Globalisation & the Architect INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ARCHITECTS Kiev June 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President

Globalisation&

the Architect

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ARCHITECTS

Kiev June 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President

GlobalisationQuestions ?

Globalisation – Architectural Services

Key Issues

•An international policy•A conspiracy•A Strategy

1. Context – Global Trends2. Education3. Practice4. International standards5. The Future

Asymmetry1. Context Global Trends


Emerging Economies

•70% of world population of •architects from developed countries•Students architects from developing countries

•70% of world market of architecture in the developing world•Africa = 50 000 architects•Europe = 500 000 architects

•BRICS•EX-USSR – Transition countries•Gulf oil rich countries•Newly accessed EU countries•Africa – Star countries like Angola, Equatorial Guinea•Global Japanese real estate investments•Intensive tourism development in Asia

Context

Kuala Lumpur

Technology


Context

•6,5 billions population•4,5 billions radios•3,5 billions tv•3,2 billions mobiles•1,5 billion computers•600 millions bloggers (MySpace, Facebook,etc)

Electronic Change

•1950s - Air travel•1960s – Communication systems telephone, fax, email, internet•1980s – Computer (r)evolution, mobile telephone•1990s – Digital camera

Bilbao

1. Context Global Trends

Emerging Issues


Context

•Sustainability•Energy conservation•Green technology

•Cultural Identity•Accessibility

Policies•Public Health

•To protect well-being against dangerous materials/bacteria•Public Safety

•To withstand natural forces such as fire, wind ,earthquakes•Public Welfare

•To contribute to functional and esthetic well-being


Political Framework - MRAs


Context

•APEC: 14 countries•EEC – 30 countries•Schenghen – 24 countries mobility•NAFTA – US, Canada, Mexico


ANZCERTA

ASEAN

SAARC/SAFTA

CIS

EU

GCC

UMA

UEMOA

CEMAC

COMESA

SADC

SACU

NAFTA

G3

MCCA

CARICOM

MERCOSUR

EFTA

•MRAs bypass registration procedures•MRAs – ACE: Mexico, Cuba , US•AU-NZ : Singapore and US

Change in needs


Education

•Imbalance: more students in developed countries – except China•Training in one location – Practice in a different location

2. Education

New role of the architect

•Corporate social responsibility •Cities & poverty

•Presence at higher decision level•Competition with engineers•Real Estate positions

•Global marketplace •Professional business management skills•International business practice

Sao Paulo

New York


Education

2. Education

•Sustainability•Energy conservation•Green technology

•Cultural Identity•Accessibility

Change in curriculum contents

Global Footprint

Harmonisation


Education

•Minimum 5 years - Undergraduate•Minimum 2 years – Practical Experience – HMO?•Bologna Directive – 4 years•1999 UIA Accord •2002 UIA UNESCO Charter •Schools outside these minima - problems

2. Education

Schools Accreditation - Validation

•1400 Schools/Universities worldwide•International mobility•International recognition of qualifications•Anglo-Saxon model – Profession control system•State controlled system•2002 -UIA-UNESCO Validation system

CPD


Education

•47 Countries – Existing systems•17 Countries – Mandatory•EU – ACE : Towards mandatory system•Mandatory annually to renew the practice license•Contents

•New technologies•Changing forms of practice•Building Codes & Regulations

•Architects practising away from home•UIA CPD International system

2. Education

Broadly Experienced International Architect


Education

•Recognised qualification•Professional license•Professional international experience 7-10 years•Clean Track record vis-à-vis ethics or legal issues

2. Education Competitive Edge

•Wider range of professional services•Feasibility studies•Post-occupancy evaluations•Facilities management

•Specialist markets•Airports, Hospitals, Museums, Hotel & Leisure facilities


Practice

3. PracticeGlobal Trends

•Larger firms more than 100 employees•Larger scope of services•Market specialised niche•Multidisciplinary – QS, Lawyers, Construction managers,•Competition from other professions – Engineers, Project Managers

Extent of Trade

•US 2007 international architectural fees = 2,8 billions €•Exporters : US, EU, Australia, Japan and Canada•Importers:Asia, Middle East, Ex-USSR •Growth:

•Asia 6,1 %, Eastern EU 4,5%, Middle East and Africa 4,2%•South America 3,9%, North America 2,7 % , Western EU 1,8%

•China, Gulf states and Brazil in Africa•US, UK, AU in Asia•EU in ex-USSR states


Practice

3. Practice

New Delivery Systems

•Design and Build•PPP, BOT

Driving Forces

•Clients seeking internationally reputed or specialists architects •Clients expanding their business abroad•Free trade agreements•Public agencies employing domestic architects for foreign projects•International competitions•Economy downturn at home

Form of Foreign Practice

•Long term presence•One time Joint Venture•Commercial presence•Buying a firm•Outsourcing


Practice

3. Practice

Offshoring - Outsourcing

•Recent and expanding development•Shortage of architects at home•Architects from 1st world sending work to a qualified source abroad•Short circuits all legal barriers.

