gL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL - afsa.org · Issued monthly Angusby the American Foreign Service Association, 1809 G Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. Entered as second-class

gL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 26, NO. 12 JOURNAL DECEMBER, 1949

In This Issue—The Association’s Christmas Gift

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AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE

ASSOCIATION HONORARY PRESIDENT

DEAN ACHESON SECRETARY OF STATE

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS

THE UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE THE ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF

STATE THE COUNSELOR

GEORGE F. KENNAN PRESIDENT

W. WALTON BUTTERWORTH VICE PRESIDENT

ELBERT G. MATHEWS SECRETARY-TREASURER

JOHN M. McSWEENEY ASSISTANT SECRETARY-TREASURER

BARBARA P. CHALMERS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE HERVE J. L HEUREUX CHAIRMAN

ELBRIDGE DURBROW VICE CHAIRMAN

ELBERT G. MATHEWS JOHN M. MCSWEENEY WILLIAM P. HUGHES

ALTERNATE

RAYMOND A. HARE HAROLD N. WADDELL

JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD EDMUND A. GULLION CHAIRMAN FRANK S. HOPKINS JOHN M. ALLISON PAUL J. REVELEY MARTIN F. HERZ JOAN DAVID MANAGING EDITOR

EDUCATION COMMITTEE NILES W. BOND CHAIRMAN BENJAMIN M. HULLEY JOSEPH S. SPARKS MRS. ELBRIDGE DURBROW MRS. JOHN K. EMMERSON

ALTERNATES

MRS. WILLIAM L. KRIEG EVAN M. WILSON

ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE JACK D. NEAL CHAIRMAN FULTON FREEMAN G. FREDERICK REINHARDT STUART W. ROCKWELL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, II

ALTERNATES

MISS G. EDITH BLAND THOMAS S. ESTES

This publication is not official and material appearing- herein represents only personal opinions, and is not in¬ tended in any way to indicate the official views of the Department of State or of the Foreign Service as a whole.

The Editors will consider all manu¬ scripts submitted to the American Foreign Service Journal. If accepted, the author will be paid a minimum of one cent a word on publication. Pho¬ tographs accompanying articles will, if accepted, be purchased at one dol¬ lar each. Five dollars is paid for cover pictures.

Coypright, 1949, by the American Foreign Service Association. The re¬ printing of any article or portion of an article from this publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors.

Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, 1809 G Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., un¬ der the Act of March 3, 1879.

SUBSCRIPTIONS The American Foreign Service Journal

is open to subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $3.00 a year, 30 cents a copy.

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE

JOURNAL

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. 26, NO. 12 DECEMBER 1949

COVER PICTURE: Detail of the Epiphany Window, Bethlehem Chapel, Washington Cathedral. Color plates loaned through courtesy of the Washing¬ ton Cathedral.

IRAN ENGINEERS ITS FUTURE 11 By Samuel J. Gorlitz and Northrup H. Kirk

FOREIGN SERVICE RESCUE TEAM ... 15 By Emily H. Bateman, R. N.

THE TRUST TERRITORIES OF THE PACIFIC 16 By James L. O’Sullivan, FSO

THE PRESS: TWO VIEWS OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE 18

CHRISTMAS GREETINGS From the President .... 22 From the Secretary of State 23 From the Director General : 24

THE BOOKSHELF 32 By Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor

Anna E. Long John C. Haskins W. E. O’Connor Eleanor West

LEATHERNECKS AND TOP HATS 34 By Joel D. Thacker

LETTER FROM WASHINGTON—THE PRICE SITUATION 36

FOREIGN SERVICE WIVES LUNCHEON 56

DEPARTMENTS Letters to the Editor 3 Twenty Five Years Ago 19 Marriages 19 Editors’ Column 20

Angus Ward Semper Fidelis Our New Book Service

Births 20 Retirements & Resignations 20 Service Glimpses .... . 25 News From the Department 26 News From the Field 28 In Memoriam 56

Letters to the Editors

Belfast, Maine December 12, 1949

To I lie Editors, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL:

In reply to your request for your readers’ views respecting Mr. Philip Bagby's article on Service morale I venture to ob¬ serve that Mr. Bagby placed his hand on a festering sore. Although Mr. Bagby had his own personal reasons for resigning from the Service “nevertheless,” he explains, “I would not have thrown away my career so lightly if I had not felt that the Service is no longer the straight and narrow path on which I entered ... it is certainly true that personal security and the chances of reaching the top are less than they were before the war.”

Where lies the trouble and where the remedy? On many sides I hear complaints and voices of discouragement from members of the Service. Why should this surprise anyone who has followed the strange aberrations of administrative officers who. with premeditation, have been doing their utmost to break down the security implicit in the Act of 1924 by means of the unhappily drafted Act of 1946? The great virtue of the Act of 1924 was that it gave assurance to Service members that during good behavior they were in no danger of arbitrary dis¬ missal until they reached the age of sixty-five years. It was believed and so stated at the time that such an age limit was essential to the acquisition of the experience regarded, then, as an invaluable asset instead of a detriment. Happy results en¬ sued and a remarkable esprit de corps developed, largely due to the wise and unselfish direction of the late Wilbur J. Carr, whose successor has not yet been found. What has happened in recent years?

The Act of 1946 was ushered in after a naive and now re¬ gretted disclosure published editorially in the JOURNAL that the era of the Young man had arrived, that to make place for the Young Man at the top it should be the pleasure of their elders approaching the statutory age of retirement to quit voluntarily. But, as the intended victims showed no disposition to quit it be¬ came necessary to find some drastic means of accomplishing the desired result. There was then invented a “new promotion system” 11 quote from House Report No. 2508) and “it will be the aim of the new system to provide for the rapid advancement of men of ability by the separation of officers less qualified for advancement.” “In general,” continued these bright Young Men. “the retirement age is lowered from 65 to 60.” Thus by these artificial retirements, five years that had cost the United States some millions to acquire, were to he cut off from men normally at the maximum of their usefulness. The process was euphemistically described as one of “selection out.” The out¬ raged feelings of those “selected out” did not really matter so long as places higher up could be made for bright Young Men and still other places for that monstrosity known as the Foreign Service Reserve Officers Corps whose members were pushed into the Service over the heads of everybody, even the bright Young Men.

Congress was asked to sanction these arrangements and did so by granting the Secretary authority to prescribe the maximum period during which Foreign Service Officers of Classes Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 “shall be permitted to remain in such classes without promotion.” To rid himself of any or all of them it was merely necessary to let them remain in their classes and when the hour sounded they were out of the Service, branded of course as incapables. Is it any wonder that men of spirit revolt at such arrangements, like Mr. Bagby, who gets out of it preferring “to pursue the study of cultural anthropology.” Our Young Men explain that actually only a few men in each

(Continued on. page 5)

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4 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR (Continued from page 3)

class will he “selected out,” enough however to discourage and irritate all of them. Mr. Baghy forgets whether ten or twelve percent were to he given the “selected out” treatment, in any case a sufficient number to make this the worst blow suffered by the Foreign Service since the days of Andrew Jackson.

In the meantime, while our Circumlocution Office in Wash¬ ington has deprived our Foreign Service of the basic security vital to its existence as a career, it has increased what was once a compact and fairly efficient arm of the Government operated by something like two thousand individuals, by mus¬ tering an army abroad composed, some say of twelve thousand and others twenty, for whose employment in our various mis¬ sions no convincing justification has yet been advanced. No¬ body in or out of Congress has been able to obtain a broken- down list of this multitude showing numbers, names and precise functions at each post, and without such a list objective discus¬ sion is difficult. It is known that confusion is the rule gen¬ erally, and the real work falls upon comparatively few persons. If Mr. Bagby, in his next article, can let in a little light on this subject he will have rendered yet another service of value.

ROBERT P. SKINNER

• Correspondent Skinner wields a potent pen. Would one of our readers care to answer him?

A FOREIGN SERVICE WIFE SPEAKS OUT To the Editors, AMERICAN FOREICN SERVICE JOURNAL:

Those “Dear John” letters! We now know that they were sent out wholesale, for “476 people in the Service” got them, but two or three months ago when they were received, each recipient thought he was the one and only laggard in his Class, being misled by that “Personal and Confidential.”

What a lack of imagination and human understanding on the part of those who drafted these SHOCKERS. The sample letter headed “Did You Get One of These?” (on page 54 September issue) ends with the sentence “I wish you succss in improving your standing”—a far more polite tone than the one I saw which ended thus “improve your performance”— as if one were a trick dog in a circus!

Gad Sirs, we know our limitations, but we also know our worth, so only one word fits those 476 letters and the manner in which they were sent out—SHAMEFUL!

MORE ABOUT MORALE Washington, D. C. November 21, 1949

To the Editors, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL:

The following lines, written in response to the JOURNAL’S

invitation for comments on Mr. Bagby’s recent article regard¬ ing morale in the Foreign Service are somewhat tentative in character, since I gather that Mr. Bagby will contribute a further article on the matter, and the JOURNAL has promised an analysis of his contentions.

Whatever one may think of Mr. Bagby’s views in general, it is certainly true that many expressions of opinion from members of the Foreign Service would appear to justify a recent statement to the effect that Foreign Service Officers are suffering from a kind of “mass inferiority complex.” In his first article, Mr. Bagby begins by telling us that he has re¬ signed, having abandoned his career because he felt that the Service no longer provides the straight and narrow path upon which he embarked at the beginning of the war years. No doubt most of us would be happy to follow a straight path in a static world. Unfortunately, it seems that such a blissful pilgrimage is not to be the lot of many of our generation in the Service, or perhaps out of it for that matter.

(Continued on page 7)

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LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

(Continued from page 5)

It occurred to me in reading Mr. Bagby’s lines that to a large extent the sense of defeatism to which I refer may derive from a lack of current and authoritative information on the part of officers abroad about present developments affecting the Service, as well as from the failure of the Department to impart a sense of direction, in most instances, to individual careers.

Mr. Bagby’s intimation that many officers would have achieved greater earnings in other occupations is a contention that is not infrequently voiced, and therefore deserving of examination. As studies of the levels of incomes in various professions are available, I should think the JOURNAL would be well advised to publish some of the findings in order that those who perceive in this matter a source of dissatisfaction could have the benefit of the resulting comparisons. They might find that they had not come off so badly after all. Data regarding Service-connected expenses and the degree to which such expenses may be offset by allowances are doubtless at hand in the Department and it would seem equally worthwhile to summarize these for dissemination to the field. I willingly concede that Mr. Bagby is on firm ground when he emphasizes the paramount importance of security, since the Foreign Ser¬ vice officer, obliged to live abroad over a period of years, is indeed a member of no community other than that formed by his own Service. The “selection out” feature of the Act of 1946 appears to have contributed to the deterioration of Ser¬ vice morale to an extent which might otherwise represent a neurotic manifestation. That ornament of modern efficiency methods was, I am sure, not deliberately introduced in order to work a grotesque injustice on the group of officers who will have suffered disproportionately through the nature or location of their assignments, through ill health, or through the tem¬ perament of officers under whom they have served. Yet it is widely felt that “selection out” will fall indiscriminately on the just and the unjust. It might be considered logical that a means could be devised for separating the incurably delin¬ quent or ineffectual without forcing good officers out of the Service simply because the hierarchy of grades is “pyramidal” in form. The whole concept would appear to place undue emphasis upon the inherently blameless science of solid geome¬ try! Without belaboring the point, one can imagine that appropriate places for a few good officers of mature years and wide experience could readily be found in the Foreign Service Staff Corps. Could not those in authority assure the Service that an equitable solution of this problem is being sought? If possible, some statement regarding the matter should go far toward reducing the spectre of “selection out” to less formidable proportions.

A related matter about which the Service would welcome further information concerns performance measurement. I be¬ lieve it is quite generally felt unfortunate that the promotion- up selection-out system had to be imposed upon a rather hap¬ hazard collection of efficiency rating material. Some of this reflected too sharply the personal vagaries of Principal Officers who, though quite unaware of techniques of supervision or of objective evaluation, were yet fortified by an understanding that the officers rated were never to be apprised of the con¬ tents of these reports. Could not the Service perhaps be re¬ assured by a detailed and authoritative statement respecting the efforts being made to devise, install and operate a performance measurement system adequate to the heavy burden of re¬ sponsibility which has been cast upon it?

In the final paragraph of his article, Mr. Bagby alludes to the matter of career planning, thus touching upon a subject which forms one of the legitimate causes of discontent in the Service. Any tourist agency plans itineraries for its patrons in order


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LETTERS TO THE EDITOR


that their wayfaring may follow an orderly pattern and unfold in its proper sequence. But the average Foreign Service Officer embarks willy nilly on a voyage into the unknown, and his assignment to Timbuctoo or to Paris—or to one kind of work or another—is too frequently left to chance. His “career” may well develop as the haphazard result of a series of ad hoc decisions made by personnel officers desperately trying to fill a requirement of the moment. Obviously, each career should, up to a certain stage at least, approximate so far as circumstances permit a plan prepared by a competent coun¬ selor in consultation with the officer concerned. An enlightened approach to career planning for the rank and file of the Ser¬ vice, as well as for the “brilliant” minority, could be expected to yield most valuable results from the viewpoint of efficiency as well as morale.

I am not unaware that suggestions such as the foregoing are easily propounded but extremely difficult to fulfill by those confronted with the intractable realities inherent in practical operations. This latter circumstance does not, however, dispel another order of reality: namely, that an approach must never¬ theless be made to the solution of the basic problems which beset the Service and impair its morale during these disturbing times. Much has been demanded of the Service since the beginning of the war years, and it is likely that much more will be required of it in the future. Its members should be in a position to put forth their best efforts free from legitimate causes for discontent.

I have tried to indicate my own belief that some of the present causes for discontent could be dispelled merely by the publication of factual material bearing upon them. We could set others at rest by tackling a few of our perennial adminis¬ trative problems, if that is not being done already; or by telling the Service what steps are being taken toward their solution. Basic problems for which no solution is presently in sight need first to be clearly illuminated so that they may be more generally understood. Afterward, a close study of them should be followed by recommendations for coping with those found to be of fundamental importance. It is evident that this pro¬ cedure is not a matter for “task forces” working under pres¬ sure to meet administrative deadlines. The type of problems in question calls for deliberate analysis, and thoughtful recom¬ mendations framed with a view to achieving only what is plainly within the limits of available time, money, and other means.

The foregoing remarks suggest the formation of a group composed of a few persons of wide experience in foreign operations and with sufficient time to devote to a continuing study of Service problems. Such a group would make specific recommendations from time to time for essential adjustments to or solution of problems found to be of primary importance. These recommendations could be given general circulation to the Foreign Service with an invitation for the views of its members. Further considerations thus elicited could lead to an improvement upon the original recommendations. Any officer who felt deeply about the matter involved would in this way have an opportunity to put forward his own views, arising out of practical experience, on the point in question. The recommendations finally evolved could be submitted to the Department for its guidance and in its discretion, for action.

I think many useful ideas could be evoked by some such approach as that outlined above, which would also permit the officer at his isolated post to play some small part in Service planning and to that extent feel that he too is after all an active member of his community, rather than merely a passive and largely uninformed spectator.

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Department of Defense photo

President Truman watches while Iran’s young ruler broadcasts over the Voice America at the time of his arrival here last month.

Iran Engineers Its Future By Samuel J. Qorlitz and Northrup H. Kirk

“Iran . . . has the unique distinction of having expelled a Soviet-sponsored puppet government which had gained a foothold in Northwestern Iran. For the past five years Iran has firmly stood its ground before a virulent campaign of intimidation, manifested by troop movements along Iran’s frontiers and incursions into Iranian territory; repeated de¬ mands for an oil concession as a front for political and eco¬ nomic penetration; and the full force of Soviet propa-

Department of State photo

Authors Samuel J. Gorlitz (right) and Northrup H. Kirk, obvious’y impressed with the copy of the JOURNAL they are examining, are both International Economists on the Invest¬ ment and Economic Development Policy Staff. Mr. Gorlitz has been specializing in Near Eastern economic problems in recent years. A recent arrival at the State Department, Mr. Kirk, a graduate of the School of International Affairs at Columbia

University, is now working closely with Mr. Gorlitz.

ganda.”* Responsible Iranian officials are aware that the country’s

strongest defense against unwelcome foreign and internal pressure is giving a “fair deal” to the people of Iran. Mak¬ ing it possible for them to have more of the good things in life can effectively combat subversive elements. An orderly program of economic development will strengthen popular loyalties to the central government and reinforce internal security. For that reason, Iran has the support of the United States Government in its attempt to strengthen its own eco¬ nomy^

The Seven-Year Plan

Iran’s Seven-Year Plan of Economic Development is democratic in concept and humanitarian in object. It may prove tRe ability of an underdeveloped economy quickly to raise the standard of living of its people in response to the demands of the times. To a large extent Iran is calling upon the experience and knowledge of the western world for advice and assistance in meeting this challenge.

A new element is the realization by the Iranian Govern¬ ment that rapid modernrization and industrialization can be and usually has been a cruel and relentless process. Through the science of human relations they hope to bring about economic development without the destruction of traditional values anjl the creation of social vacuums.

The impojrtancegofifoil today has put the Iranian Govern¬ ment in the fortunateposition of a man with an “independ- "J? J' %

*From an address by the Honorable George C. McGhee before the National Convention of-ônng Democratic Clubs of America, Chat¬ tanooga, Tennessee, November .'19, 1949.

ii ’ *■

DECEMBER, 1949 II

ent income.” By allocating major portions of the revenue from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company to economic develop¬ ment and social service, progress can be made without re¬ ducing an already marginal standard of living. Nor need there be an unduly burdensome foreign debt to finance such public service programs as health and education.

The plan bulks large in programs which are essentially low cost and which can, within a relatively short time, bring tangible benefits to the Iranian people. Examples of such programs are training in improved agricultural practices, expansion of public health and education facilities, low cost housing, technical training, employment exchanges, and pro¬ vision of sanitary drinking water.

The Shah and the Iranian Government deserve recogni¬ tion for the high degree of responsibility they show in using this “windfall” from their country’s underground resources to raise the living and educational standards of the people of Iran.

The Wherewithal

The progress of the development program is not to be limited by the returns from oil concessions however, as the resources of the country may be mobilized through internal loans from the central bank to the extent of 750 million rials per year ($23,000,000), and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development may be asked for the loan of as much as $250 million over the seven years. The more directly productive projects can probably be financed by the Bank as well as in private banking and financial circles.

