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Academic Conference on the Impact of Globalization on Academic Conference on the Impact of Globalization on Southeast Asian Languages and CultureSoutheast Asian Languages and Culture

College of Foreign Languages and LiteratureCollege of Foreign Languages and LiteratureUniversity Foreign Language Center in Northern TaiwanUniversity Foreign Language Center in Northern Taiwan

National Chengchi UniversityNational Chengchi University

GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON LANGUAGE GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN INDONESIAAND CULTURE IN INDONESIA

Ida Sundari HusenIda Sundari Husen(Faculty of Humanities, University of Indonesia)(Faculty of Humanities, University of Indonesia)

Depok, IndonesiaDepok, Indonesia11

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INDONESIAINDONESIA Situated between South China Sea, Philippine Situated between South China Sea, Philippine

Sea, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.Sea, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

An archipelago of thousand islands, including the An archipelago of thousand islands, including the biggest: Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, biggest: Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua, Nusa Tenggara (Bali, Lombok, Papua, Nusa Tenggara (Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa,Sumba, Flores, Timor, etc.)Sumbawa,Sumba, Flores, Timor, etc.)

220 million of multicultural, multilingual, and 220 million of multicultural, multilingual, and multiethnic inhabitantsmultiethnic inhabitants . .

National language: Indonesian language.National language: Indonesian language.

Regional language: around 700Regional language: around 700

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October 28, 1928October 28, 1928(Indonesia was still named Netherlands East Indie(Indonesia was still named Netherlands East Indie

Youth OathYouth Oathby representatives of youth organizations by representatives of youth organizations

coming from all over the regioncoming from all over the region

One country: INDONESIAOne country: INDONESIA

One nation: INDONESIAOne nation: INDONESIA

One language: INDONESIAN LANGUAGEOne language: INDONESIAN LANGUAGE

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August 17, 1945August 17, 1945Independence DayIndependence Day

CountryCountry : : IndonesiaIndonesia NationalityNationality : : IndonesianIndonesian National language: National language: Indonesian languageIndonesian language FlagFlag : : Dwi warna (two colors) redDwi warna (two colors) red

and whiteand white BorderBorder : : former area of East-former area of East-

Nether-Nether-

lands Indieslands Indies

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Choice of national languageChoice of national language

Malay languageMalay language (lingua franca, 4,9%) (lingua franca, 4,9%) Javanese (47,8 %)Javanese (47,8 %) Sudanese (14,5 %)Sudanese (14,5 %)

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Indonesian LanguageIndonesian Language Government official language in the whole Government official language in the whole country.country. Medium of instruction in all levels of education.Medium of instruction in all levels of education. Tool of information, tourism, science and Tool of information, tourism, science and technology.technology.

In 2006, with 220 million speakers, ranked fourth In 2006, with 220 million speakers, ranked fourth after Chinese (1 billion), English (350 million), and after Chinese (1 billion), English (350 million), and Spanish (250 million)Spanish (250 million)

(1945 Constitution, Article 36, Chapitre IV)(1945 Constitution, Article 36, Chapitre IV)

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Regional culturesRegional cultures

Around 700 regional languages (Javanese spoken by 70 millionAround 700 regional languages (Javanese spoken by 70 million speakers, Sundanese 30 million, etc.)speakers, Sundanese 30 million, etc.) Language & literature,dance, music.Language & literature,dance, music. Taught as mandatory subject in the first three years of Taught as mandatory subject in the first three years of the primary school.the primary school. Local cultures are taught in the junior secondary school.Local cultures are taught in the junior secondary school.

((Explanation of 1945 Indonesian Constitution, Article 36: The state respects Explanation of 1945 Indonesian Constitution, Article 36: The state respects and supports the local languages preserved by the local people, such as Java-and supports the local languages preserved by the local people, such as Java- nese, Sundanese, and the Madurese). Those languages are integral parts of the nese, Sundanese, and the Madurese). Those languages are integral parts of the Indonesian cultures).Indonesian cultures). 2004 Local Autonoy Law.2004 Local Autonoy Law.

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Advancement of technologyAdvancement of technologythreatens the co-existence of the national and regional languagethreatens the co-existence of the national and regional language

National language versus regional languageNational language versus regional language

Young Indonesians throughout the country watch the same Young Indonesians throughout the country watch the same

television programs.television programs. Most Indonesian films and soap operas show the caracters Most Indonesian films and soap operas show the caracters

living in the metropolitan city, using the “metropolitan” living in the metropolitan city, using the “metropolitan”

language.language. Most Indonesians read the same magazines and newspaper Most Indonesians read the same magazines and newspaper

in Indonesian.in Indonesian.

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Indonesian national cultureIndonesian national culture

Amalgamation of rich local cultures, Amalgamation of rich local cultures, including indigenous or modernized including indigenous or modernized local/traditional values, dances and music.local/traditional values, dances and music.

