Gonda - NOTES ON THE INDO-EUROPEAN kwi- AND kwo-PRONOUNS

8/10/2019 Gonda - NOTES ON THE INDO-EUROPEAN kwi- AND kwo-PRONOUNS

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N O TE S O N T H E I N D O - E U R O P E A N k i - A N D k = o - P R O N O U N S

ummary

S o m e ~ a t t e m p t s t o a n s w e r t h e q u e s t io n a s to th e h i s t o r i c a l r e l a t i o n s o f

t h e i n d e f i n i te a n d i n t e r r o g a t i v e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e I n d o - E u r o p e a n k U - p r o n ou n s

a r e r e v i e w e d a n d c r i t i c i z ed . T h e w e l l - k n o w n p r a c t i c e o f c o n s i d e r i n g t h e

i n d e f i n i t e s o f t h e t y p e s G o t h .

h , a z u h ,

A l n d .

k a ~ c i d

d e r i v a t i v e s o f th e i n t e r -

r o g a t i v e is o p e n t o d i s p u t e . T h e i d e n t i t y , i n I n d o - E u r o p e a n , o f t h e i n t e r -

r o g a t i v e s a n d t h e i n d e f i n i t e a b -is , e v e n i n p a r t i c u l a r s c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r

f u n c t io n s , m a n y n o n - I . E , p a r a ll e ls . S o m e s u g g e s t io n s a re g i v e n in c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h t h e e x p l i c a t i o n o f G r . 6'a re ;, A . I n d . r:~h tea~ca, kas lc id , e t c . S u p p l e m e n t -

a r y o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e m a d e o n t h e t he o ri e: s o f t h e r e l a t i v e u s e o f t h e s e p r o -

n o m i n a ~ s t e m s .

I t is a c u r i o u s c o i n c i d e n c e t h a t w h i l e t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e c h r o n o -

l o gi c r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e i n d e f i n i t e a n d i n t e r r o g a t i v e f u n ct io n .~ o f

t h e I n d o - E u r o p e a n p o n o m i n a l s t e m s ,~"e/0- a n d k"~ - h a v e g i v e n r i se

t o m u c h c o n t r o v e r s i a l d i s c u ss io n , m a n y a u t} l or s o f g r a m m a r s s h o u l d

c l in g t o t h e t i m e - h o n o u r e d p r a c t i c e o f te a ci ~ in g ~) t h a t i t i s t h e i n t e r -

roga ' rive w h ich co m bi n i ng w i th ce r t a in p:~.~' ~ct~.; a s s um es an ind e f in i t e

fo rce 2 ). Y e t t he qu es t io n m ay a r i se wi,~ :~her th i s p rac t i ce can be

l ) O S l ~ i v e a r t i c l e , t h e i n d e f .

l) T h e a n c i e n t s r e g a r d e d t h e r el . p r o n . a s a p o s t ' "

a s a n o u n . H o w e v e r , t h e S t o ic s a n d , u n d e r t h e i r i n fl u en c e , s ~ n c g r a m m a r i a n s

p u t i t o n a p a r w i t h t h e a r t i c le . F o r p a r t i c u l a r s ' t I % t c in ~ h a l, G e s c h . d

S p r a c h w . b e i d e n G r i e c h e n u n d R o m e r n , B e r l i n 1 86 3, p . 6 6 8 f .; M . t t . J e l -

,- I I , i l e i ( l e l b e r < 1 9 1 4 , p 2 6 9 f f "

l in e k, G e s c h . d . n e u h o c h . l e u t s c h e n G r a m m .

279 f .

, : exi, rt ,ss~.,~ h i :n qc lf in a ra th ~, ra) K . B r u g m a n n , G r ~ l n { t r is s ~', I I 2 ( 1 9 1 1 ,

c a u t i o u s w a y " p . 3 4 8 " A l s s ( ~lc he ( in t e r r . u n i t in ~ lc f, i tu l~ ,,,x ,.r tc n , n u r d u r c h

d ie B e t o n u n g y o n e i n a n d e r u n t e r s c h l e d e n

. . . ,

t ~. ; 55 ( ' " I v ~ r g e n a n n t c ~

P r o n o m i n a , d i e a l s I n t e r r o g a t i v a . . . , d i e n t e n z u g l c ic l ' al ,; I i t~ t e f in i t a " C i . ,

h o w e v e r , A . L e s k i e n , G r a m m d . . al tb p . g .


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242

j u s t i f i e d . Be f o r e a t t e m p t i ng t o f i nd a n a nswe r i t w i l l howe ve r be

necessa ry f i r s t t o recons ide r the o the r po in t , v i z . t he re l a t ions be tween

t he i n t e r r oga t i ve a nd t he i nde f i n i t e f unc t i ons whe n f u l f i l l e d by t he

sa m e . o r by r e l a t e d , p r onom i na l f o r m s .

I t i s no ma t t e r fo r g rea t su rpr i se tha t the co-ex i s t ence o f an in t e r -

r oga t i ve zL, ; and an inde f in i t e zt i n Greek , o f a s imi la r qu i s? : qu~s

i n L a t i n , o f wa r? "w ha t ? " be si de : r a t " s om e t h i ng " i n Du t c h , ha s

l e d t hose s t ude n t s o f c om pa r a t i ve I .E . l i ngu i s t i c s who we r e m a i n l y ,

o r exc lus ive ly , i n t e res t ed in the inves t iga t ion of h i s to r i ca l deve lop-

m e n t s t o t r a nspose t he unde r ly i ng p r ob l e m i n t o a que s t i on o f p r i o r i ty .

which func t io r , mus t be rega rded as more o r ig ina l , which a s younger ,

de r ived , o r secondary? "L a d ouble va leur , d6 jA indo-euro p6en ne .. .

du radica l ~epr6sent6 par la t . qu i s , qu id , quod etc . ne saura i t ~ t re

ancienne . I fau t que l'u lLe des va leurs soi t i ssue de l 'a u t r e " 3). Con-

s ide r ing the ma in po in t s o f r e l evance wi th rega rd to the use o f these

I .E . p r onouns t he c onc l u s i on m a y , howe ve r , . - - de sp i t e t he m or e o r

l e ss a sse r t ive a t t empts to v ind ica te the p r io r i ty o f e i the r func t ion

a ppe a r t o be w a r r a n t e d t ha t t he que s t ion a s t o t he i r o r i g ina l c ha r a c te r

i s no t w ell posed if i t is only form ula ted in rearms of an a l te rna t ive"

were they pr imar i ly in t e r roga t ives o r inde f in i t e s in the modern sense

of these words?

The recons t ruc t ion of the p reh i s to r i c deve lopment has been a

ma~te r o f cons ide rab le , and essen ti a lly g lo t togonic , s pec u la t ion amon g

scholars . Whatever choice i s made of the above possibi l i t ies , the

answer a lways impl i e s tha t the re have been , in the h i s to ry o f the

I .E . peoples , t imes in whic i l e i ther the in ter rogat ive or ' the indef ini te

idea was no t expressed , a t l eas t no t by means o f the s t ems under

cons ide ra t ion . As long as the consequences o f th i s impl i ca t ion a re

no t recognized and accounted fo r no so lu t ion proposed fo r the above

prob]iem can be considered acceptable.

Leav ing th i s po in t he re and go ing .~n to som e pa r t i cu la r s I am

unde r t he i m pr e s s i on t ha t t he a dvoc a t e s o f ne i t he r 3 t a ndpo i n t ha ve

G o t i s c h e n ( I 9 5 3) , p. 190 (cf. p. 1 89) : " D e m I n t e r r o g a t i v p r o n o m e n . .. w i r d

d a s en id . E l e m e n t - g h a n g e h / i n g t " ( > ]vazut " j e d e r " ) ; L . R e n o u , G r a m m .

d e la l a n g u e v ~ d i q u e ( 19 52 ), p. 3 8 2 : " L ' i n t e r r o g a t i f e s t s u i v i d ' u n g r a n d

n o m b r e d e p a r t i c u l es , q u i l ui c o n f ~ r e n t .. . u n e v a l e u r . . . " g 6 n 6 r a l i s a n t e " o u

" ~ v e n t u a l i s a n t e . .. . , e tc . e tc .

*) A . M ei l l e t , i n the BS L. 2 3 (1922 ) , p . 19 f .


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s u c c e e d e d i n a d d u c i n g c o n c l u s i v e a r g u m e n t s . A m o n g t h o s e s c h o l a r s

w h o h o l d t h e i n d e f in i t e f u n c t i o n t o b e ol d er H i r t 4) a t t a c h e d m u c h

v a l u e t o t h e z e r o g r a d e o f t h e s t e m

k i - :

" d i e F o r m

* k i - s

z e i g t e in e

S c h w u n d s t u f e , m u B a l s o i n u n b e t o n t e r S t e l l u n g e n t s t a n d e n S e i n ;

a u s i f i n e m S a t z

es ha t e ine r (uJer) gek lop / t

k a n n s i c h s e h r l e i c h t e i n e

F r a g e e n t w i e k e l n :

ha t w e r ge k lop[ t?

B u t i f

*k i -

h a s a r i s e n i n a n

e n c l it i e p o s i t i o n , f r o m w h a t h a s it ar i s e n ? F r o m a f o r m *k e i - , w h i c h

i s i n t h e ' V o l l s t u f e ' 5), a n d w h i c h , i n H i r t ' s l in e o f t h o u g h t , w a s n o t

l ik e l y to b e a n i n d e f i n i t e 6) ? A n d w h a t a b o u t t h e s t e m k e - [ k o - w h i c h ,

b e i n g i n t h e ' V o l l s t u f e ' , c a n l i k e w i s e c o n v e y a n i n d e f i n i t e s e n s e ?

M e i ll et v ), w h o r e g a r d s t h e i n d e f i n i t e f u n c t i o n a s o r i g i n a l b e c a u s e

" o n c o n ~ o i t q u e , e n m e t t a n t l ' i n t o n a t i o n i n t e r r o g a t i v e s u r l ' i n d ~ f i n i ,

d ~,a s u n e p h r a s e t eU e q u e que lqu 'un e s t v e nu , i e m o t s i g n i f i a n t q u e l q u ' u n

prem,ae l a v a l e u r i n t e r r o g a t i v e , s u r t o u t s"il e s t c o u r t " , d o e s n o t s e e m t o

h a v e f a c e d t h e e n s u i n g p r o b l e m h o w f a r a n i ni ti al

* k i s

h a s e v e r b e e n ,

a s t h e F r .

q u e l q u ' u n

c a n b e , n o n - i n t e r r o g a t i v e i n m e a n i n g . E q u i v a -

l e n t s o f t h e u n a c c e n t e d

* k i -

i n m o d e r n l a n g u a g e s c a n a t t h e b e -

g i n n i n g o f a s e n t e n c e b e i n d e f i n i t e , b u t h o w a r e w e t o k n o w i f t h e

I . E . i n d e f i n i t e k i - w a s u s u a l i n t h a t p o s i t i o n ? : G r e e k i n s t a n c e s o f

a n i n i t i a l T t d o n o t c r o p u p b e f o r e S o p h o c l e s a n d P l a t o 8), a n d t h e

L a t i n i n d e f ,

qu i s

is a l w a y ~ a n e n c li t ic 9 ) ~ a m a f r a i d t h a t c a n n o t

f o l l o w t h e s a m e F r e n c h s a ' ~ a n t a n d h i s c ( ) m p a t f i o t V e n d r y e s i n t h e i r

a r g um en t a0) tha tt Gr . r / does no t lo se it s a ccen t ev en u nd e r th , ) s e

c i r c u m s t a n c e s W h i ch w o u 3 d c o n d i t i o n b a r y t o n e s i s o f o t h e r w o r zl s.

A r e t h e y o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e i n t e rr o g a t i v e i n t o n a t i o n a n d , h e n c e ,

*) H . H i r t , Ind og erm an i sch e Gram m at i ik I I I , p . 26 ( 21 ) ; cf . V I I , p .

40 ( 40).

6 ) I n E n g l i s h b o o k s t h e t e rm ' n o rma l i g a d e ' i s o f t e n u s e d . B u t a r e t h e

o t h e r g r a d e s a b n o r m a l ?