Modes

•Mode 1: Cross-border supply•Mode 2:Consumption abroad•Mode 3:Commercial Presence•Mode 4: Presence of Natural Persons


Practice

3. Practice Outsourced Locations

•Common language•Professionally educated labour•Established and stable base of the rule of law

Outsourcing Benefits

•Work on tight time schedule due to different time zones•Expanding commissions to find architects when not available at home•Obtain foreign professional services without increasing firm size•Lower costs basis than at home•Establish business relationships with foreign architects educated abroad before they go home•Establish and/or expand foreign basis for future international projects

Marrakesh


Practice

3. Practice Outsourced Tasks

•Architectural working drawings•Presentation models and renderings

Outsourcing Countries

•Largely confined in Asia :India, Philippines, Thailand •Also in Morocco, Tunisia and Mexico•India has only 4% of its IT activities in Construction services•Projected US firms outsourcing

•2006: 8%•2009: 20%


Practice

3. Practice

Regulatory requirements

•Academic•Recognised qualification (5 years)

•Professional•Experience (2 years)•Examination (some countries)•Clean Track record ( Ethics and Legal)•CPD (some countries)

•Financial, Immigration and Labour laws•Business Visa•Customs regulations (documents, materials, models)•Establishing business presence•Transfer of profits out of country•Tax policies and regulations

ChattingHangzhou

ChattingNew York


Practice

3. Practice National Bodies

•Under pressure to revise their laws to recognise and accommodate the realities of the changing global practice•EU –ACE is one example.

Bottlenecks by National Bodies

•Resistance/Hesitancy to change•Anglo-saxon and Napoleonic approaches in MRA negotiations•Lack of understanding between Federal and state systems•Prohibition to register to non-residents•Slow implementation of national obligations of international agreements•Need of international database for registration •Need of international established order

Napoli


UIA

4.UIA From National to Regional Organisations

•FPAA 1950:Federation of Pan-American Architects•CAA 1965:Commonwealth Association of Architects•ARCASIA 1969:Architects Regional Council of Asia•AUA 1981: Africa Union of Architects •ACE 1990:Architects Council of Europe

One International Organisation - UIA

•1948 – 125 Countries – 1 500 000 architects•Architects – International Standards and Norms•Architecture - International Policies•World Representation and Recognition•World Network•World Database

Fes

Our Assets

4. UIA

Globalisation- Architectural Services

2005 915,402,339,0006,453,639,850

83,71%

2002 764,764,672,0006,097,066,860

78,38% +5,33%

•Organised Advocacy capacity•Accreditation power – Validation – Training•Geographical network•Standards development•Credibility and Reputation•International Database of expertise•Power of communication

Global Assets

Vision & Mission

Five MissionsPrinciples

Vision & Strategy

Development

To transform the present UIA into a unique world recognised body for the profession and for Architecture•International Standards•International Policies•International Architectural Observatory•Plan the future

POLICIES

To promote better recognition of Architecture and ArchitectsTo make our action more pertinent and coherent whilst recognising the great diversity of cultures, challenges and practices.•Promote Architecture•Promote Architects•Reinforce our Network of Strategic Partnerships

ADVOCACY

To establish a solidarity and cooperation network among architects of the world.To speed up change to achieve targets set by UIA policies•Education•Professional Practice•Knowledge Sharing•International Cooperation

CAPACITY BUILDING

To strengthen and develop UIA.•Reinforce the Organisation•Sustainable Resources•Reinforce our Network of Commercial Partnerships•Manage all the partners’ agreements

DEVELOPMENT

To become a powerful communication network•External Representation•Engage UIA Membership•Expand UIA Membership

REPRESENTATION

VISIONBuild a better Environment for Humanity

Development


UIA

4.UIA

Mobility - Harmonisation

•Develop equivalency•Develop international standards•Establish agreements •Validate and Accredit•Enable capacity building


UIA

4.UIA – Education International Standards

•2002 UNESCO-UIA Charter for Education•Curriculum definition

•UNESCO-UIA Validation of Schools/Universities•Parnership with RIBA

•CPD – Continuing Professional Development•Partnership with Spain •International CPD platform

Exchange programme

•International Exchange programme for students and young architects•International Exchange programme for lecturers