Indonesian gastronomic arts consist of Indonesian gastronomic arts consist of hundreds of methods preparing an infinite hundreds of methods preparing an infinite variation of regional cooking recipes.variation of regional cooking recipes.

Religions: Moslem, Catholic, Protestant, Religions: Moslem, Catholic, Protestant, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucius.Hindu, Buddhist, Confucius.

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Students of Indonesian Language Program for Students of Indonesian Language Program for foreigners playing gamelan (traditional music ensemble)foreigners playing gamelan (traditional music ensemble)

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Students of Indonesian Language Program for Students of Indonesian Language Program for foreigners playing arumba (bamboo traditional music)foreigners playing arumba (bamboo traditional music)

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BALINESE DANCEBALINESE DANCE

Legong Dance

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MINANG (WEST SUMATERA) DANCEMINANG (WEST SUMATERA) DANCE

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SUNDANESE ANGKLUNGSUNDANESE ANGKLUNG

Bamboo traditional music instrument

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INTERNATIONALIZATIONINTERNATIONALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATIONAND GLOBALIZATION

Global image, global market, global finance, globalGlobal image, global market, global finance, global

workforce.workforce.

The growing integration of economies an societies The growing integration of economies an societies

around the world. around the world. Products, services, money, information and ideas –Products, services, money, information and ideas –

more and more jobs of all kinds – are moving more and more jobs of all kinds – are moving

across borders.across borders.

(World Bank)(World Bank)

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The promoters of globalization = the advanced The promoters of globalization = the advanced countries. They are far more prepared, because:countries. They are far more prepared, because:

They have well trained or educated workforce.They have well trained or educated workforce. They own high technology.They own high technology. They possess a sophisticated network of commu-They possess a sophisticated network of commu-

nication system.nication system. They have fundsThey have funds They have more experience in international coopera-They have more experience in international coopera-

tion.tion.

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Internationalization process for Indonesia Internationalization process for Indonesia as a developing countryas a developing country

scholarships to study in foreign countries (USA, Europe). Thescholarships to study in foreign countries (USA, Europe). The

young intellectuals returned back withyoung intellectuals returned back with western knowledge they have learnt western knowledge they have learnt they applied in their they applied in their works.works. Universities use text books written by Europeen or AmericanUniversities use text books written by Europeen or American scholars.scholars. Educational system, methods, principles were mostly importedEducational system, methods, principles were mostly imported from advanced countries. from advanced countries. westernized products westernized products decision decision makers with important position in the society makers with important position in the society western western ideology take more privilege rather than national or local way ideology take more privilege rather than national or local way of thinking.of thinking.

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Extreme measure taken by Soekarno (Indonesian first Extreme measure taken by Soekarno (Indonesian first president, “father” of Indonesian nationalism and identity )president, “father” of Indonesian nationalism and identity )

The western music was banned. He encouraged The western music was banned. He encouraged Indonesian musiciens to compose their own music Indonesian musiciens to compose their own music The booming of Indonesian songs with original The booming of Indonesian songs with original Indonesian and sometimes local language lyrics. Indonesian and sometimes local language lyrics. composition of western music, western melody with composition of western music, western melody with local colors.local colors.

After the death of the first president After the death of the first president the situation the situation turns to another extreme turns to another extreme national culture tends to national culture tends to be the Indonesian version of American culture.be the Indonesian version of American culture.

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American English with all cultural elements are American English with all cultural elements are penetrating all sectors of Indonesian daily life and mindpenetrating all sectors of Indonesian daily life and mind

American film and soap operas;American film and soap operas; Junc food, Mac Donalds’s, Kentucky Fried Junc food, Mac Donalds’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken’s.Chicken’s. Music, books.Music, books.

Cultural globalization has preceded economic Cultural globalization has preceded economic globalization.globalization.

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English has become an indispensable tool of communication and English has become an indispensable tool of communication and asymbol of modernism, intellectuality, social status, and one of asymbol of modernism, intellectuality, social status, and one of

the prerequisites to have a well respected jobthe prerequisites to have a well respected job

Globalization has changed the social structure from feudal to democratic Globalization has changed the social structure from feudal to democratic society consisting of groups:society consisting of groups:

- Those who are untouchable by modernization and still conserve their - Those who are untouchable by modernization and still conserve their indigenious culture.indigenious culture.

- The young Indonesian nationalists who speak only their national language. - The young Indonesian nationalists who speak only their national language. They could not speak their regional language nor English.They could not speak their regional language nor English.

- The Indonesians who are double-cultured: local and national cultures.- The Indonesians who are double-cultured: local and national cultures.

- Those who have triple cultures: local, national and American/- Those who have triple cultures: local, national and American/

international culture.international culture.

- Those who have double cultures: national and “international” cultures.- Those who have double cultures: national and “international” cultures.

- Those who are completely westernized in their way of life.- Those who are completely westernized in their way of life.