' ) 'The fo rm

kUei -

i s g i v e n b y J . P o k o r n y , I n d o g . e t y m o l . W e r t e r b u c h

(1953) , p . 646 , a l t hough on ly kUi - exis t s .

v) Meillet, l .c.

*) S e e E . S c h w y z e r - A . D e b r u n n e r , G f i e ch i sc h e G r a m m a t i k , I I , p . . 2 1 4 .

Cf. also infra, p . 268.

' ) ' . S i mi l a r s u g g e s t i o n s , f o r i n s t a n c e t h a t ma d e b y P h . W e g e n e r , U n t e r -

s u c h u n g e n t i b e r d i e G ru n d f r a g e n d e s S p ra c h l e b e n s , H a l l e 1 8 85 , p . 7 6, a r e ,

f o r r e a s o n s o f s p a c e , l e f t u n d i s c u s s e d .

1o) A . M e i U e t - J . V e n d ry e s , T ra i t 6 d e g r a m m a i r e c o m p a r6 e d e s l a n g u e s

c l a ss iques s , Pa r i s 1948 , p . 60 8 f .


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t he i n t e r r oga t i ve f or ce , d i d no t y e t e x i s t wh e n , i n p r e h i s t o r i c t i m e s ,

the re l evan t Greek ru le s o f accen tua t ion became f ixed? W~aa teve r

t h e r e a l f a c t o r s w e r e w h i c h p l a y e d a r S l e i n t h e p r o c e s s o f b a r y -

t ones is , i t i s e v i de n t t ha t t he oppos i ti on e xp r e s se d by r / c : we p r ed is -

posed these words , l i ke ,~

: a e

e tc . u ) , t o spe c ia l t r e a t m e n t .

T hose sc ho la r s who de ve lopc d t he o t he r t he s i s wou l d d r a w a t t e n t i on

to phenomena of second; , ry absence o f accen t . The S lav . k~-pronoun

"e rh / i l t d i e bedeu tung emes pron . inde f , dadurch , dass e s ton los wi rd ,

in we lchem fa l l e e s me i s t e inem oder mehre ren wor ten des sa t zes

nac hg ese tz t w ird " (Miklosich 12)) ; "ursp r i ingl ich i s t . . . w oh l der in ter -

r oga t i ve Ge b r a uc h . . . a u s i hm i s t du r c h T onm i nde r ung i n e i nge -

scha l t e t e r bzw. Enkl i sens te l lung d ie inde f in i t e Verwendung en t s t an-

do, , , , ~ , ,~ ,~ ,~, , ~a~ These i~ however r onm f o r t he obse r va t i on t hn t

,,, 1,11. ~ .It. ,,I,.~ .n ,t,.a I . a e , . .L L s A ,L ]]o . ..

i t i s, in h is tor ica l t imes, as a rule for the sake of em ph asis th a t the

in te r ro ga t iv e p rono un . which usua l ly open s the sen ten ce ~ is

occas ional ly placed in ano the r posi t ion" cf. e .g . Soph. El . 1191 ro~

(viz. ro[

q~o~e~a~) ~o~

" ( w i t h t h e m u r d e r er s ) o f w h 6 m ? " ; O . C . 412

i t ~vv~ r te t~ , ~ .~[dovaa ro~ ,~T et ;

" w h a t y o u t e l l , f r o m w h 6 m d i d y o u

h ea r i t ?" ; A rist . Nu b. 239 r~A0e ~

n a r d z / ;

Accord ing to Leum ann ~*) the una ccen ted inde f in i t e h as , i n pa r t ,

a r i sen f rom the accented in terrogat ive in so-ca l led 'mehrz ie l ig~ '

interrogat ions, e .g. a 170 zt~ r td O e~ , e lg d ~ , ~ v " w h o a r e y o u a m o n g

men , and f rom w hence" i s ? Now th i s type o f sen tence , tho ug h occur ring

in many anc ien t I .E . l anguages (Greek , Anc . Ind ian , La t in , S lavonic ,

Ge r m a n) , i s nowhe r e ve r y f r e que n t a nd doe s no t s e e m t o ha ve be e n

in gene ra l usage (wi th the p robab le e xcep t ion of some sho r t phrases ) '

the Lat in instances be long, as fa r as I am able to see , mainly to Cicero.

L iv y and some la t e r au thors 1~); mo s t o f the A nc . In d ian cases quo ted

11) I r e fe r to Sc hw yze r -D eb run r~e r , o .c ., I I , p . 387 ; see a l so B . Laura ,

I ) a s a l e x a n d r i n i s c h e A k z e n t u a t i o n s s v s t e m 5 P a d e r b o r n 1 92 8, p . 1 70 f. ; 251 f.

lz ) F . Mik lo s i ch , V er g l. G r a m m . d . s l av i s ch en S p r . I V , p . 8 6 .

1~) j . B . H o f m a n n , i n S t o l z - S c h r n a l z , L a t e i n i s c h e G r a m m . ~, p . 6 45 .

1,) M . L e u m a n n , i n S t o l z - S c h m a l z , o .c ., p . 2 8 8 .

15) S ee H . S ch u ch a r d t , i n t h e A n a lec t a G r a ec i e n s i a , G r a z 1 8 9 3, p . 1 97 ff. ;

D e l b r t i c k , V e r g l . S y n t a x , I , p . 5 1 1 ; I I I , p . 2 5 9 f . ; O . B e h a g ~ e l , D e u t s c h e

S y n t a x , I I I , p . 4 31 . - - A c c o r d i n g t o S c h u c h a r d t t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n is r at b.e r

f r e q u e n t i n H u n g a r i a n , R u m a n i a n , a n d t h e S l a v o n i c l a n g u a g e s , b u t see

\V . V o n d r ~ k , V e r gl . S l a v i s c h e G r a m m a t i k 2, G 6 t t i n g e n 1 92 8, l I , p . 4 51 .

le ) I r e fer to Hofmann, o .c . , p . 647 .


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b y' W a c k e r n a g l 1~) a n d o t h e r s c h o l a r s s m e l l o f e l a b o r a t i o n o r m o r e

o r l es s d i d a c t i c a r g u m e n t a t i o n . D e l b r ti c k 's i s ), o p i n io n , a p p r o v e d b y

S c h w y z e r - D e b r u n n e r 10 ), s e e m s re a s o n a b l e - w e w o u l d n o t a p p e a r t o

b e j u s t i fi e d i n t a k i n g f o r g r a n t e d t h a t t h i s c o n s t r u c t o n w a s a f e a t u r e

in t h e s y n t a x o f O r ig . I n d o - E u r o p e a n

20) .

I n , d is c us si n g t h i s p r o b l e m a n d i n p r o n o u n c i n g : fo r t h e s e c o n d a r y

ch ara c t e r o f t he i nd e f in i t e fo rce o f t hes e word s H . F re i -~1) l ays g rea t

s t r e s s upon an a rgument which seems , t o be ha rd t o fo l l ow. T ra .ns -

f o r m i n g t h e p r o b l e m , w h i c h i s e s s e n t i a l ly h i s to r ic a l i n n a t u r e , i n t o

a ques t ion of s i , :nchronic l inguis t ics , the Swiss aut l~ , r s ta tes tha t in

v a r i o u s l a n g u a g e s t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n is a s i m p l e w o r d " I . a t .

q u i s ; Fr . q u i ; G e r m . w e r ; t h e i n d e f i n i t e , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a c o m b i -

n a t i o n

o f th i_ q w n r H ~ n c l ~ , ~ ,,~ , , , , , ~ ^ , ~ . . . ^~ . . . . . . . . , .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , v , a ~ u x ~ , u ~ l l t . - I t Z ' l t ' l l l L ' l l t S t u l q l t l s quisque

n i m p o r l e q u i ; w e r e s a u c h s e i

e t c . R e g a r d i n g t h e a d d i t i o n a l e l e m e n t s

a s ' s i g n e s d e t r a n s p o s i t i o n ' , h e d r a w s t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i t i s t h e s e

's ig n s ' w h i c h a l w a y s c o m m u t e i n t e r ro g a t i v e s i n to i n d ef in i te s . L e t t i n g

the t e rm ino log y a lone , w hich t ho ug h app l i ed t o s t a t i c f ac t s suggest:_~

h i s t o ri c a l p r o c e s s e s ~ a n i n c o n s i s t e n c y o f te n f o u n d i n t h e w o r k s

o f p h o n o l o g i s t s a n d s t r u c t u r a l i s t s ~ , t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e , a s f a r

as de f in i .t e fo rm s , de f in i t e pe r iods , and de f in i t e l ang uag es a r e con-

ce rned , r i gh t " l eav in g t h e r e l a t i ve funct i~ :~ ou t o ~ con s ide ra t i on , t he

Eng . who i s, i n it s e lf , i n t e r ro ga t iv e ,

~,h(,c~cr is

m,le f in i t e ,

ever

be ing ,

in t~his w or d- gr ou p an d s im i lar cases ,, a s ign (~I inde f in i ten ess . B ut

d o es i t f o l lo w t h a t t h i s s ig n ' tr a n s p o s e s ' , o r t n m s f o r m s , a n i n t e r -

r o g a t i v e i n t o a h i n d e f i n i te ? I t m a y b e t r u e t h a t t h e o r d i n a r y s p e a k e r s

of a l an gu ag e --~ F re i r e f e r s to " l a consc i ence des su je t s " , i f t h ey

a r e i n v i t e d t o r e f l e c t u p o n t h i s p o i n t , a r e i n c l i n e d t o i d e n t i f y w h o in

whoever

w i t h t h e i n t e r ro g a t i v e p r o n o u n ; b u t m u s t w e f ol lo w t h e m ?

I n D u t c h t h e f o r m l o o p i s the imper , s ing. , i k loop m e a n s " I a m

w a l k i n g " " c a n w e r e a s o n a b l y c o n t e n d t h a t i k t r a n s f o r m s a n i rn p e ra -

~7) A . D e b r u n n e r - J . W a c k e r n a g e l , A l t in d i s ch e G r a m m a t i k , I I I , p . 5 6 5

~a) D e l b r t i c k , \ e r g l . S y n t a x , I I I , p . 2 6 0 : " E s v e r s t e ln t s i ch i ib r i g e n s , d a s s

e s s ic h u m e i n e A u s d r u c k s w e i s e h a n d e l t , d ie t ib e ra l l e in m a l a u s e i n e m b e s o n -

d e re n G r u n d e g e w a g t w e r d e n k a n n "

10) S c h w y z e r - D e b r u n n e r , o .c ., I I , p . 6 3 9.

so) F o r t h e t h e o r y d e f e n d e d b y M e u n i e r i n 1 87 5 s ee H . F r e i , I n t e r r o g a t i f

e t I n d 6 f i n i , P a r i s 1 9 40 , p . 8.

, 1 ) S e e n . 2 0 .


