passive : Four boys were killed in the fire. Four boys were killed by the fire.

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Advanced English Grammar for High Learners Content

Chapter 1 Grammar Review ( 21-22 ) Chapter 17: If-Sentence and Subjunctive 379 Chapter 2 Nouns ( 22-23 ) Chapter 18: Sequence of Tense 398 Chapter 3 Number of Nouns ( 23 ) Chapter 19: Sentences, Clauses and Phrases 401 Chapter 4 Articles ( 24-27 ) Chapter 20: Relative Clauses 445 Chapter 5 Pronouns ( 27-30 ) Chapter 21: Question Tag 453 Chapter 6 Verbs ( 30-38 ) Chapter 22: Inversion of Verb and Adverb 461 Chapter 7 Adverbs ( 38-44 ) Chapter 23: Word Building ( xx-xx) 467 Chapter 8 Adjectives ( 44-47 ) Chapter 24: The Use of Confused Words 490 Chapter 9 Prepositions and Idioms ( 47-56) Chapter 25: Compound Words 506 Chapter 10 Conjunctions ( 57-64) Chapter 26: Interjection 511 Chapter 11 Question Words ( 64-67) Chapter 27: Combination of Sentences 513 Chapter 12 Agreement of Subjects & Verbs (67-70) Chapter 28: Comparison of Adjective and Adverb 531 Chapter 13 Tenses ( 71-81) Chapter 29: The Use of Genitive ('s, of) 548 Chapter 14 Active and Passive Voice( 82-86) Chapter 30: Number and How to Read 556 Chapter 15 Direct and Indirect Speech ( 87-xx)Chapter 31: , 566 Chapter 16 Non-Finite Verbs 345 Chapter 32: Pronunciation 582-589

Chapter 1: Grammar Review and Terminology

Part of Speech 8 :- 1. Noun (n.) "" , , , , 2. Pronoun (pro.) "" Noun , I ,We ,You... 3. Verb(vt, vi) "" is ,have ,do ,read ,been ,seen ... 4. Adverb (adv.) "" verb, adjective, , , adverb well , slowly , hard , soon ... 5. Adjective (a.) "" Noun Pronoun higher income ... 6. Preposition (pre.) "" Noun Pronoun 7. Conjunction (con.) "" , , He plays but I learn. 8. Interjection "" Kinds of Verbs - Verbs 2 1. Transitive Verb (vt) Verb Verb sent 2. Intransitive Verb vi) Verb walk Verb 14 1. Principle Verb (,Finite Verb) Principle Verb 2. Non-Finite Verb 3 Infinitive (to+V1), Gerund (V1+ing), Participle (Present Participle (V1+ing) Past Participle (V3)) 3. Auxiliary (Helping Verb) "" 24 : is ,am ,are ,was ,were ,has ,have ,had ,do ,does ,did ,will ,would ,shall ,should ,can ,could ,may ,might ,must ,need ,dare ,ought to ,used to

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4. Verb of Incomplete Predication "" - Verb :- is ,am ,are ,was ,were ,feel ,become, etc. 5. Defective Verb "" can-could ,will-would ,must ,had better ,would rather 6. Regular Verb "" 2 3 ed 7. Irregular Verb "" - 2 3 ed Regular Verb see - saw - seen 8. Anomalous Verb "" (AuxiliaryVerb) - 9. Ordinary Verb "" 3 s Pres. Simple T. 10. Two-Word Verb "" 11. Chaining Verb "" John used to live in Lao. 12. Echo Verb Does she go to Lao? Yes, she does. 13. Linking Verb V. N. ( N. equivalent) a., adv. subject quality Verb to be ,become ,get... 14. Modal Verbs Auxiliary Verb can, could, will, might...

Chapter 2: Nouns

Noun "" , , , , 8 :- 1. Common Noun "" , , , 2. Proper Noun "" , , , Proper Noun 3. Collective Noun "" , , , Common Noun of A flock of sheep is worth one million bath. 4. Material Noun "" Article sugar ,bread ,wood ,rice ,water, oil ...Material Noun Common Noun of Common Noun Material Noun She has a little salt in the kitchen. 5. Abstract Noun "" 6. Noun Equivalent "" 5

6.1 Infinitive to To sleep is necessary for health. 6.2 Gerund ing Sleeping at midday is necessary for a baby. 6.3 Adjective the The good should be praised. 6.4 Phrase I do not know what to say. 6.5 Clause What he is doing now is difficult for us to know.

7. Compound Noun "" 3 7.1 2 country + man = countryman () 7.2 Verb-ing , - swimming - pool 7.3 2 Bangkok Bank

8. Agent Noun "" (suffix) er, or, ent, ant, ist, ician act- actor- , music- musician-

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Countable and Uncountable Countable Noun 3 :- 1. 2. 3. 1, 2, 3... Uncountable Noun 3 :- 1. 2. 3.

Common Noun + of + Material (Mass) Noun

Chapter 3: Number of Nouns Nunber of Nouns 2 Singular Number () Plural Number ()

1. s book books 2. s e house houses 3. s, ss, x, sh, ch, z es bus buses 4. o o es mango mangoes () 5. y y y ies lady ladies () 6. f fe ves wife wives () 7. :- man, woman, foot, louse, goose, mouse, tooth, dormouse, penny men, women, feet, lice, geese, mice, teeth, dormice, pence pennies 8. en ren ox, child, brother oxen, children, brotheren 9. series, fish, sheep, deer 10. ss, se a Japanese two Japanese 11. news, civics, means, mumps, summons, physics, ststistics, headquarters, ashes, alms, politics, gallows, ethics, mechanics, economics 12. people*, poultry, vermin, clergy, minority, cattle, gentry, police, majority * people s There are peoples livingin Thailand. 13. clothes, earnings, goods, customs, wages... 14. s father-in-law fathers-in-law () 15. s (Apostrophe + s) There are two T's in little. 16. dozen() score() gross(12 144) two, three... s of Suni wanted four dozen eggs for her birthday party. () 17. a billiard table () 18. (Initials) s VIP VIPs 19. freedom, progress, news, furniture, traffic, fun, machinery, music... 20. formula formulae, formulas ... 21. work () works () , air () airs () 22. spirit() spirits(1., 2., 3.) 23. people (1., 2.) peoples ()