Basic legislation for this program authorizes the expendi¬ ture of 21 billion rials ($645,000,000) over a period of sev¬ en years in six general economic and social categories: Agriculture; Roads, Railways, Harbors and Air Fields; Industries and Mines; Oil; Posts. Telegraph and Telephone; Social and Municipal Reforms.

Since 1946 Iranian and foreign specialists have been mak¬ ing studies of numerous projects to be accomplished under the Plan. One of the major contributions of these studies has been the ordered presentation of conditions as they exist in Iran today. As a result a much clearer picture exists now than ever before of where Iran stands and how far she can and must go to meet the challenge of the twentieth century.

Budgeting the Plan

Since Iran is predominantly agricultural, improvement of agriculture must be emphasized. About one quarter of the Plan budget has been allocated to the agricultural pro¬ gram. It includes such projects as water utilization, the application of farm machinery, agricultural stations and

demonstration farms. Plans for extending irrigation are already being implemented.

Another quarter of the Plan is budgeted for transporta¬ tion and communications. This covers railroads, highways, port facilities, airports, and modernized telephone, telegraph and radio facilities.

Expanding industrial operations into new lines will prob¬ ably wait upon the rehabilitation of existing plants, the ex¬ pansion of the domestic market and the creation of a climate more favorable to private industry. However, about $90,- 000,000 is allocated to the development of textile, pottery, sugar, iron, chemical and mining industries. In addition, a program of electrification with diesel generators may easily cost $30,000,000.

The public health program includes immediate campaigns against such widespread diseases as malaria, tuberculosis and trachoma, as well as training and organization for con¬ tinued and expanding hygiene and medical programs.

A more efficient distribution system should result from increased storage and transportation facilities, the expan¬ sion of credit facilities and the modernization of the bazaar.

The new program for schools, teachers and administra¬ tion provides for the mobilizing of existing trained person¬ nel, training additional staff, and a basic pattern for con¬ tinued educational advancement.

Every project and proposal highlighted the need for statis¬ tics. The reorganization of the statistical agencies of the Government was the first study undertaken in developing the Seven-Year Plan. The immediate need is modernization and coordination of existing statistical activities.

Planning began in 1946 when the Iranian Government contracted the engineering firm of Morrison-Knudsen for a study of the national economy and the formulation of a long term plan of economic development. Since 1947 this study has been continued by foreign specialists under the direction of Overseas Consultants, Inc., an association of leading American engineering firms.

Political crises, both international and domestic, have delayed implementation of the reports. Meanwhile the land

Photos taken in Iran by Major Carl Garver, TJSAF

Teheran is a city of contrasts. Left, the railway station; above, a camel caravan proceeds slowly down a main street—note

power lines at left in the picture.

tenure, legal, economic, social and governmental systems were examined closely in relation to the general economic and social readjustment inevitable with such a large-scale program, and in the light of possible parliamentary reform. Although the concept of the Seven-Year Plan had caught the imagination and received the support of the Iranian peo¬ ple, it was still necessary to determine what was politically possible.


A Start is Made

The Government and the Plan Organization have already started to execute projects which are part of the Seven-Year Plan. The first appointments to the Plan Organization were made in May. In July the Plan Organization was author¬ ized by the Majless (the Iranian Parliament) to proceed with projects which could be carried out during the next year within the appropriations of government oil revenues for the years 1327 and 1328 (roughlv March 1948 to March 1950). About half of these had already been allocated to railroad and oil development projects. The Industrial and Mining Bank of Iran was trans¬ ferred to the Plan Organization. This bank, charged with the operation of state industries, had been in poor financial condition. The Plan Organization has also been ordered to represent the government in the Agricultural Bank and authorized to establish a Planning Bank with a capital of about one and a half million dollars whose main function will be to support the development of private in¬ dustry.

By September nearly one and a half billion rials ($46,- 000,000) had been allocated. Projects included: Railroad and sugar refinery improvements, crop pest control, malaria control and an expanded health campaign, support of the Agricultural Bank, farm machinery imports, and substantial irrigation projects.

Reform in the ,30,s

This is the second organized program of economic devel¬ opment for Iran in recent years. In the 1930’s Reza Shah, father of the present Shah, mobilized the resources and energy of the Government and the country for industrializa¬ tion and economic and social modernization. Many new industrial plants were established and much progress made despite the lack of technically trained Iranians. Foreign specialists have long been employed to guide the financial, administrative and industrial activities of the Government. Before the nationalist era of Reza Shah foreigners had been in posts of authority, but during his regime technicians and engineers were utilized only as advisors in the effort to raise the standards, capacity, and ability of Iranian officialdom.

The goal of this earlier program was national self-suffi¬ ciency. The world-wide depression and foreign exchange shortages forced more governmental control over and par¬ ticipation in the economic life of the country than might have been expected and the tendency was to move the gov¬ ernment into the operation of the expanded industry and trade. The results of the program appeared before World War II in the form of small industrial plants (as many as 230 according to some estimates) and the provision of electric light and power plants for most of the sizeable towns. The new industries included textile and chemical plants, canneries, flour mills, cement and brick plants, a copper smelter and mill, and a half completed steel mill.

The largest and most important single project of Reza Shah’s program was the railroad system. In 1938 the line from the Persian Gulf to the Caspian was completed and work was continuing on two lateral lines, one across the country in the north and the other in the south. A modern road construction program was pushed during these years to add to the country’s expanding transportation system. This system was both heavily used and improved by the Allies during the war in the effort to get supplies to Russia and Iran. The railroad carried over four million tons of war materials and an additional 400,000 tons went by truck convoy.

Ispahan—aerial view showing mosque in Maidan-e-Sepah.

The Plans Compared

There are similarities as well as contrasts between the program of Reza Shah and that of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. While the earlier program can be characterized as inspired, being largely the reflection of one man’s energy and ambition, the new Seven-Year Plan is a more soundly conceived project in which many of the inadequacies of the earlier program have been eliminated. Agriculture and irrigation were largely neglected in the 1930’s. The farm¬ ing population received little direct attention or benefit— even suffered a lowered standard of living. Balance in the present program was not achieved accidentally. It represents planning. It is hoped that as a result of this work by the Plan Commission of the Majless, the resultant Plan Organi¬ zation, the Morrison-Knudsen Company, and Overseas Con¬ sultants Incorporated there will be a coordination and per¬ manent strengthening of the regular ministries plus a system for establishing priorities and testing the soundness of indi¬ vidual projects.

A radically changed financial picture is the basis for an¬ other important difference between the two programs. Oil profits now accruing to the Government allow it to embark upon the new program without resorting to many of the controls and harsh measures utilized by Reza Shah. In addition, the existence of an international lending institu¬ tion such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development makes possible the financing of sound development projects with foreign capital without danger of the foreign interference which was anathema to Reza Shah and which is still a concern to most Iranians.

These two new sources of capital do not reduce the neces¬ sity for careful allocation of governmental revenue and for¬ eign exchange however. Oil royalties have hitherto been utilized almost entirely to meet current government expenses. Economies in the national budget must now be made if any considerable portion of the oil royalties is to be directed into capital investment. Also, reduction may well have to be made in military expenditures if the program is not to have dangerously inflationary results. Imports of luxuries will undoubtedly have to be curtailed if foreign exchange is to be available in adequate amounts for purchases of the necessary capital equipment abroad.

An important part of the Seven-Year Plan’s authorizing legislation emphasizes the need “to carry out the recon¬ struction and development program, and in particular the agricultural program, through the instrumentality of private enterprise.” Formerly the Government went into business to

DECEMBER. 1949 13

finance development as when, in 1925, the Iranian Parlia¬ ment enacted a law which gave the Government a monopoly on sugar and tea andt allocated all profits exclusively to railway construction. Today oiTroyalties allow the Govern¬ ment to finance development while abdicating certain areas of activity in favor of private enterprise.

The Critical Years Ahead

The Plan legislation assigns specific sums for each of the seven years to 31 general categories of projects. It is to be hoped that these allocations will inVthe future prove to be transferable both by projects and years. The experience of other nations in plans of this nature has been that the op¬ erational phase brings with it new problems of priority, timing and emphasis. It is almost impossible to forecast these in advance with the degree of surety implied by the allocation of specific funds to particular pr6jects~'prior to engineering and organizational planning. Premature allo-

to achieve the present degree of agreement upon the ends and means of the program. It has been necessary to define ends and to develop means. The major problems still con¬ fronting the Iranian Government today are largely concerned with organizational and financial implementing of the pro¬ gram.

Financing is mainly a question of achieving agreement on methods of allocating governmental revenues and foreign exchange to achieve the results desired. The immediate problem would seem to be the creation of an organization capable of effective administration. A relationship must be worked out between the Plan Organization and the exist¬ ing Ministries which will ensure cooperative efforts to reach common goals. The basic legislation envisages the comple¬ tion of approved projects by the Ministries and the eventual disappearance of the Plan Organization. The possibility is ever present that the Ministries will attempt to usurp the powers and functions of the Plan Organization with resultant loss of direction and coordination for the program. An-

st

Open air produce market in Tehran.

cation on a geographical basis would seem to be even less justified than functional allocation at this time, although the mandatory allocations to each ostan (province) may not be unduly restrictive.

The legislation unfortunately restricts the administrative freedom of the Plan Organization (composed of a High Council, a Board of Control and a Managing Director) by not allowing Plan funds to be expended for salaries except for technical services. Thus all non-technical people must be provided by the various Ministries. Apart from the problem of getting personnel released to the Plan Organiza¬ tion from the Ministries, there will inevitably be conflicts on questions of responsibility and lines of authority.

It is almost certain that each year of the Seven-Year Plan of Economic Development will be a year of crisis and that each operating decision will loom as a critical one. Many fundamental decisions must be made in the near future. These decisions will determine whether the program can be achieved in seven years or seventy years. It has taken over three years of study, expert advice and parliamentary action

other difficulty under the present law is the apparent divi¬ sion of responsibility within the Plan Organization between the Managing Director and the High Council. Unless re¬ sponsibility for decisions and results is defined more closely many important decisions may never be reached.

Effective organization, centralized responsibility and skill¬ ful execution will be of critical importance to the Iranian economy during this period of heavy governmental expen¬ ditures if the dangers of inflation and the waste of precious reserves are to he avoided. It would be tragic if in the attempt to raise the standard of living of Iran’s people the purchasing power of its money was lowered very much. This can easily be the case if the huge governmental expenditures involved in this program are not offset by in¬ creased governmental economies or revenues, and if in¬ creased money in the hands of the people is not offset by in¬ creased goods in the markets or higher taxation. Thus, as foreign exchange is made available for imports of capital goods with the resultant local currency expenditures for



Foreign Service Rescue Team

By EMILY H. BATEMAN, R.N.

There were two good reasons why Vice Consul Royal D. Bisbee, Jr. (Roy, for short), and I accepted calmly our instructions to proceed to Tibet and give Lowell Thomas every assistance we could on his return journey to Calcutta after being injured in a fall from a horse. First, forty-two hours alert is too short a time to assimilate the hidden pos¬ sibilities of such a trip; especially as we were verv busy equipping ourselves to take care of a sick man, and provid¬ ing for our own personal needs. Second, we were assured repeatedly that the Indian Army would take care of every¬ thing—we had only to deliver ourselves into their hands. So, acutely aware of the responsibility for Lowell Thomas’ welfare and with sublime faith that the Indian Army would provide, we confidently descended on Siliguri per the Air

DECEMBER, 1949

Attache’s C-47. We were both veterans of another army and we should have known better!

We didn’t have to wait long to line up what looked like an obstacle race—Olympian style. Roy’s official report matter-of-factly states “Although normally it would be pos¬ sible to proceed by motor transport from Siliguri to Gang¬ tok via Tista Bridge and Rangpo, landslides had blocked the road at five points between Siliguri and Tista Bridge, and it was necessary to engage pack animals for the supplies and hike around the obstacles, picking up further motor trans¬ port on the other side of Tista Bridge. These unexpected obstacles, together with rain, continual bombardment of falling stones, and the difficulties of movement over such


15

While riding through desolate Karo Pass in Tibet, on September 13th, writer-lecturer Lowell Thomas was thrown from his horse. Unable to remount because of injuries, he was carried by his son for several miles to Railing, the nearest town. Word was flashed to Indian army headquarters and Indian Army Surgeon B. C. Pal set out at once, riding horseback all night to cover the thirty-three miles of rough terrain which lay between Gyangtse and Ralung.

After that global communications buzzed with messages between CBS, the State Department, the Em¬ bassy at New Delhi, the Department of Defense and Indian Army Headquarters. According to instructions wired by the Indian Army (see below), arrangements were completed on the 28th:

FIRSTLY—MR. LOWELL THOMAS FAMOUS AMERI¬ CAN AUTHOR WHEN EN ROUTE FROM LHASA TO GANGTOK VIA BYANGTSE SUFFERED A FRACTURE FEW DAYS AGO. US EMBASSY DAKOTA CONTAIN¬ ING FOUR (4) US CREW TWO (2) US RESCUE PARTY WILL BE ARRIVING AT DUMDUM AIRFIELD 30 HRS ON 30 SEPT. THIS AIRCRAFT PICKING UP FROM CALCUTTA ONE (1) INDIAN ARMED FORCES SURGEON AS ALREADY DETAILED BY DMS THIS HQ WILL DEPART FOR BAGHDOGRA AIRFIELD ARRIVING THERE AT APPROX MOO HRS 30 SEPT.

SECONDLY—YOU WILL ARRANGE AT BAGHDOGRA AIRFIELD. ONE, SUITABLE ESCORT. TWO. TRANS¬ PORTATION THREE MESSING ARRANGEMENTS ETC. FOR ONWARD MOVEMENT OF RESCUE PAR¬ TY TOTAL STRENGTH THREE (3) FROM BAGH¬ DOGRA TO GANGTOK AND IF NECESSARY ON¬ WARDS TO GYANGTSE TO RESCUE MR THOMAS.

THIRDLY—ALSO ARRANGE PROTECTION FOR AIR¬ CRAFT AND ACCOMMODATION AND MESSING FOR CREW WHILE STAGING AT BAGHDOGRA.

FOURTHLY -YOU WILL KEEP THIS HQ CONSTANT¬ LY INFORMED OF PROGRESS ALL ABOVE.

^Jhe ^Jruit ~~}('rrilonj of the f \tciflc

Bf J. O'Suttwan, 3SO

The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands is the most recent area for which the United States has undertaken responsibility. It represents one of the more complicated problems that the American Government has assumed in the postwar world.

The Territory encompasses some 3,000,000 square miles, about the size of the continental United States. Of this, however, only 800-odd square miles are land, divided into thousands of islands. No exact total has even been accepted because of the difficulty of agreeing on the definition of an island. Something like 2,000 would be a minimum figure while the maximum might well run over 5,000 if every in¬ hospitable rock and every reef exposed at low water were included. Of the 97 island groups which form the major constellations of the Marshalls, the Carolines, and the Mar¬ ianas, only 64 are inhabited.

repatriated many thousands of Japanese, Korean and Oki¬ nawan civilians who were part and parcel of the Japanese effort to administer and develop the islands which its Im¬ perial Navy had acquired from Germany in the opening days of the First World War. (This military conquest was subsequently transformed into a Class “C” mandate under the League of Nations.)

Imported “aliens” were an important segment of the economy. The Japanese provided the civil administration, the banking and the larger commercial firms. Okinawans and Koreans furnished the labor for farming and mining developments as well as deep sea fishing for the tuna fac¬ tories. Despite their ability to use the sea and its products, the native islanders are conditioned to a subsistence econ¬ omy which involves only “off the reef” fishing rather than the heavier equipment and ships needed to take the elusive

All photos by the author

Left: Pingelap—GI trousers have apparently been incorporated into the native costume. Center: Kwajalein—one of the famous outrigger canoes. Right: Kili—as in most South Pacific islands the entire community lined up to greet and shake hands

with everyone in the visiting inspection party.

Now administered by the Navy, probably the most valu¬ able asset in the Territory is its people. They are divided into several ethnic, social, and language groups and num¬ ber 51,000 according to the latest Navy quarterly census. This is an increase in the last three years of some 4,000 in the indigenous inhabitants as there are almost no foreigners in the area.

The U. S. Navy did not stop with the removal of Japa¬ nese military personnel from the Trust Territory. It also

James L. O’Sullivan was born in Conneclicut in 1916. A graduate of Williams College, he was appointed to the Foreign Service in 1942 and has served at Monlreal, Cayenne, Martin¬ ique, Chungking and Hanoi. Assigned to the Department in 1947, he is desk officer on Indo-China in the Division of South¬ east Asian Affairs and also does considerable work with UNA in connection with the Trusteeship Territory in the South Pacific.

tuna in its deep water habitat a score or more miles from the nearest shore.

Postwar Dislocations The removal of aliens proved a temporary death-blow to

the thriving communities of 10,000 to 20,000 souls which had been built up during the years of Japanese occupation on Ponap, Yap, and Koror. The physical plant of these cities was leveled during the hostilities with an efficiency which is appalling and the most effective labor force was removed with the withdrawal of the Japanese. This pop¬ ulation loss, however, revealed that the inhabitants pos¬ sessed a political and economic organization of surprising resiliency and vitality. It survived not only the depre¬ dations of whalers and traders throughout most of the 19th century but also, in succession, Spanish occupa¬ tion, German control, Japanese administration, and a war so devastating that it upset even the habits of the marine life which is such an important part of the economy. Rule by

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

the United States was the almost inevitable outcome of the fact that these islands provide the Navy with the most feasi¬ ble route across the Pacific to Japan.

Throughout the Trust Territory is evidence of the battle— airstrips, such as on Angaur and Peliliu from which land- based planes smothered the nearby Jap bases throughout the Palaus; the absence of palm trees on Kwajalein, mute testimony of the intensity and efficacy of bombardment; rusting equipment slowly being engulfed by the jungle; multiple airstrips at Tinian where in mid-1945 Japan-bound planes landed and took off at intervals measured in seconds.