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2 4 6

t iv e in to a f in i te verb fo rm o f the 1 t pe t s . s ing . ? I fo r one w ou ld

p r ef er t o s a y t h a t it is t h e s te m - - o r w h a t e v e r n a m e on e w i sh e s

t o g i v e t o t h a t e l e m e n t c o m m o n t o a g r o u p o f w o r d s w h i c h i s o b t a i n e d

b y a b s t r a c t i n g i n f l e x i o n a l e l e m e n t s a n d a l l o t h e r l i n g u i s t i c e n t i t i e s

o r f e a t u r e s w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e i t a w o r d a n d w h i c h h e l p t o d e t e r m i n e

t h e c l a s s a n d f u n c t i o n o f t h a t w o r d - - , w h i c h c o m b i n i n g w i t h a n

e lem en t ze ro ~e) expresses an o rde r o r des i r e a nd w hic h com bin ing

w i th " I " h e lp s t o f o r m an , t p e rs . s in g . t t i s n o t t h e ' ad d i t i o n ' o f t h e

en d in g - e n which t r ans fo rms :a Du tch s ing . boek " b o o k " i n t o a p l u r a l :

boeken, because the r egu la r s ingu la r i s een boek " a b o o k " o r her boek

" t h e b o o k , t h e f o r m b o e k by i t se lf be ing ind i f f e ren t m~ to nu m be r :

boekband " b i n d i n g o f a b o o k " ; boe k U e lhe bbe r " o n e w h o i s f o n d o f

b o o k s " . S o i t m i g h t b e m o r e c o r re c t t o s a y t h a t w h o i n w h o ~ ~ n o t

a p a r t i c u l a r p r o n o u n , b u t a n a b s t r a c t p r o n o m i n a l s t e m w h i c h w i t h o u t

ev e r o r o th e r a cc r e t i o n s o r a cco mp an imen t s an d u n d e r ce r t a in co n -

d i t i o n s o f i n to n a t io n e t c . c an h av e a r ea l ex i s t en ce an d h e lp t o f o r r a

d ef~ mite i n t e r r o g a t iv e s en t en ces . B e th i s a s i t m a y - - - q u es t i c a s o f

s t r u c tu r a l f o r mu la t io n can n o t d e t a in u s h e r e ~ , i t is , i n m y o p inio n,

an in ad mis s ib l e co n c lu s io n th a t t h e i n t e r r o g a t iv e f u n c t io n o f * k ~ i -

e t c . i s, o n t h e s t r en g th o f t h e ex amp le s d i s cu s s ed b y F r e i , m o r e o r ig ina l

th a n th e i n d e f in i te . I f w e may , fo r t h e s ak e o f s imp l i c i t y , s ay th a t

i n t h e D u t c h i k loop , i k i n d i ca t e s t h a t loop i s n o imp e r a t iv e , d o es i t

f o l l o w th a t an y f o r m

loop

o r ig in a lly w as an im p e r a t iv e ? F r e i an s w er s

a s im i l a r q u es t io n in co n n ec t io n w i th t h e p r o n o u n s a t i s s u e i n t h e

af f i rmat ive , because he ho lds the pa i r w ho ? w hoe v e r t o b e a f ea tu r e

o f m a n y l a n g u a g e s - - a t l e a s t i n t h o s e " ~ t a t s d e l a n g u e o h l ' o n p e u t

sonder la consc ience des su je t s " . In so do ing he however focusses

a t ten t ion on ly on those languages wh ich d .o no t , o r hard ly , possess a

s imple indef in i te co r respond ing to the f c~rms ins ta nc ed , o r , r a the r ,

he d i s regards the coex is tence o f s imple iv ,def in i tes and words o f the

ty p e w h o ev e r . H o w a r e w e to acco u n t f o r t h e La t in i n d e f in i t e quis , i f

we cons ider al iqu is an d quisque t o b e ' t r an s p o s ed ' i n t e r r o g a t iv e s 23?

u) This point has sometimes been a matter of confusion: L. H. Gray,

Foun dati ons of language, New York 1939, p. 150 holds t ha t it is the base

( stem ) which (in Latin) can be used alone in t wo insta nces: as the 2 ud

sg. act. imp. of the vero, or as the voc. sg. of the noun. We had better say

that these forms contain the stem and the inflectional ending zero.

u) It ma y be conceded th at en inte rrog eant la conscience des sujets '


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2 4 7

H e r e t h e S w i s s a u t h o r w o u l d n o d o u b t r efe r t o h i s r e m a r k s w i t h

r e g a rd t o t h e t r a n s p o s i n g f u n c t i on o f p i t c h or a c c e n t a n d c o n s i d e r

g u i s ( in d e f . ) t o b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e ' in t e r r o g a t i v e

i n t o n a t i o n ' . T h i s a n s w e r w o u l d , i n a w a y , b e c o r r e ct , b u t it d o e s n o t

p r o v e t h e h i s t o r i c a l p r i o r i t y o f t h e a c c e n t e d * k i s . E v e n i f w e c o u l d

s t a t e t h a t a l l l a n g u a g e s p o s s es s a n a c c e n t e d i n t e r r og a t i v e p r o n o u n

b e s i d e a n u n a c c e n t e d , b u t ot h e r w i s e i d e n t i c a , ~ m a c c e n t e d i n d e f in i t e ,

w e c o u l d n o t b y t h e m e r e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t ir~ t h e l a t te r t h e a c c e n t i s

a b s e n t , c o n c l u d e t h a t i t w a s l o s t . T h e : a b s e n c e o f a f e a t u r e c a rt a l s o

m e a n t h a t i t h a s n e v e r e x i s t e d ' . , 4 ) .

II

S o n o s o l u t i o n p r o p o u n d e d f or t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e ' o r ig i n a l c h a r a c t e r '

ot t h e i n t e r r . -i n d e f , s t e m s * k u e - / k o - a n d * k ~ ' i 2s ) h a s , a s f ~ r a s I am

w e m u s t r e g a r d t h e D u t c h

w~e

a s a n i n t e r r o g a t i v e a n d

w i e o o k

~t,s an in de f i -

n i t e , b u t w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e n e u t e r

w a t - - -

f re e f r o m i t s c o n t e x t , o f c o u r s e ,

s a y in i t s w r i t t e n f o r m - - . w h i c h is o f t e n i n d e f i n it e , t h i s v i e w c a n n o t b e

m a i n t a i n e d .

s~) I t m a y b e a d d e d i n p a s s i n g t h a t t h e p r e s e n t a u t h o r is n o t a b l e t o f o ll ow

F r e i ' s e x p o s i t i o n o n p . 14 w h e r e he t r ie s ~ h ow t h a t t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e

p r o n o u n b e l o n g s ' t o l a n g u a g e , t h e i n d e f i n i t e t~> s p e e c h .

2~) F o r a t t e m p t s m a d e t o d is t in g u is i~ b e t~ e e r ~ th e s e s t e m s s e e J. W a c k e r -

n a g el , K u h n ' s Z s. 2 9, p . 1 4 4; W . C a l a n d , Z u r S y n t a x d e r P r o n o m i n a i m

A v e s t a , A m s t e r d a m 1 89 1, p. 50 n . ; D e l b r i i c k , V e r g l . S y n t a x I , p . 5 1 0 f .,

a n d e s p e c i a l l y E . B e n v e n i s t e , in t h e S t u d i a B a l t ic i I I I , R o m e 1 93 3, p . 12 4 ;

12 8 f . , w h o s e o b s e r v a t i o n s , h o w e v e r i m p o r t a n t a n d i n g e n u o u s (c f C a l a n d ,

I .e .) , d o n o t s o l v e a l l p r o b l e m s . T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n i n t e r r , a n d i n d e f .

p r o n o u n s is n o t i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t b e t w e e n d e ic t ic a n d a n a p h o r i c p r o n o u n s

( th e f o r m e r b e i n g c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y th e t h e m a t i c v o w e l, th e l a t t e r b y t h e ~).

I n d e f i n i t e p r o n o u n s a r e n o t a l w a y s e n c li t i c (cf. A I n d .

,* rid kd h ;

L a t .

a l i q u i s

e tc .} o r i n d i f f e r e n t a s t o c a s e , n u m b e r , e t c. O n e c a n n o t g o s o fa r a~ t o c o n t e n d

t h a t t h e l i n g u i s t i c e v i d e n c e p r o v i d e d b y th e a n c i e n t I . E . i d i o m s p r o v e s t h a t

t h e y a l w a y s h a d a " v a l e u r I a i b l e " , n e v e r h a d a d a t i v e , g e n i t i v e et c. ; i n s t a n c e s

o f ~ T t as a re e .g . fo u n d A 24 0 mTg TLva a3 . . . f~o~. .. , i ro~ :'g . . . " w h o m s o e v e r

a g a i n .. . t h e m . . . " ; O 7 4 3 e tc . c a n h a r d l y b e sa i d t o be in c o n s o n a n c e w i t h

t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t

*k * i -

o r i g i n a l y w a s , i n f u n c t i o n , c o m p a r a b l e t o 0 e t c . ;

a r e w e t o b e l ie v e t h a t o n c e n o g e n i t i v e s , d a t i v e s , e t c . o f a n i n d e f , p r o n o u n

e x i s t e d , d e s p i t e t h e m a n y v e r b s e tc . w h i c h g o v e r n e d t h e s e c a s e s ? (c f. e .g .

B 3 8 8 ; n 3 0 5 ). T h e H o m e r i c e tc . ( s ee S c h w y z e r - D e b r u n n e r , o . c , I , p. 6 16 }

g e n . T e a , L a t .

c u i u s , c u i

( e .g . P l a u t . A m p h . 6 7 }, V e d .

k ~ s y a

e t c . , a l l of t h e m

a d m i t t i n g o f a n i n d e f i n i te u s e , i n d u c e u s t o c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e s e c a s e - f o r m s ,


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a b l e t o se e, m e t w i t h ge ner a l a c c ep t anc e . Ho w e ve r , ne i t he r t h e c a u t ious

a n d m e t h o d ic a ll y c o r re ct o p in io n p r o n o u n c e d b y D e l b N c k x ) __

"d i e se F r a ge i s t du r c h d i e M i t t e l e i ne r h i s t o r i s c he n Un t e r suc hung

n i c h t z u lt~s en . . . ( es g e n ~ i g t) f e s t z u s t e l l e n , d a s s i n d e r U r z e i t b e r e i t s

be i de Ge b r a uc hswe i se n vo r h a nde n w a r e n " ~ n o r t he i n t el li ge n t

obs e rva t ion s o f W ackernag e l ~ ) .... i n b o th cases (v iz . t he in te r r .

a nd t he i nde f , u se "h a nd e l t e s s ic h um U nb e k a nn t e s . .. ; Ho e h t on i g -

ke i t c ha r a k t e r i s i e r t d i e F r a ge i i be r ha up t , und a nde r se i t s pa s s t un t e r -

geordnete S te l le im Satze f i i r d ie Bezeichnung e ines Begr i f fs , den man

n i c h t s c ha rf be ze ic hnen wi ll ode r ka nn " - - c a n a bso l ve u s f r om t he

obl iga t ion to look more c lose ly a t t he d i f f i cu l t i e s which remain

u n s o l v e d . W - h a t w a s m e c n a r e t c t e t ~,x t~ ,~ , .~ ,, -o ,. o

a, , , .~

~,. , , . , . , , , . , .o

conta in ing these e l ement s? How a re we to account fo r the va r ious

pa r t i cu la r s in the use o f the w ords de r iv ing f ro m the se s t em s ? ; how

could the y , fo r ins t ance, a lso a ssume a re l a t ive fun c t ion ? Wa s pre-

d e r i v i n g f r o m *kUe]o -, w e r e a l r e a d y e m p l o y e d i n t h a t w a y . T h e v e r y fa c t

t h a t t h e v a r i o u s

*k u -

s t e m s a r e , i n t h e a n c i e n t l a n g u a g e s , d i f f e r e n t l y d is -

t r i b u t e d i n t h e n o m i n a t i v e a n d a c c u s a ti v e , a n d i n t h e a d v e r b i a l f o r m s (T i; r l ;

ri; .~o~o~~6reOo n d O~ ~ o~ e t c . , i n t e r r , a n d i n d e f . ; k ah . k ~ k i m ( ci d) , k a d a e t c . , b u t

kuJ~ra

e t c. ) se e m s t o p o i n t t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e o f i n t e r c h a n g e a b i l i t y in

'O ~Sg. I . - E . ' A m o r e s a t i s f a c t o r y h y p o t h e s i s w o u l d p e r h a p s b e t h e f o l l o w i n g ' t h e

' s t r o n g f o r m s ' , i . e . *kUe- /kUo - , w e r e e s p e c i a l l y u s e d w h e n s e x ( g e n d e r ) m u s t

b e i n d i c a t e d - - c f. e .g . t h e a d j . u s e i n L a t i n " q u a e p a t r i a e s t t u a ? - - ; t h e s t e m

* k u i - ,

w h i c h c o u l d n o t e x p r e s s s e x , w a s p r e f e r r e d i n o t h e r c a s e s - - o f . L a t .

q u i s t u ? " w h o g o e s t h e r e ? " ; q u i s c l a ri o r T h e m i s t o c l e ? ; q u i s ~ u e s m u l l e r . . . ? m ;

i t w a s a ls o a p t f o r m a k i n g i n q u i r ie s c o n c e r n i n g b e i n g s o f u n k n o w n s e x a n d

l if el es s o b j e c t s m h e n c e i ts f r e q u e n t o c c u r r e n c e i n n e u t e r f o r m s " A . I n d .

k i m ( w h i c h , u n l i k e k a d , d o e s n o t s e r v e a s a n a t t r i b u t i v e a d j . i n t h e R V . ~ ,

A v . c ~ , a n d s i m i l a r l y i n S l a v . a n d A r m . ( se e M e i l l e t , L e s l a v e c o m m u n ,

192~,

p . 442 f . ) ; c f . a l so Go th . t o i l e i k s D a n d t o i n t r o d u c e q u e s t i o n s i n g e n e r ~ . l

( A . I n d . k i m ; I . a t . q u i d ? ; G r . r [ ) . T h e i n d e f i n i t e w a s , t h e r e f o r e , p e r h a p s m

m o s t c a s e s , b u t n o t e x c l u s i v e l y , e x p r e s s e d b y

* k u i - ;

t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e f o r c e

m a y ( e s p e c i a l l y i n m a s c . a n d f e r n . ) h a v e b e e n p r e f e r a b l y e x p r e s s e d b y *kUe/ ~-

( c f . t h e A v e s t a n u s a g e ) . T h a t s e e m s t o b e t h e m o s t o n e c a n s a y i n o u r p r e -

s e n t s t a t e o f k n o w l e d g e . T h e r e is , a s f a r a s I a m a b l e t o s e e , n o r e a s o n a b l e

g r o u n d f o r f o l lo w i n g P . T e d e s c o ( L a n g u a g e , 2 1 , p . 1 3 3 ), a c c o r d i n g t o w h o m

t h e t w o t h e m e s w e r e o r i gi n a ll y d i s t r ib u t e d b e t w e e n t h e a n i m a t e a n d i na n i-

m a t e g e n d e r s , " w h o " b e i n g * k u o S a n d " w h a t " b e in g * k u i d . T h e o p i n i o n

v e n t u r e d b y V a i l l a n t ( B S L .