International Database

•World schools survey – Tsinghua University, Shanghai

Curaçao

Practice WorldwideStatistics 03 Studentsnumber of students unknown (7): Belgium, Benin, Canada, Congo R.D., Spain, Italy, Mexicono schools of architecture (6): Andorra, Netherlands Antilles, Congo, Mauritius, Namibia, Trinidad & Tobago

country/territory arch. stud. ratio

CN P.R. of China 36.000 410.000 11,389HN Honduras 450 1.300 2,889IR Iran 3.400 8.000 2,353NG Nigeria 4.500 10.000 2,222 CZ Czech Republic 2.921 5.000 1,712SD Sudan 800 1.300 1,625KR South Korea 10.140 12.000 1,183CR Costa Rica 2.003 2.145 1,071AR Argentina 42.000 44.000 1,048

IN India 30.000 26,000 0,867DE Germany 50.000 41.759 0,835PT Portugal 12.113 9.302 0,768BD Bangladesh 1.181 900 0,762FR France 26.964 19.000 0,705RO Romania 5.500 3.800 0,691MY Malaysia 3.167 1.898 0,599SI Slovenia 1.200 700 0,583CH Switzerland 5.330 3.000 0,563SK Slovakia 2.500 1.400 0,560PL Poland 13.500 6.770 0,501UZ Uzbekistan 1.099 550 0,500AU Australia 11.605 5.486 0,473MT Malta 515 237 0,460FI Finland 3.500 1.600 0,457RU Russia 11.883 5.000 0,421SG Singapore 1.469 617 0,420

country/territory arch. stud. ratio

PS Palestina 1.074 450 0,419

EC Ecuador 13.400 5.250 0,392US United States 102.000 36.300 0,356UK United Kingdom 30.399 10.000 0,329GR Greece 15.756 5.000 0,317LT Lithuania 2.700 838 0,310HR Croatia 3.000 920 0,307BO Bolivia 5.265 1.500 0,285NL Netherlands 8.350 2.280 0,273JP Japan 307.558 80.000 0,260EG Egypt 19.954 5.123 0,257HK Hong Kong 2.040 500 0,245SE Sweden 5.376 1.300 0,242AM Armenia 1.200 250 0,208GE Georgia 2.500 500 0,200ZA South Africa 4.271 800 0,187TR Turkey 29.655 5.000 0,169MK FYR of Macedonia 3.000 500 0,167IE Ireland 2.500 400 0,160EE Estonia 700 105 0,150IL Israel 7.000 1.000 0,143CS Serbia & Montenegro8.000 1.000 0,125BR Brazil 80.000 8.500 0,106NZ New Zealand 1.650 175 0,106HU Hungary 4.000 300 0,075BY Belarus X 1.400 X

2005: 0.422‰

2010: 0.402‰


UIA

4.UIA – Practice International Standards

•1999 UIA International Accord on Practice•2006 WTO Geneva discussions on Domestic Regulations•UIA – Only body according to Art VIII of GATS to establish international standards for architectural services