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Chapter 4: Articles

Articles "" 2 1. Indefinite Article a, an Article 2. Definite Article the Article a, an 1. a , , I bought a pen yesterday. 2. a Adjective Marisa has a big umbrella in her hand. 3. an Pramote is an honourable guest in the party. 4. an Adjective He is an important man to visit me. 5. a, an - A dog is a faithful animal. 6. a, an - You are a teacher. , John is an American. 7. a, an - I bought a dozen of soap yesterday. 8. a, an - , , , , My car is running 60 miles an hour. 9. a, an - What a hot day it is! 10. a, an -

Somsak is a Soontorn Poo in our school. 11. a, an - quite, hardly, scarcely, rather He is rather a lazy man. 12. a, an - many Many a boy could pass entrance examination. 13. a, an - how, so, as, too, How diligent a man he is! 14. a, an - a, an "" I have a little money left. 15. a, an - such such + a +Adjective + noun e.g. It is such a hot day he can't work. 16. a, an - "" I haven't a penny, so I can't pay. 17. a, an - a, an "" "" He thinks he is an Einstein. A Mr. Jones wishes to speak to you. 18. a, an - 19. a, an the 2

A boy and a girl were walking along the street. They were arguing where they should go for their week-end. The boy wanted to go to Chiangmai, but the girl said she liked to see a movie. 20. a, an - on an average , have a good time , do a favour... 21. a, an - Every morning we have a walk after bed.

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the 1. The man in this car is the Prime Minister. 2. The pen which Ibought for you is red. 3. She owns a dog and a cat in the house. The dog is white, and the cat is black. 4. ... 5. The Prime Minister, The President, The Manager... 6. - Kingdom, Union, Republic The Soviet Union, The United Kingdom, The Irish Repuplic... - of The Republic of Chaina, The United States of America... - The NetherLands, The Philippines :- The Thailand, England, France, ... 7. 8. ' of ( 56) 9. The North is colder than the south. of ( 56) 10. Payao is the best boxer in thailand. ( 56) 11. Smith is the third son of his family. ( 57) 12. Adjective ( ) The rich are not alwaws happy. 13. Everyone knows the Taj Mahal well in India. 14. 15. 16. 2 the The farther she went, the lonelier she felt. 17. The moon, The earth... 18. After ordination the monks have to study the Tripitaka. 19. The Chakkri Dynasty, The Civil War... 20. The Kenedys... 21. This is the George Dickson I want to contract. 22.

The Bangkok of 2475 was far smaller than the Bangkok of 2542. 23. The mosquito carries disease. 24. by Eggs in Thailand are sold by the dozen. 25. Put this bag in the back of the car. 26. Idi Amin is the Hitler of Ukanda. ( 61) 27. 28. 29. play, buy, give Somsak is playing the guitar. 30. Adj. The English language is the universal language. 31. Common Noun Abstract Noun Collective Noun The pen is mightier than the sword. 32. Rome, the capital of Italy, is a beautiful city.

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33. All of the water is not good to drink. 34. Adjective 1 2

Of the two cars this is the more expensive. 35. The beginning of English learning is to know how to write the alphabets. 36. The past of your life is not important, but for the present I love you indeed. 37. in the morning, in the afternoon... 38. " " in the winter, in the summer... ( 64) 39. We heard this news on the radio. 40. The British Empire is well-known in the word. 41. Thai people dont like the Maxist Doctrine. 42. Gerund Abstract Noun of

The construction of this road is very useful for people. 43. the 44. The Walts and even the tango seem to be out of fashion these days, but the disco is very hit. 45. all, both, double, half, just, triple, quarter Its just the thing I want. 46. make the beds, wash the dishes, tell the truth, the very man, clear the table, at the present time 28 Articles 1. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. 2. Honesty is the best policy. 3. Women like beautiful clothes. 4. We study English twice a week. 5. They play football with their friends every day. the We are going to watgh the football matsh. 6. () 7. Thai people believe in Buddhism. 8. 9. ( the) 10. All right doctor , Ill do what you say. 11. I saw father and son working in the garden. 12. 13. kind of, sort of, type of, make of, brand of, variely of, species of... "--" What kind of suit are you wearing? What brand of cigarette do you prefer? 14. I want to meet Mr. Smith. a I met a Mr. Smith at the restarant last night. 15. Prime Minister Prem visited the North of Thailand. the The President wishes his people many year of 16. Americans are fond of baseball. 17. Adjective Verb We are Thai.

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18. Her house is on Sukhumvit Road. 19. Please open on page ten and read after me. the the fourth of January. 20. I go to Nonthaburi by water. 21. Mary cant go to school because of influenza. 22. 2 2 Please bring me a cup and saucer. 23. Article Subjective Complement turn ", "

Samart was a singer before he turned teacher. 24. Article ( 76) 25. They are going to arrive here by TWA. 26. We go to school. the We go to the school. ... 27. ( 77) 28. ( 78)

Chapter 5 : Pronouns

Pronouns 8 :- 1.Personal Pronoun, 2.Possesive Pronoun, 3.Definite Pronoun, 4.Indefinite Pronoun, 5.Interrogative Pronoun, 6.Relative Pronoun, 7.Reflexive Pronoun, 8.Distributive Pronoun 1. Personal Pronoun "" I me my mine myself We us our ours ourselves You your yours yourself,-ves It its itself He him his himself She her hers herself They them their theirs themselves 2. Possessive Pronoun "" Personal Pronoun 4 mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs 3. Definite Pronoun This, These, That, Those, one, 4. Indefinite Pronoun "" some, any, none, all, Someone, Something, Somebody, anybody, anyone, few, everyone, many, nobody, others 5. Interrogative Pronoun who, whom, whose, what, which 6. Relative Pronoun "" who, whom, whose, which, where, what, when, why, that Relative Pronoun who "" ", " ... 7. Reflexive Pronoun "" 5 myself, oursalves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves 8. Distributive Pronoun , , each, either, neither There are many tourists coming here everyday. Each has a camera. Pronoun Adjective

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1.Personal Pronoun "" I me my mine myself We us our ours ourselves You you your yours yourself,-ves He him his his himself She her her hers herself It it its its itself They them their theirs themself

Personal Pronoun 1 (I, We, You, He, She, It, They) 1. He is ready to start now. 2. Verb to be It is I who can speak English here. Personal Pronoun 2 (me, us, you, him, her, it, them) 1. The teacher watched us playing football. 2. My father thought of me a lot when I left him for Bangkok. 3.Infinitive I told her to study English at once. It 1. 2. It takes two hours to Bangsaen. 3. Verb to be It is very easy to do this job. 4. Look at that long-haired child. It is pretty. 5. Passive Voice It is said that... ... It is hoped that... ... It is believed that... ... It is understood well that... ... Subject Form Object Form Verb to be Verb to be 1. (Object Form) Verb to be "It's..., That's..., This is..." Who is that? It's me. 2. Verb to be 3. Pronoun Let Object Form Don't Let him live here alone, please. 4. Pronoun than Subject Form Object Form than more I love you more than she. , I love you more than her. 5. as...as Subject Form Object Form He likes her as much as I. 6. such as 7. Pronoun between ( 2 ) The principle is standing between him and me. 8. But , " Pronoun All but he could pass the examination.