3 7 ,

p. 103 f . "

* k u i -

c o m e s f r o m a n o b l i q u e c a s e )

i s v e r y i m p r o b a b l e .

s e

D e l b r i i c k , o .c ., I , p . 52 1 ; s e e a l s o t h e s a m e , S y n t . F o r s e h u n g e n I , p . 7 6.

~ ) W a c k e r n a g e l , V o r l e s u n g e n i i'b er S y n t a x I I , p . 1 I 0 .


9/45

249

h i s to r i c I n d o - E u r o p e an a lo n e in p o ss e ss in g p r o n o u n s o f t h i s ch a r a c t e r ?

I t c a n n o t b e s a i d t h a t t h e p o i n t s a t i s s u e h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n s u f -

f i c i e n t l y i l l u m i n a t e d b y e v id e n ce d e r iv e d f ro m n o n - I . E , la n g u a g e s.

Th e f ew r em ar k s m ad e in t h i s d i r ec t io n b y K r e t ,s ch mer 28) an d F r e i . 0 9

m ay n o t i n d u ce u s t o i n d u lg e i n t h e t h o u g h t t h a t s u ch ev id en ce is

s ca n ty 80 ). Th e p h en o m en o n , v iz . t h e ' d o ub le f u n c t io n ' o f th e s am e

p r o n o m in a l e l eme n t , i s, o n t h e co n t r a r y , o f w id e d i s t r i b u t io n in

languages o f var ious f ami l ies . In con t rad is t inc t ion to those scho la r s

w h o p r e f e r t o e x p l a i n I . E . f a c t s f r o m I . E . - - - a n d e v e n L a t i n f r o m

La t in e t c . - - t h e p r e s en t au th o r i s co n v in ced th a t a c a r e f u l an d w e l l -

f o u n d e d e x a m i n a t i o n o f n o n - I . E , p h e n o m e n a c a n r e n d e r u s e f u l

serv ices

in any

r e s ea r ch h e a r in a l l n n n c ~ r n . - , , . . , ; . . . . I - . 1

. . . .

ch a r ac t e r an d imp o r t an ce . Th i s h a s n o th in g to d o w i th s p ecu la t i o n s

o n th e a s s u m ed p s y ch o lo g y o f t h e ea r li e st h u m an b e in g s w h o s e l an g u ag e

mu s t h av e f a r an t ed a t ed th e ea r l i e s t s t ag es o f t h e s o - ca l l ed I . E .

p a r en t s p eech , s p ecu la t i o n s t h e " ab s u r d i ty an d f u t i l i t y " o f w h ich i s

d es e r v ed ly d en o u n ced b y M iss H ah n a~ ). Th e r e can b e n o d en y in g

t h a t a c c m p a r a t i v e s t u d y o f t ho s e s y n t a c t i c c a te g o ri es a n d p h e n o m e n a

which occur in a l l , o r many , l anguages , espec ia l ly those wh ich may

b e r eg a r d e d a s b e in g c lo se ly b o u n d u p w it}~ th e n o n - p r ep o n d e r a t in g ly

in te l lec tua l l i fe or 'p re-scien t i f ic ' tho ug ht ~:>f m an, th at is to s ay w ith

' p r i m i t i v i s m ' - - t h i s t e r m b e i n g u n d e r s t o o d i n a p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l ,

not in a chron ologica l sense a2) _ revea ls to us m an y p oin ts of c lose

r e s emb lan ce b e tw een f u n c t io n s o f w o r d s o r co n s t r u c t io n s o f c l au s e s

in var io us langu ages aa) . I f i t can be shown tha t the re ex is t s , in some

s e p . K r e t s c h m e r , i n t h e S c r i t t i i n o n o r e d i A . T r o m b e t t i , M i l a n 1 9 3 8 , p . 4 7 .

a0) F re i, o.c ., p. 9 ; 11 f.

80) C f. S c h w y z e r - D e b r u n n e r , G r i ec h . G r a m m . I I , p.

212 n. 4.

s l ) E . A . H a h n , S u b j u n c t i v e a n d o p t a t i v e : t h e i r o r i g i n a s f i x t u r e s , N e w

Y o rk 1 9 5 3 (P h i l . M o n . , Am e r . P h i l . Ass . X V I ) , p . 1 5, n . 3 1 .

8s) S e e e . g . G , v a n d e r L e e u w , R e l ig i o n in es s en c e a n d m a n i f e s t a t i o n ,

L o n d o n 1 9 38 , e sp . p . 6 8 3 I f .; t h e s a m e , L ' h o m m e p r i m i t i v e e t l a r e l i g io n ,

P a r i s 1 94 0. I t i s s u r p r is i n g h o w r a d i c a l ly e v e n c a u t io u s a t t e m p t s t o a p p l y

p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l m e t h o d s t o n e w p r o v in c e s o f p h i lo l o g ic a l r e s e a r c h s h o u l d

h a v e b e e n m i s u n d e r s t o o d b y s c h ol a rs w h o h a v e a c c u s t o m e d t h e m s e l v e s t o

t h i n k o n l y i n t h e t r a d i t i o n a l t e r m s o f c h r o n o l o g y .

8s) A d i s c u s s io n o f s o m e s y n t a c t i c p h e n o m e n a w h i c h m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s

r e s u l t i n g f r o m , o r a s b e i n g c o n n e c t e d w i t h , t h e f u n d a m e n t a l u n i t y o f m a n -

k i n d a n d t h e s i m i l a r i t y of a ll m e n m a y b e f o u n d i n m y a r t i c l e ' U n i v e r s e l e


10/45

25O

par t i cu la r po in t s , a h igh degree o f s imi la r i ty be tween id ioms of

d i f fe ren t f ami ly , and tha t comparab le fac t s a re a l so found in spoken

d i a l e c t s o f m ode r n I .E . l a ngua ge s , no ob j e c t i on c a n r e a sona b l y be

m ad e to sound a t t e m pts to de r ive in form at ion o~r to ob ta in a basi s

fo r a hypothes i s f rom them in o rde r to i l l umina te the genes i s , fo rce , o r

syn t a c t i c o r s ty l i st ic va lue , o f c om pa r a b l e phe no m e na i n a nc i e n t I .E .

t ongues , e spe ci al ly whe n t he y m a y be c ons i de r e d t o ha v e o ri g i na te d

unde r c om pa r a b l e c u l t u r al c i rc um s t a nc e s , i .e . whe n t he y a r e f ound i n

ea r ly and simple docum ent s o r in l i t e ra tu re o f a 'pop ula r ' cha rac te r .

We sha l l now g ive a l imi t ed and random co l l ec t ion of non- I .E , f ac t s

pe r t inen t to the p rob lem under d i scuss ion . Commenc ing wi th Vie t -

nam ese (Anname~e) because o f the re fe rence ma de b y K re t sch m er

to the in ter r . - indef , a i occurri__'_ng n this language, i t can be stated that

th i s word , which i s usua l ly ca l l ed the pe rsona l in t e r r , p ron . , i s - - -

lik ,~ the o the r in t e r roga t ives g~ "w h a t " , ffdn "w h en " e t c . - - a l so used

as a so-ca l l ed inde f in i t e in making s t a t ement s o r a sk ing ques t ions

a bou t un i de n ti f ie d spe ci m e ns e tc . :~ ) . Ac c o r d i ng t o E m e n e a u ~ )

" in te r roga t ives have inde f in i t e meaJf ing" in ce r t a in con tex t s , t o wi t

in p red ica t ions con ta in ing nega t ive words , i n ques t ions marked as

such by o the r means th~n in te r~ .ga t ive words (e .g . by the f ina l

par t ic le

k h 6 n g

which ends quest ior~ expect ing a y~s-o~-no answer) ,

" a nd i n som e o t he r c ons t r uc t i ons t ha t a r e no t t o be d i s t i ngu i she d by

s~a t a c t i c s t a t e m e n t s f r om c ons t r uc t i ons i n wh i c h t he i n t e r r oga t i ve

wor ds ha ve i n t e r roga t i ve m e a n i ng " . Be s ide s, sub o r d i na t e p r e d ic a ti ons

i n t r oduc e d by t he c on j unc t i on n ~ ' u " i f " a n d ~ " a s su r e a s " also

requ i re inde f in it e meaning fo r wo rds which e l sewhere a re in t e r rog a t ive '

h ~ ~ c o ~ a i 3 d ~ ' n 4 h o i 5. t 6 i e , t h ~ ~ a n h s g g i 9 t 6 i 1 "a s sure a s x the re i s ~ someone 3

who arr ives 4 inqui res abo ut 5 m e 6, the n ~ you 8 ca l l ' m e 1, : i.e. i f anyone

comes and asks fo r me , be sure to ca l l me" . I t i s even poss ib le tha t

i n t e rr oga t ive w or ds in subo r d i na t e m e m be r s o f p r e d i c a t i ons ha ve t ha t

fo rce even when they a re no t in c l auses in t roduced by the above

conjunct ions. As Em en eau appos i te ly obs erve s n o dec is ion can in

these cases be made be tween in te r roga t ive and inde f in i t e in l i t e ra l

t e n d e n z e n i n d e In d o n e s i s c h e s y n t a x i s ' , B i j d r a g e n t o t d e T a a l - , L a n d - e n

Volkenkunde 107 (The Hague 1951) , p . l ?g f f .

~ ) S ee M . B . E m e n e ~ u , S t u d i e s i n V i e t n a m e s e (A n n a m e s e ) g r a m ma r ,

Berke l ey and Los Ange les 19 51 , p . 137.

85) E m en ea u, o.c., p. 57 ff.


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252

"w hat ?", a-apa "som ething, ar~ything, an y, aug ht" , b ut

ti d

p

m e a n s " n o t h i n g " , t i a d a a p a - a p a " n o t h i n g a t a l l " . I n M i n a n g k a b a u

s i a , w h i c h s e r v e s a s a n i n t e r r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n ( " w h o ? " ) , c a n a l s o

s t a n d f o r o u r " w h o e v e r " a n d , i n c o m b h l a t i o n w i t h a n e g a t i v e p a rt ic le ,

f o r " n o b o d y " . I n n e g a t iv e c l au se s a n d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n s w h i c h m a y

conven ien t ly be ca l l ed subord ina te (e .g . b a s o t s ia lb o 2 k b k a u r a ~ 4 k #

m a t i 6 " I fear 1 th a t one 2 (person 4) of us z sha ll~ d ie v ' ( k b h expres ses doubt ) .

