GOVERNANCE AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY

NOVA ET VETERA IURIS GENTIUM PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF UTRECHT

Editorial Board T.D. GILL

C.G. ROELOFSEN

A.H.A. SOONS

W.G. WERNER

SERIES A: MODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW NUMBER 23

GOVERNANCE AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY

Edited by Ige F. Dekker

and Wouter G. Werner

Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

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ISBN 978-90-04-14033-2 ISBN 978-94-017-6192-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-6192-5

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CONTENTS

Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ..... .. .. . .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. xn1

Ige F. Dekker & Wouter G. Werner

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII

List of contributors . .. .. . .. ... .. ... . . .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .... XIX

List of abbreviations .. ... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. . ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ........ XXI

PART ONE

METHODOLOGY

Chapter I The Neomedieval Renaissance: Global Governance and International Law in the New Middle Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Jiirg Friedrichs 1. Introduction .. . . .... .. ... ... .. .. ..... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. . 3 2. Conceptual critique ............................................................ 6

2.1 New medievalism ...................................................... 6 2.2 Global governance .................................................... 11

3. Conceptual clarifications .................................................... 16 3.1 New medievalism ...................................................... 16 3.2 Global governance .................................................... 21

4. International law ................................................................ · 25 5. Conclusion .......................................................................... 31 6. Postscriptum: Co-operation and conflict among

hegemonic projects . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. . .. .. .. . 32

Chapter 2 Lawyers and Anthropologists: A Legal Pluralist Approach to Global Governance .............................................. 37

Gerhard Anders 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2. The blindness of legal science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

v

3. The normative lawyer and the reflective anthropologist .................................................................... 43

4. The potential of legal pluralism .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 5. Transnational - national - local ...................................... 50 6. Two approaches to legal pluralism .................................. 52 7. Conclusions: Possibilities and restrictions of a legal

pluralist perspective . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. 54

Chapter 3 From Territoriality to Functionality? Towards a Legal Methodology of Globalization .... .. .. .. .. .. ............ ...... .. .. .. .. 59

Andreas L. Paulus l. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. ... ... .. . .. ..... .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . ... ... . .. .. .. 59 2. The "domestic analogy" and the community vision of

international law .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. 62 2.1 The Charter as a constitution of the international

. ? community. .. ............................................................. . 2.2 Substantive international law .................................. ..

3. The unequal institutionalization of international society

63 69

and its consequences for international law .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. 7 4 3.1 Value clash and unequal institutionalization:

the example of the Shrimp! Turtle case .. .. .. ................ 80 3.2 The problem of overlapping jurisdiction ................ 86 3.3 World trade and other values - integration or

opposition? .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. .. . 88 4. Conclusion: From constitution to discourse? .................. 93

Chapter 4 The Will of the International Community as a Normative Source of International Law .................................. 97

Nicholas Tsagourias l. Introduction ........................................................................ 97 2. Theoretical distinctions and articulations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. lO l 3. The concept of international community ........................ 107 4. The nature of the will of the international community .. .. 113 5. Conclusion .......................................................................... 120

Vl

PART TWO

STATE SOVEREIGNTY

Chapter 5 State Sovereignty and International Legal Discourse .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ..... ... ... .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. . 125

Wouter G. Werner

1. Introduction . .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. ... . . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 125 2. Some challenges to state sovereignty examined .............. 128

2.1 State sovereignty criticized .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 128 2.2 The endurance of state sovereignty as a discursive

practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3. Sovereignty and international society . .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 135

3.1 Sovereignty and the "Westphalian society" ............ 135 3.2 Sovereignty and international responsibility ............ 138

4. The reversibility thesis and the difference between concepts and conceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 4.1 The two faces of sovereignty: Freedom to act and

freedom from interference .... .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. . 144 4.2 The concept and conceptions of sovereignty .......... 147

5. Sovereignty and non-intervention: the regulation of the use of force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