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2. Possessive Pronoun Personal Pronoun 4 mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

Possessive Pronoun 1. Your friends is Indian, mine is American. 2. Subjective Complement "" Verb to be This ruler is his; that one is hers. 3. of a + noun + of + Possessive Pronoun I met a friend of mine at the theatre yesterday.

3. Definite Pronoun "" This This is an interesting book That That is the thing I need. One "" Definite Pronoun one Which car do you possess? I possess the red one Ones ", " Definite Pronoun one ones

The books in the shelf are dear, but the ones on the table are cheap. These He can't understand the exercises. Those Those are foreigners.

4. Indefinite Pronoun some, any, none, all, few Someone, Something, Somebody, anybody, anyone, Many are called; but few are chosen.

5. Interrogative Pronoun "" Who , Who wants to take a part in the football match? Whom , Whom shall I marry next year? Whose , Whose is the red car standing outside?

whose Whose house is not far from school? What What delayed you this morning? * What ", , , " Which , , , , * Which

6. Relative Pronoun Relative P. who "" ", " ... Whose, "..."- Whom, "" This is the student whom his teacher punished. Who, "" The boy who is studies hard can pass the examination easily. Which, ", "- , This is the ticket which I bought for you. When, ", "- , ,, Sunday is the day when we don't go to work. That, ", "- , , , that 4 :- 1. that Charat is the most famous singer that I have known well. 2. She is the first lady that he failed in love.

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3. much, little, etc. Somsak has many pens that he gives me. 4. that someone, something, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere, everyone, no one, nothing, etc. There is nothing that I can do for you. What ", " what Why That's the reason why I killed him.

7. Reflexive Pronoun "" 5 myself, oursalves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves 4 :- 7.1. I myself will do it. 7.2. The man in this room shot himself last night. 7.3. I spoke to the Prime Minister himself. 7.4. "by" I made this table by myself.

8. Distributive Pronoun , , each, either, neither There are many tourists coming here everyday. Each has a camera. Pronoun Adjective Each boy receives a reward. (Adjective) , Each of men has much money. (Pronoun)

Chapter 6: Verbs Verb ""

(mood) , (voice), (Tense)

Verbs 5 Transitive Verb, Intransitive Verb, Finite Verb, Non-Finite Verb, Auxiliary Verb

Transitive Verb :- give, buy, write, speak, hit, kick, etc. My mother bought meat and eggs yesterday. Intransitive Verb "" :- go, sleep, fly, inhale, exhale, come, sit, run, regret, stay, light, etc. Finite Verb "" Tense "come" Tense :- Who comes ? They came early. Non-Finite Verb "" , , , ... Non-Finite Verb 3 :- 1. Infinitive : To (To+Verb 1) to walk etc. 2. Gerund : ing (Verb+ing) Walking, sleeping, smoking, etc. 3. Participle : ing eating, coming, etc. 3 eaten, come, cleaned, spoken, etc. We want to develop our country in many ways. Auxiliary Verb "" ((Helping Verb), (Anomalous Verb)) Auxiliary Verb , , Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Verb 24 :- Verb to be :- (is, am, are, was, were), Verb to have :- (has, have, had), Verb to do :- (do, does, did, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to, used to)

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( 4 : had better, would rather, should (=ought to), have to (=must)) Auxiliary Verb 24 ( not)

Auxiliary Verb () - am 'm I'm = I am - is, has 's he's = he is, he has where's = where is who's = who is there's - are 're we're = we are you're = you are there're = there are they're - have 've I've = I have you've = you have we've = we have They've - had, would 'd I'd = I had/would it'd = it had/would we'd = we had/would - will, shall 'll I'll = I will/shall you'll = you will we'll = we will, we shall - * was, were, do, does, did Auxiliary Verb not ( n't ) :- is not = isn't are not = aren't was not = wasn't were not = weren't has not = hasn't have not = haven't had not = hadn't do not = don't does not = doesn't did not = didn't will not = won't shall not = shan't would not = wouldn't should not = shouldn't can not = can't could not = couldn't may not = mayn't might not = mightn't must not = mustn't need not = needn't dare not = daren't ought not = ougthtn't used not = usedn't * : usedn't didn't use to :- : I didn't use to live in Russis. : Did you use to see an elephant in Surin ? Note: Auxiliary Verb 24 :- Verb to be :- (is, am, are, was, were), Verb to have :- (has, have, had), Verb to do :- (do, does, did, will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, ought to, used to) ( 4 : had better, would rather, should (=ought to), have to (=must))

Verb to be

Verb to be 1. ing Continuous Tense

She will be working at home when we arrive. 2. V3 () Passive Voice ""

A glass of water of mine is broken. 3. Infinitive ", " , , , , , He is to stay here till I come back. Chairat is to go home tomorrow. - 4. , Adjective Be Be quiet. The baby is sleeping. - * Do be Do be quiet. I am doing the exercises. 5. " about to + Verb 1 " ""

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6. (Principle Verb) Verb Verb to be Verb to have

Verb to have : 1. V 3 Perfect Tense

Robert has lived in Thailand for three years. 2. Infinitive ""

He has to study English next month. 3. "" 2 structure :- 3.1 : Structure = Have + Someone () + Verb 1 (without "to") + Something I have Surachai wash my car every Sunday. - have get Non-Finite Verb with "to" ( to ) The teacher has me read a book every day. = The teacher gets me to read a book every day. ... 3.2 : Structure = Have + Something () + Verb 3 I have my car washed every Saturday. - get have

I got my bicycle washed. - 4. have :- 4.1 "" He had a letter this morning. 4.2 "" John had a good time at Bangsaen last week. 4.3 "" We have our lunch at noon. Verb to have Verb to do not have have - He has his breakfast at seven. They had a letter yesterday. - He doesn't have his breakfast at seven They didn't have a letter yesterday. - Does he have his breakfast at seven ? Did they have a letter yesterday ? 4.4 "" : Daeng has many friends in Korat. * "" ( ) - not have have - Verb to do - He has a pen. He has a pen. - He has not a pen. He doesn't have a pen. - Has he a pen. ? Does he have a pen? 5. Verb to have Article "a" have a rest- 6. Verb to have Verb to be My room has three table. = There are three tables in my room.

