Global Dry Toilet Club of Finland

Sanitation in developing countries

Zambia-project

Global sanitation situation 300 million people with flushsan but 800 million with dysfunctional flushsan 2 700 million with basic pit latrines and 2 600 million with no sanitation at all, of which

About 500 million in Africa Almost 2 000 million in Asia

Global MDG Challenge 1 750 million to be served by 2015 450 million new installations by 2015 95 000 installations per day to 2015

(Source: EcoSanRes).

Sanitation in the World

Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. WHO, UNICEF, 2000

People with access to proper sanitation

Sanitation facts and figures 2.2 million people in developing countries, most of them children, die

every year from diseases associated with lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene.

Some 6,000 children die every day from diseases associated with lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene – equivalent to 20 jumbo jets crashing every day.

At any one time it is estimated that half of the world’s hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water-borne diseases.

200 million people in the world are infected with schistosomiasis, of whom 20 million suffer severe consequences.

The average distance that women in Africa and Asia walk to collect water is 6 km.

One flush of a toilet may use as much water as the average person in the developing world uses for a whole day’s washing, cleaning, cooking and drinking (about 10 l).

The population of the Kibeira slum in Nairobi, Kenya pay up to five times the price for a litre of water than the average American citizen.

Source: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, 2003

(Dry) Sanitation and MDG’s 1/3Goal 1. Eradication of extreme hunger and poverty

Halve the proportion of people whose income is less than 1 USD (from 1990) Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger (from 1990)

Proper sanitation > healthier adults and children to work and study, smaller amount of money to health expenses

More water to use for gardens and fields, free fertilizer from composted toilet waste > more food and more income

Goal 2. All the children to primary education by 2015 Healthy child is more likely in school than the one who has diarrhoea Proper sanitation in schools helps children to concentrate to their studies Girls who don’t have to carry the water and take care for family sanitation are

more likely in school

Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women Water and sanitation are often women’s responsibility, it may take many

hours so in that time there is no possibility to go to school or work Women get usually more health problems from improper sanitation conditions

> when they are sick, they cannot work

(Dry) Sanitation and MDG’s 2/3Goal 4. Reduction of two-thirds of the under-five mortality

Many of the fatal diseases for under-five are spreading because of bad sanitation conditions, e.g. about 5 000 children every day are dying because of diarrhoea > with proper sanitation can be saved lives

Goal 5. Reduction of three-quarters of maternal mortality ratio Good sanitation and hygiene during the pregnancy is essential for the

health of mother and baby, e.g. urinary infections and anaemia may cause problems during the pregnancy; diarrhoea, parasites etc. are worsening the situation

Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases HIV-patience immune system is weak and bad sanitation may easily

cause them serious problems and may affect e.g. their work ability, which may be essential for their family

Malaria mosquito's are breeding in open waters; bad sanitation, e.g. open sewerage systems and open wastewater pools increase their breeding

Parasites and many other diseases are spreading from the open defecation places and are causing problems to millions of people

(Dry) Sanitation and MDG’s 3/3Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability Sustainable development principles into country policies Halve the proportion of people suffering the lack of access to safe

drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015 Achievement of significant improvement in the lives of at least 100

million slum dwellers by 2020 Good sanitation is essential for the environment and the people Sanitation is slums is a big problem, the lack of space makes sanitation

even more difficult, diseases are spreading easily in densely populated area, slum areas are not usually the first to get water and sanitation > improving sanitation is improving people’s lives as a whole

Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development Increase aid to developing countries, creation of non-discrimi-

native trading and financial systems and debt reductions Sanitation programmes is helping people in many ways, so aid is also

efficiently used; money is not always the whole answer, it is also needed to think where/how to use the money

Sanitation projects in developing countries Finland has made bigger projects e.g. in Vietnam

(1991-2005), in Egypt, (1993-2005), and in Ethiopia (1994-2006); in some projects sanitation has been one part (e.g. in Nepal, 2001-2005)

smaller projects in various countries, mainly by NGO’s (e.g. FCA, Unicef, RC)

most of the ecological sanitation/ dry sanitation projects have been small scale /pilot projects

Organisations: GTZ (Germany), SIDA (Sweden) http://ecosanres.org/map/index.html

Project cycle for NGO’s financed by Ministry for Foreign Affairs

Project preparation, preparatory trip

Approval (in December)

Implementation, Year reports, mid-term review

Project plan

Application(end of the May)

Project end,Final evaluation

New project

Zambia 11,6 million inhabitants.