The present Navy administration is more or less the rationalization of the structure left by the war. The High Commissioner of the Trust Territory is the Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, at present Admiral A. W. Rad¬ ford. In his Pearl Harbor headquarters he has a small staff devoted to matters which concern the Territory. The Dep¬ uty High Commissioner, Rear Admiral Leon S. Fiske, is in a sense the real governor. He has primary responsibility for the administration of the islands and maintains his staff on Guam, although there are now plans for moving this headquarters to Saipan so that the government will be physi¬ cally within the Territory. There are small staffs at each of regional headquarters—the Eastern Carolines, Western Carolines, Marshalls, and Northern Marianas. The typical civil administration unit, under these staffs, is composed of seven or eight officers, headed by a Commander, with 20 to 40 enlisted men. Two or three of these officers make field trips of several weeks or a month to the outlying islands to handle directly the problems which may be brought to their attention.

Bikini and the Bomb

Not the least of these, in the Marshalls, are the problems w'hich have arisen in connection with the sites for experi¬ ments in nuclear fission which have been established at Eniwetok and Bikini. The 169 people who lived on this lat¬ ter atoll had, of course, to be removed before the tests of 1946 could take place. They were reestablished on another nearby and then uninhabited atoll, Rongelab, but for a

Pingelap—Native belles stop for a moment on their way home.

series of reasons had to be removed. During the course of 1948, the Bikini people, who now number 189, an increase common in the Marshalls since the Japanese surrender, were resettled on Kili. This formerly uninhabited island unfor¬ tunately possesses no lagoon and has an iron fringing reef. Because of its oval shape whose axis lies almost parallel to the prevailing trade winds it has no protected lee. Kili had been used by a Japanese firm as a coconut plantation be-

DECEMBER. 1949

Kwajalein—Surplus Navy hulls are the basis for a reviving inter-island fleet.

fore the war and its land area was sufficient to provide for the indispensable taro patch which provides most of the starch in the Marshallese diet. Additionally it possesses a hill of 20 or so feet elevation. While not much by mainland standards, it might prove the difference between life and death to the inhabitants should the island ever lie in the path of a hurricane. The accompanying tidal wave often completely inundates one of the low lying atolls, most of which, like Kwajalein, have no point more than seven feet above sea level.

It should be emphasized that the Navy has provided the materials and supervision necessary to give the Bikini peo¬ ple adequate housing and sufficient food to start life anew'. Despite this there are problems.

The Bikini king, Judah, under the feudal organization which prevails in the Marshalls, has the right to 25 per cent of the island’s production. This includes a similar per¬ centage of the all-important copra export Crop, the proceeds of which enable the inhabitants to purchase the few im¬ ports which keep the economy functioning at its accustomed level. The Bikini people now protest the King’s rights and demand that they be nullified. The Navy is w7ell aware that suppression of Judah’s rights would be followed by similar demands in other islands and that the whole economic, social and political structure of the Marshalls would thereby be weakened. Inasmuch as the present organization has devel¬ oped through thousands of years of adaptation to environ¬ ment, the Navy is reluctant to interfere. Solving one com¬ plaint on Kili might have untoward consequences through¬ out the area.

Inter-Island Communication

Other Kili problems are somewhat easier to solve. There is no possibility of returning to Bikini although there like¬ wise seems to be no possibility of making the Bikini people understand just why their former home is now uninhabi¬ table. But something can be done about the fringing reef. Before summer a Navy underwater demolition team will open a small channel through w'hich outriggers and small boats can land without the danger of smashing on a reef in the heavy surf. Inter-island communication is the prob¬ lem which overshadows and is intermingled with all others in the Trust Territory. The transport of persons, copra col¬ lection from the many islands, the supply of dispensaries


17

The Press: Two Views of the Foreign Service

By Edgar Ansel Mowrer

I his is a defense of the lowly American diplomat. Just now he is in dark disfavor. He is derided—among

others, by the President of the United States—as a “striped pantser. His poise, his pride, his impeccable attire even to his subdued neckwear, are criticized as decadent and “undemocratic.” It is assumed that his work consists pri¬ marily in balancing teacups and losing important negotia¬ tions. It is icily affirmed that “the United States never lost a war nor won a peace.”

Why not? You guessed it. The American diplomats threw' aw'ay the hard-won results of honest-to-God Ameri¬ cans in homespuns and blue jeans.

A writer in a slick-paper weekly, properly bent on prais¬ ing that eminently admirable citizen, Under Secretary of State, John E. Peurifoy, goes out of his w'ay to draw a dis¬ tinction between his hero, the “genuine American,” and the fops of the American foreign service who once had a good deal to say in the Department of State.

Specialized Training Requested

Well, this sort of talk makes as much sense as praising a banker for never having handled money, a businessman for never having studied economics, a civil engineer for never having worked in the field building bridges, or a civil serv¬ ant for never having “met a pay-roll.”

Back of it is the ill-informed, stupid and totally unjustified assumption that any American citizen how'ever inexperienced is competent to defend the overseas interests of the United States better than well-educated men who have spent half a life-time learning about the ways of the world.

All of which is just not so. World politics, diplomacy, defense of our foreign interests, whatever you may call the diplomat’s job, is one of the most highlv specialized trades in the world. Skill in it simply cannot be improvised—as a w’hole host of amateur American Secretaries of State have learned to their cost. To pull down a magnificently trained diplomat like former Ambassador Joe Grew' or George Ken- nan in favor of an improvised envoy like Joe Kennedv, Ed Pauley, or—save the mark—Pearl Mesta—well, it wouldn t be tolerated in anv other serious profession.

The sooner the American President and the American people give their attention to this subject and come to a sober conclusion based on fact, not on prejudice, the better the country is likely to he served in these critical months.

Diplomats’ Record Impressive

Now' just a minute. Like everybody else who has known a lot of them, I recognize that American diplomats some¬ times suffer from a sort of la-de-da professional deforma¬ tion. So do some Rotarians and Baptist ministers—or news¬ papermen. But a lot of diplomats don’t.

Where a peace following a successful war has been lost by the United States, it has, to my knowlelge, never been lost by the diplomats.

If the peace of World War Two w'as lost, it was lost by Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his “deputy President,” Harry Hopkins, in defiance of the advice of most of the American foreign service officers. Roosevelt and Hopkins were warned that Stalin would not play ball and ignored that warning. The country is still counting the consequences —and no end in sight.

“But isn’t it true that our diplomats have been cynical in their approach to the people’s aspirations and unable to make fruitful contact with Congress?”

Yes, in my judgment, it is true. But that is no reason for condemning American diplomats.

Their Function is Instrumental

Members of our Foreign Service are not trained to deal with American public opinion or with the American Con¬ gress. They are trained to deal with foreign governments.

I hat is where they acquired their cynicism and their knowl¬ edge.

They are not trained to fix the aims of our foreign policy but to see that these aims are attained, once they have been fixed by the President, the Congress and the people. And w'hen so employed the diplomats are competent and reliable instruments.

They could not solve our problems today but they might ease them. It is not true that the American people would he aghast at the assurance of everlasting peace—as Norman Thomas has just affirmed. It is true that we are creating the force to back a creative policy without having clearly thought our policy through. On the other side, we continually ap¬ peal to sentiment in our adversary which either does not exist or cannot be reached.

Between force and sentiment lies mutual interest, which is the field of creative diplomacy. Here todav . . . lies a great task. The fellow' to accomplish it is not the astute American politician or the successful American businessman but the trained American diplomat.

Provided of course, that he is given a chance. Copyright 1949, by Genera] Features Corporation

By Henry McLemore

Today’s story concerns diplomats, and right off the bat, I might as well tell you that the only thing I really know about diplomats is that they can’t miss if they each have a pretty and attractive wife and a prettier and more attractive daugh¬ ter. Plus a little extra spending money, of course.

Throw the attractive wife, the photogenic daughter, and an unlimited amount of good food and a swingy band in the same room, and a diplomat couldn’t fail even if he had to depend on a $50-a-week clerk to send in his reports.

Which brings me to the body of my story. Why diplomats?

Same Old Stuff

Whv an expenditure of millions of dollars a year on striped pants, big houses, old-world courtesy, parchment


paper credentials, lawn parties, secret messages to the Presi¬ dent and the Secretary of State?

Why all the same old stuff that has been going on for centuries, and which has proved not to be worth a tinker’s dam?

Why the careful scrutiny of a man’s social, financial, and every other kind of background?

No use kidding ourselves. The men who get the big posts are usually men who can afford them, or men who, because of their contributions to the powers in charge, have to be paid off.

On the surface, a smooth, suave diplomat is a necessity. Americans still have a great inferiority complex, and to salve that complex they adhere to a diplomatic policy which sends, as representative Americans, men who tie their own white ties, know' how to tie trout flies, and speak with an accent that wouldn’t be recognized by most of the men and W'omen they represent.

Let’s start all over. Let s send as our diplomats men and women who, when

they speak of black and white, don’t mean ties—but the truth.

Promise is a Promise

Let’s send men and women who, since childhood, have been taught that a promise is a promise, and that if the promise isn’t kept there isn’t anything to do but belt the tar out of the guy who went back on his promise.

It’s amazing how the world accepts welshing by nations, when the men and women who make up the world think that welshing is just about the worst thing there is.

What would be wrong with an American ambassador to Russia who was an American farmer and had nothing else to say to the Kremlin hut that he knew how to grow many things that the needy people in the w'orld required, and was willing to sit down, with no state banquets, and talk over the problem of what the needy needed to eat.

He might not be dressed correctly by the diplomatic stand¬ ards, but he would be clothed in a much lovelier uniform— meaning that for every medal he wore he could supply a square meal, and for every sergeant who drove his car, he could guarantee a full stomach.

If we sink, we will have the satisfaction of sinking for a good cause. If we drown—I’ll tell you what it feels like.

But let’s get rid of diplomats. We have had them since time began—and take a look

at the w'orld today.—Distributed by McNaught Syndicate, Inc.

Se, the Cjoocl Old Udaiji

The British Foreign Secretary, talking to a high official of the Foreign Office, to whom he is about to hand over the sole existing copy of a new' and extremely secret Anglo- Italian treaty:

“. . . The Russian Embassy would pay an immense sum to learn the contents of these papers. They should not leave my bureau were it not that it is absolutely necessary to have them copied. You have a desk in your office?”

Yes, sir.” “Then take the treaty and lock it up there.”

From the Sherlock Holmes story, The Naval Treaty, by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO

Issue No. 3 of Volume I of the JOURNAL, December, 1924, carried a lead article on the Presidential election reporting Calvin Coolidge’s victory, with 18,000,000 popular votes, over John W. Davis and Robert La Follette. Contributors of articles were Consuls Augustin Ferrin, H. Dorsey New- son, Stuart E. Grummon and Rollin Winslow on such di¬ verse subjects as “Madrid,” “Horseback Rides About Mexico City,” and “Batik in Java.”

We find reports of John Hamlin going to his first post as Third Secretary at Tirana, George L. Brandt from Mes¬ sina to the Department, Raleigh Gibson from Buenos Aires to Teneriffe, George Haering to his first post as Vice Consul at Kobe, Leland Morris from Saloniki to Consul at Cologne, Rudolf Schoenfeld temporarily to Cologne as Consul, George P. Shaw on a short transfer from Puerto Cortes to Teguci¬ galpa, and S. Pinkney Tuck to take over the Consulate in Geneva. Assistant Secretary of State and Mrs. Carr enter¬ tained newly-appointed Foreign Service Officers at a tea, those present being Messrs. Ragland, Hulley, Hawkins, Per¬ kins, Gilman, Thiel, Lane, Beach, Stapleton, Schoenrieh, Haering, Armstrong and Childs. Consul General William Dawson was inspecting Central and South America. Consul Paul C. Squire at Lille, France, reports an automobile race over cobblestones won at the sped of 55 miles per hour, and Daniel Davis Erhart arrived on the scene at Winnipeg, Canada, the son of Consul and Mrs. John G. Erhardt.

Among advertisers we find such old friends as General Motors, Carl M. J. von Zielinski, the Shoreham Hotel, Standard Oil Company of New York, the National Geo¬ graphic Magazine and the Globe-Wernicke Company. Auto¬ mobile ads in the issue contain cuts of angular new 1925 models of a Dodge sedan and a Hupmobile convertible roadster, and emphasize the passing of years. Felix Cole was the able editor at the time of this issue 25 years ago, assisted by Messrs. Marriner, Dick, Belin, Ed Wilson, Tom Wilson, Linnell and Reed.

The December, 1924 issue contained a tribute to Edward Bell, reprinted from the New York Times. Bell, one of the outstanding career officers in the pre-Rogers Act Diplomatic Service, was the father of Mrs. David Bruce, wife of our present Ambassador to France.

MARRIAGES

RUTHERFORD-FOOS. Miss Dorothy Eileen Foos and FSO M. Robert Rutherford were married on October 1, 1949, at Alexandria, Va. Mrs. Rutherford was a member of the Foreign Service Staff Corps. Mr. Rutherford has been assigned as Consul at Dhahran.

McNEILL-MALONE. Miss Stuart Malone and FSS Allen P. McNeill, Jr., were married at New Delhi on November 11. 1949. Both are members of the Embassy staff at New Delhi.

DOUGLAS-VAN CUREN. Miss Jean Young Van Curen and FSS A. Hugh Douglas, Jr., were married on November 12, 1949, at Hamburg, where Mr. Douglas is stationed as a Vice Consul. The new Mrs. Douglas was formerly em¬ ployed by the Foreign Service and was stationed at Munich when she met Mr. Douglas.

McKNIGHT-BENSON. Miss Lilian E. Benson and FSO Cleveland B. McKnight were married in Bombay on Novem¬ ber 19, 1949. Mrs. McKnight was on the Embassy Staff at New Delhi. Mr. McKnight has been assigned to Buenos Aires from Calcutta.

DECEMBER, 1949 19

THE

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

1809 G STREET, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C.

The American Foreign Service Association The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. The Association was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit $e corps among the members of the Foreign Service and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improve¬ ment of the Service.

ANGUS WARD On behalf of all our Service, the JOURNAL offers Angus

Ward, Mrs. Ward, and all their staff a Merry Christmas and our congratulations on their release from a contemptible harassment.

We do not diminish Ward in any way when we say he only did what we expected of him in standing up to his tor¬ mentors. He is a good man or he wouldn’t have been Con¬ sul General in Mukden. To his built-in stalwartness, he adds years of experience in far away places.

The point is that the reason we have a Foreign Service is to supply Mukden with Wards; Tihwa with Paxtons; Jerusalem with Wassons; and every other tough spot with tough, but sensitive, men and women.

Perhaps we could get people for these outposts from a Civil Service register or elsewhere who are as good as they ought to be but we know we can get them from the Foreign Service.

Of course it helps if our people know that, after Godthaab they will also get a chance to earn their pay in, say Wash¬ ington or Paris. Perhaps hundreds or thousands of Ameri¬ cans as good or better than any we have in the Service will be found ready and willing to serve in those posts. One thing we like to recall, however, is the remark of the Trenton editor who did a hitch as Ambassador in Paris:

“Trenton and Paris are not the same but somehow in Paris you notice it a lot more!”

SEMPER FIDELIS In this issue there is an article about the United States

Marines and the United States Foreign Service or, as the author puts it, “Leathernecks and Top Hats.”

We like to run stories about outfits which are good pre¬ cisely because they think they are, and vice versa.

Here is a group whose pride of service sets a standard even in the proud and larger service of which it is a part. In the Defense establishment, as in the Department of State, the recurrent waves of reorganization are never still. We do not know what the future holds for the Marines nor would we presume to offer suggestions.

But we expect that, even in these days of inexorable unifi¬ cation, their esprit de corps and the sources from which it rises will be upheld as national assets, yes even at the price of form and balance in the charts of the advisers on ad¬ ministrative management.

OUR NEW BOOK SERVICE Many of our readers, upon looking through the formid¬

able reading list which we are publishing with this issue, may feel faint and somehow slightly inadequate in the face of all this mass of available good reading; and some of us may resolve to catch up on our reading, to wade in, to fill the gaps, to buttress our foreign service background. Alas, the task seems hopeless, the gaps too large, the world of reading virtually limitless in its expanse . . .

Now comes the FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL to the rescue. We shall undertake, in the following issues, to point out what to us appear the most important books on foreign affairs that have recently been published. Later, perhaps, we shall present you with a similar list of older books. In any event, we invite those of our readers who do not know where to begin, to save the book list in this issue. We shall be referring to it, from time to time, in articles on good reading in the field of foreign affairs, which will appear in our Book Section.

And, to make the task of buying books still easier and also less damaging to the pocketbook, we now offer a 20% discount on all books in the field of foreign affairs, avail¬ able to members of the Foreign Service Association. Any book on the list appearing in this issue can be ordered at the discount. This arrangement not only makes Association membership still more attractive, but in effect means that you will be able to buy five books for the price of four. Only, what most book clubs offer only on a “package” basis, we offer our members without the slightest obligation for minimum orders, without the need to choose books selected by a “distinguished panel,” entirely without strings or tape of any kind or color.

We hope that many of our readers will make use of this opportunity to save money while building up their libraries. The new service involves no profit to the Association: It is a service, pure and simple, and the more of our readers make use of it the better we shall like it.

BIRTHS DEMBO. A son, Micah, was born in Pretoria on October

16, 1949, to FSO and Mrs. Morris Dembo. Mr. Dembo is assigned to the Embassy as Third Secretary.

ARMSTRONG. A daughter, Amelia, was born in Wash¬ ington on October 28, 1949, to Lieut, and Mrs. Francis L. Armstrong. Mr. Armstrong is the son of retired FSO Lawrence S. Armstrong.

WIEDENMAYER. A son, Joseph Emil Wiedenmeyer III, was born in Rome on November 23, 1949, to FSS and Mrs. Joseph E. Wiedenmeyer. Mr. Wiedenmeyer is assigned to the Embassy as Economic Attache.

FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENTS Erie R. Dickover . Retirement William E. Dunn Retirement Ilo C. Funk . Retirement H. Lawrence Groves Retirement Charles H. Heisler Retirement Thomas McEnelly Retirement James E. McKenna Retirement James E. Parks Retirement Harold B. Quarton Retirement Lynn W. Meekins Retirement Leslie E. Reed . Retirement William S. Caldwell Resignation Edwin C. Wilson Retirement


mourning —

A NEW SERVICE TO MEMBERS

OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

20% Discount on Books!

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is now able to offer a 20% discount on

selected books, to members of the Foreign Service Association. This is not a "Book Club”—

you don’t have to buy a minimum number of books, nor do you have to wait to get your re¬

duction in the form of dividends. Just send your order and check to the American Foreign

Service Association. Subtract 20% from the list price, add nothing for postage, and the

book will be mailed to you.