Capacity Building

•Enabling transition countries to reach international standards

International Database

•International Practice survey – COAC, Barcelona – 91 Countries

Bucharest

Tokyo

Practice Worldwide

STATISTICS02 Architects

Num. arch. unspecified (2): Belarus, Mexico

2010: 0.480‰

2002: 0.266‰

country/territory inhab. arch.ratio

JP Japan 127,914,000 307,5582.404

IT Italy 57,253,000 111,0631.940

MK FYR Macedonia 2,076,000 3,0001.445

GR Greece 10,978,000 15,7561.435

LU Luxembourg 437,000 6001.373

MT Malta 397,000 5151.297

PT Portugal 10,080,000 12,1131.202

DK Denmark 5,320,000 6,0001.128

IS Iceland 279,000 3141.125

BE Belgium 10,359,000 11,5001.110

AR Argentina 39,311,000 42,0001.068

IL Israel 6,685,000 7,0001.047

EC Ecuador 13,379,000 13,4001.002

ES Spain 41,184,000 40,7410.989

AD Andorra 75,000 690.920

NO Norway 4,469,000 3,8000.850

LT Lithuania 3,401,000 2,7000.794

CO Colombia 42,105,000 33,3000.791

CS Serbia &Mtgro 10,513,000 8,0000.761

CH Switzerland 7,157,000 5,3300.745

HR Croatia 4,405,000 3,0000.681

FI Finland 5,224,000 3,5000.670

IE Ireland 4,040,000 2,5000.619

SI Slovenia 1,979,000 1,2000.606

DE Germany 82,560,000 50,0000.606

SE Sweden 8,895,000 5,3760.604

CL Chile 15,211,000 9,0000.592

AU Australia 20,092,000 11,6050.578

BO Bolivia 9,138,000 5,2650.576

EE Estonia 1,294,000 7000.541

VE Venezuela 24,170,000 13,0000.538


BG Bulgaria 7,949,000 4,1780.526

NL Netherlands 16,300,000 8,3500.512

UK United Kingdom 59,818,000 30,3990.508

GE Georgia 5,026,000 2,5000.497

LV Latvia 2,421,000 1,2000.496

SK Slovakia 5,411,000 2,5000.462

CR Costa Rica 4,372,000 2,0030.458

FR France 60,525,000 26,9640.446

BR Brazil 182,798,000 80,0000.438

NZ New Zealand 3,932,000 1,6500.420

HU Hungary 9,784,000 4,0000.409

TR Turkey 73,302,000 29,6550.405

AM Armenia 3,043,000 1,2000.394

AT Austria 8,080,000 3,1040.384

PL Poland 38,516,000 13,5000.351

US United States 300,038,000 102,0000.340

SG Singapore 4,372,000 1,4690.336

CZ Czech Republic 10,216,000 2,9210.286

HK Hong Kong 7,182,000 2,0400.284

PS Palestine 3,815,000 1,0740.282

EG Egypt 74,878,000 19,9540.266

PR Puerto Rico 3,915,000 1,0270.262

RO Romania 22,228,000 5,5000.247

CA Canada 31,972,000 7,5000.235

PH Phillipines 75,653,000 16,0000.211

KR Rep. of Korea 48,182,000 10,1400.210

MO Macao 444,000 710.160

MD Moldova 4,295,000 6700.156

TN Tunisia 9,459,000 1,4000.148

UA Ukraine 49,568,000 7,1000.143


AN Neth. Antilles 224,000 300.134

MY Malaysia 25,325,000 3,1670.125

VN Vietnam 78,137,000 8,5000.109

MU Mauritius 1,244,000 1260.101

ZA South Africa 45,323,000 4,2710.094

RU Russia 141,553,000 11,8830.084

TT Trinidad & Tobago 1,311,000 1000.076

HN Honduras 7,257,000 4500.062

NA Namibia 2,032,000 1040.051

MA Morocco 29,878,000 1,4500.049

IR Iran 70,675,000 3,4000.048

UZ Uzbekistan 26,868,000 1,0990.041

NG Nigeria 130,236,000 4,5000.035

ID Indonesia 212,092,000 6,0000.028

CN P.R. of China 1,299,487,000 36,0000.028

LK Sri Lanka 18,924,000 4850.026

IN India 1,008,937,000 25,0000.025

SD Sudan 35,040,000 8000.023

CG Congo 3,921,000 700.018

KE Kenia 30,669,000 5000.016

BJ Benin 7,103,000 1070.015

ML Mali 13,829,000 2000.014

CD D.R. of Congo 56,079,000 8000.014

ZW Zimbabwe 12,627,000 1000.008

BD Bangladesh 152,593,000 1,1810.008

TZ Tanzania 35,119,000 1710.005

SL Sierra Leone 5,340,000 200.004

TD Chad 9,117,000 200.002

BY Belarus 9,809,000 X

MX Mexico 106,385,000 X


UIA

4.UIA – Practice UIA Accord - International Guidelines

•Professionalism Standards•Education•Scope of Practice•Practice in a host nation•Intellectual Property – Copyright•Role of Professional Bodies•Practical Experience – Training – Internship•CPD•Demonstration of Professional Knowledge•Ethics and Conduct•Accreditation – Validation – Recognition•Registration – Licensing – Certification•Form of Practice•Computer Practice•Building Delivery Systems•Codes and Standards•Use with National Governments•Mutual Recognition AgreementsAbu Dhabi

Values- Social IssuesCollective global assets


The Future

•Access to education•Access to health•Access to the city

World collective heritage

•Environment•Cultural Diversity

International Standards

•Education•Professional Practice

Lisbon

Sochi

Extreme Mobility of

has removed all barriers of protection

Globalisation = ContextConclusion


The Future

•People•Goods•Ideas and Concepts

•When wealth and world assets are shared•Forced or natural•Depending on our desire of solidarity

Changing Role of the Architect - Solidarity

Globalisation/Crisis = Danger + Opportunity 危机

Wealth 2015

Merci


Istanbul, 22 February 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President

Documents

Globalisation & the Architect INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ARCHITECTS Kiev June 2008 Gaëtan Siew - UIA President