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Have to, Have got, Had better

Have to ", " have to Verb 1 I have to leave now. Have to Verb to do have, has not have Do I have to leave now? ( Have I to leave now?)

I don't have to leave now. ( I haven't leave now.) Have to had to

Have got to ", " have to have to have, has not have, has :- He's got to go. He hasn't got to go. Has he got to go? I've got to do. I haven't got to do. Have I got to do? Had better, had rather , had sooner "... "

had better Verb 1 ( Infinitive Without "to") had 'd :-

I had better go back now.( = I'd better go back now.) She had rather walk there.( = She'd rather walk there.)

! had better not better rather had had :-

She had better stay here alone. ( She had not better stay here alone) She had better not stay here alone Had she better stay here alone? ( Did she have better stay here alone?)

Verb to do

Verb to do Verb do, does, did to ( Infinitive without "to") do, dose () , did Verb to do:

1. Verb to be Verb to have Do Did Does You speak Franch to your friend. She went to England last week. He opens the window by himself. Do you speak Franch to your friend? Did she go to England last week? Does he open the window by himself? You dont speak Franch to your friend. She didnt go to England. He doesnt open the window by himself.

2. Billy likes badminton and so does Jenny. ...

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You speak Thai and I do so. She worhed yesterday but I didnt. 3. I do go and see you tomorrow. They did live there two years ago. Do come with us.

4. Do you smoke a cigarette? Yes, I do. Did he ride a bicycle to school ? Yes, he did. Does she drew a picture? Yes, she does.

5. 2 Tom speaks a lot. Yes, he does. Your dog barks a lot. No, it dosesnt.

6. Verb to do Verb to do() do() : You do your home work everyday. Do you do your homework everyday ? (do 1 () do 2 ) I do. Do I do? I do not do. He does. Does he do? He doesnt do. They did. Did they do? They didnt do. 7. Question Tage Edwards lives here, doesnt he? ( Edward lives here, doesnt he live here?)

Will, Would, Shall, Should

Will 2 3

Shall will 1 (I, We) * will shall , , : I will try to do it again. () I will give you a reward if you pass the exam. () Dont worry, she shall bring good news for you. () That boy shall be punished, if he doesnt go to school today. ( ) shall (Adverb Clause of Purpose) so that in order that : Somsak comes here so that he shall see his father.

The man worhs harder in order that he shall have higher wages.

Would 1. will Indirect speech She said, I will do it again. - She said that she would do it again. 2. If I were you, I would try to do.

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We would have come if it had not rained. 3. like , would I would like to meet you every Sunday. He would like to be here alone. 4. would ( will ) Would you have some cold drink? Would you like to watch television? 5. mind, please would Would you mind if I smoke? Would you please shut the door on your way out ? 6. ..., ... better rather He would better go to meet you today. Which would you rather have, tea or coffee ?

Should 1. Past Tense Shall Indirect He said to me, You will be able to do it. = He told me that I should be able to do it. 2. Future Tense , should They should be there by 3 oclock, I think. 3. Should , Ought to ( Should ) Application should be submitted by May 5th at the lastest. 4. Should have + Verb 3 Past Tense Your report is too late. You should have submited it by last Friday. 5. should might so that, in order that I hoped him very much so that he should succeed. 6. should lest, for fear that Winai studied harder lest he should fail. She remained silent for fear that I should hear her. Can Can Could Can Infinitive without to 1. I can see you tomorrow at 7 oclock. 2. I can see (here, remember, etc.). 3. This can be the answer, I think. Can this be right? 4. You can go whenever you want. 5. Can you play the piano well?

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Could Can Infinitive without to

1. Can She could see me tomorrow at 7 oclock, perhaps. 2. Can Indirect Speech ( Direct Speech) Direct: She said, I can go there alone? Indirect: She said that she could go there alone. 3. I could speak French perfectly ten years ago. 4. Could I borrow your pen, please? 5. Could Could + have +Verb3 I could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask me? ( ...?) May Might Anomalous Verb May Might May not, Might not (Anomalous Verb go - went - gone)

May

1. so that in order that I work hard so that I may succeed. We eat in order that we may live.

2. May you be happy for ever.

3. May I use your dictionary ? Yes, you may. 4.

You may learn swimming within few days. 5.

You may talk to everybody but you cant force him to listen to you. 6.

She may tell me when she runs out of money.

Might

1. May Direct speech Direct : He said, I may drive your car today.

Indirect : He said that he might drive my car that day. 2. ( may ... 2 ) Mr. A : I dont know where Det is. He might be at his office. Mr. B : I think Det may be at his office certainly. 3. might + have + verb3 I cant imagine why she was late.

She might have been delayed by the rain or she might have had an accident.

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Must

Must Present Tense had to will (shall) + have to I must study the Buddhist philosophy. I had to study the Buddhist philosophy. I shall have to study the Buddhist philosophy. 1. We must obey the laws of the country. 2. He must know that he is a student of this school. 3. I must finish this before I go to bed. 4. Every time I call on him, he must be busy. 5. The show must go on. 6. We must pay taxes to our government. 7. () You must forgive me for that matter.

Need Anomalous Verb 1. Need 1.1 Need Infinitive with to need need s ed :- She needs to go to see a doctor when she is sick. 1.2 Need Verb to do He needs to work to earn his living.() He doesnt need to . Does he need to work to ? 2. Need 2.1 Need Infinitive without to need s, ed, ing ... She need hardly do hard work. 2.2 Need : Need you continue your studies abroad? : They neednt smoke cigarettes.

: Sunai need rarely go to see the movie. Dare , ( need) 1. Dare 1.1 Infinitive with to s ed

I dare to swim across this river. They dare us to fight them. She dares to . It dares to 1.2 Verb to do He dares to work hard every day.

Does he dare to work hard every day? He doesnt dare to work hard every day.

2. Dare 2.1 Infinitive without to Dare s ...

Robert dare visit Thailand alone. We dare walk to school without a bus. 2.2 Dare

That boy dare go to be near a snake. Dare that boy go to be near a snake? That boy darent go to be near a snake.