6. Epilogue . . .. .... .. .... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. . 155

Chapter 6 Globalization and the International Criminal Court: Accountability and a New Conception of State 159

Rod Jensen 1. Introduction ... .. .. .. .. ... ... .... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 159 2. The sovereign state ............................................................ 162 3. The process of globalization ............................................ 166 4. Developments in international criminal, humanitarian

and human rights law .. . .. .... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... . .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. . 1 71 5. The creation of the ICC .................................................. 178 6. Conclusion 183

Chapter 7 The International Criminal Court and the Sovereign State .. .. . . .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ... .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . . 185

Diane Marie Amann 1. Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ..... .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . ... .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. 185 2. Evolution of the International Criminal Court .............. 187

VII

2.1 Following tradition: Securing sovereign consent .... 187 2.2 Breaking with tradition: Conferring non-consensual

jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 3. Conventional justifications for non-consensual

jurisdiction . .. ..... ....... .. .. ... .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. 190 3.1 Individual, not state, responsibility .......................... 192 3.2 Enhanced legitimacy .................................................. 193 3.3 Transfer of territorial jurisdiction ............................ 194 3.4 Universal jurisdiction ................................................ 196

4. Non-consensual jurisdiction and theories of the state .... 199 4.1 The realist premise .................................................... 199 4.2 The relational response ............................................ 20 l

5. The International Criminal Court in light of the theories of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

6. Conclusion . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ..... ... .... .. .. ..... .. .... ... .... .. ... ...... .. ..... 211

PART THREE

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Chapter 8 Governance by International Organizations: Rethinking the Normative Force of International Decisions 215

lge F. Dekker & Ramses A. Wessel l. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 2. The normative force of decisions of international

organizations . .. .. ...... ... .. ..... .. .... .. ... .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. ..... ... ... .. .. .. . 220 2.1 Legal institutions ........................................................ 220 2.2 The legal competence of international

organizations . .. .. ... .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. . .... ..... ........ ... .. .... .. ..... 222 2.3 Classifying the normative force of decisions 224

3. Relations between legal systems of international organizations and legal systems of member states 227

3.1 Validity relations between legal systems .................. 227 3.2 Applicability, effect and supremacy .......................... 231

4. Conclusion .......................................................................... 235

Vlll

Chapter 9 International Judicial Bodies as Sources of Normativity: The WTO Dispute Settlement in Comparative Context ........................................................................................ 237

Tomer Braude 1. Assessing the evolving role of international judicial

bodies .................................................................................. 237 2. Relative judicial power and the legitimacy debate in

the WTO ............................................................................ 239 3. A framework for institutional comparison ... .. ....... .. .. ...... 242 4. Relative judicial power in the WTO DSS: A partial

comparative analysis . .. ......... .. .. .. ..... .. ..... .. ... ..... .. ....... .. . .... .. 245 4.1 Functional separation of the judiciary from other

organs ........................................................................ 245 4.1.1 The ICJ .......................................................... 245 4.1.2 The WTO DSS ............................................ 24 7

4.2 Immediate reactive capacity of other organs .......... 250 4.2.1 The ICJ .......................................................... 250 4.2.2 The WTO DSS ............................................ 257

4.3 Long term reactive capacity of other organs .......... 265 4.3.1 The ICJ .......................................................... 265 4.3.2 The WTO DSS ............................................ 270

5. Conclusions ........................................................................ 274

Chapter 10 The European Court of Justice and Legal Pluralism: The Case Law on the "Four Freedoms" and the Pluralist Construction of the Legal System of the European Community ................................................................................ · 277

Herman Voogsgeerd 1. Introduction ........................................................................ 277 2. Recognition of diplomas .................................................... 281 3. Posting of workers within the context of the free

provision of services .. ... .. .. .. ... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 284 4. Purely internal situations .................................................. 288 5. Conclusion .......................................................................... 291