* SEE: THE READING LIST with this issue!

Any book on it available at 20% off.

* ALSO: 20% off on ANY book on Foreign Affairs!

* LATER: We will offer a monthly suggestion list of recent titles, including some selected fiction in the same service.

Active I hereby apply for Associate membership in the American Foreign Association and en-

$4.00 close my check for $2.50 in payment of dues for the second half of the fiscal year (January

to July 1950).*

NOTE: Chief of Mission on, FSOs FSRs on active duty and FSS corps are eligible for active member¬ ship. Former Active members and professional personnel of the Department of State and other officers and employees of the Department holding positions of comparable responsibility are eligible for Asso¬ ciate membership.

i

Name

Încludes a subscription to the JOURNAL.

Address or Post

DECEMBER, 1949 21

THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON «!i

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ii 111

i

Christmas, 1949

To All Members of the American Foreign Service:

Christmas for Americans is a renewal of ties with home

and friends. To all of you men and women of the Foreign

Service, and to your families, I send a warm and special

greeting.

Your duties take you to every country and climate,

sometimes to hardship, isolation, danger or stress. You

have loyally and capably met the increasing demands which

have been made upon you. I am confident that you will

continue to rise to these growing responsibilities.

As your thoughts turn homeward at this holiday sea¬

son, I want you to know that your country supports you and

is grateful and proud of you, its representatives. I trust

that the New Year will bring happiness and well-being to

you all.


THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Washington

Christmas, 1949

To the Foreign Service of the United States:

It is my real privilege and joy to greet you at this Christmas Season.

Christmas is a family time and as head of our far-flung official family my thoughts go out to each of you, at this season particularly. Some of these thoughts will travel a long way before reaching you while others go out to those of you who are working at home. Some of you are in very diferent climates and amid very different customs than those in which you have celebrated former Christmases. But wherever you are, at home or abroad, I know your memories of former Christmas times will bring you in spirit close to the family hearth with its warmth of traditional associations.

It has been my pleasure and my privilege to be working with all of you again during the past year. Your splendid spirit of cooperation and the willingness to make every effort to go forward in spite of the heavy burdens upon you are most encouraging and heartwarming. I commend you on a job well done during a most difficult time.

May this holiday season bring you joy and many blessings throughout the New Year.

With cordial good wishes for a very Merry Christmas to all.

Christmas jHesftage from tfte director

General of tfje Jforetgn i§>erbtce

Christmas is a time of poignant memories for all of us in the

Foreign Service. There have been white Christmases and green

Christmases, freezing Christmases and steaming Christmases. Most

of us can recall especially some in particular. In my case, for

example, 1937, when our families returned after temporary evacua-

just in time to spend Christmas with us in Shanghai, in 1938 Santa

Claus with his bag of toys drove up to the Manila Hotel in a cart

drawn by a carabao; the memorable Christmas of 1941, far from

our families, when the detained staff of the Embassy at Peiping

sang Christmas carols for their less fortunate citizens imprisoned

in an adjoining compound. Most of us have been compelled by the

exigencies of the Service to spend many Christmases away from our

families. This year it is my fervent hope that few such exigencies

will obtain. In my present position, I find myself in somewhat of a

dual capacity; as a member of the Foreign Service and as an officer

of the Department of State. I take advantage of this dual capacity

to extend to each and everyone of you wherever you may be greet¬

ings from your co-workers in Washington.

Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!


Right: During a late August visit to Durban, Ambassador to the Union of South Africa and Mrs. North Winship went for a ride in

a Zulu “taxi.”

Below: The attractive folk here are attached to the Embassy at Brussels and are members of its Glee Club. Shown receiving plaudits after a splendid performance are: 1st row (in the usual order), the Misses E. Dixon, M. Huybreghs, F. de Buyst, and E. Smith, Mrs. James Wood (wife of Treasury Representative), Mr. James Wood (soloist) and Misses J. Ysewyn and A. Beguin. In the second row are: Misses J. van Deest, A. Millar, J. Shaw, D. Francois, Messrs. R. McCormick, C. Lazar, and W. Dale, and Misses C. Shipman, V.

Rogers and 1. Peterson. s E G R L Y I I M C P E S

E S

As of special interest to critics of the Foreign Service we present extremely incriminating picture of the USIE staff in Montevideo drinking tea. USIE personnel having read so many allega¬ tions regarding the tea drinking pro¬ pensities of the diplomatic service decided to try this deadly beverage with the accompanying amazing result. Left to right, staring in consternation at the amber liquid in the cup are, Zafiriadis of the Commercial Section; First Secretary Brown; Second Secre¬ tary and Public Affairs Officer Carter; Second Secretary and Assistant Public Affairs Officer Broderick; FSS Lowery; Librarian Gropp; Assistant Librarian Comins (who by her expression evi- dentally has just tasted the stuff); Agricultural Attache Maness; Cultural Relations Assistant McKinsey, inter¬

ested spectator Menendez Lopez.

DECEMBER, 1949 25

NEWS from the DEPARTMENT By Joan David

Musical Chairs

Reorganization has a lot more to it than changes in the organization charts. The present reorganization of the De¬ partment meant some six months of planning and moving for WILLIAM WRIGHT’S Central Services. It will be wound up by the first of the year IF Public Buildings comes across with some more space. Meanwhile some offices are over¬ crowded and in one case—involving mail, pouches, forward¬ ing addresses, et al—work is being done in two shifts so that the space gets double use. Rumor has it that the only way everyone has a place to hang his hat is that someone is always in transit.

About 3,000 persons were involved in the moving. This is more than the original estimates provided for. Plenty of unpredictables plagued the planners. There were any num¬ ber of offices with larger complements than their budgets indicated because part of their staff was on loan from other agencies. New programs never seemed to stay within sched¬ uled limits. The Office of German-Austrian Affairs was supposed to function with a personnel ceiling of 114. Its staff has already reached 165. The Military Aid Program, much to the relief of CS, hasn’t finished recruiting a staff yet. They hope it won’t until that new space in a World War I temporary building is made available. Twenty-six buildings now house the Department of State.

Planning was done in three stages. First, in consultation with Under Secretary Webb and Deputy Under Secretary Peurifoy, major decisions were made as to which activities should center around the Secretary’s office. The new geo¬ graphic bureaus, the Assistant Secretaries and the Legal Ad¬ viser and at least part of their staffs, and such basic opera¬ tions as the cryptographic work, telegraph and communica¬ tions and the central switchboard were all to be in New State. Other activities were located as nearly as possible on a func¬ tional basis, although, as JAMES R. JOHNSTONE resignedly points out “Naturally, there was a lot of complaints.” Most remote at the moment is the Security Division’s Field Di¬ vision—three miles from New State.

Next, the top planners in Central Services took over and decided on the basis of the type of activity approximately how much square footage could be allowed per person. Need for hearing rooms, libraries, and extensive files was taken into account as was the sort of work done by the indi¬ viduals involved. An effort was made to give “thinkers” the peace and quiet they needed even at the cost of extra space.

Final planning was worked out by CS’s five space anal¬ ysts who went to the individual offices and figured out in detail where each desk and file cabinet would be placed. Building structure affected space use. Rooms with bays, odd alcoves, or long narrow rooms often meant some wasted space. Files couldn’t be lined up in neat rows in the upper floors of old buildings. Concentrated weight just made it too risky.

Planning the moves was about the only estimate that didn’t have to be revised. It took just as long as anticipated. Once this is completed, CS turns back to its long-time project—the proposed new additions to New State.

Our Guest Editor

Last month the JOURNAL’S Board, seeking, as ever, to keep in touch with its reading public, decided to invite a Guest Editor to attend its monthly editorial meeting. Entranced with the success of the scheme, the Board will try it again from time to time. Helping us cull over the manuscripts in November—some for this issue, some for next month’s— was blond attractive Miss Eileen Donovan, FSO-5.

A Captain in the WAC under SCAP in Japan when an¬ nouncements of the recruiting drive under the War Man¬ power Act were posted conspicuously in her office, Miss Donovan had been a civilian employee in the same office for nearly a year and a half when she was asked to appear at the Department for the orals. The round trip fare from Tokyo to Washington was too much for an IF interview and Miss Donovan had quite given up hope of ever becom¬ ing an FSO when she was suddenly notified that the Army would fly her and some ten other War Manpower candidates to Washington for the orals and back again to Japan. Two days later, head spinning with long-unused French phrases and with an armload of current news magazines, she was US-bound. In June 1948 she became the first woman to be appointed a Foreign Service Officer under the War Man¬ power Act. After serving as Second Secretary at Tokyo, Miss Donovan was assigned to the Department a little over a year ago. (P. S. She has promised a JOURNAL story for us soon.)

HICOG

Early in December 27 persons from the FSO eligible list reported to the Foreign Service Institute for 31/2 months of training as officer replacements in Kreis program under the U. S. High Commissioner for Germany. Men selected are all under 30, preferably married and with children. Each will be assigned to a different county or Kreis and will be expected to participate fully in German community life. They will serve as liaison between the local governing officers and HICOG and will act as advisers to the local government. They will represent America to the people of Germany on the local level. The trainees will become mem¬ bers of the Staff Corps on appointment. Later, as their names are reached on the eligible list, they can look forward to appointments as FSO 6’s—at slightly lower salaries.

International Conferences—Again

This month we seem to have reached a new low on ap¬ pointments to delegations at International Conferences—only two with State-Foreign Service members, plus a Mexican- American Commission for good measure.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY DURWARD V. SANDIFER was an Alternate Member to tbe fifth session of the annual confer¬ ence of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations which opened late last month. JOHN W. EVANS,

Chief of the Dep-rtment’s Economic Resources and Security Staff was an Associate Member; on the Advisory panel were Special Assistant to the Under Secretary WILBERT M. CHAP¬

MAN, Chief of the Division of International Administration, GEORGE M. INGRAM and FRANCIS A. LINVILLE of the Eco-


Personals

When FSO J. HALL PAXTON and his wife arrived in Washington after their harrowing trek from Tihwa he was be¬ sieged with magazine offers (including the JOURNAL) for the story of his trip. The first publication to come out with the Paxton story probably will be the Satur¬ day Evening Post, according to informa¬ tion from the Department. Circulation was apparently the deciding factor.

The JOURNAL is very grateful for the many Honor Awards presentation pictures sent in from the field. We’ll publish them all eventually—space and budget permitting. The first picture we bring you is unique in that it was a family affair. L. to R. Consul W. John Wilson, Jr., (22 years service), and his wife, Juanita S. Wilson (18 years service), have just received their awards from

Ambassador Walter Thurston (over 30 years of service).

Institute Observer to Britain

The British “house party” method of testing and selecting applicants for positions in the Foreign Office has interested FS officials here since its inception. Now, at the invitation of the British Government, the Executive Director of the Board of Examiners for the Foreign Service, JOSEPH COY

GREEN, is going to England to observe the British system at first hand. He will spend three days at one of the “house party” tests and will attend for two days the meetings of the

As the time drew near for the arrival in Copenhagen of MRS. EUGENIE ANDER¬

SON, our first woman Ambassador, Danish newspapers publicized a flurry of minor worries ranging from details of the regal welcome planned for her this month and whether she should be called Madame Ambassadrice or Mrs. Ambassador to whether affairs of state would keep her

busy enough to allow Danish butler CHRISTIAN LUNDBYE

a free hand in running the Ambassadorial residence.

When FSO MAXWELL N. HAMILTON took over the post of U. S. Representative on the Far Eastern Commission (suc¬ ceeding General Frank R. McCoy), the New York Times editorialized “The choice of Maxwell Hamilton, veteran foreign service officer ... is again an indication of the weight that attaches to this commission and to our represen¬ tation on it.” (Continued on page 50)

nomic Resources and Security Staff. URSULA DUFFUS of the Division of United Nations Economic and Social Affairs was Assistant Technical Secretary, GARLAND C. ROUTT of the Division of Public Liaison was a Public Liaison Officer for the conference, while from the Division of International Conferences HENRY F. NICHOL served as Executive Secre¬ tary and MALCOLM PEAKE as Administrative Officer.

At the third meeting of the International Wool Study Group in London two weeks earlier FSO PAUL 0. NUYHUS

was Chairman of the U. S. Delegation, FRANCIS A. LINVILLE

an Adviser, and JAMES G. EVANS, Adviser and Secretary.

Ambassador to Mexico WALTER THURSTON is the ranking member for the US on the United States-Mexico Commission on Cultural Cooperation which was established by an agree¬ ment signed on November 23. The Commission will “coordi¬ nate, expand and develop the already existing cooperation, both governmental and private.” It is the first bilateral agreement of this kind. FSR PHILIP RAINE, Cultural At¬ tache at the Embassy in Mexico, and WILLIAM RICHARDSON

of the National City Bank of New York are the other US members of the Commission.

Final Selection Board which conducts the oral examination of candidates and renders the final decision in each case.

Mr. Green’s trip exemplifies the very close cooperation among the British, Canadian and American governments which has developed in so many fields, even in such matters as the selection of Foreign Service officers. The three Gov¬ ernments have exchanged, with great freedom, information on selection methods. Two years ago representatives of the Canadian Ministry of External Affairs and of the Canadian Civil Service Commission sat as observers during the oral examinations of FSO candidates. The following year Mr. Green went to Canada to observe their orals. This mutual exchange has been most helpful to each of the Governments involved.

MAP

Selection of a team of civilian diplomats to supervise the operation of MAP in Europe created quite a flurry in the newspapers a few weeks back. The team is working under European Coordinating Council under AMBASSADOR LEWIS

W. DOUGLASS. Appointed executive director of the program in London was LT. COL. C. H. BONESTEEL, III, formerly special

assistant to former UNDER SECRETARY

LOVETT. Program coordinator in France is former Counselor of the Department FSO CHARLES E. BOHLEN, and his assist¬ ant is FSO EDWARD G. TRUEBLOOD, for¬ merly Counselor of Embassy at Santiago. FSO JAMES HODGSON, Counselor of Em¬ bassy at Oslo, heads the program in Nor¬ way. FSO HAROLD SHANTZ will be in charge in Denmark, FSO RAYMOND P. LUDDEN in Belgium, and FSO SIDNEY

O’DONOGHUE in The Netherlands.

DECEMBER. 1949 27

THE JOURNAL PRESENTS: YOUR FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

Angola tLuanda)—Edwin P. Dyer, Jr. Argentina (Buenos Aires)—Dixon Donnelly, Oscar H. Guerra Australia (Melbourne)—Jules E. Bernard Australia (Sydney)—A. Eugene Frank Austria (Vienna)—Peter Rutter Azores (Ponta Delgada, Sdo Miguel)—Robert L. Terrell Belgium (Antwerp)—Helen R. Sexton Belgium (Brussels)—Robert McClintock Bermuda—Jane Wilson Pool Brazil (Belem, Para)—John A. Moran III Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)—Robert A. Christopher British Honduras (Belize)—John R. Bartlett, Jr. Bulgaria (Sofia)—Mary E. Nochtsheim Burma (Rangoon)—Henry B. Day, Herbert Spivack Canada (Hamilton)—Frances L. Spaulding Canada (Montreal)—Frederic H. Behr Canada (Vancouver, B. C.)—Charles C. Carson Ceylon—Leon S. Poullada Colombia (Barranquilla)—Edward T. Long Colombia (Bogota)—John M. Vebber Costa Rica (San Jose)—William D. Calderhead Cuba—Henry A. Hoyt, Louis C. Nolan Cyprus (Nicosia)—Carl E. Bartch Czechoslovakia (Praha)—Miss Emma G. Drake Ecuador—Betty Hahn Bernbaum Egypt (Cairo)—Parker D. Wyman El Salvador (San Salvador)—Francis W. Herron England (London)—Jesse D. Dean England (Southampton)—William Hopkins Beck Finland (Helsinki)—G. Alonzo Stanford France (Paris)—William Koren, Jr. France (Marseille)—William H. Christensen French Indochina (Hanoi)—William B. Dunn French Indochina (Saigon)—Dallas M. Coors Germany (Bremen)—Robert P. Chalker Germany (Bremmerhaven)—Robert B. Houston, Jr. Germany (Hamburg)—C. Melvin Sonne, Jr. Germany (Munich)—John F. Leich, Richard H. Donald Germany (Stuttgart)—Miss Adeline C. Spencer Greece (Athens)—Herbert Daniel Brewster

Haiti (Port-au-Prince)—John H. Burns Honduras (Tegucigalpa)—Byron E. Blankinship Hong Kong—Bruce M. Lancaster Iceland (Reykjavik)—William S. Krason India (Bombay)—William Witman II India (New Delhi)—John M. Steeves Iran (Tehran)—John H. Stutesman Iraq (Baghdad)—William Keough Ireland (Belfast)—Paul M. Miller Ireland (Dublin)—John Patrick Walsh Italy (Rome)—Outerbridge Horsey Korea (Seoul)—C. W. Predergast Libya (Tripoli)—Orray Taft, Jr. Mexico (Agua Prieta, Sonora)—Arthur R. Williams Mexico (Ciudad Juarez)—Mary Alice McClelland Mexico (Mexico, D. F.)—Carl W. Strom Mexico (Monterey, Nuevo Leon)—Mrs. Helen Steele Mexico (Nogales, Sonora)—George H. Strunz Morocco (Tangier)—George E. Palmer New Caledonia (Noumea)—Claude G. Ross New Zealand (Wellington)—Mrs. Minola Grant Netherlands (The Hague)—Charles Philip Clock Netherlands (Amsterdam)—Thomas W. McElhiney Palestine (Jerusalem)—Edward C. Lynch, Jr. Panama (Panama)—Joseph Dempsey Paraguay (Asuncion)—Thomas Kingsley Rumania (Bucharest)—Donald Dunham Scotland (Glasgow)—Robert B. Shaw Singapore—W. Henry Lawrence, Jr. Spain (Barcelona)—James N. Cortada Spain (Seville)—Cyril L. Thiel Sweden (Gbbeborg)—E. Talbot Smith Thailand (Bangkok)—George Widney Trieste—Miss Marjorie Nield Turkey (Ankara)—William 0. Baxter, James Macfarland Turkey (Izmir)—Adeline K. Taylor Union of South Africa (Durban, Natal)—Robert G. McGregor Uruguay (Montevideo)—Maurice J. Broderick Venezuela (Caracas)—Edward W. Holmes Yugoslavia (Belgrade) William Friedman

THE MIDSHIP MITE

IS YOUR POST REPRESENTED HERE?*

If not, see if you can get someone appointed. We are looking for volunteers. One thing, though, we would like to make clear. We have no intention of limiting ourselves to field news from our appointed correspondents. They are the ones we’ll appeal to or complain to if occasion warrants, but they will be as pleased as the JOURNAL if you want to help make their news coverage more complete. For those who may be hesitant because their post staff is small, we present here the sort of letter that warms an editor’s heart.