Area: 750 000 km2

One of the poorest countries in the world, GDP 450 $/ person (Finland 32 790)

Infant mortality 102 per./ 1000 per. (Finland 3/ 1000), life expectancy: 38 years (Finland 79)

Labour force- by occupation: agriculture (85 % of workers), industry (6 %), services (9 %); unemployment rate 50 %

Dry Sanitation Improvement Programme for Zambia (ZASP)

Project duration: 2006-2008 Financing: Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (85 %) and Global

Dry Toilet Club of Finland (15 %), Budget 145 310 € Project area: Kaloko, Masaiti District, Zambia (26 000 ha) App. 10 000 inhabitants (11 communities) 3 big schools, several smaller community schools, training centre and

clinic

Project planning Water survey in the area 1999,

sanitation was not research properly but was noticed that there were no proper toilets in the area

In Spring 2005 Kaloko Trust was contacted again and sanitation situation was still quite the same and project plan was made in Finland, e-mail discussions with Kaloko Trust

No preparatory trip because the area was familiar before and there was no time

Project plan in May 2005 and funding application for the ministry

Project objects Improve health and hygiene in the area by preventing pathogens

from toilet waste from spreading to the environment Improve schooling possibilities by building up toilets to the

schools Improve equality by ensuring girls toilets and hygiene facilities in

schools Closing the loop of nutrients by using toilet waste as free

fertilizers in the gardens and fields thus improving the food secure

Strengthening of the local economic activity (cash crops, making of toilet parts and buildings)

Encourage people to start to built there own private toilets and improve their water and sanitation conditions and hygiene

Making simple procedure model for sanitation projects, so the experiences of the project can be utilized

Project implementation Baseline study in 2006 Present state of the sanitation (toilet types, numbers, users etc.). Hygiene and the illnesses which have appeared in the area Water supply, sanitation and possible sewerage systems (e.g. water

sources, wastewater treatment) Effect of the local culture on toilets (e.g. differences between male

and female behaviour, hygiene, the local traditions and beliefs etc.). The use of composting toilets in Zambia (nutrient circulation & closed

chain, need for nutrients, improvement of cultivation, manufacturing and selling toilet parts)

Chartings of target groups for education (what kind of education has been given, what would be needed, training of the contact persons and project assistants, training of the villagers etc.).

Partners in cooperation (previous and present projects, co-operation willingness, need for different projects in the area etc.)

Water in Kaloko 2/3 of inhabitants are using open,

unprotected shallow wells and rivers as their water source. Only few boreholes in the area.

Open wells can be easily contaminated, especially in rain season. Health problems e.g. with diarrhoea, cholera, skin infectious and parasites, no water samples analyzed so far

Four streams/rivers in the area, but usually they yield water only 9-10 months. Streams are used in many purposes e.g. drinking water source, dish and human washing place, drinking place for animals etc.

Private toilets in the area App. 40% of inhabitants have

toilet to use Most of them are simple pit

toilets and mainly they are in bad shape, only 4 % are using VIP-toilets

For the rest of the people it is usual to visit ”bushes” or dig small hole in the ground.

Public toilets, schools In schools, too few toilets

and also their quality is bad. In some schools no toilets at all.

Usually no hand washing possibilities

Public toilets, other

In other public places like market area, community health posts and churches no toilets or “hole in the ground”

Toilets in the clinic are quite new and in moderate shape, at least outside

Baseline survey findings

Many families are using the same toilet in village, usually toilet or pit is about 20 m from the house

People’s knowledge about spreading of diseases is quite good (e.g. diseases are spreading by flies and excreta) but means to prevent diseases are not known or carried out

Not many beliefs linked to toilet waste Most of the people don’t know about composting or

composting toilets, flushing toilet is known Most of the people are still ready to use composted

toilet waste if they are teached how to use it

Baseline survey findings

Good toilet includes: tissue, water, good smell, towel, soap, cleaning equipments

Bad toilet is: smelling badly, lot of flies, dirty Most of the people are ready to pay for

private toilets (at least in theory) Most of the people complain that they don’t

have enough pure water and toilets

Diseases in the area, Kaloko Clinic

Diarrhoea

01020304050

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under 5-years

over 5-years

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Malaria

under 5-years

over 5-years

Chartings from Kaloko Clinic

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Skin infections

under 5-years

over 5-years

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2

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Worms and parasites

under 5-years

over 5-years

Project implementation, 2007-2008 Functional and safe

toilet solutions are constructed in the project area

At first new toilets are built in public places such as schools, clinic, health posts and market area (about 10 pilot toilets in year 2007)

Project implementation, 2007-2008 The consciousness of the use

and maintenance of toilets is increased by health education, participatory methods like drama theatre, discussion groups are used

Education and discussions in every part of the project, villagers and every group of the people (women, men, children etc.) involved in the project

Project implementation, 2007-2008 The use of toilet waste

is examined and tested. This way information on nutrient effects of toilet waste is easily seen in the test area.

When positive evidence of the nutrient effects is gathered, it will be easier to justify the use of the toilet waste to the inhabitants.

Thank you! Twatotela!Thank you! Twatotela!

Project Supporters Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (www.formin.fi)Metsäpirtin Nurmikkomulta/ Helsinki WaterEcosir Oy

We are looking also for private godpersons (huussikummi!)

Welcome to make a healthier world!

Contact information:

Project Coordinator

Sari Huuhtanen e-mail: sambia@huussi.net tel: + 358 500 953357 www.huussi.net www.kalokotrust.org