American Foreign Policy:1920-1941

American Foreign Policy:1920-1941

Topic

Foreign Policy Foreign Policy TensionsTensions

InterventionInterventionismism DisarmamentDisarmament

• Collective Collective securitysecurity

• ““WilsonianismWilsonianism””

• Business Business interestsinterests

• IsolationismIsolationism

• NativistsNativists

• Anti-War Anti-War movementmovement

• Conservative Conservative RepublicansRepublicans

American American IsolationismIsolationism

* Isolationists like * Isolationists like Senator Lodge, Senator Lodge, refused to allow the refused to allow the US to sign the US to sign the Versailles Treaty.Versailles Treaty.

* Security treaty * Security treaty with France also with France also rejected by the rejected by the Senate.Senate.

* July, 1921 * July, 1921 Congress passed a Congress passed a resolution declaring resolution declaring WW I officially over!WW I officially over!

Sen. Henry Cabot Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

Topic

Washington Disarmament Washington Disarmament ConferenceConference(1921-1922)(1921-1922)

* Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) * Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States.Japanese war with the United States.

* Goals * Goals naval disarmament and the political naval disarmament and the political situation in the situation in the Far East. Far East.

Topic

Five-Power Treaty Five-Power Treaty (1922)(1922)

* A battleship ratio was achieved through * A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:this ratio: US Britain Japan US Britain Japan France Italy France Italy 5 5 3 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67

•Japan got a guarantee that the US and Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the East territories [including the Philippines].Philippines].

•* Loophole* Loophole no restrictions on small no restrictions on small warshipswarships

Topic

European Debts to European Debts to the USthe US

Hyper-Inflation in Hyper-Inflation in Germany:Germany: 19231923

Dawes PlanDawes Plan (1924)(1924)Topic

Young PlanYoung Plan (1930)(1930)

* For three generations, you* For three generations, you’’ll have to ll have to slave away!slave away!

* $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a * $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.period of 58½ years.

* By 1931, Hoover declared a debt * By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium.moratorium.

Locarno PactLocarno Pact (1925)(1925)

* Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, * Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. Versailles of 1919.

* Germany signed treaties with Poland and * Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration onlyborders of Germany by arbitration only.

Clark Memorandum Clark Memorandum (1928)(1928)

Clark pledged that Clark pledged that the US would not the US would not intervene in Latin intervene in Latin American affairs in American affairs in order to protect US order to protect US property rights.property rights.

This was a complete This was a complete rebuke of the rebuke of the Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe to the Monroe Doctrine!Doctrine!

Secretary of StateSecretary of StateJ. Reuben ClarkJ. Reuben Clark

Topic

Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)(1928)

* 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression * 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.and war as tools of foreign policy.

* 62 nations signed.* 62 nations signed.

* Problems* Problems no means of actual enforcement no means of actual enforcement and gave and gave Americans a false sense of Americans a false sense of security.security.

Topic

Japanese Attack Japanese Attack Manchuria Manchuria (1931)(1931)

* League of Nations condemned the * League of Nations condemned the action.action.

* Japan leaves the League.* Japan leaves the League.

* Hoover wanted no part in an American * Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.military action in the Far East.

Hoover-Stimpson Hoover-Stimpson DoctrineDoctrine(1932)(1932)

* US would not recognize any territorial * US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by acquisitions that were achieved by force.force.

* Japan was infuriated because the US * Japan was infuriated because the US hadhadconquered new conquered new territories a few territories a few decades earlier.decades earlier.

* Japan bombed * Japan bombed Shanghai in Shanghai in 1932 1932 massive massive casualties.casualties.

FDRFDR’’s s ““Good NeighborGood Neighbor”” PolicyPolicy

* Important to have * Important to have all nations in the all nations in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere united in lieu of united in lieu of foreign aggressions.foreign aggressions.

* FDR * FDR The good The good neighbor respects neighbor respects himself and the himself and the rights of othersrights of others..

* Policy of non-* Policy of non-intervention and intervention and cooperation.cooperation.

FDR Recognizes the FDR Recognizes the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

(late 1933)(late 1933)

* FDR felt that * FDR felt that recognizing recognizing Moscow might Moscow might bolster the US bolster the US against Japan.against Japan.

* Maybe trade * Maybe trade with the USSR with the USSR would help the US would help the US economy during economy during the Depression.the Depression.

Nye Committee HearingsNye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)(1934-1936)

* The Nye Committee I* The Nye Committee Iinvestigated the charge investigated the charge that WW I was needless and that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits owners could make big profits [[““merchants of death.merchants of death.””]]