* Forgive us if we’ve erred in omitting a name. We are still short of help at the JOURNAL office.

To the Editors,

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL:

With reference to your letter dated September 8, 1949, I wish to inform you that I have nominated myself to be the Journal field correspondent in Bremerhaven. The nomination of myself to be correspondent is not the result of partiality; there are in fact no other Americans assigned to this post. I already bear an impressive string of titles—Officer-in-Charge, Administrative Officer, Post Security Officer, etc. but allow me to say that 1 will not be neglectful of my duties (?) as Bremerhaven cor respondent of the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL.

Very truly yours, ROBERT B. HOUSTON, JR.

28

File No. 000 RBH:RBH:rbh

THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

Stalin Prospect—Main Street of Dairen, at midday.

Godthaab, Tihwa and Dairen, according to the May 1948 issue of the JOURNAL,* are “super-isolated outposts.” The isolation of Godthaab was due to a northerly, and that of Tihwa to a Central Asian, location. But the difficulties of Dairen were man-made.

Before the war Dairen was a booming port which serviced the Manchurian hinterland. Many Foreign Service Officers remember it as a free port within several days’ sailing dis¬ tance of Shanghai, Tientsin, Yokohama and Kobe and where one could buy imported luxury articles in well-stocked stores. The war cut Dairen off from international shipping but it was not until the Soviet occupation army arrived in 1945 that true isolation was imposed. Since then Dairen has been as inaccessible as most ports in the Soviet Union. For¬ eigners are not wanted and those who were caught there when the Russians took over felt fortunate if they were able to leave.

Paul Paddock and I were asigned to Dairen toward the end of 1947. At that time it was customary for FS personnel bound for Dairen to wait in Shanghai for onward transpor¬ tation via Vladivostok. It also was usual for the delay in Shanghai to expand indefinitely while awaiting Russian visas. Then, happily or unhappily, the Department gave up and shunted the Dairen replacements off to other posts. However, by the spring of 1948 it was imperative that re¬ inforcements reach Dairen. Isaac Patch had remained there alone with his wife and two young children and was long overdue for relief. Accordingly, extraordinary efforts were made by the Department, the Embassies at Nanking and Moscow, and the Consulate General at Shanghai to ar¬ range our entry into Dairen; Soviet visas for transit through Vladivostok finally were issued.

The Dairen party, accompanied by office supplies, equip¬ ment, food and gasoline, sailed from Shanghai for Vladi¬ vostok on the Russian ship, SS Smolny on May 29.

The Consulate at Vladivostok was still open in June 1948. Mr. Oscar Holder, the consul, and his staff accommodated our party generously in their crowded quarters. The influx of transient personnel coincided with the stop-over of two couriers at Vladivostok, one on his way from and the other on his way to Dairen. For this largest gathering of Ameri¬ cans at the Vladivostok Consulate in several years the Hol¬ ders gave one of their biggest parties during their tour of duty there. Eighteen persons were present.

* Isolation by James K. Penfield and Merrell Benninghoff.

By CULVER GLEYSTEEN, FSS Phot os by Courier John Koval

At the end of ten days the Dairen group boarded the SS llyitch and sailed for Dairen. On June 19 we were able to convince the Patch family personally that it was true they were free to leave Dairen at last.

For a new-comer, service in Dairen afforded interesting examples of situations not covered by the FS Regulations. For the scholarly type of officer it provided the opportunity for reading, for serious language study and the chance to discover how it is to live without current magazines for six-month intervals.

Social isolation, excessive surveillance and restrictions by the local authorities, the arrest of native staff members, infrequent mail and lack of news from friends in the out¬ side world characterized post life in Dairen.

After the war only the United States and the Soviet Union maintained consular representation in Dairen. Official en¬ tertainments among the consular corps thus were limited to the Fourth of July, October Revolution Day and New Year’s Day. Attempts made by the staff of the American Consulate to widen the circle of their social contacts among the Soviet officials were rebuffed in a manner familiar to those who have been stationed in Moscow during recent years. The Chinese similarly avoided social contacts with American consular personnel. Of the remaining foreigners in Dairen about half a dozen—chiefly Germans and Central Europeans—ventured to visit us. In effect, we were left to our own resources. A lively rivalry in gin rummy de¬ veloped between Paul Paddock and me and periodically one would be host to the other at lunch or dinner. It was decided that a cocktail or two before dinner w7as necessary for our morale. In this way the pleasant memories of civilization were preserved.

Paul Paddock starts in on a six months’ accumulation of mail.

The problem of making a martini out of vodka and with¬ out vermouth has perplexed many a person stationed in the Far East. After our eight months’ supply of liquor was exhausted, a survey was made of available stocks in Dairen.

Siorif (fj the V/Jon th

Exile in Darien

DECEMBER, 1949 29

Occasionally we were able to buy odd bottles of liqueur or spirits but from day to day we relied on “Moscow spirit. This fiery liquor was 95 per cent alcohol. The first step in the purification process we developed was to dissolve sev¬ eral permanganate crystals in the spirit. After twenty-four hours a large grey mass of impurities would settle in the bottom of the bottle. When this was filtered out we re¬ peated the process with carbon powder. After repeated filterings we cut the alcohol with water and flavored it with whatever happened to strike the imagination. At one time needles and berries of cryptomeria trees were used in a vain attempt to capture the flavor of gin. It was found that cryptomeria was more pungent than juniper. The most successful flavor was dried orange peel.

The Consulate residence was a spacious and comfortable double house built just before the last war by a prosperous Manchu merchant family and leased by the American Gov¬ ernment after the Dairen Consulate was reopened in 1946. It was possible during the summers of both 1948 and 1949 to purchase an ample supply of fuel for the winter.

The 1 o n g - awaited couri¬ er arrives at the Dairen

Consulate.

Fresh meat, vegetables and fruit could be bought locally. We w'ere able to buy whatever the market offered because of a favorable exchange rate. At the government licensed gold and silver exchange U. S. dollars were at a premium. At this rate a dozen eggs cost roughly 45 cents and a pound of butter 40 cents U. S. currency.

Most of the canned goods brought from Shanghai in the spring of 1948 were hoarded for an emergency. We were constantly afraid that the position of the Consulate would become like that of Mukden. But occasionally we dipped into those supplies to vary our diet.

There were no sports of any kind. Exercise was limited to walking or swimming. When the walk or swim led one out of the undefined area which the local authorities con¬ sidered proper for us. detention by the Soviet military com¬ mand or Chinese police for periods varying from ten min¬ utes to four and a half hours often followed.

On one occasion I was arrested at the seashore and taken to the Soviet Military Headquarters. A young officer, ap¬ parently a member of the security police, accused me of signalling to sea with jeep headlights. This charge was not difficult to refute because it was not dark at the time of my arrest and. the jeep had been parked facing inland. When these points were established, the examining officer abruptly dropped the charges and apologized. Presumably,

the motive of the Soviets was to diminish further the area in which we could move freely. Their method was effective because we learned that twenty minutes of fresh sea air was not worth four hours at the Soviet Kommandantura.

In the spring of 1949 the local press announced that let¬ ters and packages were being accepted for “liberated areas of China, for the U.S.S.R., and for the “new democracy” regions of Eastern Europe, but there was no regular mail to other parts of the world. Aside from telegrams, our only communication with the Department or other posts was by infrequent courier calls to Dairen—two during the fourteen months preceding the closure of the Consulate.

The shortcomings of Dairen as a post had existed in greater or lesser degree since the Consulate was reopened after the war. As the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union worsened and as the harassments be¬ came more frequent, the operation of the Consulate at Dairen became more difficult. By September 1949 conditions had reached the point where the Department was forced to issue instructions for closing the office.

Difficulties were not all serious; as a rule they were petty. Most typical were traffic incidents. The Consulate automobile would be stopped for an alleged traffic violation. The policeman harangued the chauffeur or passengers of the car while a crowd of Chinese gathered. This gave the policeman his chance to repeat some of the derogatory slogans about “American Imperialists.” Sometimes the auto¬ mobile was permitted to proceed after a stern warning. Other times the chauffeur was forced to drive to the police station where he was questioned at length.

After a severe storm in the summer of 1949 our tele¬ phones broke down. Subsequently two of the six phones in the office and residences were fixed. Despite dailv efforts to have the others repaired, nothing was done. The Tele¬ phone Bureau attempted to fine the Consulate for not re¬ porting that several of its telephones were broken! It also imposed a fine on the charge that an office phone had been moved from one room to another without permsision from the Telephone Bureau. Since this operation had been per¬ formed by a man from the Telephone Bureau and had been duly paid for, the Consulate refused to pay the fine. As a result, this telephone was discontinued. A few days before we left Dairen our last line was cut off.

When one of the officers of the Consulate took a walk, he usually was dogged by a young man dressed in a blue cotton suit, visor cap and tennis shoes. If the Consulate automobile went out it was followed by an ancient black car with three or four of these secret police agents. When we finally left Dairen, this car and its crew accompanied us to shipside.

Radio communications were another source of uncertainty. Incoming messages broadcast from Taipei were received on the office radios. An unidentified Russian station jammed these broadcasts, constantly varying its schedule (including no broadcasts on our Labor Day) to coincide with ours. Outgoing telegrams were relayed to Washington by the Soviet Consulate General. For nearly two months after the American Consulate in Vladivostok was closed, the So¬ viet Consulate General at Dairen continued to accept our telegrams but did not have them transmitted. Eventually negotiations in Moscow broke this log jam.

In January a Chinese clerk, employed by the Consulate, was arrested. The Consulate was unable to learn on what charges he was detained or where he was being held. In September, one week after the Soviet Government had been informed of the intended closure of the Consulate, another employee disappeared. We were aware that for many months


all Chinese staff members of the Consulate and their fam¬ ilies had been persecuted by the secret police. Intense and effective anti-American propaganda also placed a heavy- strain on them.

In the early autumn of 1949 a final and unusual problem arose. There had been no couriers for six months and the remaining office funds were enough for only a few weeks’ operations. In the absence of conventional means to obtain money, inventory items were sold to cover current expenses.

Orders were received from the Department to close the Consulate in early September 1949. Although this was re¬ garded as a great misfortune by those Chinese and Eu¬ ropeans in Dairen who looked on the presence of the Ameri can Consulate as their only remaining protection, it brought an end to the mass of administrative problems which had perplexed the Department and various FS posts connected with the servicing of Dairen.

Familiar Russian delays were encountered in efforts to obtain transportation out of Dairen. Only by sending an especially chartered British coasting vessel did the Depart¬ ment finally free its super-isolated personnel.

LUXEMBOURG Brussels, September 24.

Madame Mesta asked several members of the Brussels Embassy, accredited to Luxembourg, to attend the cere¬ monies at the palace of the Grand Duchess on the 21st of September. Flying over the day before were Mr. and Mrs. John Nuveen I the new chief of the ECA mission), Col. and Mrs. Clare Armstrong, Maj. and Mrs. Bernard Finan, Mrs. Alice Hager, Mr. and Mrs. James Wood, Mr. and Mrs. Eric Kocher, Maj. and Mrs. John Parker and Capt. Steele. They were met at the airport by George West, who had been Charge d’Affaires ad interim.

Mrs. Mesta lived up to her reputation as a most cordial hostess, entertaining the staff several times during their visit, despite her own heavy responsibilities. The first after¬ noon, on arrival, they were welcomed at the Legation for cocktails, and met Senator and Mrs. Owen Brewster of Maine and LTndersecretarv of Commerce and Mrs. Cornelius Van¬

derbilt Whitney, who were attending a conference on Tourism. That evening Mrs. Mesta entertained her staff informally at supper in the charming Country Club.

At 11 the next morning the officers gathered at the lega¬ tion in formal clothes, with Mrs. Mesta, Mrs. Hager and Miss Williams in floor length gowns. An Aide-de-camp from the court came to escort Mrs. Mesta, and the party left by twos in court cars. At the palace they were taken upstairs, and the officers waited while Mrs. Mesta presented her Letters of Credence to the Grand Duchess Charlotte and talked to her and her husband. Prince Felix, and Prince Jean, the heir-apparent. Later each of the officers was intro¬ duced and after a brief visit the party returned to the Lega¬ tion.

Mrs. Mesta gave a lunch at the Hotel Cravat for the staff and a few visiting Americans. Later George West had a reception at the Hotel Brasseur to introduce the Minister to many important members of the Government of the Grand Duchy.

HAMILTON, BERMUDA September 28, 1949.

Our ship landed in Bermuda the day after the pound was devalued. The American tourists were having a field day and there was general confusion as to what was worth what. All of that, however, was in Front Street, Hamilton, from w'hich we were whisked in the miniature Consulate Ford at the reckless rate of 20 m.p.h. (Bermuda speed limit is rigidly enforced—and there is the story going the rounds that the first arrest made for speeding here, after cars were recently permitted on the island, w7as that of the American Consul who was going 23 m.p.h.! They got him for an $80.00 fine.)

Vice Consul Bob Coudray is a neat arranger—he had thought of everything to make us feel welcome. Upon

docking there was a corsage of flowers for me from the garden of the beautiful consular resi¬ dence, “Donaghmore,” and—as I was saying —we were “whisked” out to Tucker’s Town, where the estate is located. Everything at the house was in perfect readiness—but it’s gen¬ erally conceded, I believe, that bachelors are always good at that sort of thing.

All the stories you’ve heard about the beauty of Bermuda are true—it’s difficult to keep this “News from the Field” item from reading like a tourist folder. I’ll just say—please come and see it if you can.

Bryan Cowherd and Frank Connally did. They came on the same run of the Q.T.E.V. “Queen of Bermuda” with us. (Quick turn¬ around every voyage—according to crew jar¬ gon—in case you’re wondering.) Bryan is in the allotments section of FP and Frank in what used to be part of FA. (It’s hard to know what sections are in wUat these days. I They seemed to be enjoying their week’s vacation in Ber¬ muda—always being seen with pretty girls in tow.

And who should turn up last w'eek for a fewr

days on his honeymoon (honeymoon couples are a dime a dozen around here) hut Vice Consul Albert Cizauskas, with a perfectly lovely bride.

There have been some staff changes pending lately. Lady Vice Consul Lee A. Olson received her orders a while ago to go to Trinidad. She plans some leave in the U. S. sometime


Just after Mme. Mesta presented her letters of Credence to the Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, this handsome group posed in front of the Lega¬ tion. L. to R. Captain Gordon H. Steele, Assistant Air Attache; Miss Dorothy Williams, Press Adviser to Mrs. Mesta; Mrs. Alice R. Hager, Public Relations Officer; Major Bernard J. Finan, Jr., Air Attache; Minister John Nuveen, Head of ECA Mission; Mme. Mesta; Colonel Clare H. Armstrong, Military Attache; James E. Wood, Treasury Attache; Eric Kocher, Labor Attache; George West, Secretary of Legation; Major John C. Parker, Assistant

Military Attache.

DECEMBER, 1949 31

The BOOKSHELF Francis C. deWolf Review Editor

Power and Morals. Martin J. Hilienbrand. Columbia University Press, 1949; $3.25, pp. 217.

Reviewed by ANNA E. LONG

Here is a political philosophy which seeks to clarify the basic problem which faces individuals and nations today. How can great power be controlled and used to benefit humanity?

Various philosophies which have had a wide following in modern times are examined and analyzed. Each of these is found inadequate primarily because of its failure to recognize the unique value of the individual. In contrast to these modern philosophies there stands the traditional Scholastic theory of natural law, which is stripped of its superfluous meanings and reduced to its primary concept.

Having established that there is a natural law which applies to all men at all times, the author addresses himself to the question of how this law applies to the control of power. The two most important morals as well as practical aspects of power—the role of violence and the relationship between au¬ thority’s power and liberty—are discussed.

Dr. Hilienbrand, a Foreign Service Officer, has seen the inter¬ workings of power and morals in many parts of the world. While in India it was possible to study the philosophy of non¬ violence as opposed to violence; in Germany the results of authority used to eliminate liberty. What is the history of non-violence in India? When does the end result justify the use of violence? Can either violence or non-violence be effec¬ tively used against mass destruction in an atomic age? What is liberty? To what extent can individual liberty be suppressed by the authority of the state? How can individual liberty be morally balanced with state authority? Dr. Hilienbrand pre¬ sents what he considers to be a theoretical and practical solu¬ tion to these problems.

Church and State in Guatemala. By Mary P. Holleran. Columbia University Press, New York, 1949. 359 pages.

Reviewed by JOHN C. HASKINS.

Some four hundred years of intensive conflict form the background of this documentary study of church-state rela¬ tionships in Guatemala.

A series of Papal Bulls granted the monarchs of Spain the use of tithes in the New World and the privilege of Apostolic Vicars, rights which became known as the “Pa- tronato Real.” Under this system of lay patronage Catholo- cism entered Guatemala on the muskets and pikestaffs of the Conquistadors. Though not entirely happy in its mar¬ riage of convenience, the Church enjoyed prestige and some¬ what limited power.

The secession of Guatemala from Spain in 1821 did not improve church-state relations, for the new republic, having, confiscated much Church property during the revolution, interfered actively in the affairs of the Church through the succeeding administrations of Liberals and Conservatives, and took stern repressive measures in the last quarter of the 19th Century. 1 he 20th Century has seen some concessions to the Church on the part of the government.

From her consideration of the history of Guatemala, the author draws the conclusion that the Church has never known freedom in that country, and that the core of church- state conflict has been lack of freedom aggravated by sus¬ picion and distrust on both sides. Copious documentation attests the careful labor which went into the study; ap¬ pendices and indices take up nearly a third of the work.

To all but the student of Guatemalan affairs, or of Latin- American affairs generally, this book is likely to be uphill work. It is not that the conflict lacks glamor, hut Miss Holleran’s painstaking scholarship and her meticulously chronological approach to the history of the conflict may cause the interest of all but the special reader to be dissi¬ pated in a welter of dates and place-names.

Conflicting Patterns of Thought. By Karl Pribram. Public Affairs Press, Washington, D. C. 1949. 176 pages. $3.25.