IX

PART FOUR

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

Chapter 11 Non-State Actors: Undermining or Increasing the Legitimacy and Transparency of International Environmental Law oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOOoOooooooo 297

Joyeeta Gupta 10 Introduction oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 297

1.1 Global environmental governance 00 00 0 00 00 00 0 000 00 00 00 00 0 298 102 The environment, development and the law of

sustainable development 0 00 00 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 00 00 00 0 000 0 00 0 00 000 299 20 The increasing role and participation of non-state

actors in the climate change regime 0 00 00 00 000 oo 00 000 0000 0 00 0 0 0 0 302 30 The role of non-state actors and the implications

for international law 0 000 00 oo 0 00 0 00 00 00 00 0 00 00 00 Ooo 0 0 0 00 0 00 oo 0 0 0 00 0 000 0 0 0 0 00 0 306 301 Failure of the state? oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 306 302 Non-state actors and transparency oooooooooooooooooooooooo 308 303 Non-state actors and (legal) legitimacy oooooooooooooooo 311 304 Non-state actors, legitimacy and the assumptions

of international law 000 00 00 00 00 00 0 00 00 000 00 0 00 000 00 00 000 0000 00 00 00 00 312 305 Non-state actors, corporatism and democracy 0000 314

4 0 Conclusion 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 318

Chapter 12 NGOs, the International Criminal Court, and the Politics of Writing International Law ooooooooooooooOooooooooo 321

Michael ]. Struett 10 Introduction 0 00 oo 00 000 00 00 00 00 00 ooo 0000 00 00 00 0 00 0 00 000 00 00 00 00 00 0 00 00 0000 0 00 0 00 00 0 321 20 Sovereignty issues with the International Criminal

Court oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 325 30 NGOs and the social construction of treaty law practice 329 40 Status of states and NGOs in creating treaty law 000000 330 50 Reinterpreting the rules of treaty writing oooooooooooooooooooo 332 60 The power of NGOs OOoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooOOOoooooo 333 70 Institutions, institutional change and actors oooooooooooooooooo 334 80 NGO tactics: Expanding the discourse and legal

expertise oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 335 90 The opening for the ICC? Discourse in the 1990s 0000 338

100 NGO contributions to the Rome Treaty process 00000000 342 11. Conclusions 00 0 00 00 0 00 0000 00 00 0 00 000 0000 0 00 oo 00 0 00 0 0000 00 0 00 00 0 00 00 00 0 0000 0 0 00 00 00 351

X

Chapter 13 Balancing Norms in Cyberspace: State and Non-State Actor Normativity in Cyberspace .......................... 355

J.P. Mifsud Bonnici & C.N]. de V ty Mestdagh l. Introduction . .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. ... .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. 355 2. Governance in cyberspace ................................................ 359

2.1 States and cyberspace governance .......................... 360 2 .1.1 Formal legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 361 2.1.2 Informal state normativity ............................ 363

2.2 ISPs and cyberspace governance ............................ 364 2.2.1 Self-regulation of ISPs .................................. 365 2.2.2 ISPs, their customers and third parties ...... 366 2.2.3 ISPs and accountability ................................ 367

3. Discussion .......................................................................... 370 3.1 Cyberspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . 3 7 0

3.1.1 A-territorial nature ........................................ 370 3.1.2 Communities of interest .............................. 371 3 .1. 3 Technological aspects .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 71

3.2 Globalization ............................................................ 373 3.2.1 Shifting foci of control .................................. 374 3.2.2 Privatization of markets ................................ 375 3.2.3 Privatization of normativity .......................... 376 3.2.4 Political inertia .............................................. 377

4. Conclusion 378

Index 381

Xl

INTRODUCTION

Globalization and international ("global") governance are not new to international law. International lawyers have long recognized that the state is not impermeable and that the "intensification of world wide social relations ... links distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa" .1 In a way, it is precisely the existence of territori­ally bounded, formally independent states in a transnational, inter­dependent world that defines the working field of international law. Similarly, the emergence of structures of international governance has already found its place in international parlance. Before the term "governance without government" was coined, 2 the significance of formal and informal policy networks, international organizations, non-gov­ernmental organizations, etc. was acknowledged in the study of inter­national law and international relations.

