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Elcio P. Guimarães
Workshop on Nordic PPP on Pre‐breeding
17 February 2011
Eco-Efficient Agriculture for the Poor
Global Pre‐breeding Strategy with Focus on Minor Crops
With contributors from: Steve Beebe; Hernan Ceballos; Daniel Debouck; Clair Hershey; and Cesar Martinez
Content
Basic concepts
• Pre‐breeding strategies
• Challenges
2/30
Basic concepts
A G R I C U L T U R EBiodiversityloss
Populationgrowth
Urbanization
Economicgrowth
Diet changes
Landdegradation
Less water
Climate change
3/30
Plant Genetic Resources (PGR)Basic concepts
PGR = building blocks to develop new varieties
Activities related to PGR:• High cost and long term return
• Collection, characterization, evaluation …… use
PGR selection/breeding• Can be easily changed in a breeding program
• The least expensive and the most important for success
Traits of interest cannot be found!!!!4/30
Basic concepts
Pre‐breeding
Definition ‐ all activities designed to identifydesirable characteristics/genes from unadaptedPGR and to transfer them to an intermediate product that breeders can manipulate
5/30
Basic concepts
Pre‐breeding ‐ SoW‐2
Pre‐breeding occupies a unique and often
crucial step between PGRFA conserved in
collections and their use by breeders
Gaps and needs• Lack of characterization and evaluation data remain a serious constrain to the use of many collections, especially of underutilized crops and CWR
• Great attention is needed to pre‐breeding to enhance the use of PGRFA
6/30
Basic concepts
Pre‐breeding – GPA – PA10
A process referred to as pre‐breeding or genetic enhancement is often necessary to produce material that can be easily used by breeders
Recognize the importance of providing long‐term funding and logistical support to plant breeding and research, pre‐breeding, genetic enhancement and base‐broadening activities
Encourage the development of public‐private and other partnerships
7/30
Basic concepts
Pre‐breeding
A link between PGR (genebank managers) and breeding (breeders)• Genebank managers ‐ understand the genetic diversity within the collections
• Breeders – introduce new traits in the varieties
How?• Identification of genes that control traits of interest
• Moving from unadapted sources into new varieties
8/30
Basic concepts
Pre‐breeding
Base broadening or genetic enhancement
Introgression• Genetic nature of the trait
• Number of genes
• Heritability
• G x E
9/30
Content
• Basic concepts
Pre‐breeding strategies
• Challenges
10/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Pre‐breeding
Genebank Pre‐breeding Breeding
PGR Seeds
CharacterizationCharacterization
Parental development
ParentaldevelopmentCollection
Maintenance Evaluation Varietal improvement
Varietal release
11/30
Mais
71%71%
6 variety
Maiz
Source: World Conservation Monitoring Center, Global Biodiversity
Why Pre-breeding?Reduction of BiodiversityPotato
75%75%
4 varieties
Potato Rice
4 varieties
65%65%
Rice
Soybean
50%50%
6 varieties
Soybean Wheat
50%50%
9 varieties
Wheat
12/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Pre-breeding strategies
Genetic Uniformity/Vulnerability (UG99)
IRAN 2008
PAKISTAN 2009
13/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Collections
Enlarge the collection
Understand the content
Characterization and evaluation
Information dissemination
Utilization
Network (regional)
First message: “The importance of characterization and evaluation”
14/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Passiflora in Colombia
> 530 species worldwide
165 in Colombia
10 – 12 in use
1 predominate (Passiflora edulis)
Second message: “Knowledge of the genetic diversity”
15/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Three Levels of Diversity
Different crops
16/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Three Levels of Diversity
Different crops
Different varieties within the same crop
17/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Three Levels of Diversity
Different crops
Different varieties within the same crop
Heterogeneous varieties
18/30
19/30
Third message: “Local knowledge and diversity”
Pre-breeding strategies
Pre-breeding strategies
Genetic Distances
Genetic distance between species
Gene pools • Primary (same species)
• Secondary (different species than the cultivated)
• Tertiary (more distantly related)
Forth message: “Knowledge of the inter species relationship”
20/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Methods
Breeding methods – reproductive systems
Segregating population size
Recurrent selection methods
Test crosses and target environment
Gene expression – candidate gene
Apply synteny concept
Future environment (climate change)
21/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Methods
Change in the genetic structure• Cassava – self‐pollination
• Discovery of waxy, herbicide R, PPD
Use of land races vs related species
Special species – special breeding techniques• Onion, banana, sugar cane….(difficulties in sexual reproduction – flowering induction)
Breeding methods are similar – starting point differ
Fifth message: “Pre-breeding needs a strong breedingprogram to operate under”
22/30
Pre-breeding strategies
Similarities “major” and “minor” Crops
Genetics are the same
Limited # of CWR in the collections (SoW‐2)
Breeding methods (reproductive systems)
Multidisciplinary team
Sixth message: “There are experiences with the majorcrops that are useful to minor ones”
23/30
Differences Between “major” and “minor” Crops
Pre-breeding strategies
Knowledge levelGenetics, Biology, Pathology….
Relationship among species
Different focus/management
Segregating population size
Sterility level (techniques to overcome)
Variability level within species (minor = higher)
Large distance ‐ land races and cultivated (???)
24/30
Differences Between “major” and “minor” Crops
Pre-breeding strategies
Application of biotechnology tools
Phenotyping before genotyping
# of collections
Type of characterization
# of professionals and financial support
Long term results
Level of stress (more specific)
Seventh message: “Strategy for minor crops has to bedifferent from the major ones”
25/30
Content
• Basic concepts
• Pre‐breeding strategies
Challenges
26/30
Challenges
Challenges
Characterization and evaluation
Knowledge of the genetic diversity
Local knowledge and diversity
Inter species relationship
Strong breeding program
Experiences with the major crops
Strategy for minor crops
27/30
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
World collections
Breeding tools (including biotechnology)
Applied experience• Rice
• Beans
• Cassava
Understanding of CC and relationship with PGR
Understanding of future challenges
28/30
International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
Rice• Heat tolerance – O. latifolia
• QTL yield – O. rufipogon
• R to diseases – several sources
Beans• Intra specific (two groups) – primary gene pool
• Inter specific (species) – secondary gene pool
• Tolerance to stress – secondary gene pool
• Drought and heat tolerance – P. acutifolius
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