Reviewed by W. E. O’CONNOR

This book is an attempt to explain the forces dividing the nations in terms of patterns of thought—in terms, that is, of the ways in which men define their knowledge and organize their thinking.

The author describes two primary patterns of thought which he calls Universalistic and Nominalistic, and two sec¬ ondary patterns, derived from the two primary, which he calls Intuitional and Dialectic. A person following a univer¬ salistic thought pattern is one who ascribes to the human mind the power directly to understand the universe and the truth; the universalist pattern prevailed especially in the Middle Ages, and prevails today, for example, in the Catho¬ lic and Eastern Orthodox religions. A person whose think¬ ing is nominalistic, however, believes that the mind’s capac¬ ity is limited to the formation of hypothetical pictures of the behavior of phenomena. The nominalist is the great ex¬ ponent of the empirical attitude and the scientific method of thinking; in the sphere of political thought, he is the con¬ sistent advocate of freedom of speech and intellectual free¬ dom.

The intuitional pattern combines portions of each of the primary patterns; it emphasizes the power of the human mind to grasp complex phenomena as a whole without com¬ prehending the elements composing the whole. The con¬ spicuous example in the modern world is Germany. The German affection for forming corporations and societies and for forming complex words in the German language are in¬ dications of the German tendency to look upon organic wholes as living entities. Politically, German theory, going back long before the Nazi movement, held that the essential nature of the state was beyond the reach of ordinary think¬ ing and was to be found revealed to the people as “superior will” or “absolute spirit.”

The dialectic pattern is based on a firm belief that the human mind can grasp the truth and understand the uni¬ verse (in this sense it is universalistic), but holds too that comprehension of the ever-changing phenomena of this


world can be achieved only by the use of concepts which recognize that the behavior of both man and matter is gov¬ erned by pairs of antagonistic forces. The philosophical basis of the dialectic pattern, attributed largely to Hegel, describes each pair of forces as “thesis” and “antithesis,” the “inevitable’ conflict between them producing a “syn¬ thesis.” This pattern of thinking was developed by Marx into an economic interpretation of history and politics and thence into an ideology. Marxism, as practiced in the USSR today, tends increasingly toward the universalistic primary pattern in the sense that there is imposed from above a hierarchy of concepts.

Much of the book is devoted to a discussion of the way in which the four conflicting patterns weave their way- through science, the arts, social and political organization, economic planning, and even international trade. Pointing out in the final chapter that American thought, while pri¬ marily nominalistic, nevertheless makes far-reaching com¬ promises with universalism (e.g. in our moral values we lean on precepts of past ages established by universalistic thinking), Pribram concludes with the thought that it is up to the nominalists—the only advocates of free thought and the possessors of the most flexible concepts—to take the initiative in understanding other patterns and in devising working compromises with them.

This book is obviously the product of a great deal of hard thinking, doubtless over a period of many years. It is a determined attempt to probe about the roots of human be¬ havior and human thought in an effort to make an original contribution toward the solution of our international woes.

Chinese-Russian Relations. By Michael N. Pavlovskv. New York, Philosophical Library, 1949. 2 maps. 194 pages. $3.75.

REVIEWED BY ELEANOR WEST

This is a serious work based on Chinese and Russian archives. The book is of primary interest to scholars of Far Eastern relations but the development of these relations will fascinate and entirely absorb the general reader. The chief point of contact of Chinese-Russian relations has been Outer Mongolia. Mr. Pavlovsky begins his study in the 17th cen¬ tury and engagingly details Mongolia’s role in the relations of these two states with the politico-historical background. Russia and China regulated Mongolia’s status by two con¬ flicting treaties, the Mongolian-Russian Treaty of 1921 recognizing Chinese sovereignty in Mongolia, and the Chinese-Russian Treaty of 1924 recognizing Chinese Sover¬ eignty in Mongolia. Mongolia’s role, insofar as Mr. Pavlov¬ sky is concerned, ended in 1936 when Stalin categorically stated the Soviet Union would take positive action if Mon¬ golia were attacked.

The conclusions drawn from Mr. Pavlovsky’s book are that the Russian policy was one of caution. Chinese policy was unintelligent, medieval, and chiefly concerned with stem¬ ming the Occidental encroachment upon China. The con¬ firmed footnote reader will find the notes at the back of the book, instead of at the foot of the page, a nuisance. More than a few are most interesting. There is a page of notes in Chinese for the scholars.

NEWS FROM THE FIELD


in the near future before proceeding to her new post. Vice Consul Emory Waseman, last in Nanking, has been assigned here and is due to arrive next week. The distaff of the Bermuda Consulate General is composed of: Margaret

Crowley, who came to Hamilton last spring from Tsingtao; and, there’s Alice T. Ranee, who’s married to a Bermudian; also the bonitas Jean Nolan and Jonelle Braswell.

You’ll hear more about all of us and our doings—both personal and official. In fact, as much as the JOURNAL Editors see fit to print. That enclosure to the circular letter sent out by the Editors to all offices touched us to the quick —what field correspondent could resist such an appeal?

JANE WILSON POOL •To Jane from Joan—Thanks!

IRAN ENGINEERS ITS FUTURE

(Continued, from page 14)

transportation and installation, either production, imports or taxation must rise as an offsetting factor. It is highly probable that more foreign exchange must be freed to the importers of consumers’ goods, at least in the early years of the program before production is substantially affected. A choice must be made when it appears that there is not enough foreign exchange for both capital goods and con¬ sumer goods. When such a situation arises, as it usuallv does, the desire to accelerate development must be curbed if the monetary system appears to be endangered.

Another aspect of financial stability will be the conserva¬ tion of human resources. A tremendous saving can be made if groups of present government employees can be diverted to the development program. Utilization of such personnel to the maximum, and the prevention of duplicating activities can represent as great a saving as does wise purchasing.

The Problems of Progress

Coordinating the various projects of the Seven-Year Plan will be fully as important as financial soundness. Each project must bolster another or several others. Education and technical training must meet the immediate as well as long-range needs of industrial and agricultural projects. Health programs must go forward first in the vital sectors but at the same time improve the quality of the total labor force.

Surely the social and cultural effects of an extensive pro¬ gram of rapid development will be substantial. Not only- will they be felt in law, public administration and land hold¬ ing, but the effects of urbanization, industrialization and a higher level of economic activity must be great. The effect of new economic activities upon established cultural tradi¬ tions cannot be ignored. Nor can the assumption be made that the old attitudes will give way easily before the de¬ mands of the program. Sensitive leadership must direct the operations of the plan so that the cultural lag will be minim¬ ized and the adjustments demanded will not be greater than the capacity of the people and the government to make those adjustments.

Patience and continued devotion to the aims of the Seven- Year Plan must predominate, even to the extent of reducing the tempo of the program or postponing development in spheres to which Iranians are particularly attracted for rea¬ sons of national pride or self-interest. At the same time, sensitive leadership and effective organization may clear the way to accelerated programs in spheres where the diffi¬ culties prove to be fewer than anticipated.

Although certain weak spots in the legislation are evident, the sincere support given to the democratic and humanita¬ rian concepts included in the legislation bode well for the ability of the Government to develop an administrative or¬ ganization which will assure sound management of the Seven-Year Plan.

DECEMBER, 1949 33

t h t*rti <>vii s ami Top Hats By JOEL D. THACKER

The Foreign Service and the U. S. Marine Corps are linked by many bonds of common experience, and by continuing association at a large number of foreign posts which are guarded by Marines. There are Marine guards today at United States diplomatic missions in most of the Latin Ameri¬ can countries, as well as in such European capitals as London, Paris, Athens, Rome and Dublin, also at certain posts in the Near East. Joel Thacker, archivist of the Marine Corps, here gives some of the historical background of that close associa¬ tion and details some of the splendid exploits of the Marines when they were even more closely connected with our Service, in troubled times of old when not only the security of our diplomats but our national honor and our vital national in¬ terests had to be vigorously defended by small but resolute bodies of U. S. Marines.—ED.

JJ. S. Marine Corps Photo

Marines on guard al Peiping during the Boxer Rebellion.

Marine participation in major wars and expeditions from the Revolutionary War through World War II is a matter of record. Today, with names like Guadalcanal. I wo Jima and Okinawa still ringing in our ears, the Marine is usually envisioned only in connection with the storming of islands, the securing of beacheads, the wiping-out of entrenched enemy positions on places like Mount Suribachi and the harbor of Saipan. Actually, however, the history of the U. S. Marine Corps includes a remarkable number of peace¬

time exploits, important armed actions in the furtherance of our national interests abroad, and semi-military activities which brought it in the closest possible contact with Ameri¬ can diplomats abroad—so close, in fact, that on occasion Marine officers acted as diplomats themselves.

The history of our foreign relations shows that without the Marines, the diplomatic gestures of our statesmen on many occasions would have been received with little respect. The Marines have sometimes had the welcome assistance of the Army and foreign soldiers, marines and seamen, but more often they were alone, carrying out their missions— and doing so without causing international complications. There have been times when they were forced to endure the insults and derision of foreign people without recourse or retaliation.

During the early 1800’s, in our dealings with the Barbary States, it was the U. S. Marines and seamen who were called upon to perform the unpleasant tasks made necessary by our faltering foreign policy. While our government leaders were sticking their heads in the sand of “peace at any price,” and our citizens were clamoring for economy, the onlv Americans who felt the sting of dishonor were these Marines and seamen who had to suffer the degradation of personal¬ ly laying tribute at the feet of the barbarians.

On 19 October 1800, when the USS George Washington sailed from Algiers, her Marines stood guard over a unique shipment—“a hundred negro women and children, four horses, 150 sheep, 25 horned cattle, four lions, four tigers, four antelopes, twelve parrots, and funds and regalia amount¬ ing to nearly $1.000,000.00”—being transported from the Dey of Algiers, Mustapha, to the Sultan of Turkey. The Dey had incurred the displeasure of the Sultan, and had re¬ quested of Consul O’Brien the services of the George Wash¬ ington to convey these “valuable presents” to Constantinople in an attempt to conciliate the Sultan.

The Bashaw of Tripoli, dissatisfied with his share of trib¬ ute from abroad, on May 14, 1801 ordered the flagstaff cut down in front of the U. S. Consulate. This act, together with the realization that our “presents” would not purchase immunity, finally forced the United States to adopt a some¬ what belligerent attitude towards the Barbary States. The USS Enterprise engaged and captured the Tripolitan Polacre Tripoli on 1 August 1801, which caused Second Lieutenant Presley N. O’Bannon—who later was hailed as the hero of Derna—to write his Commandant that he had “noticed with pleasure the credit which the Marines did themselves ... as they have given the Barbarians some hot lead as tribute.”

Later, when William Eaton, who had been “Navy agent” in addition to his post as United States Consul in Tunis, had his request for 100 Marines as a landing party turned down by Commodore Samuel Barron, it was Lieutenant O’Bannon and his seven enlisted Marines who formed the heart of the conglomerate army of about 500 Greeks and Arabs, as¬ sembled by Eaton for a land expedition against Derna.* Although outnumbered nearly 100 to one, O’Bannon and his Marines kept this motley force together and brought it over

*Cf. the article “Consul at a Pirate’s Court” in the May, 1949 issue of the JOURNAL.


Leatherneck Magazine Photo

Marines are trained for Foreign Service assignments at the Foreign Service Institute.

the desert, in spite of dissatisfaction, mutinies and quibbling among leaders of the different factions, lack of rations and water, and many other difficulties. Eaton later wrote that Hamet’s followers would have fled to the desert if it had not been for the “firm and decided conduct of Mr. O’Bannon.”

After a difficult march of nearly 600 miles, during which some of the 107 camels had to be slaughtered for food, Eaton’s army arrived at Bomba where the USS Argus furnished supplies. Eaton arrived before Derna on April 25, 1805 and immediately offered terms of amity to the Governor of Derna on condition of allegiance and fidelity to Hamet. The Governor’s reply was curt and crisp: “My head or yours.” The next day the attack on Derna com¬ menced, during which O’Bannon and his Marines, a few Greeks and cannoniers charged the fortress and planted the U. S. flag on its ramparts. The Tripolitans launched a num¬ ber of fierce counterattacks and each time were repulsed. Finally, on May 28, 1805, a bayonet charge led by O’Ban- non’s Marines, drove the Tripolitans from the vicinity. Memories of these Marines and seamen still linger in the songs of the women of Derna: “Din din Mohammed U Ryas Melekan mahandi,” the literal translation of which means “Mohammed for Religion and the American for stub¬ bornness.”

After the end of hostilities with the Barbarv States, Marines continued to play an important part in the diplo¬ matic affairs in the Mediterranean. The Charge d’Affaires of the United States at Tunis died in October, 1806, and Second Lieutenant Charles D. Coxe, commanding the Marines of the USS Hornet, arrived at Tunis on 8 December and took charge of the U. S. Mission in the absence of any consular official. Tobias Lear, Consul General of the United States to the Barbary Powers, arrived at Tunis in January 1807, to iron out certain differences with Tunis. Before he left in March, he confirmed Lieutenant Coxe as U. S. repre¬ sentative giving him an appointment as Charge d’Affaires. Coxe continued to serve as such until 1809 when he was ap¬ pointed Consul to Tunis. He held this post until his death in the fall of 1830. It is interesting if not unique to note that Lieutenant Coxe continued to hold his commission in the Marine Corps until 23 December 1809, when he resigned— at the insistent request of the Secretary of the Navy.

From 1809 through the War of 1812, a number of officers served the State Department as confidential couriers to U. S. Ministers in France and England. First Lieutenant Samuel Miller, who was wounded in the Battle of Bladensburg in August, 1814, wrote that “During the administration of Mr. Madison, I was repeatedly employed to confidential ser¬ vice, both in Europe and at home.” On July 10, 1810, Secretary of the Navy Paul Hamilton directed Lieutenant Miller to proceed to France, his orders reading: “You are to receive the despatches with which the Honbl., the Secre¬ tary of State will intrust you and will immediately proceed to New York and take passage on board the Hornet ... to land you at the Port of Havre, whence you are to proceed to Paris and deliver your despatches.”

In 1846, during the war with Mexico, First Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie was selected as confidential messenger to carry special instructions from President Polk and the Secretary of State to U. S. Consul Larkin and Captain Fre¬ mont in California. Gillespie, traveling as a salesman for Scotch whiskey, successfully accomplished his important mission.

In 1856, the Marines led the assault in the capture of the barrier forts of Canton in retaliation for the unprovoked attack by the Chinese on a U. S. ship flying the American flag. Ten years later, when the U. S. Consul at Newchwang (Yingkow), China, was assaulted by a band of dissolute characters, led by a gangster called “Sword Rack Hoo,” Marines were landed to handle the situation. After the Chinese authorities had admitted that they were powerless to arrest Sword Rack, the Marines brought him in and then stood guard over him until he had been tried and punished.

In 1900, the Chinese Boxers got a little too rough with “The fist of righteous harmony” and the foreign ministers at Peking called for help. A small force of Marines and

Leatherneck Magazine Photo

Marines and instructors at the entrance to the Institute. Another class ready for assignment.

seamen, including 52 U. S. Marines from the Oregon and Newark, were landed at Taku the latter part of May and managed to reach Peking before it was cut off by the Boxers. As this force was so small compared to that which the Box¬ ers had available at the scene, additional forces were re¬ quested. An Allied relief expedition, consisting of United States, Austrian, British, French, German, Italian and


DECEMBER, 1949 35

DEAR ANDY:

You asked me about the price situation in Washington. That’s not something one can answer in a sentence. Some things are up, others are down. To give you and Milly an idea of the prevailing prices here, let me enumerate some that I’ve run across during the last couple of weeks:

Rents, for instance. In general, I am told that the apart¬ ment situation has let up quite a bit. I have a furnished room in Georgetown, with a separate entrance from the street, and pay $60 a month. Some girls I know live on 26th Street near Q, on the edge of Georgetown and pay $128 (semi-furnished) for a house that has a large down¬ stairs room and two bedrooms upstairs. A new apartment house is going up near Washington Circle, within walking distance of the Department. It will be airconditioned and apparently rather snazzy, and one-room apartments (un¬ furnished, of course) will cost $90, two-room apartments $120. Frineds of mine on 37th Street in Glover Park (which is still D.C., about 12 minutes to the Dept., by car) pay $140 for a nice, rather simply furnished small house. In Alexandria (25 minutes by car), other friends of mine pay only $120 for a beauty of a house, completely furnished, with a lovely garden. I think it can be said that if you’ve got a family and are looking for a nice furnished place to live, house or apartment, you’ll have a hard time finding anything under $100. Hotels seem to run like this: The Mayflower, than which there is no finer—singles $7 up, doubles $11.50 to $18. Roger Smith—singles $4.50 to $6.50, doubles $6.50 up. The National charges $3.50 for singles, $5 and up for doubles. So much for housing.

Food. That’s a tricky one. My married friends tell me that many prices gyrate rather wildly. Perhaps that’s the reason why the Washington papers are full of ads of food stores. Take lamb chops, for instance. I’m told they are up to $1.30 a pound and down to as low as 850. Spare ribs are advertised today at 490 lb. and a throw-away sheet that I found at my door last night offered round steak at 790 lb. Pork chops, too, have moved up and down and sideways, it seems, and they’re now at 790 lb. Eggs—big ones—cost 840 a dozen. Milk is 200 a quart, butter 750 a pound. The most important development in the food field seems to be that the 50 cup of coffee is on the way out. It’s still here, but it’s going. For a breakfast consisting of small orange juice, one fried egg, toast and coffee you’ll pay 450 at a drug store, 270 at the State Dept, cafeteria. (Fresh orange juice is a rarity, by the way. Most places now buy it wholesale, in demijohns, and the smallest glass is now 150.) A slice of pie is 200. A good one-dollar dinner has become very hard to find, but you can have a very decent dinner for $1.50 a person at most restaurants, if your taste isn’t too fancy.