In A chehnese , sb~" s , on the one hand , used a s an i n te r ro ga t iv e p ron oun .

sO~ ku ga ta "w h o i s y o u r f a t h e r ( ku ) ? ; r u m b h sb~ n y a n " w h o s e h o us e

( r.) i s th a t ?" , and , on the o th e r h and , an inde f in i t e wo rd" na sO~

s a k d t ? "is an yo ne i ll (s .) ?" ( n a t o b e , to e x i s t " ) ; b~ ' sbk a m b ~ nobo


13/45

2 5 3

c f . e . g . t h e B o l a a n g - M o n g o n d o w ( k i ) i ne " w h o ? / w h o e v e r " " k i i n e X i

m u n a 2 k o 3 n a a 4 y o s s i a ~ i 7 m o k o - u n t u c S " w h o e v e r 1 f i r s t ~ ( a t 3) h e r e 4,

( t h e # ) h e 6 t h e o n e w h o 7 h a s w o n ~ '' 39). I n C h a m thai fu l f i l s bo th

f u n c t io n s , a s t h e t y p e o f s en t en ce in w h ich i t o ccu r s may r eq u i r e .

C o mp ar ab le r e l a t i o n s b e tw een in d e f , an d in t e r r , p r o n o u n s ex i s t , f o r

in s t an ce , i n K h as i 4 0), Tu r k i s h , e t c . A u th o r s o f g r a m m ar s s o m e t im es

n o t i ce " a co n f u s io n " i n t h e u s e o f t h e s e tw o ca t eg o r i e s o f p r o n o u n s ,

" o n e b e in g u s ed in p l ace o f t h e o th e r " 4~). O r t h ey in f o r m u s t h a t t h e r e

are , in the id iom descr ibed , no r egu la r indef in i te ( and re la t ive ) p ron oun s ,

the in te r rog a t iv es be ing com m only used in the i r p lace 42).

A s t r i k in g f ea tu r e o f t h e s e e l emen t s w h en b ea r in g an in d e f in i t e

f o r ce i s t h e f r eq u en t d u p l i ca t i o n o f t h e i r o u tw ar d f o r m . I n d o n es i an

in s t an ces a r e v e r y n u mer o u s " i n M a lay m a n a m e a n s " w h e r e , w h i c h ? ,

d i m a n a - m a n a " e v e r y w h e r e " ; i n M a l a y , M i n a n g k a b a u , a n d o t h e r

l a n g u a g e s a p a m e a n s " s o m e w h a t ; w h a t , w h i ch ? , a p a - a p a " s o m e t h i n g ,

w h a t e v e r , a n y t h i n g " ; i n N g a j u - D y a k ( B o r n e o ) " dzve " w h o ? d w e - d w e

,

, , , ,

; ~ ~

, ,

'w h o e v e r , a n y b o d y i n B u s an g ( B o rn eo) h i wh o? some:~octy ,

h i - h i b es id e h i (which a lso occurs in negat ive sentences ; ) "whoever"

Side by s ide with the Mor i (Celebes) b a h a p a " w h a t " , w h i c h i s i n t e r r .

and indef .~ the gemina ted

ba hapa ~

enhances the indef , charac te r o f

the p hr as e" 4s) . In Sang irese (nort l; o f Celebes), i s a i n " w h o ? " " i sa i -

s a i n "everybody" ; in Bangga i ( eas t o f Ce lebes ) i lee, which i s o f ten

used in an in te r r , sense , can a l so express the idea o f w h o e v e r , b u t

l i n g e n v a n h e t B a t a v i a a s c h G e n o ( } t s c h a p v . I( . e n \ V e t ., 67 , 3, 1 93 7, p . 1 58

2 0 1 ) .

,~9) I t i s a m a t t e r f o r r e g r e t t h a t m o s t a u t h o r s o f g r a m m a r s h a v e f a i l e d

t o r e p o r t e x a c t l y t h e c a s e s i n w h i c h t h e~ e in d e f i n i te f u n c t i o n s a r e l ls ed . S e e

e . g . W . D u n n e b i e r , S p r a a k k u n s t v a n h e t i l ( ) l a a n g M o n g o n d o w s c b , l ~ ij dr a ge n

t o t d e T A M - , L a n d - e n V o l k 8 6, p. 1 2 .5 ; O ~ s t e n o b l e , o . c ., p . 2 2 8 f.

40) S e e H . R o b e r t s , A g r a m m a r o f t h e I ( h a s s i l a n g u a g e , L o n d o n 1 S9 1,

p . 45 .

4 1 ) E . g . T . N .

Dave

A s t u d y o f t h e G u j a r a t i l a n g u a g e , L o n d o n 1 93 5, p . 3 4 .

42) E . g . D . L . R . L o r i m e r , T h e . D u m a k i l a n g u a g e , N i m e g u e n 1 9 39 , p . 8 3 ;

T . G . B a i l e y , G r a m m a r o f t h e S h i n a l a n g u a g e , L o n d o n 1 92 4 , p . 6 2. T h e

S h i n a i n d e f , o c c u r s i n n e g a t i v e a n d s u b o r d i n a t e c l a u s e s ; ted " w h o ? " : hb n zish

(n . " i s n o t " ) " t h e r e w a s n,o o n e " . ~ F o r i n t e r e s t i n g i n t e r r e l a t i o n s s e e a l s o

S. K . C h a t t e r j i , T h e o r i g in a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e B e n g a l i l a n g u a g e , C a l -

c u t t a 1 9 26 , p . 8 4 2 ; G . V . T a g a r e , H i s t o r y o f A p a b h r a m s a , P o o n a 1 94 8, p . 2 5 6.

4s) E ss e r , o . c . , p . 159 .


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in tha t case it is mos t ly dup l ica ted ~ ) ; in M acassar , Ga yo u ) , Sundanese ,

and o ther languages one m igh t f ind var ious paral le ls . T he indeterminate ,

d is t r ibut ive , co l lect ive or general force of ten borne by geminated

forms 46) can be of such a vague ness ~md in de te rm in at ion as to m eet

the want of express ions for a l l shades of pronominal indef in i teness .

Bu t the indef in i t e charac te r o f the gemina ted fo rm may no t sugges t

consider ing a pr ior i the s imple form to be an in terrogat ive 47) .

The add i t ion o f one o r more par t i c les to tha t p ronomina l s t em

which by i t se l f can convey the in terrogat ive meaning is another device

of wMe distribution. In J a p a n e s e t a r e m e a n s w h o ?", ta re k a s o m e b o d y

in sentences l ike the fol lowing: t a r e g a k i t a k a "w h o h as co m e ? " (ka:

interr , part icle) and ta re ka ga k i t a "so me one has com e" respect ively ~8).

AAthough,in NewAri, the r ele va nt form s are i nt er ro ga tiv e and indefini te

in character , the la t ' ter meaning is in most cases expressed by the

pronoun and a suff ix ; when the pronoun alone is used in an indef .

sense, the suffix is frequently added to other words in the sentence 19).

In the Dravid ian languages the indef in i te , according to the formu-

la tion chosen by Bloch so) , "se forme sur l ' in ter rog at i f , en y a joutant :

1. une par t icu le de doute; 2 . une p ar t icu le s ignif ian t "m eme "."

In the Indonesian Sangirese we fred

i s a i e w e n

"wh o ev e r " b e s id e

isain

(indef.), i sa i - sa i n " a n y b o d y " , i sai " w h o ?" s l) . In B are 'e (Celebes)

i sema i s "who" , barn i s em a or barn i s em a ~ " w h o e v e r " (bara "per-

haps") 52) . In Buginese (Celebes) gem ina t ion an d the addi t ion o i

~} I r e fe r t o J . D . v a n d e n B e r g h , S p r a a k k u n s t v a n h e t B a n g g a i s , T h e

Ha g ue 195 3 , p . 73.

46) S e e G . A . J. H a z e u , G a j 6 s c h - N e d e r l a n d s c h W o o r d e n b o e k , B a t a v ia

1907, p. 755.

~*) S ee m y p a p e r ' T h e f u n c t i o n s o f w o r d d u p l i c a t i o n . . ." , L i n g u a I I , p.

1 7 0 ff.

~ ) I t w o u l d b e w o r t h w h i l e e x a c t l y t o d e t e r m i n e t i le t y p e s o f cl au se s in

w h ic h t h e d i f f e r en t fo r m s o c c u r, t h e i r p o s i t i o n a m o n g o t h e r w o r d s e t c.

~8) F o r p a r t i c u l a r s se e G . S a n s o m , A n h i s t o r i c a l g r a m m a r o f J a p an e s e,

O xfo rd 1928, p. 75 ff .

4g) See Je rg en se n, o.c . , p. 40.

50) j . B l o c h, S t r u c t u r e g r a m m a t i c a l e d e s l a n g u e s d r a v i d i e n n e s , P ar is

1946 , p . 2 - 2 ; c f. e. g. a lso J . V inson , M a nu e l d e l a l a n gu e t a m ou le , Pa r i s 1903,

p. 84.

5~) F o r p a r t i c u l a r s se e N . A ~ l ria n i, S a n g i r e e ~ h e S p r a ~ k k u n s t , L e y d en

1893, p. 24 7; 2S 1 f .

6 s ) I r e f e r t o A d r i a n i , S p r a a k k u n s t d e r B a r e ' e - t a a l , B a n d u n g 1 9 3 1 , p . 3 5 9 .


15/45

255

p a r t i c l e s o f a s i m i l a r s i g n i f i c a n c e a r e r e s o r t e d t o " aga " w h a t ? " ;

a g a a n d b a r a - a g a " w h a t e v e r " ~ ). T h e K a r o - B a t a k ( S u m a t r a ) t ah i sZ

m e a n s " w h o e v e r " " i sd " w h o " , t ab b e i n g a c o n j u n c t i o n a l e l e m e n t

e x p r e s s i n g d o u b t , i n c e r t a i n t y e tc . In t h e A f ri c an D u a l a " w e r d e n d i e

I n d e f i n i t a v o n d e n F r a g e p r o n o m e n g e b i l d e t d u r c h B e i f fi g u n g y o n t o " s4).

It will

b e e v i d e n t t h a t t h e g r e a t e r t t : e c h o i c e o f a d d i t i o n a l e l e m e n t s

t h e g r e a t e r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r r ; s s v a r i o u s s h a d e s o f i n d e f i n i t e

m e a n i n g s " M a l . b a r a i , a p a , a p a p u n , a p a ~ u g a , e t c .

N o w t h e s a m e a d d i t i o n a l e l e m e n t s c a n o f t e n a l~ ;o c o m b i n e w i t h

n o n - p r o n o m i n a l w o r d s , e .g . w ffh w o r d s f or " ' h u m a n b e i n g " , w h i c h

a r e o f t e n e q u i v a l e n t t o o u r i n d e f i n i t e s ( e . g . B a r e ' e t a u " h u m a n b e in g ;

s o m e b o d y , o n e " , F t . " o n " ) " M a l b~rai s~-orai~ " s o m e o n e o r o t h e r " . A s

t h e M a l .

orai ,

is n o i n t e r r o g a t i v e ~*), t h e c o n c l u si o n m u s t b e t h a t w o r d s

l i ke barai , c a n n o t b e s a i d t o t r a n s f o r m a n i n t e r r o g a t i v e w o r d i n t o

a n i n d e f i n i t e ~ ) . B e s i d e s , a c o n s t r u c t i o n l ik e s iap a ~ da ta i~~ " w h o ~

com es*? ' ' o r t i a d a s i a p a d a t a i ~ " n o b o d y c o m e ~ " i s c o m p l e t e in

i t s e l f , b u t s ia pa 2 data .n , baraz s ia pa d . , s iap a ~u ga d . " w h o e v e r

c o m e s " ; ,r e n o t" a f t e r t h e s e w o r d g r o u p s th e s e n t e n c e is c o n t i n u e d .