Still, globalization and international governance constandy pose new questions and challenges to international law. This constant challenge can only be understood if one keeps in mind that global­ization and international governance are not simple and linear devel­opments, but rather complex and contradictory processes in which "homogenization goes hand in hand with differentiation, integration with fragmentation, centralization with decentralization, universal­ization with particularization". 3 Networks of international governance may thus take different forms and may focus on different places, areas and periods. An example of this can be found in Part IV of this book, where the role of non-governmental organizations in different periods and in different areas (international criminal law, environmental law and cyberspace) is examined. It is a truism that international law shapes and is being shaped by globalization and international governance; the interesting question is how this takes place in different times, places and areas.

1. A. Giddens, 7he Consequences qf Modernity (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1990), p. 64. 2. J.N. Rosenau, E.-0. Czempiel (eds.), Governance without Government: Order and

Change in World Politics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992). 3. Susan Marks, 7he Riddle qf All Constitutions: International Law, Democrary and the

Critique qf Ideology (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 78.

Xlll

One of the ways in which international law is affected by the complex and contradictory nature of international governance is through the emergence of several overlapping and competing nor­mative orders. Adopting the terminology of Hedley Bull, several scholars have raised the question whether contemporary international society can be characterized in terms of "new medievalism"; that is: in terms of a system where each ruler has to share authority with others and which is characterized by overlapping authority and mul­tiple loyalty.4 In more legal terms, this raises questions of "legal plu­ralism"; the situation where two or more normative orders overlap, supplement and compete with each other. In international law, the emergence of structures of international governance has given new impetus to some age-old debates. It has raised, for example, ques­tions regarding the delimitation of the powers of international orga­nizations and their relationship to overlapping legal orders (e.g. the domestic legal order). Moreover, it has raised questions concerning the role of the "international community": could this entity or idea take over the role previously played by the imperium and the sacer­dotium, or should we be suspicious of anyone invoking universal terms like humanity or international community? Is the international com­munity the authority that can uphold some basic universal values or is, in Carl Schimitt' s words, "whoever invokes humanity ... a cheater"?5

Recently, the problem of legal pluralism has emerged in the con­text of the proliferation of international tribunals. Although the tri­bunals are generally welcomed as a further step in the development of the international rule of law, international lawyers also express their concerns about the possible adverse consequences for the unity and coherence of international law. At the practical level, this has led to discussions about the proper role of lawyers in dealing with competing norms and competences. Partly, this debate is an echo of some traditional debates in legal theory: how wide is the discretion of tribunals in balancing competing norms, what role should general principles and institutional morality play in legal decision-making,

4. H. Bull, 7he Anarchical Sociery: A Study if Order in World Politics (London and Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1977), p. 254. For recent applications of the concept see the contribution by Friedrichs in this volume (Chapter 1) and T. Akihiko, 7he New Middle Age: the World System in the 21th Century (Tokyo, 2002).

5. C. Schmitt, Glossarium: Aujzeichnungen der Jahre 1947-1951 (Berlin, Duncker & Humblot, 1991 ). Cf Pani1o Zo1o, Invoking Humaniry: War, Law and Global Order (London and New York, Continuum International, 2000).

XIV

how to uphold the distinction between law and politics in a situation where judges need to apply underdetermined and conflicting norms?