General. I know you aren’t looking at the price question scientifically, but you may be interested to know that the latest figures of the Bureau of Labor Statistics show that the general living-cost index is at 170% of the 1935-39 average. The food price index, on the other hand, stands at 204%. I think that in order really to find out where one stands, it

isn’t enough, though, to look at the living-cost index and at one’s take-home pay. A living standard is nothing absolute —it must be measured relatively to others in one’s own society. In that latter respect, we of the Foreign Service have not gained ground, I think: The kind of desirable middle-class standard that once was $5,000 a year is now somewhere around $7,500 and that leaves most of us pretty far behind. Do you know that today an Army captain makes considerably more than the average FSO-5? A married 1st Lieutenant now earns something like $4,200 a year. But enough of these invidious comparisons. Here is a bright spot: Second-hand automobiles are coming down fast. You can get some 1947 models for $1,000 and 1948 models $1,200 and up. You now buy new cars at list in most cases, and without unwanted extras. Gasoline is go¬ ing up: 250 for regular, 270 for special.

( lothex. Milly will like this. Ladies’ dresses are definitely down. You can buy a well-tailored wool suit (at Jelleff’s for instance) for $35, and I am told there are a lot of nice wool dresses at $17.95 at Best’s. Blouses that were $6 a year ago are now around $4.75. Nylons average $1.35, and less well-known brands at $1. Children’s clothes are still pretty high, though: A corduroy jumper for a girl, size 5, is $8 to $10. Overalls for pre-school age cost at least $3. Men’s shirts are down, and so are men’s suits. Arrows now cost around $3.50. A man’s suit that used to be $40 to $45 before the war is now around $50 to $60, but you can get a perfectly acceptable one for $39 at Bond’s. Men’s shoes that cost around $6 before the war are around $10 now. The dollar necktie is on the way out. A top coat will stand you around $40, and one of gabardine (lined) will be $50. Linen has come down: Percale sheets, first quality, can now be had around $2.50. Costume jewelry is down, too, I am told, but it’s still more than double what it used to be before the war.

Entertainment. A ticket in the twelfth row of Constitu¬ tion Hall, for the Sadler Wells ballet, costs $3.60. Good bal¬ cony seats for the National Symphony are $3 ($1.80 if you buy a subscription). You can get in for $1.20, too, but it’ll be like looking through the wrong end of a telescope. Foot¬ ball tickets (G.W.U. vs. Maryland), $3 a person. Movies don’t seem too bad: Loew’s Capitol, a first -run house, 800, Sundays 850. Most second-run houses charge 440 a person. Specialty movies (like “Devil in the Flesh” at the National, or “The Fallen Idol” at the Trans-Lux) around 750. There’s still no theatre, of course. But there’s a pretty good amateur theatre at Catholic U, where tickets are $2.40 average. Din¬ ner and dance at one of the big entertainment factories with cocktails and after-dinner brandy, cover charge, and all the rest is still likely to beggar you, my friend. (Figure on $20, if you want to be sure of preserving that nonchalant facial expression when they hand you the check.) A steak dinner will be around $3.50 a person. A Manhattan at the Staffer is 750. At a bar late in the evening, the other day, I paid $1.80 for two brandy Alexanders, but that wasn’t much considering that there was a lovely lady singing into the microphone there. Don’t know the price of the lovely singer. As to the lady who was with me, she’s priceless. . . .



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FOREIGN SERVICE RESCUE TEAM (Continued from page 15)

terrain in such weather, forced the party to spend the night of October 1st on the road, arriving in Gangtok on October 2nd.”

The Indian Army’s Major 0. A. Mitchell was unquestion¬ ably “courteous and cooperative” but his instructions had not added up to any definite plans and the combination of Army red tape and Mother Nature had him stymied.

Or so the Major thought before he met Roy Bisbee! Roy, with American perversity, insisted on acting as though the making of plans was only a matter of sitting down at a phone and telegraph wire and doing it; landslides and floods were mere bagatelles. When I agreed that 1 didn’t think I would melt and that we couldn’t get anywhere unless we started, the good Major gave him “every assistance.” He anxiously provided us with raincapes, leggings, knee-high rubber boots, a jeep, and a truck and, backed up by the now slightly worried crew of our plane, dubiously waved us “goodbye” as we splashed into the flooded road out of camp.

An hour’s driving found us on a narrow, ascending, moun¬ tain road with a deep gorge on our right and the sullen, muddy, flooded Tista River charging down its bottom. We began to get a mild attack of dubiousness ourselves. Roy decided he’d be more comfortable driving and, with studied carelessness, suggested I sit in front and watch the road ahead for impending landslides. “Oh, sure,” said I, as if watching for landslides was my favorite pastime. But we both grinned sheepishly at each other and looked apprehen¬ sively at the fragile bit of canvas overhead.

Crossing landslides is a dreary, dirty, exhausting business of dickering for coolies to carry your luggage over and cautiously picking and crawling your own way across boul¬ ders, mud. and loose rubble, and then dickering again on the other side for transport to carry you to the next slide. A lifetime in India has made Roy an excellent dickerer.

It took us until dark to reach the last slide, we were dead tired and hungry from having skipped lunch, so, although we were only 11 miles and one landslide from Gangtok, we decided to buy food in the nearby village and retreat IV2

miles to the Dak bungalow (hostelries built at 10-mile inter¬ vals through the mountains).

The Deivan of Sikim Helps Our next day was spent in the gracious company of Mr.

Lai, the Dewan of Sikim. Educated at Oxford, smooth, and with a delightful sense of humor, he fed and housed us, shepherded us through an audience and ceremonial exchange of scarves with the Maharajah of Sikim, had the charming and beautiful Maharaz Kumari for tea (thereby getting me the loan of an English saddle for the trip), advised Roy in his negotiations with the wily outfitter-of-pack-trains, “Ding Dong Dorgie” (the nearest we ever came to pro¬ nouncing his name), and, in masculine innocence, assigned me the only room in his house that didn’t have a mirror!

Determined to stick to our schedule (we were one day behind), and airily dismissing twenty miles of mountain trail riding, Roy and I agreed to make the first two ten-mile stages of the trip in one day. Major Bose, our medical offi¬ cer, was not at all airy about riding and became even less so on meeting the mule that was to be his trail companion for three days. The mule made a shrewd estimate of the Major’s lukewarm enthusiasm for four-footed transportation and gauged his behavior accordingly.

By noon we had completed the first ten miles. Roy and I were considerably less cocky but still game and the Major was fast developing a deep and abiding hatred for mules in general and one mule in particular. It took a good tea and some persuasion to get him in motion again.

By 6:30 p.m. when we reached our destination we were (Continued on page 40)


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paralyzed, blistered (both fore and aft), and nearly frozen from the 12,000-foot altitude. Hot food and a fire were never so wonderful!

After our initial indoctrination the ten miles on the fol¬ lowing day served only to remind us of how many stiff and sore muscles we had. In a cold misting rain we crossed the Nathu Pass into Tibet at 14,300 feet. The climate and trail conditions here even crept into the official report. “At this altitude,” detailed Roy’s despatch, “the weather became increasingly cold, although the unavoidable expo¬ sure on the cliffsides carried the threat of serious wind and sunburn at the same time. Although most of the travelling was upon horseback, it was often necessary to dismount for considerable stretches, where insecure footing or the narrow¬ ness of the trail made it unwise to proceed except on foot."’ We had to walk down the steep and rocky trail, leading our horses and devoutly hoping we wouldn’t slip. After a few hours of that even the Major began to look at his mule with new respect. The Tibetans make certain their passes are open to nothing more formidable than a man on foot or a pack mule.

We Reach Our Goal On the fifth, if Roy’s schedule worked, we were supposed

to meet the Thomas party at Yatung. A messenger met us at the edge of town to tell us Mr. Thomas had arrived two hours before. A few minutes later when we saw him stand¬ ing in the colorful garden of the guest house of the Dorje he did not look like an injured man. Dressed in smartly tailored ski clothes he looked just ready to start broadcast¬ ing about the ski slopes of the Himalayas. Of course he had a cane, but, standing still, he and the group around him looked like any other reception committee. Or, rather, we modestly thought it a reception committee. It developed, however, after greetings were over that they were waiting to take movies and stills of a Tibetan lady in her Sunday best.

It was only when Mr. Thomas began to walk one became aware he was in a serious condition. He moved laboriously and painfully slowly, and leaned heavily on his cane, but he stoutly refused assistance. On the walk was his heavy, cumbersome sedan chair. Built of wood and large enough to be lined with an air mattress, cushions, and blankets, it was carried on the shoulders of four tough, straggle-haired Tibetan coolies. We were to follow it slowly and. at times, breathlessly up to 14,300 feet and down again on a trail that we had had difficulty sticking to in single file and unburdened. The coolies were unquestionably good hearted fellows but there were times during our agonizing struggle over the pass when I fully expected them to dump Mr. Thomas and his chair over the next cliff and vanish into the rocks and caves of the lonely mountainside.

“Lighten Our Load” I wasn’t the only one who thought so. In his first Ameri¬

can broadcast after his return Mr. Thomas recounted, “I don’t remember too clearly all of what happened on that journey across the Himalayas, sixteen days carried on a litter. What I remember mostly is the song of the Tibetans who were carrying me. It was a weird chant, repeated over and over—endlessly, hour after hour, day after day. Translated it went like this: “Oh Lord Buddha lighten our load!” Which didn’t sound so reassuring. For their load would have been lightened a lot by just one false step on that narrow trail.”

My nursing duties on the trip, besides the inevitable treat¬ ing of sick and injured coolies, consisted mainly in trying



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to prevent Mr. I homas from walking any more than abso¬ lutely necessary. This was accomplished by trying to antici¬ pate his needs and supply them before he insisted on doing it himself. I also had quite a job persuading him to take the drugs for pain and sleep the doctors had provided. He disapproved of drugs on principle and it took a bit of doing to convince him that, although that is an admirable premise, circumstances alter cases and that his particular circum¬ stance was certainly one of the exceptions! He did consent readily to the application of hot water bottles at night to relieve some of the aching of his injured hip.

The coolies who had alternated between quarreling and chanting prayers fulfilled their bargain, and on Saturday, October 8th, we were back on the doorstep of the hospitable Mr. Lai who exclaimed in mild Oxford horror at my sun¬ burned and swollen hands and face and mv blistered lips.

After a swift reorganization and sorting of the two Mr. Thomases clothes and equipment and the endowing for life of the bearers with their cast-off supplies, we pushed on the next morning to Siliguri. We were detained by only one uncleared landslide. Reported Roy, “Disliking to add further to Mr. Thomas’s discomfort by transferring him to a litter and packing around the obstacles, and then waiting for other motor transport to come to the other side, Mr. Bisbee spoke to the Indian engineers and persuaded them to concentrate their attention on a few particular boulders, which, if moved, would permit the passage of the jeep. They agreed to place explosive charges in the manner he indicated fa la American Army I and soon had a large enough portion of the road open to permit the jeep to go through. Mr. Thomas and I awaited the final dynamiting at a safe distance; but I looked longingly at the strategic position, under a heavy truck, of some squatting coolies. The blast had no ill after effects and the party transferred from jeeps and trucks to cars and were soon in Major Mitchell’s camp.

On the 10th the Air Attache’s plane with two gentlemen of the press as passengers arrived and on our way back to Calcutta Mr. Thomas was thoroughly interviewed with his hearty cooperation.

In Retrospect

The 11th found us back in New Delhi slowly digesting the fact that we had made a very difficult and dangerous trip to a remote and strange country that few other Americans had ever seen.

Now don’t get me wrong, we enjoyed the trip. The scenery was gorgeous as only wrild mountain scenery can be, the outdoor life and the riding, once we got broken in, was fun, and the Tibetan people were friendly, picturesque and in¬ teresting. Meeting and being of service to Lowell Thomas and his handsome intelligent young son was a privilege and a pleasure, and I believe we made his return trip from Yatung to Calcutta easier and more enjoyable. Does any¬ one else want to go to Tibet and be rescued? Roy and I are at your service!

To the official and the unofficial story, it seems only fair to add another excerpt from the Lowell Thomas Broadcast which Miss Bateman quoted earlier:

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that couldn’t have been surpassed by what Uncle Sam does nowadays for Americans. The State Department rescue team that crossed the Himalayas to meet us said it was just a routine thing for them. They in¬ sisted that it was. . . . They were the first people from the outside world we had encountered in two months. Roy Bisbee, a young ball of fire from the U. S. Em¬ bassy in Delhi, led the party—accompanied by the Embassy nurse, Emily Bateman, and an able Indian Army surgeon, Major A. K. Bose, who carried all the necessary surgical equipment for a major operation. The Tibetan government in an unprecedented move had granted permission for this India-U. S. rescue team to penetrate that mighty Himalayan curtain of rock and snow, and to do everything in their power to get us back to civilization.”

THE TRUST TERRITORIES (Continued from page 17)

and the movement of patients to medical centers, the diffi¬ culty of loading ships where no possible anchorage is avail¬ able, all pose a problem which has taxed the ingenuity of the Navy.

Despite the large number of ship types which arose dur¬ ing the war. the Navy is now using a small freighter pre¬ viously developed by the Army as the basic unit. About a dozen are now used in the Territory. In Navy nomencla¬ ture it is an AG (Auxiliary General) and has an overall length of 150 feet and a carrying capacity of some 600-700 tons. Between the larger centers where traffic is heavier, the Navy is using LSTs. Supply facilities for these ships include several repair ships and drydock space at Pearl Harbor, some 2,000 miles away. Planes provide more rapid trans¬ portation between the civilian administration units and Guam and Kwajalein. The R-4-D, more widely known as the C-47, is available for islands which have landing strips in good repair. Amphibious PBY’s and PBM’s form an auxil¬ iary arm to visit islands where no land strip exists.

Supplementary Needs

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THE TRUST TERRITORIES (Continued from page 44)

on high islands, such as Moen, where the civil administra¬ tion unit for Truk is located, water is a major concern. It has been a factor in the question of allowing dependents to accompany personnel on duty in the Trust Territory. A sta¬ tion composed solely of men uses between 15 and 20 gal¬ lons per man per day. When dependents are added the daily per capita consumption rises to over 100 gallons. As yet. however, the Navy has not been forced to use evaporators, which are expensive to install and even more expensive to maintain.

There is probably no economical solution to the commu¬ nications problem. The Japanese and the Germans also found it necessary to subsidize extensively the shipping which supplied the islands. The lack of small boats among the Marshallese is an effect of the war. Literally everv boat in sight was sunk down to the smallest outrigger—the tra¬ ditional mode of transportation in these low islands, and in which the seafaring Marshallese make prodigious trips. This shipping represented a capital accumulation of several dec¬ ades to the islands and it will be difficult to replace, par¬ ticularly in the Carolines where the distances between the islands are much greater.

Meeting the Problem An impressive start in attacking the problem has been

made in the Marshall Islands, where there is a long tradi¬ tion of boat-building and seamanship. The Navy has made available from war surplus some 100 wooden boats 28 to 50 feet long. These are sold at nominal cost to the islanders who, with age-old techniques, repair and refurbish the hulls, decking them over and stepping a mast. The Marshalls were formerly serviced by two AGs but as of July I of this year, sufficient hulls had been put into operation to warrant the removal of one of the ships and the second AG will be taken off the Marshall run by January 1. The Marshalls then will no longer be dependent upon the administering authority for communications but will be able to transport their copra to a collecting station at Kwajalein and there pick up the trade goods necessary to their economy.

The “Whidbey” Survey The Navy has also approached the twin problems of pub¬

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THE TRUST TERRITORIES (.Continued from page 46)

completed before the Navy could establish its public health program. It has already proved valuable. The Navy had tentatively concluded that tuberculosis, the most prevalent disease in the islands, afflicted five per cent of the population. The “Whidbey’s” partially completed survey showed, how¬ ever, that the incidence of this disease is only one and one- half per cent. The Navy now plans a 250 bed sanitorium in place of the 800 bed installation originally thought neces¬ sary. The “Whidbey” survey has also proved most helpful in early detection of leprosy and in sending patients to the treatment center established on Tinian.

Parallel with this survey, since 1946 the Navy has re¬ cruited several hundred young islanders at a base hospital in Guam for four-year training as medical and dental as¬ sistants and nurses. This involved teaching the recruits English for some six months before their medical training could be undertaken as the lingua franca of the area is now Japanese. The first graduates will soon return to their native islands where, from small dispensaries, supplied with such equipment and medicine as they require, they can treat the sick and supervise the sanitary standards of their people.

The training school has not been without difficulties. Girls selected for training as nurses soon start using cosmetics and develop an attachment for Western dress, both of which prove rather profound shocks to their essentially conserva¬ tive elders.

Language also held up the educational program. There were so very few who spoke English, even haltingly, that the obvious move, which the Navy promptly took, was the es¬ tablishment of a normal school, the Pacific Island Teacher Training School on Truk. There some 60 islanders are studying English and pedagogic methods. The educational program involves consideration of the basic policy to be pursued by the administering authority. The Navy has es¬ tablished in Honolulu an Advisory Committee on Education for Guam and the Trust Territory composed of educators and other interested officials. The High Commissioner of the Trust Territory or his representative meets every month with this committee. In addition two formal sessions are held each year, one in Hawaii and the other in the Trust Territory. In addition to making recommendations, the committee also helps the Navy in recruiting and screening personnel for educational activities in the Trust Territory.

*

The future of this area is uncertain. The price for its principal export, copra, is declining and probably will de¬ cline even more. The Navy does not know how long its stewardship will last. The President has indicated on several occasions, that he expects the Interior Department to assume responsibility for the Territory within “two or three years. ’

The inhabitants are somewhat fatalistic about their lives. They have been prey to the whalers, traders and blackbird- ers of the past century. In this century they have watched the arrival and departure, amidst bombs, shells and strafing of the Japanese, whose administration of the territory, even during the war, showed a curious dichotomy between civil¬ ians and the military. (On one island the Japanese military commander ordered the unmarried girls to be removed to brothels and the unmarried men recruited for labor bat¬ talions only to find that the civil administrator had carefully- seen that all eligible men and women had found mates before the order could be enforced.)

Whatever the future holds, however, the immediate pros¬ pects for the advancement of the Territory’s inhabitants seem good. The Trusteeship Council of the United Nations Organization recently considered the United States report on this trusteeship and the majority of its members com¬ mended most U. S. policies.


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DECEMBER, 1949 49

NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT

(Continued, from page 27)

Meanwhile at the Foreign Service Institute newly appointed Ambassador to Bolivia IRVING FLORMAN was getting the same sort of chief-of-mission course Mrs. Anderson had just completed.

FSS WILLIAM J. HANDLEY recently conducted a seminar on “The Labor Movement in the Middle East” at the In¬ stitute of International Studies and has had an article on “The Labor Movement in Egypt” published by the Middle East Journal.