Ought to

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Ought to ( Past) Past = Ought to have + V.3 ought to should 1. You ought to start your job at once. (Present) You ought to have told me that yesterday. (Past) 2. Our team ought to win the match for today. This ought to be what he means. 3. ought / not ought He ought to forgive me for my fault. Ought he to forgive me for my fault? He ought not to smoke a cigarette in a bus. Ought he to oppose to having the meeting tomorrow? Used to Used to Past Tense used to 1. Used to + Verb1 John used to come here very often when he was young. 2. Used to did not use to, never used to Used not to + Verb1 She did not use to drink whisky so much.

We used not to come late to school. He never used to get up late.

3. Used did () : Chairat used to play badminton. : Did Chairat use to play badminton?

Didnt Chairat use to play badminton? Used Chairat to play badminton?

4. is used to an (are, get, become) used to used to + V.1 I used to live here when I was young. is ( am, are, get, become ) used to + Verb ing Noun , Robert is used to eating Thai food. ...

She gets used to the hot weather in Bangkok. ... They become used to walking to work. ... I am used to having my lunch at two oclock in the afternoon. ...

Chapter 7: Adverbs

Adverbs , , , , , , etc. : He works hard every day. : These students are very intelligent. : You ought to go right to the end of the road. : She drives very carefully. : Hardly anybody likes her, because shes cruel(). : We go to Bangsane almost every Sunday. : Fortunately(), no one complained of me Adverb:

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Adverb 3 : 1.Simple Adverb, 2.Interrogative Adverb, 3.Conjunction Adverb 1. Simple Adverb () 8

1.1 Adverb of Time 3 . : today, yesterday, soon, still, now, then, etc ...

. : this morning, lastmonth, the day after tomorrow, during summer, ... . : when, since, until, after, before, as soon as, etc...

Adverb of Time

1.1.1 : Mr. Chairat will leave for London tomorrow. 1.1.2 : Last week we went to Chiengmai by train. 1.1.3 Adverb of Time Laddas family is going to visit me at five oclock in the afternoon on the first of May, 2000. * , (comma) : Today, at twelve oclock the teacher will have meeting.

1.2 Adverb of Duration

Adverb of Time Time when Duration How long 3 1.2.1 for I have studied English for five years. 1.2.2 from...to from...till(until) My father works from nine to 1.2.3 till, until, up to We will work with this company till next year.

My uncle will work in Saudi Arabia up to next year.

1.3 Adverb of Place

in, on, at, near, off, over, abroad, downstairs, upstairs, by, ctc... Adverb of Place Dont leave it outside; bring it inside. The teacher has come; please stand up. - here there Here is the boy you are looking for.

There is the bus we want to sit in. - preposition + noun

He must with an accident at the crossroads. - Adverb of Place 2 It was born in a small village in Petchabun. At a small university in London, there are many students paying attention to studying the history of Far East Asia. - Adverb of Time Adverb of Place Place Time Can you return these books to the public library before Friday ?

Adverb of Time Last year we went to England ; next year were going to America. 1.4 Adverb of Frequency

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How often 2 1.4.1 always, often, seldom( ), rarely, etc... 1.4.1.1 Verb to be Verb to be

I am rarely happy to have stayed here. 1.4.1.2

He seldom goes to the cinema. 1.4.1.3 :- will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, dare

The manager will never agree to my offer. , He can sometimes go to see his girl-friend. 1.4.1.4 not not

He does not always work hard.

Adverb of Frequency never, seldom, hardly, etc. ( ) Never did she regret leaving her house. Seldom do I get a chance to do this for you.

1.4.2 every three months, everyday, once a week, every other day, etc... Write to me as often as you wish. This man goes to see his girl-friend twice a month. * Adverb 3 Place - Frequency - Time My father has been to London several times this year.

I must go to see a doctor at his clinic many times this year. * Time Last semester the Professor gave lectures() at the faculty() four hours a week ; but this semester he is lecturing at this building three hours a week. 1.5 Adverb of Manner How Adjective ly Adjective : slow-slowly, happy-happly, careful-carefully( ly 160 ) Preposition + Noun() by plane, by train, by tricycle... Adjective ly hard, fast, etc. Adjective Adverb

He is a hard worker. Somsak works hard.

Adverb of Manner 1.5.1 : Kitti walks quickly. 1.5.2 ( ) Your sister plays tennis beautifully.

The clerk carefully put the pen and the paper into the drawer. Adverb of Manner

Mr. William successfully completed the experiments(). 1.5.3 Adverb of Manner Laddawan speaks English Fluently(() , ). 1.5.4 How How How nicely she dances! 1.5.5 Passive Voice Adverb of Manner Verb 3 Soonthorn Poo, the great poet of Thailand, is well known among students. The report of Thai economics has been carefully done by the economic expert. 1.5.6 Adverb of Manner greatly, strongly, thoroughly()

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The boys and girls thoroughly enjoy watching the concert. 1.5.7 come in, Adverb of Manner ly Sawat quietly came in. Sawat came in quietly.

Marry slowly went out. Marry went out slowly.

Adverb 4 . () 1.Manner 2.Place 3.Frequency 4.Time Nanthida sang sweetly(1) at the restaurant(2) once a week(3) two month ago(4). . 1.Place 2. Manner 3.Frequency 4.Time I went to Chiengmai by train every Sunday last month. 1.6 Adverb of Quantity Adjective Adverb : He has too much money to give me. I had almost finished my meal when he came in. Quite Adjective = , : Shes quite diligent. Adjective = , : Hes quite lazy. Fairly Adjective ( rather) : His marks are fairly good for this examination.

Although she has never been taught, she cooks fairly well. 1.7 Adverb of Affirmation or Negation :- yes, no, not, surely, certainly, probably, indeed, definitely, obviously, etc...

: He did not come here. Perhaps she will tell you the truth.

1.8 Adverb of Exclamation Past Participle (Verb 3 ) How(, etc...) how :-

How + Adjective + Subject + Verb to be! : How happy we were!

How pleased he was! How beautiful she is!