Phenomena like globalization and international governance also give new impulses to another age-old debate: the debate on the proper function and meaning of state sovereignty in international law. It would be a great oversimplification to argue that globaliza­tion and international governance on the one hand and state sov­ereignty on the other hand are engaged in a zero-sum game; as if the rise of transborder transactions and non-state based forms of governance would automatically lead to a decrease of state sover­eignty and vice versa. Rather than being a fixed state of affairs or a fixed norm, state sovereignty is an institution whose function and meaning are related to the development of international society (and international law). Changes in international society - e.g. the recog­nition of self-determination, different attitudes towards the use of force or the rise of international criminal law - are therefore reflected in the conception of sovereignty prevalent in a certain period. Rather than being a zero-sum game, there is a complex interpretative prac­tice in which the discourse on global governance and the discourse on sovereign equality take place simultaneously. This creates new images of sovereignty and presses upon the academic community to rethink the political, legal and moral foundations of that concept.

This book discusses the above-mentioned topics from a multi­disciplinary perspective. It combines insights from international relations theory, legal theory and international law in an attempt to clarify some issues of globalization, international governance and international law. The book has no pretension of being complete. It does hope, however, to cover some of the most important top­ics related to international governance and international law: the methodology and concepts used in the debate on globalization and international governance (Part I), the role of state sovereignty in con­temporary international society (Part II), the role and position of international organizations (Part III), and the role of non-governmental organizations (Part IV).

Utrecht, October 2003 Ige F. Dekker & Wouter G. Werner

XV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book has its origins in a Round Table on Governance and International Legal Theory, held at the Faculty of Law of the University of Utrecht from 2 till 4 July 2002. The main aim of the Round Table was to stimulate an ongoing discussion between scholars who are interested in theoretical aspects of international law and international politics. In pursuance of a call for papers, some thirty authors sent in a proposal, of which the convener of this Round Table- Wouter G. Werner­invited fifteen authors to send in their paper. Since the aim of the Round Table was to stimulate discussion about the papers (and not to be a forum of presentations), speakers were required to send in their papers in advance and to hold only short introductions to their papers. For each paper about one hour was available for discussion.

The editors would like to thank the twenty-two participants for their contributions to the very lively discussions at the Round Table. A report of the discussions was written by professor Catherine Kessedjian and published in the 4 International Law Forum du droit inter­national, 2002, l 76-l 79.

Of the fifteen papers discussed at the Round Table, thirteen are published in this volume. Before writing their definitive texts, the contributors had the opportunity to adapt their papers on the basis of the discussions held during the Round Table. The editors asked other scholars, who could not participate in the Round Table, to give their comments on certain papers. In this respect they would like to express their appreciation in particular to Deirdre Curtin, Harm Dotinga, Nigel White, Jaap de Wilde, and Barbel Ziegler:Jung.

The Round Table formed part of the 6th Hague Joint Conference on Contemporary Issues qf International Law: From Government to Governance? The Growing Impact qf Non-State Actors on the International and European Legal fiystem, organized by the Stichting "The Hague Joint Conferences on International Law", the American Society of International Law, the Nederlandse Vereniging voor Internationaal Recht and the T.M.C. Asser Instituut. The conference was originally planned to be held in July 2002 but the conference was postponed to July 2003. However, it was decided to go through with the Round Table on Governance and International Legal Theory in 2002. A second meeting of the Round

XVII

Table was held from 1-3 July 2003, also at the Faculty of Law of the University of Utrecht, just before the 6th Hague Joint Conference, which took place from 3-5 July 2003, at the Steigenberger Kurhaus Hotel, The Hague, The Netherlands. The papers discussed during the second meeting will be published in the proceedings of the 6th Hague Joint Conference (forthcoming).

The editors would like to express their gratitude to the sponsors of the Round Table: the Stichting "The Hague Joint Conferences on International Law", and the Faculty of Law of the University of Utrecht, in particular the GJ. Wiarda Institute and the International Law Institute. Their support - financially and otherwise - made it possible that the Round Table took place in one of the historic build­ings in the centre of Utrecht and that the discussions could go on during lunches and dinners. Their support contributed very much to the scientific success of the meeting and the publication of this book.