* The Committee did charge * The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money.make money.

* Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany * Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nationsby sailing in to warring nations’’ waters. waters.

* Resulted in Congress passing several * Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.Neutrality Acts.

Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

FDRFDR’’s s ““I hate warI hate war”” Speech (1936)Speech (1936)

Ludlow Amendment Ludlow Amendment (1938)(1938)

* A proposed * A proposed amendment to the amendment to the Constitution that Constitution that called for a national called for a national referendum on any referendum on any declaration of war by declaration of war by Congress.Congress.

* Introduced several * Introduced several times by Congressman times by Congressman Ludlow.Ludlow.

* Never actually * Never actually passed.passed.

Congressman Louis LudlowCongressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN][D-IN]

Neutrality Acts: 1935, Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 19371936, 1937

* When the President proclaimed the * When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into restrictions would automatically go into effect:effect:

Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.nations.

Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.nations.

Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].nations at war [in contrast to WW I].

Non-military goods must be purchased on a Non-military goods must be purchased on a ““cash-and-carrycash-and-carry”” basis basis pay when goods are pay when goods are picked up.picked up.

Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.War.

* This limited the options of the President * This limited the options of the President in a crisis.in a crisis.

* America in the 1930s declined to build up * America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!its forces!

US NeutralityUS Neutrality

Panay Incident (1937)Panay Incident (1937)* December 12, 1937.* December 12, 1937.

* Japan bombed * Japan bombed USS USS PanayPanay gunboat & three gunboat & threeStandard Oil tankers onStandard Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River.the Yangtze River.

* The river was an * The river was an international waterway.international waterway.

* Japan was testing US resolve!* Japan was testing US resolve!

* Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and * Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks.promised no further attacks.

* Most Americans were satisfied with the * Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.apology.

* Results* Results Japanese interpreted US tone as a Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for license for further aggression against US further aggression against US interests.interests.

Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)(1936-1939)

The American The American ““Lincoln Lincoln BrigadeBrigade””

Fascist AggressionFascist Aggression* 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles * 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty &Treaty & the League of Nations [re- the League of Nations [re-arming!]arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.

* 1936: German troops sent into the * 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland.Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain.Franco in Spain.

* 1938: Austrian * 1938: Austrian AnschlussAnschluss.. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement Munich Agreement APPEASEMENT! APPEASEMENT!

* 1939: German troops march into the rest of* 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact.

* September 1, 1939: German troops march into * September 1, 1939: German troops march into

Poland Poland blitzkriegblitzkrieg WW II WW II begins!!! begins!!!

1939 Neutrality Act1939 Neutrality Act* In response to Germany* In response to Germany’’s invasion of s invasion of Poland.Poland.

* FDR persuades Congress in special session * FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:in a limited way:

The US could sell weapons to the European The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a democracies on a ““cash-and-carrycash-and-carry”” basis. basis.

FDR was authorized to proclaim danger FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.not enter.

* Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:* Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:

Aggressors could not send ships to buy US Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.munitions.

The US economy improved as European The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the country out of the 1937-38 recession.1937-38 recession.

* America becomes the * America becomes the ““Arsenal of Arsenal of Democracy.Democracy.””

““America FirstAmerica First”” CommitteeCommittee

Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh

“Lend-Lease” Act (1941)

Great Great Britain.......................Britain.........................$31 billion..$31 billionSoviet Soviet Union.........................Union...........................$11 billion..$11 billionFrance........................France......................................$ 3 billion..............$ 3 billionChina.........................China.......................................$1.5 billion..............$1.5 billionOther Other European.................$500 European.................$500 millionmillionSouth South America...................$400 America...................$400 millionmillionThe amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Admiral Isoroku Admiral Isoroku YamamotoYamamoto

Pearl Harbor from the Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Cockpit of a Japanese

PlanePlane

A date which will live in A date which will live in infamy!infamy!

Pearl Harbor – Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941Dec. 7, 1941

FDR Signs the War FDR Signs the War DeclarationDeclaration

USS ArizonaUSS Arizona, Pearl , Pearl HarborHarbor

2,887 Americans Dead!2,887 Americans Dead!

Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor MemorialMemorial

Pacific Theater of Pacific Theater of OperationsOperations

““Tokyo RoseTokyo Rose””

Paying for the WarPaying for the War

Paying for the WarPaying for the War

Paying for the WarPaying for the War

Betty Grable: Allied Betty Grable: Allied Pinup GirlPinup Girl

((She Reminded Men What They Were She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting For)Fighting For)