Globalization and Globalization and Language EducationLanguage Education

- - How Internet Changes the Way How Internet Changes the Way We Teach and Learn Languages?We Teach and Learn Languages?

Dr. Tim XieDr. Tim XieEmail: Email: txie@csulb.edutxie@csulb.edu

Virtual office: Virtual office: http://xietianwei.nethttp://xietianwei.netCalifornia State UniversityCalifornia State University

Long BeachLong BeachApril 2008 April 2008

GlobalizationGlobalization

Globalization – a process by which Globalization – a process by which the people of the world are unified the people of the world are unified into a single society and functioning into a single society and functioning together (Chomsky, 2006). together (Chomsky, 2006).

This process is a combination of This process is a combination of economic, technological, economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces sociocultural and political forces (Sheila L. Croucher, 2004) (Sheila L. Croucher, 2004)

Need of common language(s) – Need of common language(s) – lingua franca and language lingua franca and language

localizationlocalization English is not only a system English is not only a system

communication but the preeminent communication but the preeminent language of science, technology and language of science, technology and medicine.medicine.

English has become the lingua franca English has become the lingua franca of the 21st century.of the 21st century.

By 2010 there could be around 2 By 2010 there could be around 2 billion people learning English billion people learning English

China – an exampleChina – an example

The globalization caused rapid The globalization caused rapid development of TESL in China. ESL development of TESL in China. ESL students currently reach 300 million.students currently reach 300 million.

On the other hand, the rapid economic On the other hand, the rapid economic development in China attracted about 400 development in China attracted about 400 thousand overseas students learning thousand overseas students learning Chinese on the mainland (Deng, 2006) Chinese on the mainland (Deng, 2006)

Chinese may become one of the popularly Chinese may become one of the popularly learned languages in Asia.learned languages in Asia.

Language localization Language localization

The process of translating a product into The process of translating a product into different languages or adapting a different languages or adapting a language for a specific country or region. language for a specific country or region.

Other speakers in 2050 will be: 1.4 billion Other speakers in 2050 will be: 1.4 billion native speakers of Chinese native speakers of Chinese • 556 million of Hindi and Urdu 556 million of Hindi and Urdu • 486 million Spanish 486 million Spanish • 482 million Arabic 482 million Arabic

(Yang, 2006)(Yang, 2006)

McDonald in local languagesMcDonald in local languages

McDonald in local languagesMcDonald in local languages

The need of The need of language learning language learning

is greater than is greater than ever!ever!

How Internet Impacts Language How Internet Impacts Language Education?Education?

World Internet Users (as of December 2007): 1,319,872,109

Growth between 2000-2007 average 265.6%the fasted growth is in the middle east 920.2%

Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Singhal (1997) discussed the Singhal (1997) discussed the potential benefitspotential benefits of the Internet of the Internet and how it can be used in the second and how it can be used in the second or foreign language classroom. She or foreign language classroom. She indicates that Internet is not only a indicates that Internet is not only a new tool of communication, but also new tool of communication, but also a teaching and learning toola teaching and learning tool..

What is used for language What is used for language teaching and learning?teaching and learning?

LeLoup and Ponterio (2001) listed a LeLoup and Ponterio (2001) listed a number of number of Internet applicationsInternet applications that that can be used to enrich the foreign language can be used to enrich the foreign language classroom. classroom.

These applications include: email, mailing These applications include: email, mailing list, e-journals, World Wide Web, list, e-journals, World Wide Web, streaming audio and video, search streaming audio and video, search engines, remote access to libraries and engines, remote access to libraries and database, chat, audio and video database, chat, audio and video conferencing and messaging, web course conferencing and messaging, web course management, etc. management, etc.