S o t h e I u n c t i o n o f t h e p r o n o u n s d e p e n d s o n t h e c o n t e x t i n w h i c h

t h e y o c c u r ; t h e s e a d d i t i o n a l e l e m e n t s s e r v e t o e m p h a s i z e t h e i n d e f i n i t e

f o r c e o r t o i n d i c a t e s o m e s l ig h t d i f f e r e n c e o r d e l ic a t e d i s t i n c t i o n sT),

o t h e r p a r t i c l e s ( - tah, -kah) fu l f i l l i ng a s imi l2 . r func t ion i n i n t e r roga t ive

s e n t e n c e s "

s ia pa ka h ~ ana k i t u 3

? "W h o 1 is t h a t a ch i l d ~? '' 58).

T o t h e g e m i n a t i o n a n d t h e f r e q u e n t a n d w i d e - s p r e a d c o m b i n a t i o n s

o f p r o n o u n s a n d p a r t i c l e s s p e c i a l ~ n t e r e s t a t t a c h e s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h

~a) F o r p a r t i c u l a r s s e e 13. F . M a t t h e s , B o e g i n e e s c h e S p r a a k k u n s t , A m s t e r -

d a m 1 8 7 5 , p. 2 0 3 .

s,) C. M e i n h o f, G r u n d z i i g e e i n e r v e rg l . G r a m m a t i k d e r B a n t u s p r a c h e n ~,

t l a m b u r g 1 9 48 , p . 9 3 .

6s) I t is i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t ~N . w o r d s f o r " h u m a n b e i n g " ' c a n c o m b i n e

w i t h e l e m e n t s b e a r i n g a n i n t e r ro g a t i v e f o rc e t o f o rm p h r a s e s f o r " w h a t

s o r t o f ( m a n ) ? , w h a t ( n a t i o n a l i t y ) is h e ? e t c . " : B a r e ' e t o - k u ja to < tau ) ,

t a u t o - k u j a , e t c .

5,) I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h n u m e r a l s b a r a n l i k e , r e i n G r e e k s t a n d s f o r o u r

" some" .

6T) F o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e p a r t i c l e s s e e A . A . F o k k e r , I n l e i d i n g t o t d e

s t u d i e v a n d e In d o n e s i s c h e [ = l~ io de rn M a l a y ] s y n t a x i s , G r o n i n g e n - D j a k a r t a

1951, p . 55 f .

68) T h e s e e l e m e n t s a r e a l so u s e d w h e n a q u e s t io n c a n n o t b e i n d i c a t e d

ei ther by context or in tonat ion.


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17/45

257

I f w e a re , in t h e m a i n , n o t m i s t a k e n i n m o d i f y i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f p r e v i o u s

r e s e a r c h , i t f o l l o w s t h a t i t w a s n o t

* k e

w h i c h t r a n s f o r m e d a n i n t e r -

r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n i n t o a n i n d e f i n i t e , b u t t h a t a n e s s e n t i a l l y i n d e f i n i t e

p r o n o u n w a s in v a r i o u s w a y s e x t e n d e d b y t h e e nc l it ic p a r t i cl e

, k , e , 6 .

I t i s w o r t h y o f s p e ci a l n o t ic e t h a t t h i s i n d e f in i t e c h a r a c t e r s h o u l d

s h o w i t s e l f , i n t e r a l i a , i n e x p l i c i t l y o r v i r t u a l l y ' r e l a t i v e ' c l a u s e s . W e

m a y c o r r o b o r a t e t h e a b o v e i n f e r e n c e b y p o i n t i n g t o t h e f r e q u e n t

V e d i c a n d a l s o p o s t - V e d i c p h r a s e s o f t h e t y p e

y d - k d - c a

" w h o ( w h a t )

e v e r " ( y e

k e c a

" a n y p e r s o n s w h a t s o e v e r " ;

y a s y a i k a s y a i ca d e v a t ~ y a i

" t o a n y d e i t y w h a t s o e v e r " ) a n d u s e i t , i n i t s t u r n , t o e x p l a i n t h e

r e m a r k a b l e , a n d a t f i rs t s i gh t ev e n s tr a n g e , r a r i t y o f t h e c o m b i n a t i o n

ka- ca , k im . ca

in Ancien t Ind ian 6~) .

T h e m o r e I c o n s i d e r t h e w e l l - k n o w n i d i o m

y a - k a - c a - - w h i c h

is

a l so r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e a d v e r b s o f t h e a n c i e n t l a n g u a g e ~ t h e le s s I

f ee l i n c l in e d t o a d h e r e t o th e z o m m u n i s o p in i o, a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h

ca

c o n v e r t s t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e p r o n o u n t o a n i n d e f i n i te m e a n i n g 6s).

N o r a m I c o m p l e t e l y c o n v i n c e d o f t h e c o r r e c t n e s s o f t h e v i e w ~q)

t h a t y a - k a - c a o w e s i ts o r ig i n t o a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e " r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n "

a n d t h e i n d e f i n i t e

k a - c a .

R e s e r v in g t h e o t h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e

i d i o m f o r f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n a s u b s e q u e n t p a r t o f t h i s a r t ic l e i t

m u s t b e o b s e r v e d h e r e t h a t - - - h ~ w e v e r m u c h t h e t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s

f o r m , i n h i s t o r i c a l t i m e s , u n i t y ( o f . a l s o t h e A v e s t a n

yb ~ i~Ca)

a n d

h o w e v e r ' i n d e f i n i t e ' t h e s e ns e o f t h e c o m b i n a t i o n m a;y b e - - t h e

o r i g i n a l f u n c t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e ca s e e m s t o b e m o r e o r l e s s a p p a r e n t

i n m a n y p a s s a g e s . S t a r t . i n g f r o m t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t

* k e

e s s e n t i a l l y

s e r v e d t o e x p r e s s c o m p l e m e n t a r y c o n n e c t i o n 70) s u c h t e x t s a s R .V .

6s) F o r o t h e r a n c i e n t p h r a s e s

w i t h * k U e - / h ~ o - , * k U i -

s e e p . 2 6 2 f f .

eT) I r e f e r to D e b r u n n e r - W a c k e ~ ' n a g e l , o .c ., I I I , p . 57 1 , a n d , f o r t h e

a c c e n t u a t i o n , t o p. 56 8 f. T h e i n s t a n c e q u o t e d b y t h e s e a u tl ~ (, rs is o f s p e c i a l

i n t e r e s t : J a i m U p B r . 1, 5 7, 2 ~ , a h u 1 v a i k i , . , 2 c a 3 k i m ~ c a ~ P ~ * m a . ag6 c a r a t i 7

" a m a n n d o e s 7 m a n y ~ t h i n g s x, s o m e t h i n g * o n t h e o n e h a n , . s o m e t h i n g 4 o n

t h e o t h e r h a n d s ' ' , i .e . " a m a n d o e s m a n y a n d v a r i o u s t h i n g s " .

,a) Se e W . D . W h i t n e y , A S a n s k r i t g r a m m a r , ~ 5 0 7 ; R e n o u , G r a m m a i r e

s a n s c r i t e , P a r i s 1 9 30 , p . 3 7 8.

69) C I . S p e y e r , S a n s k r i t s y n t a x , p . 2 1 4 f. ; V e d . u . S a n s k r i t S y n t a x , p . 4 2 ;

A . A . M a c d o n e l l , V e d i e g ~, ~m m a r , S t r a s s b u r g 1 91 0 , p . 3 0 4 ; D e b r u n n e r -

W a c k e r n a g e l , o .c ., I I I , p 5 71 f.

~ 0 ) I r e f e r t o m y a r t i c l e o n t h e p a r t i c l e * k ~ e ( see n . 63 ) .

17


18/45

258

6, 46 , 8 ydd 1

v ~ s t .r k s. a# m a g h a v a n 4 d r u k y ~ v s # i d n d y d t s p ~ r a a '

kdc 10 ca ll v fs .~ y a m X 2 l a s m d b k y a m , x s t d d x t f i r t h sa s o r t the vir i l i ty12

w h i c h 1, O b o u n t i f u l O n e *, is w i t h T ~ r ~ i a, o r w i t h e t h e D r u h ~ S p e o p le L

a n d n w h a t e v e r s , x0 is w i t h t h e P u r e ' ( p e o p l e ) , g r a n t i s usX S t ha tX , ,,

m a y b e c o m p a r e d t o R . V . 6 , 7 5 , 1 9

y # n a.h a s v # d r a e o * y d kS c #

n ts ..ty o ~ ]ig h~ m . s a ti S i d e v ~ ' td m. a s d r v e n d h ~ r v a n t u i s i P

a m a n o f o u r

ow n ' c l an "3 (or ) an ou t~ i de # o # i f 5 a f o r e ig ne r T w i sh es t o k i ll s u s ~, a ll n

th e god s 9 mu , ; t b r in g xz h i m to x ru inXV ' ; AV . 7 , 70 , 1 y d t x k i m . s c ~ s a u' ~

m d n a s ~ s y d c e c a T v ~ c # y a i r ; a i r s i u h 6 t i x ha v~ s. ~ xx

yd~ ust i t i I tddaS .. . "w ha t-

s o e v e r x. 2 ( on t h e o n e h a n d s) h e y o n d e # o f f e r s TM w i t h m i n d 5, a n d 7

w ha t n (o~ t h e o th e r ha nd ~) w i th vo i ce s, w i th s ac r i f i c e s ' , w i th ob l at ion l~ ,

wi th sac~ 'ed formulaXL tha t TM . . . " m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s r e p r e s e n t i n g

a y a - c a . . . y a - c a

co ns t ruc t i on a s occu r s , f o r i n s t an ce , i n AV . 11, 10,

2 2 y d k x c a 2 k a v a c O y d k 4 c ~ S k dv a c a. h s " w h o ( e v e r ) a i s m a i l e d a a n d 5

w h o is w i t h o u t m a t i n '', i n w h i c h c a . . . c a l ikewis t~ emphas ize the

idea o f co m pl em en ta ,y con nec t i o n . C f. a l so AV . 6 , 'g,3, 3

y # ~ra~.z),d~-

v y a d v a r ~ a y # k # c a n s t h d ~ v y a d v a r d t # M n 9 . ..

" w h a t 1 d e v o u r e r s a (t he re

are,) o f t h e fo r e s tL and s w ha t e ve r *. 5 (o the r ) de vo ur e r s s yo u a r e 7, t hem 9

. . . " ; AV. 4 , 2 2 , 6 whe re y a - k a - c a f o r m s p a r t o f a n a v t i t h e t i c a l c la us e"

~ t t a r a s I t v d m ~ d d h a r e a t # s a p d t n ~ 5 y # k d 7 c a s r ~ a n O p rd ti ~a tr av a s~ O

te n

" s up e r i o r ~ ( ar e) yo u 2, i n f e r i o r ~ y o u # r i va l s ~, , vh oso eve r n, 7, 0

k ing ~, a r e (on t he o th e r ha nd s) y ou r " o pp os in g ene m ies ~ '' ~ l) ; AV.

5 , 72 , 5 yd x k r lm ay as 2 k i t ivdks .da y # k.rs.n .~ .h~ k i t i b d h a v a h n

[yd~

kdS ca ~

v is vd r Yt P ~ sx t d n n k r im [ m , x~ i a m b h a y ~ m a s i T " t he w or m s ~- wh ich ~

ha ve w h i t e s i de sL ( those ) wh ich ~ a r e b l a ck ~ w i th w h i t e a rr,~ s n, and ~

w f ia te ve r one s ~, s (a re ) o f a l l fo rm s l0 - tho se n w or m s TM we g r ind

upXV'; an d pa ssa ge s l ike R.V. 10 , 19, 7

y# devg l .h~ k d ~ c # y a i ~ i ~ s ~ td~

ra yy ~ sd m ~ s .r ]an tu ~ na .h ~

" ( th ose ) go ds ~, w ho so ev er x. a. l ( th ey a re) ,

who a r e w or th y o f wor shipS , ( t hey n) m us t p r e se n t s. ' a s ~0 w i th pos-

s e s si o n s 7 '', w h e r e a r e f e re n c e t o d i v i n i t i e s w h o a r e n o t w o r t h y o f

wor.,~hip (cf . R.V. 10 , 124, 3) m a y be im pl ied or su pp l ie d; A i t B r . 4 , 18, 7

s a r v u m ~ e v e Zd a m 3 a t ir o c at e ~ y a d ~ i d a m n k i . m ~ c a s " h e su rp as se s ~ a lP ' ~

th i s z in sh i n in g ~ whateverS . 7. s ( the re i s) he re v ' , th e ide a of here

~l) I n t h i s c o n n e c ti o n it s e e m s w o r t h r e m e m b e r i n g t h a t i n G e r m a n

doch,

w h i c h c o n t a i n s

*kUe,

s ee O . B e h a g h e l , D e u t s c h e S y n t a x , I I I , p . 1 55 ff .) a n d ,

a s w o u l d a p p e a r t o t h e p r e s e n t a u t h o r , a l s o i n G r e e k ( s e e t h e a r t i c l e r e f e r r e d

t o i n n . 6 3 ), t h e p a r t i c l e * k U e c a n a l s o a p p e a r i n a s u b o r d i n a t e c l a u s e b e-

l o n g i n g t o a n ~ n t i t h e t i c a l m a i n c l a u s e .