2. Interrogative Adverb 6 :- 2.1 Adverb of Time How long How soon When

How long will the workers remain working here? How soon will your sister go to Americ? When did he work with ? 2.2 Adverb of Place Where, How far ( )

How far did he go yesterday ? ? 2.3 Adverb of Frequency How often : How often did your dog bark last night? 2.4 Adverb of Manner How : How do you do this? 2.5 Adverb of Quantity How much, How far : How much does he work every day? 2.6 Adverb of Reason Why, Wherefore : Why do you say this ? 3. Conjunction Adverb 6 : Time, Place, Frequency, Manner, Quantity, Reason 3.1 C.A.of Time When : Can you tell me when he will arrive here ?

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3.2 C.A.of Place Where : Ladda will go where she can live happily. 3.3 C.A.of Frequency How often : Please tell me how often she asks for money each day. 3.4 C.A.of Manner How : The government asked me how I had got the money. 3.5 C.A.of Quantity How long, How far : No one known how long she will live with him. 3.6 Conjunction Adverb of Reason Why : I want to know why she said like that. Panya did not know why she cried. Adverb 1. ly : (Noun - Adverb): day daily , week - weekly 2. ward wards : (Noun - Adverb): back backwards 3.

: here , there , hard , late , always , well , often , too , seldom , where , when , hence, 4. Adverb : in+side = inside , etc. 5. A (Affix) (Adverb) 6. Adjective(Suffix) ly Adverb 6.1 Adjective y y y ily : easy - easily( , etc. 6.2 Adjective le le ly : suitable - suiltably , etc. 6.3 6.1 6.2 ly :-bad - badly , etc. : ly Adjective Adverb :

friendly, likely, lonely, lovely, lowly , , early 7. Adverb 2 Adverb hard - hardly, late - lately, direct - directly, sharp - sharply, short - shortly Adverb Adjective Adverb Adjective :- fast, first, fair, hard, deep, long, low, high, right, loud, wrong, straight, enough, short, late ,etc. Adverb Adjective Verb to be Adjective () Adverb : Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb This is a fast train. This train runs fast. This river is deep. This water runs deep. He is a hard worker. Sak works hard today. It is wrong answer. Please dont do it wrong. This is a fair play They would better play fair. This answer is right. Can you spell it right Danai is the first boy. Danai must go first. She sings with a low voice. Can you speak low ? Adverbial Particle Adverbial Particles Adverb Adverbial Particles Adverb Preposition Adverbial Particles : in, on, up, by, over, away, down, round, back, through Particle 2 : 1. : The pupils are writing a sentence down. Put this book back where it came from.

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2. : I always put out the lights before I go to bed. (put out ) Adverbial Particles 1. Adverbial Particle

: The gun went off by accident. (went ) 2.

: I send him back because he is sick. Let her in. 3.

: Please turn the radio on. () Please turn on the radio. ()

: Amnat gave away every book that he possessed. 4. Adverbial Particle 4.1 Adverbial Particle Structure :- Structure: Adverbial Particle + Subject + verb : Out it comes! (= It comes out.) 4.2 Adverbial Particle verb Structure: Adverbial Particle + verb + Subject : Off went Jack! 4.3 Adverbial Particle subject verb () Structure: Adverbial Particle+ with + N.(Pronoun) :- Away with them ! (=You take them away.) 4.4 Adverbial Particle you : In you come! (= Go in, please.) Down you sit! (= Sit down, please.) Two-Word Verb of Separable and Inseparable Two-Word Verbs () Adverbial Partical ?

Two-Word Verbs 2 :- 1. 2.

1. Two-Word Verbs :- bring about , cross out , fill out make over carry on , take up , look up turn on (, , ) carry out , talk over , make up , etc...

- 1. () Theyve called the game off. Theyve called off the game. - 2. Adverbial Particle :- I called them up. (: I called up them.) Can you bring it out? 2. Two-Word Verbs :- bear on , hear of , do without run against , run into , etc... ...

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: They get on the bus in front of the school. (: They get the bus on in front of the school.)

Chapter 8: Adjective

Adjective "" () ? :- good, bad, tall, dirty, wise, red, fat, thin, this, those, short, etc...

Adjective 4 : 1. : The thin man can run very quickly.

A wise boy is able to answer a difficult problem. 2. Verb to be, look, feel, seem, get, etc.

: Im feeling a bit hungry. 3. : This matter made me foolish. I consider that man mad (). 4. Adjective (Prepositional Phrase) : I have known the manager suitable for his position.

A parcel posted by mail today will reach him tomorrow.

Adjective 1. Adjective :- asleep, afraid, ashamed, etc. : : Wilai is ashamed. (: Wilai is an ashamed girl.) 2. Adjective former, elder , entire, especial , etc. : : We met a drunken teacher. : The teacher was drunken. 3. Adjective someone , something , somebody , somewhere , everyone , everybody , everywhere , everything , anyone, anything , anybody , no one , nothing nowhere : I have something important to tell you. ( I have important something to tell you.) 4. Adjective

: The river is two hundred miles long. ( The river is long two hundred miles.) 5. Adjective 2 Adjective and : He bought a new, powerful and expensive car.

He bought a car new, powerful and expensive. 6. Adjective the : Hercules, the Strong of the world. 7. Adjective Adjective Phrase () Adjective Clause : The tall man with his dog is my uncle. The boy who is talking with the teacher is her brother. 8. Adjective a half, such, too, so, quite, rather, many : Its too hard a problem for him. He spent half a day on gambling. Such a man cannot be allowed. Adjective

Adjective 11 :

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1.Descriptive, 2.Proper, 3.Quantitative, 4.Numberial, 5.Demonstrative, 6.Interrogative, 7.Possessive, 8.Distributive, 9.Emphasizing, 10.Exclamatory, 11.Relative Adjective 1. Descriptive Adjective () good, black, clever, happy, etc. : A clever pupil can answer the difficult problem. 2. Proper Adjective () Proper Noun : She employs a Chinese cook. 3. Quantitative Adjective () () much, many, little, some, any, enough, half, great, all, whole, sufficient, etc.

: Take great care of your health. 4. Numberial Adjective 3 4.1 Cardinal Numberal Adjective one, two, three, etc.

: Wirat wants to buy seven pens. 4.2 Ordinal Numberal Adjective first, second

: Suvit won the third prize ... 4.3 Multiplicative Adjective double, triple, etc

: Buddha, Dhamma, and Sangha are triple ... 5. Demonstrative Adjective this, such, etc.

: She hated such things because they made her ill. 6. Interrogative Adjective () What, which, etc.

: Which way shall we go ? 7. Possessive Adjective () my, our, your, his, her, etc.

: Our nation needs solidarity (). 8. Distributive Adjective () each, every, either, neither() : Neither accusation is true.