Recently named to the UN Conciliation Panel were Am- bassador-at-Large PHILIP C. JESSUP and Ambassador to Pakistan H. MERLE COCHRAN. A few days later the press rumored the probable cancelling of Ambassador Cochran’s assignment to Pakistan and his appointment instead as our first Ambassador to Indonesia.

For over a month the Foreign Service Institute’s former Director, FSO William Maddox, spent some four hours a day studying Portuguese—at the Institute. He had just been thoroughly Bon Voyaged when it was learned that FSO ROBERT HALE, Assistant Director of the Institute, would go to Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, as Consul.

FSO NORTH WINSHIP, Ambassador to the Union of South Africa, is resigning.

Vice Consul and Mrs. WILLIAM OLIVE, who were married in Shanghai this year, built a home in Arcadia, Missouri, while on leave. It is situated on two acres of land in the midst of the Ozark mountains. They planted 10 Chinese elm trees, apple, butternut and weeping willow trees.

RICHARD LANKENAU, who has been detailed to the Depart¬ ment of Commerce w’ill leave shortly with his wife and live children for Ciudad Trujillo. The youngest, twins, were born in Washington.

When FSS CHARLES S. FERGUSON returns front Tehran next month, his most important piece of luggage will be a small case containing 20 reels of tape. Recorded there, for the first time, will be the voices of native speakers of Persian and its many dialects. Those 20 reels will contain enough material to form the basis for a new language course at the Foreign Service Institute. They represent three months of intensive study, careful selection, recording and re-recording of material which could only be obtained in Iran itself.

FSO ELY E. PALMER, recently Ambassador to Afghanis¬ tan, has been appointed to succeed attorney Paul A. Porter as US Representative on the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine.

Former Assistant Secretary of State (and donor of the Foreign Service Benton Scholarships ) WILLIAM BENTON has been appointed Senator from Connecticut to fill the vacancy caused when Senator Raymond Baldwin resigned to accept a judgeship.

Former Minister to Denmark RUTH BRYAN ROHDE was recently awarded the Danish gold medallion for distin¬ guished service and “friendship for Denmark.” She is the only American woman to receive it.

Recently appointed Assistant Secretary of Labor in charge of International Labor Affairs was PHILIP M. KAISER, for¬ merly on the staff of the Department’s Division of Inter¬ national Organization Affairs.


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NEWS FROM THE DEPARTMENT (Continued from page 50)

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Another former member of the Embassy staff at Moscow is by-lined in the Saturday Evening Post. This time it is ELLSWOKTH RAYMOND, who writes on “Russia’s Triple Crises.”

FSO J. CHARLES THOMPSON, Third Secretary at Buenos Aires, has sold National Geographic some of the pictures he took while on an eight-day fishing trip on a Hong Kong junk. Publication should be fairly soon. From the pictures he left at the JOURNAL office, we think the Geographic spread must be pretty good. Where is that story to go with our pictures, Mr. T.?

When FSO and Mrs. HENRY L. PITTS, JR., on home leave recently from Porto Alegre, Brazil, spent a few days in New York they found tickets to radio broadcasts almost impos¬ sible to get on short notice. At the last minute, however, someone turned up a pair of passes to the “Ladies Be Seated” show. Before the performance started, the master of ceremonies went through the audience, asking people at random where they were from. When pretty Mrs. Pitts announced that they had just arrived from South America, she was selected as one of two contestants on the program. As a result the Pitts family has a bulky problem—what to do with a brand new gas stove! This was the first time either of them had ever attended a broadcast.

Another Foreign Service family to get involved with radio was the Paxtons. With considerable reluctance and a little urging from the Department J. Hall Paxton agreed to appear on a CBS “Names Behind the News” show early in Decem¬ ber. When it came to television, however, Mr. Paxton drew the line.

KENNETH HOLLAND, Counselor on UNESCO Affairs at the Embassy in Paris, has accepted the presidency of the Institute of International Education and will take up his new duties in the spring.

SHEPARD STONE has been given leave of absence from his duties as Assistant Sunday Editor of the New York limes to serve as Acting Deputy to RALPH NICHOLSON,

Director of the Office of Public Affairs. Mr. Stone will be a special consultant on information and cultural affairs in Germany.


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DECEMBER, 1949 53


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At the invitation of GOVERNOR MUNOZ-MARIN a small group of US officials visited Puerto Rico at the end of No¬ vember in connection with the development of the Point IV program. Headed by ASSISTANT SECRETARY WILLARD L. THORP, other Department members of the study group were SAMUEL P. HAYES, JR., on the staff of the Assistant Secre¬ tary for Latin American Affairs, and MR. STEPHEN P. DOR¬

SEY, Executive Secretary of the Interdepartmental Committee on Scientific and Cultural Cooperation.

Former FSO WILLIAM L. S. WILLIAMS, now Assistant Desk Officer for India in SOA and Adviser to the U. S. Representative on the Kashmir Commission was married last month in Geneva to Miss ARLITA LEGUIZAMON, daugh¬ ter of the Argentine Representative on the Commission. We hope policy disagreements don’t put a strain on these brand new family ties. Rumor has it that the advantages of marital bliss were first emphasized to Bill by FSO RAY

THURSTON, First Secretary at Moscow.

“A Good Neighbor Warms to the Task” was how Robert K. Shellaby in the Christian Science Monitor headed his account of how energetic Assistant Secretary EDWARD G. MILLER, JR., “has reached new heights in this country’s policy of cultivating the 20 republics south of the border.” In record time Mr. Miller has visited Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela.

BETTY HAHN BERNBAUM, whose story of the Ecuador earthquake was in our September issue, was awarded the Ecuadoran decoration of merit in recognition of her out¬ standing aid during that tragic event.

FSO RAYMOND C. MILLER, formerly with the ECA Mis¬ sion in Brussels, has been appointed Director of the Office of International Trade at the Department of Commerce.

FORREST D. VANVALIN, Employee Counselor of the De¬ partment, retired on October 31st after over forty years of government service.

Assistant Secretary GEORGE C. MCGHEE has just returned from the Istanbul conference of the Near Eastern Chiefs of Mission. BURTON Y. BERRY, newly appointed Director of


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the Office of African and Near Eastern Affairs, and GORDON

H. MATTISON, Deputy Director, accompanied him. Attend¬ ing the conference were Ambassadors JEFFERSON CAFFERY,

HENRY F. GRADY, JOHN C. WILEY, GEORGE WADSWORTH,

JAMES G. MCDONALD, EDWARD S. CROCKER, JR., J. RIVES

CHILDS, Ministers LOWELL C. PINKERTON and JAMES H.

KEELEY, JR., Charge d’Affairs ad Interim (at Amman) A. DAVID FRITZLAND and Consul from Jerusalem WILLIAM C. BURDETT, JR.

Next Chief-of-Mission conference scheduled is to be at Bangkok next month and will focus on Far Eastern prob¬ lems.

Foreign Service Wives’ Luncheon It took more than good food to produce the having-a-

good-time feeling which was so evident at the Foreign Serv¬ ice Wives’ luncheon which was held at the Wardman Park early this month. Most of the credit goes to the Commit¬ tee’s Secretary, Mrs. Leon LeRoy Cowles, who with the assistance of Mesdames Theodore C. Achilles, Robert F. Woodward and Gordon Mattison, and under the Chairman¬ ship of Mrs. W. Walton Butlerwoth, Jr., worked up what all the participants agreed was the most successful Wives’ luncheon ever held.

A unique feature of this affair was the assigning of a hostess to each of the sixteen tables for eight. Each hostess saw to it that the ladies were all introduced to each other. They must have done their job well for everyone went away feeling she had not merely met new acquaintances but made new friends.

The receiving line was headed by Mrs. Dean G. Acheson. With her, in addition to Mrs. Butterworth. were Mesdames James E. Webb, George V. Allen, John D. Hickerson, George W. Perkins, Willard L. Thorp and Jack K. McFall.

IN MEMORIAM PAYNE. Charles E. B. Payne, Vice Consul at Calgary,

Alberta, died on November 13, 1949, at his post.

MOESSNER. Wallace E. Moessner died in Washington on November 30, 1949. Retired from the Service in 1942, his last post was as Vice Consul at Toronto.


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LEATHERNECKS AND TOP HATS (Continued, from page 35)

Japanese forces, was hurriedly organized and started to the relief of the besieged city. The expedition encountered strong resistance in the vicinity of Tientsin, however, and was itself surrounded and besieged. Additional U. S. Marines and Army troops were then ordered up from the Philippines.

Meanwhile, the small detachments of LL S. Marines and Allied troops at Peking were in a desperate situation. The Boxers tightened the ring around the Legations and at the same time kept up a continuous fire of small arms and artil¬ lery; they pillaged and burned the missions and killed hun¬ dreds of native Christians. The besieged nationals, com¬ pletely cut off from the rest of the world, were forced to eat horse and mule meat and rice. They made sand hags of richest silks, satins, and fine embroideries so that the Marines could build barricades on the city wall. The ladies of the missions made trousers for the Marines, as their change of clothing did not arrive from Tientsin. Mrs. Conger, wife of the U. S. Minister, later wrote.

“These Marines are sorely tired, for their clothes are soiled and warm and they have to-wear them day and night. . . It is getting quite hot. I never saw such swarms of flies, mosquitoes, and fleas . . . our marines as a body have been brave, faithful, and untiring from beginning to end. They have never faltered even when standing at the most dangerous post. The city wall is a testing-place, and they have fought most bravely there and elsewhere. Would that I could sing their true praises so loudly that the whole world could hear them ” In 1903, the Marines escorted the American Consul-Gen¬

eral to Addis Ababa, capital of Abyssinia, to arrange a treaty with King Menelik. They rode mules and camels over 300 mt.'es of desert and mountains, carrying the Stars and Stripes to the country between the Red Sea and the Blue Nile for the first time. The route was infested with half-savage tribes of natives. The chief camel man insisted on taking the wrong route (for which he was bound hand and foot by the Marine Captain), and one of the tribal chieftains demanded 100 talers (about $47.00) to guarantee the caravan from attack. Brushing aside these pettv an¬ noyances, the expedition arrived to within a few miles of Addis Ababa, where the Marines changed into their “special full dress uniforms.” The march was continued into the capital along a route lined with thousands of the Emperor’s special warriors, fantastically garbed in lion or leopard skins and mounted on splendid Arabian horses or Zebra¬ like mules. These troops escorted the expedition into the capital where the Marines were assigned a “palace” as ouarters while guests of the King. On Christmas Eve, the Marines, in full dress uniform, performed a few drills for which they were complimented by the King. Before leaving Addis Ababa the King presented the Menelik medal to the enlisted men and the Star of Ethiopia to the officers.

Although the Marines’ tact and sympathetic understanding have established a reputation for “getting along” with peoples of the world, regardless of race, creed, color, or religion, there have been a few occasions where the plain cussedness of human nature has embroiled them in serio- comical situations.

Shortly after the siege of Peking had been lifted, gossip in the so-called “diplomatic social set” hinted that during the fighting in Peking one of the two U. S. Marine officers. Captain Newt H. Hall, was not as brave as a Marine should be. Captain Hall, a young blue-eyed Texan, demanded that he be brought before a court of inquiry. In acquitting Hall of the charge of cowardice, the President of the Court of Inquiry, reported:

“. . . Before concluding its work the court feels called upon to remark that there will be found in the record a great deal of incidental or collateral evidence going to show the prevalence of a feeling adverse to Captain Hall, officially and socially at the United States Legation, which naturally


would not tend to minimize any mistake or unpopular act on his part.

“Femininity figures on certain pages, and it is plainly in¬ dicated that some of the severest criticisms of Captain Hall are traceable to the same residence which extols into heroic importance a civilian who is incidentally condemned by evidence adduced by the defence ... it is regrettable that Captain Hall could not be confronted with his principal ac¬ cusers, . . . : but their attendance, in spite of repeated efforts, the court was unable to secure.”

On 1 June 1901, the Army and Navy Register published an item concerning the “advancement” of this Marine of¬ ficer, in which it reported:

“. . . While the naval authorities decline to permit ex¬ amination of the record of the court it is understood that it contains the testimony that Captain Hall became unpopu¬ lar with certain Americans because he declined to direct his Marines to salute ladies attached to the American legation, giving as his reason that constant saluting was fatiguing to the men who were pretty well exhausted from the hard work of defending the legations from the Chinese besiegers. . . .” During World War I. Marine non-commissioned officers were regularly employed by the State Department as diplo¬ matic couriers between the State Department and U. S. diplomatic missions in Europe. Although some of their experiences with enemy secret agents would undoubtedly make interesting reading, suffice it to say that not one single despatch fell into enemy hands.

One of the outstanding examples of Marines serving in diplomatic posts was that of Brigadier General John H. Rus¬ sell who was appointed, 11 February 1922, as High Com¬ missioner of the United States to Haiti with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary, an unusual position for an of¬ ficer of the regular service. He served in this position, as

the direct representative of the President of the United States, for nearly nine years during which time his intelli¬ gent handling of a delicate and complicated situation earned for him the confidence and commendations not only of the officials of Haiti but of his own government as well.

Perhaps the finest exemplification of the interrelationship between the Marine Corps and the Foreign Service is furn¬ ished by the distinguished career of General Thomas Hol¬ comb, who was a member of the Legation guard in Peking from 1905 to 1906 and again between 1908 and 1910, and who capped a distinguished career in the Marine Corps with an equally distinguished tour of duty as American Ambassador to the Union of South Africa.

General Holcomb, who is the first Marine to attain the ranks of Lieutenant General and “full” General, and who is justly famed for his role in developing the superior marks¬ manship of the Marines, was a member of the Legation staff in Peking in the years immediately after his service with the Legation’s guard (1908 to 1910). He later returned, in 1927, to become Commanding Officer of the Detachment. This service with a diplomatic mission does not seem to have done his military career the slightest harm, for nine years later, in 1936, he attained to the position of Commandant of the Marine Corps, a position which he held for two terms, before accepting the post of Ambassador.

Today, the Marines guarding United States diplo¬ matic missions abroad are not bodies with full heavy combat equipment—as in the days of the legation guard at Peking— troops capable of carrying the attack to any hostile forces threatening our interests. But they can be depended upon to guard the security of such foreign posts and if necessary to defend them against all comers, with all the vigor and resources at their command, in line with the high traditions of the Marine Corps and in keeping with its inspiring motto: Semper Fidelis.

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DECEMBER. 1949 59

.JltL e nu on

OFFICERS AND PERMANENT AMERICAN

EMPLOYEES OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE

(EXCEPT Reserve Officers)

Do you have adequate protection? A great many

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A supply of an announcement dated March I, 1949,

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colleague will loan his copy, for perusal, or the Pro¬

tective Association will be glad to mail one upon request. Application and Declaration of Health may

be typed if blank forms are not handy.

CAMP, SCHOOL or COLLEGE? —Our purpose is to help you select the one

that best serves the individual needs of your child.

—Consultant in Switzerland

—Write: MILDRED ELLIOTT BERL, Director

SCHOOL GUIDANCE CENTER

1247 20th STREET, NORTHWEST

WASHINGTON 5, D. C. NAtional 1697

Canned Salmon

(

An Appetizing, Nu¬

tritious, Easily Kept

and Transported

Sea Food

ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC

FISHERIES

SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE

LETTER FROM WASHINGTON (Continued, from page 36)

Odds & Ends. Phonograph records are coming down, largely due to the trend to long-playing (LP) records, I think. I Brahms Symphony No. 4, once a $7.25 album, now costs $3.63. Complete on one LP record, it’s $4.85.) Tele¬ vision has really come down. You can get a pretty good set for $199—and now that the new models (that don’t require outdoor antennas) are coming out, you can pick up last year’s models for as little as $59 and $79. (Door-to-door salesmen now sell television. I Johnnie Walker Red Label is $4.69, Four Roses $3.45, Fleischmann’s Gin $2.64, I. W. Harper bourbon $5.39. Cleaning a wrist watch costs—hold you hat!—$7.50. On the other hand, you can get a pretty good electric alarm clock for $3.50. Train ride to New York and back, by coach, is a shocking $17.43. A pack of cigarettes is eighteen cents, including D.C. sales tax. That sales tax is a new feature of Washington life, by the way. If you buy a magazine (The New Yorker is now 200) you pay a penny tax extra. But there’s no tax on food purchases under $1.25.

I hope this gives you a general idea of the situation, Andy. If you and your friends want me to, I’ll try to send you a letter like this every once in a while, via the JOURNAL.

Regards to Milly, and: chin up! As you can see, none of those ugly rumors about 500 cigarettes and $10 steaks are true. As a matter of fact, once you are over the initial shock you’ll be surprised how quickly you become accus¬ tomed to- the prices.

Cordially yours, MARTIN (HERZ)

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS American Eastern Corporation 58 American Express Company 46 American Security and Trust Company 37 Association of Pacific Fisheries 60 Bacardi 52 Barr Shipping Company , 5 Bowling Green Storage & Van Company 40 Brown-Forman Distillers Corp. 6 California Texas Oil Co. . 55 Calvert School . 54 Campbell, W. D. ._ , 38 Chase National Bank , 54 Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. , . 10 Foreign Service Protective Association 60 Frankfort—Four Roses 38, 52, 54, 56, .59 Goodyear , 39 Grace Line , 9 Hornsby, Miriam 3 International General Electric , 51 International Harvester . 47 I. T. & T. 57 Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. (Chesterfield) 2 Mayflower Hotel , , 48 National City Bank ' 42 National Distillers Corporation ! , 41. 49 Packard 53 Pan-American Airways, Inc. 43 Phillipine Airlines 3 Radio Corporation of American 8 Reid Murdoch 44 Richard, David . 4 Roe filing’s 46 Saltz, Lewis & Thos., Inc. ..... 38 Schenley Products 1 II and III Covers School Guidance Center . 60 Seagram’s V. 0. 45 Security Storage Company of Washington 37 Sinclair 7 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 50 Tyner, Miss E. J 46 United Fruit Company i , 56 von Zielinski, Carl M. J 56 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV Cover Wellborn Motors 3


SCHENLEY INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION . EMPIRE STATE BUILDING - NEW YORK, U.S.A

Forelg„ TSVDER

MR. WALTER O.SCHNYU

Latin-American Department: MRS. LAZO STEINMAN

rr:.—-"‘-i

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gL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL - afsa.org · Issued monthly Angusby the American Foreign Service Association, 1809 G Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. Entered as second-class