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2 5 9

p o s s i b l y s u g g e s t i n g a c o r r e s l : < m d e n t " y o n d e r " ; 5 , 7 , : 3 i m a n ~ v a i ~

l o k ~ n s P r a ~ p a t i . h 4 s r ~ v d a . m 6 s a r v a m ~ a ~ a k n ~ , y a d 9 i d a. m x k i . m x~

c a t i

" h a v i n g c r e a t e d ~ t h e s e w o r l d s ~ P r a j A p a t i t h a d s a ll ~ p o w e r * ( t o

b r i n g ab ou t) th i s w h a te v er *, tL x~ ( th ere i s) he reX "; .A.~v. Gs . 1 , 3 , l

y a t r a t k v a ~ c a ~ h o s . y a n s y ~ . .. " w e n n x e r x i r g e n d w o ~' ~ o p f e r n

w i ll ~, v , ( S te n z le r ) w h i c h m a y r e p r e s e n t a n ' o r ig i n a l ' " a n y w h e r e ~ ( a t

a n y pa r t i cu la r spo t a o f a ' l oca l who le '* ) wh e re x he i s to s ac r i f i c e ~' ~ . . . " ~ ) ;

A i t B r . 2 , 2 3 , 7

t a s m d t x t a s y a ~ y a t a ~ e v a t k u t a ~ ~ c ~ , rd ~ n ~ y ~ t ~

" t h e r e f o r e x

sh ou ld he ea t 7 f ro m an y pa r t w ha te ve r ~-~ o f i t v ' , e t c . e t c . 7~).

I I I

A re we ju s t i f i e d in m ,k ln g th e oAA;,~ ,,.~ o f . . . . * :~^~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ .~ .. ~.v .. ~ , ~, ,~ ,= ~ e t c . t o t h e

i n d e f in i t e s a p o in t i n fa v o u r of t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e y c a m e i n t o

e x i s t e n c e a f t e r t h e i n t e r r o g a t i v e s ~*)? I a m i n c li n e d t o a n s w e r t h i s

q u e s t i o n i n t h e n e g a t i v e . I n m a n y l a n g u a g e s t h i s a d d i t i o n o b v i o u s l y

s e r v e s t o e m p h a s i z e a n d i n t e n s i f y t h e i n d e f i n i t e f o r c e i n h e r e n t i n t h e

p r o n o u n , o r a l s o t o q u a l i f y i t , t o i n d i c a t e v a r i e t i e s o f i n d e f i n i t e n e s s .

Cf . , in Ma lay

b a r a i ~ s i a p a

" w h o e v e r " (b. m e a n i n g "x h i n g , s t u f f, w a r e s ,

s o m e t h i n g " ) ; s i a p a ~ u g a " i d . " (]. : " i n a w a y , a ll t h e s a m e " ) ; S a n g i r

i s a i e w e n ,

a n d m a n y o t h e r I N . f.~,~ ms; i n t h e D r a v i d i a n K f i i va g i v e s ,

i n a c o m p a r a b l e w a y , e m p h a s i s : ~ ( a n y t h i n g e t c .) w h a t e v e r " 7 5); a n d

s i m i l a r l y , i n S i n g h a l e s e , i n K h a s i , a n d i n m a n y o t h e r l a n g u a g e s . N o t

i n f r e q u e n t l y s u c h c o m b i n a t i o n s a r e o n l y i n t e l l i g i b l e i f w e c o n s i d e r

t h e m a s c o n d i t i o n e d b y t h e o r i g i n a l i n d e f i n i t e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e p r o -

n o m i n a l e l e m e n t c o n t a i n e d in t h e m . T h u s t h e L a t .

a l i q u i s

" s o m e b o d y

~z) M a y w e h e r e r e c a l l ~ hc f r e q u e n t u s e o f r e a f t e r [va Oa a n d o t h e r l o c a l

c o n j u n c t i o n s i n a n c i e n t G r e e k (s ee t h e a r t i c l e r e f e r r e d t o i n n . 6 3, p a r t I I ) , a n d

t h e L a t i n

u b i q u i s q u e

( i b i d e m , p a r t I I ) ?

T s ) I t i s m y i n t e n t i o n b e f o r e l o n g t o s k e t c h t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e p a r t i c l e c a

i n I n d o - I r a n i a u i n a s e p a r a t e a r t i cl e , w h i c h p r o b a b l y w i ll a p p e a r i n t h e

A n n a l s o f O r i e n t a l R e s e a r c h , U n i v e r s i t y o f M a d r a s . - - C f.. . i n t h e A v e s t a ,

Y . 4 5 , 5 ; s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n m a y b e d r a w n t o Y . 4 ,3 , 16 w h e r e

y a s . . . ~ i g ~ i s

f o l lo w e d b y a ' s u p e r l a t i v e ' s pS ni~ /6 , r e m i n d i n g u s o f t h e H o m e r i c c o n s t r u c -

t i o n : e 4 o ~ Te x t~ /To ~ a z~ ~ m ~ o v ; 3 9 6 Te x . ~ ./~. F o r y a - s e e L i n g u a , I V ,

p . 9 f f .

74) S e e : H . S c h u c h a r d t , 'in t h e A n M e c t a G r a e c i e n s ia , G r s z 1 89 3, p 2 0 5 ; P .

K r e t s c h m e r , i n t h e S c r i t t i i n o n o r e d i A . T r o m b e t t i , M i l a n 1 9 3 8, p . 4 6

f f .

7s) S e e J . E . F r i e n d - P e r e i r a , A g r a m m a r o f t h e K f i i l a n g u a g e , C a l c u t t a

1909, p . 41 .


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26O

( n o m a t t e r w h o ) , i rg e n d J e m a n d , - - - e m , t h e f ir s t c om p o n en t

o f wh i c h c o n v e y s t h e s e n s e o f " ( a n ) o t h e r " ~ 6 ) :

t h ~ i n d e f i n i t e , w i t h

w h i c h w e m a y c om p a r e t h e G r . ~ m a n d m ~ ~ " a n y o th e r" ,

c a n in i t s t u r n , b e ' i n t e n s i f i e d ' b y a l i u s a l ig h t a l i ~ i d e tc . ; c t . a l so

T ~ h . A ~ l ya - k, B a ly e -k

" &l~ o ~ " ~ ) ; - - c f . ~ L a t .

qu~vis

" j e d e r

beh ' eb ige" (v is " y o u w i s h , w a n t " ) ~ ) , qu[libet , a n d U m b r . ~ s - h e r ( h e r

.fr om ~ y - " v e l l e " ) f r om t h e i n d e f , r e la t , u :~ e ( P la u t . M . G . 3 88 loquere

q u ~ r i s

(or

qu id v is ) ;

Curc . 38

a re a q u i d l u b e O - - -; L a t . q u i s q u a m < q u is

a ~ d g u a m " ir g en d x ~ ie " ; t h e s im i l a r A I n d .

k a i d

e t c . w h i c h , p e r h a p s ,

i n t h e e a r l y t e x t s m i g h t s o m e t i m e s b e t r a n s l a t e d " " s o r n e r y i n so m e

~ a v ( s om ew ha t e t c . ) " " R .V . 1 ,37 , 13; 87 , 2 ; 173 , l | ~ ) .

.~l i~ H ah n so) seems to be f i gh t i n cor, c lud ing th a t t he l ines d rawn

ber~w een t h e d if fe re nt L a t in i n de fin ite l> ron ou n~ i:u "1" . . . . .

a r e n o t n a t u r a l t o t h e l a n g u a g e i n g e n e r a l ; o r i g i n a l l y t h e y m u s t h a v e

b e e n m e ~ b y - f o r m s o f

quis ,

n o t t oo h i g h l y s ~ ~ e d ; h e nc e th e

~ t ~ nf u si o ns ' a n d ' i n t e r c h a n g e s ' i n p o p u l a r s p e e c h ~ d i n t h e l it e ra r y

l a n g u a g ~ o i l at er t im e s s:) . T h e r e d u p l i c a t e d f o rm , r e p r e ~ m e d b y

,.,,-;

. - ~ o- i s typica l of indef in i tes s~ In a gene ra l i z ing r e l a t i ve sense

" ~ : .. ..e d t h e s i m p l e

qu is ,

w h ic h e .g . P l a t o . M e re . ~ : c o ~ d e ~ r e , s

~ ,aa t v e W s h a d e o f m e a n i n g , b e s id e s , i t is ~ m b u t i v e P i a u t . M ost.

~ i . t ~ n , h o w e v e r , u n d e r t h e im p r e s s io n t h a t 3 [ i ~ H a . ~ i.s, t o o m u c h

h : d i n ~ . t o b e li ev e t h a t t h e e x a c t o u t w a r d s Lm , ~a rity og r . h e It al ic

~*~ T h e r e a d e r m a y . f or t h e s a k e o f b r e v i ~ ~ ~ t ' W ~ d , e - H o f m a n n ,

L a t e t v m W t b . ~, I , p . 3 0 f. ; E r n o u t - M e i l | e t , D i c t . ~ . ~ p 2~$ ~ C ~,n da .

R e f i ~ t i e a s o n t h e n u m e r a l s " ' o n e " a n d " ' t ~ e ~. p~ 8 6 f f

~', C f.. P-..-dersea. L e ~ o u p e m e n t d e s d~M ~ i ~ - ~ . ~ ~ s k e v : d h

r ~ : d . : 1, ~ , C o ~ n h a g e , n 1-~2 5, p . 2 6 .

,- :~ . q ~ , a ~ v e . p , 2 5~ , f f, F o r C r i t i c ~ ~ e ~ = , ~ ec : l , i v > a C f a l~ o

G e r m o - -~ - - -; - ~ ~' E = g , a = v , : ~ , : e t c .