Either side is anarraw lane.

This two men had each a gun.

9. Emphasizing Adjective () own (), very ( , ) : He is the very man who stole me wrist watch last night.

10. Exclamatory Adjective () What : What a man he is!

! 11. Relative Adjective () What () , Whichever () : Give me what money you have. I will take whichever horse you dont want.

Adjective-Equivalent Adjective-Equivalent 11 7 :-

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1. Adj. They have worked in New York City for two years.

2. Apostrophe (s) Adj. Daengs house was built in Bangkok five years ago. 3. Infinitive (to+V1) Adjective

This book is good for you to read. 4. Participle

The standing boy is afraid of the running dog. 5. Gerund ( Participle)

There is a swiming pool in our village. 6. Phrase Adjective

The man in this room is our guest. 7. Subordinate Clause () I know Mr. Smith whom you want to see. Adjective Adjective :- Numberal Descriptive Article (a) (b) (a) (b) (c) Demonstrative ordinal cardinal quantity size of colour Proper Sub. Head Possessive shape Adjective Noum Noum () ( () () () () () () The mans first two interesting little red French oil painting. 2 : paintings interesting 5 oil two 6 French 2 first 7 red 3 mans 8 little 4 the 9 The mans first two interesting little red French oil paintings. 2 : Did you see the picture on the wall which was painted by her? ?

(on the wall Phrase Clause which was painted by her) I know the man in the room who told me the way to the library. (in the room Phrase who told me the way to the library Clause )

All Both Adjective Pronoun 1. all both all both Pronoun

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We all went home about ten oclock last night. They both can speak French very well.

2. Pronoun Verb to be all bolt Verb to be We are all wrong. They are both still alive.

3. Pronoun 2 all both They have all done well.

We have been both living here for over half a year.

Chapter 9: Prepositions and Idioms Preposition "" Noun Pronoun

: I lay my book on the Table. Preposition 2 :- 1. : They work in the garden. I went with him. 2. : The camera on the sofa is mine. I shall .. to him. * Preposition Object Preposition : He is looking at me. * Preposition object object Question Word : Which of these chairs did you sit on? What are you looking at? Preposition Preposition 4 1. Simple Preposition :- in, on, at, by, with, of, since, etc. 2. Compound Preposition 2 :- about, above, besides, without, etc. 3. Participial Preposition Participle ing : barring , during , concerning , considering ,

pending , regarding , touching , notwithstanding , 4. Phrasal Preposition ( 188-193) :- as to = , I will inquire again as to as to what your reasons are.

because of = , He couldnt leave the house because of the rainstorm. ()

by dint of = , She gained the first prize by dint of working hard.

by means of =, She recovered his health by means of exercise every morning.

at home in = , Khaisaeng is at home in politics.

at the top of = He shouted at the top of his voice, but no one heard.

at enmity with = In former time the Burmese were at enmity with the Thais.

by force of = Most work can be made easily by force of patience.

by the side of = (= beside) The dog was sleeping by the side of its mater.

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by virture of = (+Ving) Sunai passed the examination by virture of hard working.

by way of = , (+Ving) I mention this point by way of cautioning you.

for fear of = (+Ving) She took an umbrella for fear of being caught in rain.

for the purpose of = (+Ving) He bought the land for the purpose of building a house on it.

for the sake of = , They agreed to a compromise for the sake of settling the matter.

for want of = The crops in this country failed for want of seasonable rain.

in accordance with = Your action is not in accordance with common sense at all.

in (on) behalf of =, This request is made to you on behalf of your son only.

in case of = , He has kept a reserved fund in case of his daughters study.

in common with = You deserve to be blamed in common with the rest.

in connection with = Tell me all you know in connection with that matter.

in consequence of = () In consequence of the plane accident many families are in mourning.

in consideration of = , In consideration of his hard work, he may be allowed another chance.

in course of = He happened, in course of conversation, to say that she was his wife.

in defence of = I said all I could be in defence of my client.

in defiance of = , These men got up a riot in defiance of the law.

in favour of = He has resigned his post in favour of his son. ( )

in front of = His house stood in front of the bridge.

in honour of = The day was kept as a public holiday in honour of the king.

in keeping with = Your love of sport is in keeping with your age. ()

in lieu of = You should take my report in lieu of his.

in prospect of = Men plough in prospect of the coming harvest.

in pursuance of = I was ready to do anything in pursuance of my son.

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in quest of = , He comes here in quest of what he needs.

in respect of = , Wichai is my senior in respect of age.

in spite of = , In spite of all my advice that I gave him, he took to the practice drinking. ()

instead of = , We had better work instead of idling away our time. (idle away)

in view of = We must make up our minds at once in view of the urgency of the case.

in sight of = We have now come in sight of the land.

in event of = (=incase of) I shall have another chance in event of failure.

in the face of = Sombat was always brave in the face of danger.

in the quise of = Mana came back to his house again in the quise of an Indian merchant.

in the hope of = (+Ving) He tried again in the hope of succeeding next time.

in the rear of = , The dog followed in the rear of its master along the street.

in the teeth of = He couldnt keep on running in the teeth of the rainstorm.

in order to = She came here in order to see her mother.

in proportion to = He is cleverer than you in proportion to his years.

in regard to = What have you to say in regard to that subject?

in unison with = Your opinions are not in unison with those of majority of people.

an account of = The famine took place on account of the failure of the rain.

on the brink of = , Their country is on the brink of serious disaster.

on the eve of = , He died on the eve of victory.

on the ground of = I declined the invitation on the ground of the previous engagement.

on the part of = , , Incompetence on the part of a policeman is unable to arrest every burglar.

on the point of = (+Ving) He was on the point of letting out the secret when the major came in.

on the score of = , Mana bagged to be excused on the score of inexperience.

on pretence of = His evil deeds were done on pretence of religion.

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with a view to = (+N. Ving) He said all he could with a view to proving his innocence.

with an eye to = We are working hard now with an eye to the future. with reference to = I have nothing to say with reference to this question. Preposition Preposition 9 : 1. , 2. , 3.- , 4. . , 5. , 6., , 7. Preposition , , 8. Preposition , 9. 1. Preposition :- in, on, at, to, about, between, since, through, for, from, by, before, after, during, till, throughout :

In 1. , , : in March in 1999 in (the) summer : 1. on : on February 31, 1999 2. on : on Sunday morning

( in Sunday morning) 2. : in time in an hour in three months

in the morning , in the beginning , in the meaning , etc. : , , every, next, last Preposition : : on every Sunday, in next December, in last week, Richart comes here on every Sunday. : every Sunday, next December, last week , Richart comes here every Sunday.