The editors also warm-heartedly thank Amy Wall, student-assis­tant at the International Law Institute of the University of Utrecht, whose patient assistance in the preparation of this book has been indispensable. Last but not least, we greatly appreciate the support given by Brill Academic Publishers for taking care of the work involved in this publication.

Utrecht, October 2003 The Editors

XVlll

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Diane Marie Amann

Gerhard Anders

Tomer Broude

Ige F. Dekker

Ji:irg Friedrichs

Joyeeta Gupta

Rod Jensen

Jeanne Pia Mifsud Bonnici

Andreas L. Paulus

Michael Struett

Nicholas Tsagourias

Kees C.NJ. de Vey Mestdagh

Professor of Law, University of California, Davis, School of Law, United States Research Fellow, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Lecturer in Law, Hebrew University of Jeru­salem, Advisor, International Lawyers and Economists Against Poverty (ILEAP) Initiative Senior Lecturer in International and European Institutional Law, Faculty of Law, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Lecturer and Researcher, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, International University Bremen, Germany Head of the Programme on International Environmental Governance at the Institute for Environmental Studies, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Researcher, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada Researcher in Information Law, Centre for Law and ICT, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Assistant Professor at the Institute for Public International Law at the Ludwig-Maximilians­University, Munchen, Germany Researcher, Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, United States Lecturer in Law, University of Bristol, United Kingdom Senior Lecturer in Legal Information Science and Information Law, Department of Legal Theory, Faculty of Law, University of Gro­ningen, The Netherlands

XIX

Herman Voogsgeerd

Ramses A. Wessel

Wouter G. Werner

XX

Lecturer and Researcher in European Law, Faculties of Law and Arts, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Senior Lecturer in International and European Law at the Centre for European Studies of the University of Twente, The Netherlands Senior Lecturer in International Law, Faculty of Law, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

AB AJIL ASIL BYIL CICC COE CONGO

Doc. DSB DSS DSU

EC ECJ EJIL EU EuroiSPA FCCC

GA GATS GATT GC HRW ICC ICJ ICJ Reports ICLEI ICTR ICTY IGO ILA ILC

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Appellate Body of World Trade Organizations American Journal of International Law American Society of International Law British Yearbook of International Law Coalition for an International Criminal Court Council of Europe Conference of Non-governmental Organizations m Consultative Status with the United Nations Document Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement System of the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Understanding of the World Trade Organization European Community European Court of Justice European Journal of International Law European Union European Internet Service Providers Association United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations General Assembly General Agreement on Trade in Services General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs General Council Human Rights Watch International Criminal Court International Court of Justice International Court of Justice Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders International Coalition for Local Environmental Initiatives International Criminal Court for Rwanda International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia International Governmental Organization International Law Association United Nations International Law Commission

XXI

ILC Yearbook Yearbook of the United Nations International Law

ILM IMF IPCC ISP ISPA LGO LNTS MC NATO NGO NILR NPWJ NYIL PCIJ PrepCom RC

Res. sc SCM SUBSTA

TEC

TEU TRIPS

WTO UN UNCLOS UNGA UNSC UNTS us YUN ZaoRV

XXll

Commission International Legal Materials International Monetary Fund Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change Internet Service Provider Internet Service Provider Association Local Government Organization League of Nations Treaty Series Ministerial Conference North Atlantic Treaty Organization Non-governmental organization Netherlands International Law Review No Peace Without Justice Netherlands Yearbook of International Law Permanent Court of International Justice Preparatory Committee Receuil des Cours de l'Academie de droit interna­tional de La Haye Resolution United Nations Security Council Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technological Advice Treaty on the Establishment of the European Community Treaty on European Union Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights World Trade Organization United Nations United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations General Assembly United Nations Security Council United Nations Treaty Series United States Yearbook of the United Nations Zeitschrift fi.ir auslandisches offentliches Recht und Volkerrecht