Categorization of applications:Categorization of applications: Information resources - Web directories, Information resources - Web directories,

searchable database (general - Eric, searchable database (general - Eric, Google, Informaworld. Language education Google, Informaworld. Language education specific - Merlot), online textbooks and specific - Merlot), online textbooks and learning materials (including audio and learning materials (including audio and video – video – PodcastingPodcasting, , YouTubeYouTube) )

Communication – asynchronous email, Communication – asynchronous email, discussion forum and blog (including voice discussion forum and blog (including voice email like email like WiWimmba and YackPack); ba and YackPack); synchronous instant messengers (MSN, synchronous instant messengers (MSN, Yahoo) Internet telephony programs (Yahoo) Internet telephony programs (SkSkype, Voipstunt)ype, Voipstunt)

Collaborative learning – Document Collaborative learning – Document sharing, editing and publishing sharing, editing and publishing (writeboard.com, (writeboard.com, docs.google.comdocs.google.com))

Learning tools - online dictionary, glossing Learning tools - online dictionary, glossing engine, character animation, text-to-engine, character animation, text-to-speech, concordancer, etcspeech, concordancer, etc

Virtual classroom and office for online Virtual classroom and office for online learning and long distance education learning and long distance education (Elluminate, WizIq, webex, etc)(Elluminate, WizIq, webex, etc)

What changes are taking place?What changes are taking place?

The way of class preparation and The way of class preparation and presentation changed (including presentation changed (including testing) – from pen and paper testing) – from pen and paper (textbook, handouts, tests) to (textbook, handouts, tests) to keyboard and screen (media) PPT, keyboard and screen (media) PPT, ePlan, eText, AP Chinese ePlan, eText, AP Chinese

The way of teaching and learning The way of teaching and learning changed from one way delivery to changed from one way delivery to two way interaction/communication two way interaction/communication (transnational). (transnational).

Not only between teachers and Not only between teachers and students (Blogs, discussions, email), students (Blogs, discussions, email), but also between the students and but also between the students and native speakers of the target native speakers of the target languages or learners elsewhere languages or learners elsewhere

(Laowai Blog) (Laowai Blog) http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1237912290http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1237912290 - a blog by a French - a blog by a French

The place of teaching and learning The place of teaching and learning changed – from fixed classrooms and changed – from fixed classrooms and time to anywhere and anytime. time to anywhere and anytime.

Classrooms, labs, online exercises Classrooms, labs, online exercises and tests, virtual classroom teaching, and tests, virtual classroom teaching, virtual office hours and tutoring.virtual office hours and tutoring.

What are the advantages?What are the advantages? Aydin (2001) summarized the research Aydin (2001) summarized the research

results on advantages of using the Internet results on advantages of using the Internet in language teaching and learning. in language teaching and learning.

Helping learners to gain more input (Kitao, Helping learners to gain more input (Kitao, 1998).1998).

Increase of synchronous and Increase of synchronous and asynchronous communication (Kern, 1995; asynchronous communication (Kern, 1995; Warschauer and Healey, 1998).Warschauer and Healey, 1998).

Giving the opportunity to construct Giving the opportunity to construct knowledge together by expressing knowledge together by expressing themselves in print and then assessing, themselves in print and then assessing, evaluating, comparing, and reflecting on evaluating, comparing, and reflecting on their own views and those of others their own views and those of others (Warschauer, 1997). (Warschauer, 1997).

Communication with native speakers Communication with native speakers allows learners to practice specific skills allows learners to practice specific skills such as negotiating, persuading, clarifying such as negotiating, persuading, clarifying meaning, requesting information, and meaning, requesting information, and engaging in true-life, authentic discussion engaging in true-life, authentic discussion (Aydin, 2001).(Aydin, 2001).

What are the problems?What are the problems?

Accessibility and inequity – the Accessibility and inequity – the internet is not always accessible by internet is not always accessible by all learners and teachers.. 75.6% in all learners and teachers.. 75.6% in Sweden vs 4.5% in Kenya (The Word Sweden vs 4.5% in Kenya (The Word Bank, 2004) Bank, 2004)

Internet unfamiliarity – some Internet unfamiliarity – some teachers and students are not teachers and students are not familiar with the Internet.familiar with the Internet.

Not all topics are suitable for school Not all topics are suitable for school children. (Aydin, 2001)children. (Aydin, 2001)

Information explosion – The Information explosion – The

increasing amount of information increasing amount of information generally makes learners confused generally makes learners confused while they try to reach specific while they try to reach specific information (Chafe, 1999). information (Chafe, 1999).

What will be in the future?What will be in the future? Technological development – Technological development –

unpredictable unpredictable

Normalization – Bax (2003) proposed three Normalization – Bax (2003) proposed three stages of CALL: restricted, open and stages of CALL: restricted, open and integrated CALL. At the final stage integrated CALL. At the final stage everything in “normalized”. everything in “normalized”.