' ~ .... 3 4 ~

- ~a~.::, :a = h e gr. a r: d l ~ A m ,e r . P h:.~ . A ~ .. ~,4 { ,~,.a,,v,, ~

.%,-~ .aL-w~. H o~ : : : : : : : : . L a t , Gr : :~ : :m *. p , 4 .~" : ~ .} . . . . . . . .. d , : ~ : z ~ e : ' a , ~'~u,eiqu,:s,~,

g >e ~


21/45

261

a n d H i t t i t e f o rm s c a n o nl y m e a n t h a t t h e y a l r e a d y w e re p a r t a n d

p a r c e l o f t h e ' U r s p r a c h e ' . I t w o u l d ~ nd e ed b e a c u r i o u s c o i n c i d e n c e

- - M i ss H a h n h e r s e l f e v e n ca lls i t a r i d d le w t h a t n o t o n l y H i t t .

k u i g a n d L a t . q u i s , b u t a l s o k u i g k u i d q u i s q u i s , k u i g a q u i s q u e , k u i ~ k i :

q u i s q u a m , w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d " w i t h a m a z i n g c l o s e n e ss " , s h o u l d h a v e

r e m a i n e d u n a l t e r e d i n b o t h b r a n c h e s o f I . E . d u r i n g m a n y c e n t u r i e s ,

w h e r e a s o n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e h i s t o r i c a l I . E . l a n g u a g e s s h o w a r a t h e r

v a r i e d s u c c e s s i o n o f p r o n o m i n a l f o r m s a n d f u n c t i o n s . T h e r e s e e m s

t h e r e f o r e t o b e r e a s o n f o r s o m e r e s e r v e 8 3). G e m i n a t i o p b ,::,in g a d e v i c e

o f v e r y w i d e d i s t r i b u t i o n s u c h f o r m s a s q u i s q u i s a re , , e spec ia l ly in

' p r e - s c i e n t i f i c ' m i l i e u s p a r t o f t h e d o u b l e d w o r d f o r m s w e r e t~ ,r

t h e i r ' p o p u l a r ' c h a r a c t e r a v o i d e d i n c la ss ic L a t i n a p t t o t u r n u p

i n d e p e n d e n t l y . C a s e s l i k e t h e G r . z ~ z e a n d t h e L a t . q u i s q u e w h i c h d o

n o t c o r r e s p o n d i n f u n c t i o n 84) s h o w t h a t t h e o u t w a r d i d e n t i t y o f a

s e q u e n c e o r w o r d g r o u p n o t n e c e s s a r i l y i m p l i e s o r i g i n a l i d e n t i t y

i n f o r m a t i o n . S o , w h i l e D e l b r i i c k ' s 85) a t t e m p t t o t r a c e q u i s q u i s t o

* io s k i s (c f. 6 'a z , ) f a il s t o c o n s i d e r t h e a n c i e n t r e l a t i v e f u n c t i o n o f

* k i s , i t w o u l d o n t h e o t h e r h a n d b e i n c a u t i o ~ s t o r e g a r d t h e i n d e f .

t e l . u se o f q u i s q u i s ~ k u i g k u i g a s b e l o n g i n g t o O r i g . I . E . A n i n d e f .

rel .

q u i s q u i s

c a n a l s o , a n d , i t w o u l d a p p e a r t o m e , f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g

m o r e p r u d e n t l y , b e c o n c e i v e d a.~ l~ a vin g s p r u n g f r o m a p r e - e x i s t e n t

r e l a t i v e q u i s , t h e m o r e s o a s t h e s a m e w o r d i n a n o n - r e I , i n d e f , s e n s e

m a y h a v e e x e r t e d i n f l u e n c e .

I t w o u l d , i n m y o p i n i o n , b e a m o r e s a t i s f a c t o r y v i e w t o h o l d t h a t

o r i g i n a l l y n e i t h e r t h e a d d i t i o n o f * k e t o t h e p r o n o m i n a l s t e m , n o r

i t s b e i n g g e m i n a t e d , n o r o t h e r s u c h m o d i f i c a t i o n s , w e r e o b l i g a t o r y .

I f a n d w h e n e v e r t h e y o c c u r r e d t h e y i m p a r t e d a s p e c i a l s h a d e o f

m e a n i n g t o t h e c l a u s e o r w o r d g r o u p . " I h e y c o u l d , m a i n l y f o.r s t y l i s t i c a l

r e a s o n s , ' i n t e r c h a n g e ' s ,) . T h a t is t o sa y " i t m u s t h a v e b e e n l a r g e l y

a t t h e c h o i ce o f t h e s p e a k e r t o u s e a n y o r n o n e o f t h e s e ' b y - f o r m s ' .

T r a c e s o f t h i s ' f r e e u s a g e ' a r e f a r f r o m r a r e i ~ e a r l y L a t i n t e x ~ s "

q u i s , t h o u g h a l r e a d y r e g u l a r a f t e r s i , n e , n v m , i s ~ r e q u e n t l y f o u n d

s3) As to q u i s q u e k u i ~ a s c h o l a r s d i s a g r e e ' s e e m y p a p e r o n t h e p a r t i c l e

*kUe M n e m o s y n e , p a r t I I .

s,) C f . M n e m o s y n e , p a r t I I . F o r (Alnd. ka$ ca ) , Av . ( i g c a s e e a l s o M e i l l e t ,

M~ m . S o c . L i n g . 1 0, p . 2 7 2 , a n d a b o v e , p . 2 5 6 .

8 5 ) D e l b r i i c k , V e r g l . S y n t a x , I I I , p . 404 .

,e ) C f . a l s o s u c h c a s e s a s 6 r e ' i n s t e a d o f 6 ' r t ( " M n e m o s y n e , N . S . v o l . V I I .


22/45

o

6

without these words , qu i sq u e n d qu i s q u i s r e of ten in terchangeable ,

q u i s q u a m i s a lso used in af f i rm at ive sente nce s s , ). T hese ve ry f luctu-

a t ions s eem to be an a r gumen t f o r t he hypo thes i s .

IV

R eturn ing now to th e I .E . *kwe-/k=o , *kui- in

general

i t may be

r emem ber ed th a t t he ' mer e fo r ms de r iv ing f r om the m u ) can , a s a

rule , be used in an indef ini te sense, but mainly in special con-

s t ruc t ions , to w~t b road ly speak ing , in nega t ive and in ter rogat ive

sentences and in subordinate c lauses" (re lat ive c lauses and c lauses

in t roduced by def imte conjunct ions) .

In conn ect ion w ith a negat ive par t ic le th ese s te m s are indef ini te so).

a n d m ~ k d- (k d - a c c e m ~ t e d / : e . g . ~ V . 8 , 3 2 , 1 5 n d ~ r z ~ y # ~ & i'n ~ ms

n /yan t# " nobody" w i l l check 4 t h e r e n d e r i n g # o f h i s mighty he lpS" ;

7, 94, 8 m lu ~ y no s d ra ru~ dh~rt~ .h p rd t~a~s m d r t y a s y a 7 " the

ma lice s of an (~my)= unfr iendly ~ m an ~ shal P no t ~ falP up oa usV';

and , wi th the p r iva t ive a- , such words as aku ta .h "no t f rom any

qua r t e r " beside ~u ta .h? " f r om wher e, w he nc e? " ; i n Aves t an : Y .

31, 18 m ~ t ~ig~ ~ ~,~ dragva20 m qO rq . . . g~gt~ v "n on e x, = of you ~

shal l l i s ten v to the w ord # of the wicked m a n v ' . Cf. a lso OChSI. ni-

k ~ k e m u I e

" n i ch t zu i r gend j emand" ;

n i k ~ t o

"nobody" ; Gr . o&~,

# ~ " n o b o d y " ; T oc h. to mx wdrtan~ rods ke -k l ~ a~sa~ ~ (wffrpont? ~)

" th ese t forests ~ (enjoyeds) b y no s one v ' ~0), an d co m pa rab le phrases

and construct ions in Armenian, Anglo-Saxon and other languages ox) .

In c lauses con ta in ing two forms of these s tems a t l eas t one of

e~) Fo r par ticula rs: Hah n, p. 31 ft . ; V. L un ds tr6 m , in th e Eran o$, 1915,

p. 203, e tc .

~s) For par t iculars regarding the d is t r ibut ion of these forms, the corre-

s p o n d i n g different ir~t ion of case. forms, etc . see, apart f rom the grammars

a~xd han db ook s of the individuM l~nguages, D elbrtick , V ergl. Syn tax , I , p.

510 if., and Brug mttnn, Grund rissS II, 2, p. 350 ff.

**) Cf. e.g. also Debrunner-Wackernagel, o.c. ,

IXI, p. ~60

ff.

~o) Sieg und Siegling, Toch. Gramm., p. 188.

~ x See e.g. Meil let , Altarm. Ele m en tarb uch , He idelb erg 1913, p. 63;

E. Sievers, Angels~chsische Gr am m atik s, Halle 1 89 8 , p. 184 ; com pare also

H. Pedersen, Vergl . Grammatik der kel t ischen Sprachen, II , GOtt ingen, 1913,

p. 212.


23/45

263

t :h e m i s i n d e f i n i t e i n c h a r a c t e r 0 ~). G A y . 5 0 , 1

k a t ~ m f i i ~ u r v d 3 i s ~ 4

~ a h Y ~ 5 a v a y h fie " q u e u e l a i d e 6 m o n ~ ~ m e 8 p e u t - e l le a t t e n d r e 4 d e

p e r s o n n e 6 ? " ( D u c h e s n e - G u f l l e m i n ) ; G r . r[~ ~ o ~e " w h o i n t h e w o r l d ?,

w h o e v e r ? " n ) ; A r is t . P I. 4 9 8

r [~ 8v ~d ~O ot ~ oz ' ~ laeevov; ; ~roM ~ , r e

m a k e s a q u e s t i o n l e ss d e f i n i te t h a n ~ o[o " o f w h a t k i n d ? " a l o n e -

H e r o d o t u s 3 , 3 4 ~ oM v g d

z t v a v o # l ~ o v a t H ~ o a a t c l e a t ;

B h a g G . 2 , 2 1

k a t h a m . . . k a .m g h d t a y a t i p r o b a b l y m e a n s " h o w c a n h e c a u s e a n y

o n e t o s l a y ? " ; c f. a l s o B o e h t l i n g k , I n d . S p r . 2 I I ( 18 7 2 ), 3 5 1 2

n a h i

k a s y a p r i y a . h k o v a . ..

F i x e d a n d a s a r u le i n s e p a r a b l e g r o u p s o f t w o f (,r m s o f t h e s e p r o n o u n s ,

l i ke q u i s q u i s 9 4 ) , k a ~ c i d , ~ o ,6 ~ z t~ , are indef in i l ( : . So are those fob-ms

w h i c h s t a n d i n c o rr e a ~ io n w i th ' i n d e f i n i t e s " ~oz~ iz~v . . . d2 ; to~ , ;

d g d v r t~ . . . d 2/to 6 ~; a n d r e p e a t e d c o r r e l a t i v e f o r m s u s e d i n c o m p e -

m e n t a r y - a n t i t h e t i c a l c l a u s e s " A l n d .

k a t i . . . k a l i

" s o m e . .. s o rr e " "

n : o r ~ / ~ v . . . zeo r~ ~ " a t on e t i m e . .. a t a n o t h e r . . . " ; zd /~ /~ , ~'~ . . . , zd 6d

t .. . ~ ) . C f ., i n H u n g a r i a n ,

k i a / e le s d g d v e I , k i a l d n y d v a l

:= F r .

q u i

a v e c s a ] e m m e , q u i a v ec s a / i l le ( k i ? " w h o ? " ; s i m i la r l y , h o l ? " w h e r e " "

h o l . . . h o l

i n d e f . ) 9 6). S i m i l a r l y , i n p h r a s e s l ik e r t

z a [ z ,

" s u c h a n d s u c h

t h i n g s " , p o p . L a t . q u i d e t q u i d ~ ) .

I n s u b o r d i n a t e p h r a s e s w e fin d " L a t . s i q ~ i s e t c . , U m b r . s v e p i s ,

Os c .

s u a e p i s s i

q u i s " ; G o t h . ;~ ,a - a f t e r

] a b a i

" i f ( e l ) " ,

i b a i i f

( # ~ ) " ,

~'a te i " t h a t " ; O C h S 1 . a~te k~ to g :i to ~ :~eh , s i quis quid dixeri t" ~:~s)0e t c . ,

a n d s u c h c a s e s as h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n c o m m e n t e d u p o n i.n a p r e v i o u s

p a r t o f t h i s a r t i c l e .

I n s t a n c e s o f a n i n d e f i n i t e u s e o f t h e s e s t e m s u n d e r o t h e r c i ~c ur n-

01) E x c e p t i n g t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d " m e h r z i e l i g e F r a g e n " , i n w h i c h t w o

e p a x a t e q u e s t i o n s a r e a s k e d i n o n e c l a u s e b y d i f f e r e n t f o r m s of t h e p r o n o m i -

n a l s t e m ( s ) . S e e a l s o E . K i e c k e r s , E [i st . G r i e c h . G r a m m . , ( 1 92 6 ) , I I I , p . 8 5.

0s) F o r S a n s k r i t , s e e e .g . M o n i e r W i l l i a m s ' D i c t . , s .v .

04 ) C f . Av . Y t . 5 , 1 01 ; An c . In d . k d n i k d n i c i r .

e s T h e w e U - k n o w n S a n s k r i t i dic , m k v a . . . k v , , . . . { v i s . , , m a ) , s e r v i n g t o d e n o t e

g r e a t i n c o n s i s t e n c lv o r d i s c r e p a n c y b e t w e e n t w o e a t i ti e s o r a c t i o n s ( e . g K i l .

Me g h . 5 k v a m e g h ~ . h s a r ~ d e t ~ r t h ~ h k v a a c l o u d a n d t h e ~ m p o r t s o f m e

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