On 1. : on Monday on Tuesday on Wendnesday 2. , : on the fifth of December on March 10, 1981

on Chistmas on Sonkran Day on : on time on occasions

from now on At 1. : at six oclock at 5:30 P.M.

at noon, at midnight, at dawn(= at sunrise) at Christmas Day

2. at : at this moment at the time at the first time at once

since, for, during

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Since : since August, since 1999 since eight oclock since yesterday

since he came back since her mother died since (Sunday, January)

For : for a week , for a month , for two years , for many years , for six days

since for Perfect Tense : Amy has lived in Thailand for two years. Jane has worked here since she came back.

During during Noun Pronoun : He still stays here during his examination. We went to Bangsaen during the summer holidays.

by untill -by until by until : by ten oclock 10 until ten oclock 10 by until : -by

: He will finish it by next week. She will arrive hear by eight oclock. 8

- until () : Hell stay here until tomorrow. Sheell teach in this school until next year.

2. Preposition :- about , across , against , before , among ( 2), beneath , beside , between , beyond , , off , towards , underneath , away from , out of , at the end of , into , etc.

above, below, over, under above over , below under , C A is above X but not over X. over B is below X but not under X. A C is above X and also over X. X D is below X and also under X. B under D toward, to, into, in, out of, through, from

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toward , to toward, to, into, in, out of, through, from into () toward(s) in () in out of to from () through Through into out of () from in, at In , , ,

: in Bangkok , in Paris , in Chiengmai , in Asia, etc. John has lived in Bangkok for two years.

: in : in the house in the office in the canal At , , .

: at home, at a village, at the table, etc. I wish to see him at a village. They are at home. : at on : He lives at 135 Sukhumwit Road. She lives on Charoenkrung Road. between, Among between and

: She walks between her father and mother. among ( and)

: He looked for his pen among the pieces of paper. Amy wrote a letter among her friends.

3. Preposition :- about = : A book about eats. A story about a dog and a cat. on = (, , ) : A book on outer Space. A lecture on Early Childhood.

A talk on Problems in Society. A report on Education. of = : A book of poems. A book of Tripitaka.

A set of foreign stamps. A collection of photographs. 4. Preposition :-

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of : A bottle is made of glass. A table is made of wood

from : Glass is made from sand. Wine is made from gropes.

out of , : The hut was made out of old planks. I made my first car out of three old ones.

with , , : He fills the box with mangoes. She makes bread with flour, water and yeast.

without, : You cant make a table without wood. Can you travel around the world without a ticket?

5. Preposition :- What...for? ? What is the money on the table for? Its for the waiter.

Who...for? ? Whos the letter for? Its for Susan, not for you. Where...for? ? Wheres the plan of a road building for? Its for Bangna-Trad road.

6. Preposition , : with, in, of, without with ( )

A girl with brown hair is my sister.... A sailor with only one arm needs to see a doctor. in

Yesterday he was in a black shirt for working. I saw a man in brown shoes coming here last night. of : a kilo of meat. 1 , a spoonful of jam., a member of the club. Maree gave her daughter a slice of bread. without

: a man without legs. a pot without a handle. He sold a dog without a tail yesterday.

7. Preposition , : by, with, through, without, of by ( Passive Voice ) This book was written by Archan Samran. by ( by ) : They come by train. by ( Noun gerund)

: You can cure a headache by taking an aspirin. Please send a massage by cable at once. with () :- The doctor took my temperature with a thermometer through , : She caught cold through working in rain. without , : My friend left suddenly without saying goodbye. of ()

: Every year many Thais die of cancer She died of her liver() last night. ...

8. Preposition :

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as well as He as well as you is very lazy to read. according to Tomorrow it will rain much according to the weather forecast. against , She is against working on Sundays. notwisthstanding None of these boys wears a coat notwithstanding the cold weather. ( gerund noun ) apart from Apart from collecting the stamp, we do nothing else. besides Who can speak Japanese besides you and me ? instead of Let me do instead of her. but Nobody but me has a pen to write a letter. except Novices cant eat anything except water in the afternoon. 9. Preposition :- at at war at best at sight at all events at peace at least at rest etc. by by accident by chance by far () by good fortune by luck by mistake by-self etc. in in a hurry in itself in some case in due course in the end in fact in other words etc. on on pleasure on sale on a journey on time on duty on the contrary on no account ... on the overage etc. out of out of order out of place out of reach out of control out of question

out of work out of ordinary etc. Idioms , , Idiom 3 : 1. : accuse of , call in , care for , etc. 2. ( Participle): adequate for , hopeful of , fond of , etc. 3. : approval of , faith in , intention of , etc. 1. idiom : accuse of = accustom to = admit to = answer to = , add to = acquaint with = (agree on, agree about) + something = agree to + (Idea, Suggestion) = (,) agree with + = () approve of = apologize to = belong to = believe in = borrow from = boast of = , become of = beat up = begin with = blow away = , blow down = , blow off = blow out = ,, boil away = , boil down = breah away? = bring out = burn of = break into = , buy off = , buy out = buy up = call in = call at =

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compare to = care for(about) = compare with = congratulate on = count on = count in = cross out = , cut down = cut in = cut out = dash off = declare of = dispute about = draw back = , dress up = dream of = drop into = dry out = eat away = embark on = enter into = entitle into = face down = face up = fall down = fall in love = feed to = feel for = , fight for = fill out = figure on = , finish up = fly at = follow up = get ahead = get along with = get by = get down = get out of = give over = , give in = give on = give up = , go along with = hang on = hang up = hold by = hold up = , involve in = inquire about = jump on = , join up = keep away = kick in = knock down = knock together = laugh at = leave off = , live on = listen to = look for = look out = pack up = pass away = pass by = point out = play down = quarrel over = rool up = run away = save up = see about = see off = take up = take care of = , talk over = wait on = write down = , work out = , etc. 2. idiom ( Participle): absent from = , afraid of = adequate for = ahead of = angry with = () aware of= , (be) ashamed of = appropriate for = available to = anxious about = , capable of = clear to = doubtful about = (be) disappointed with= evident from = famous for = faithful to = familiar with (to) =fond of = friendly with = full of = good at = () generous with + Noun = grateful to = goo

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Gramma English in Thai