The technology is invisible, hardly even The technology is invisible, hardly even recognized as a technology, taken for recognized as a technology, taken for granted in everyday life. granted in everyday life.

CALL will be normalized when CALL will be normalized when computers are treated as always computers are treated as always secondary to learning itself, when secondary to learning itself, when the needs of learners will be carefully the needs of learners will be carefully analysed first of all, and then the analysed first of all, and then the computer used to serve those computer used to serve those needs.” (Bax, 2003)needs.” (Bax, 2003)

Think globally and act locally !Think globally and act locally !

ReferenceReference Aydin, Selami. (2001). The Use of the Internet in ESL Learning: Aydin, Selami. (2001). The Use of the Internet in ESL Learning:

Problems, Advantages and Disadvantages. Humanising Language Problems, Advantages and Disadvantages. Humanising Language Teaching. Year 9; Issue 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008 from Teaching. Year 9; Issue 1. Retrieved February 3, 2008 from http://www.hltmag.co.uk/jan07/sart02.htmhttp://www.hltmag.co.uk/jan07/sart02.htm

Bax, S. (2003). CALL — past, present and future. Bax, S. (2003). CALL — past, present and future. System,System, Vol. 31. Vol. 31. pp.13–28. pp.13–28.

Chafe, Allison. (1999). Effective use of the Internet in Second Chafe, Allison. (1999). Effective use of the Internet in Second Language Education: Benefits, Challenges and Guidelines for Language Education: Benefits, Challenges and Guidelines for Teachers. Retrieved February 3, 2008 from Teachers. Retrieved February 3, 2008 from http://http://www.cdli.ca/~achafe/Internetinclassroom.htmlwww.cdli.ca/~achafe/Internetinclassroom.html

Chomsky, Noam. (2006). Chats with Washington Post readers, Chomsky, Noam. (2006). Chats with Washington Post readers, The Washington Post, March 24. Retrieved March 24, 2008 from The Washington Post, March 24. Retrieved March 24, 2008 from http://www.chomsky.info/debates/20060324.htmhttp://www.chomsky.info/debates/20060324.htm

Croucher, Sheila L (2004). Croucher, Sheila L (2004). Globalization and Belonging: The Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity a Changing World.Politics of Identity a Changing World. Rowman & Littlefield.p.10 Rowman & Littlefield.p.10

Deng, Shizhong. (2006). TCSL and TESL in China. US-China Deng, Shizhong. (2006). TCSL and TESL in China. US-China Education Review, Volume 3, No.8. ISSN1548-6613, USA. Education Review, Volume 3, No.8. ISSN1548-6613, USA. Retrieved March 12, 2008 from Retrieved March 12, 2008 from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storaghttp://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/2b/5e/6a.pdfe_01/0000019b/80/2b/5e/6a.pdf

Kern, R. (1995). Restructuring classroom interaction with networked Kern, R. (1995). Restructuring classroom interaction with networked computers: Effects on quantity and quality of language production. computers: Effects on quantity and quality of language production. Modern Language JournalModern Language Journal, 79(4), 457-476., 79(4), 457-476.

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Warschauer, M., & Healey, D. (1998). Computers and language learning: Warschauer, M., & Healey, D. (1998). Computers and language learning: An overview. An overview. Language TeachingLanguage Teaching, 31, 57-71., 31, 57-71.

Yang, Sung Chul . (2006). English Language and Globalization. Talk at new Yang, Sung Chul . (2006). English Language and Globalization. Talk at new faculty members’ orientation workshop, sponsored by the Korea faculty members’ orientation workshop, sponsored by the Korea University’s Center for Teaching & Learning , Sheraton Grand Walker Hill University’s Center for Teaching & Learning , Sheraton Grand Walker Hill Hotel on February 24, 2006. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from Hotel on February 24, 2006. Retrieved March 5, 2008 from http://www.koreadis.ac.kr/bbs/pds/EnglishLanguageandGlobalization1_2.dhttp://www.koreadis.ac.kr/bbs/pds/EnglishLanguageandGlobalization1_2.doc oc

Thank you!Thank you!