gkm BzL^ 1 nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk noE gqfeosh s/ y/so gqPBL ...gdinfotech.com/gd_tutorial/polSci2.pdf · gkm BzL^ 1 nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk noE gqfeosh s/ y/so gqPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh

gkm BzL^ 1 nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk noE gqfeosh s/ y/so

gqPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j? < fJ;d/ pdbd/ j'J/ ;o{g dk toDB eo' .

T[ZsoL^ Introduction:- nzsookPNoh okiBhsh fJe nfijh gqfefonk j? fi; ftu jo/e d/P Pesh d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkgD/ nzsookPNoh ;pzXK dk fJ; gqeko skbw/b eoB dk :sB eodk j? . fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ fjZsK dh fIndk s'A fInkdk g{osh eo ;e/ . nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk w[Zy T[d/P tZy^tZy d/PK ftu PKsh s/ ;fj:'r dh GktBk g?dk eoBk j? .

nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dh gqfeosh iK ;o{g

1) nzsookPNoh okiBhsh Pesh bJh ;zxoPL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh B{z Pesh dk gqshe wzfBnk iKdk j? . jo/e d/P ;z;ko ftu tZX s'A tZX Pesh gqkgs eoB bJh d{i/ d/PK Bkb ;zxoP eodk j? s/ fJ; ftu jw/PK jh tkXk eoB ftu bZrk ofjzdk j? . T[dkjoD tZi'A d{i/ ftPt :[ZX d/ pknd ;kpek ;'thns ;zx s/ nwohek ftu ;zxoP Pesh gqkgs eoB bJh ;h .

2) fttkd nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ Io{oh sZs d/ o{g ftuL^ nzookPNoh okiBhsh ftu id'A sZe fttkd j? T[d'A sZe fJ;dk ftek; j[zdk oj/rk . fit/A :{ogh d/PK dh T[gfBt/P p;shnK ;Ekfgs eoB dh j'V B/ eJh fttkdK B{z iBw fdZsk i' gfjb/ ftPt :[ZX dk ekoB pD/ s/ 1921 ftu fJNbh ftu ck;htkd s/ iowBh ftu BkIhtkd d/ T[d? Bkb b'eszso s/ okiszso ftueko fttkd g?dk j'fJnk i' d{i/ ftPt :[ZX dk ekoB pfDnk .

3) nzookPNoh okiBhsh dk w[Zy gkso okPNo j?L^ wkor?E'A B/ nzookPNoh okiBhsh dk w[Zy gkso okPNo B{z wzfBnk j? . jo/e okPNo nkgD/ fjZsK bJh d{i/ okPNo Bkb NeokT[Ad/ jB sK T[j nzookPNoh okiBhsh B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB.

4) okPNoh fjZsL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu okPNoh fjZs ftP/P ;EkB oZyd/ jB . e'Jh th d/P id'A d{;o/ d/P Bkb ;pzX pDkT[Adk j? . T[j ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/ fjZsK B{z fXnkB ftu oZydk j? . i/eo ftd/P Bhsh d/ Bkb okPNoh fjZsK dh ;[oZfynk j[zdh j? sK nfijh Bhsh B{z tXhnk wzfBnk iKdk j? .

5) okiK ftu fto'X ;[bMkT[D dh gqfefonkL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ;dek pj[s ;ko/ okiK d/ fto'X iK fttkd ;[bMkT[D dhnK pj[s e'fPPK ehshnK iKdhnK jB . fJj fttkd, y/soh, ;hwktK, ib ;hwktK, ib fttkd, nzsookPNoh ;hwktK dk fBoXkoB Bk j'Dk, ;hwk gko nZstkd, s;eoh, nzsookPNoh tgko Bkb ;pzXs j' ;ed/ jB .

6) nzsoftP/ nfXn?BL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu ftfGzB okPNoK dh okiBhsh ftu w"I{d j'o ftP/ fit/A okiBhsh Pk;so, nzsookPNoh ftXh fJfsjk;, wB'ftfrnkB, doPB Pk;so, b'e gqPk;B, noE Pk;so, G{r'b nkfd Bkb fwb e/ fJ;dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j? .

7) nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftd/P Bhsh dh nzsofefonk d/ o{g ftuL^ ftd/P Bhsh Bkb jh tZy^tZy okPNo fJe d{i/ d/ ;zgoe ftu nkT[Ad/ jB ns/ ftd/P Bhsh ;dek jh nkgD/ fjZsK B{z ;[oZfyns eod/ jB .

8) nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk ;kXB Pesh j?L^ Pesh B{z nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ T[d/PK dh g{osh dk fJe ;kXB wzfBnK iKdk j? . fijVk okPNo fizBk fInkdk PehsPkbh j't/rk . T[Bh jh ;cbsk Bkb okPNoh fjZsK B{z gqkgs eo ;edk j? .

9) fBo^p;shtkd dk nkozGL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh;dek jh fBo^p;shtkd dh gqfefonk P[o{ j'Jh j? . fBo^p;shtkd dh gqfefonk d[nkok J/Phnk, n|ohek ns/ bkshBh nwohek d/PK B/ p;shtkd s'A nkIkd j' e/ nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ nkgDh gfjukD pDkJh j? .

10) nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ ;o{g ftu gfotosBL^ nzsookPNoh xNBktK d/ e/Ado gfjbK :{og j[zdk ;h . go d{i/ ftPt :[ZX pknd nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu J/Phnk, n|ohek s/ bkshBh nwohek d/ ;?AeV/ d/P T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkJ/ jB . fi; Bkb nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ nkgDh tZyoh gfjukD pDkJh j? .

gqaPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ ftP/^y/so dh ftnkfynk eo' .

T[ZsoL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk ftPk^t;s{

1) oki dk nfXn?BL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh oki dk nfXn?B eodk j? . jo/e d/P dk G{r'fbe tksktoB d{i/ Bkb'A tZy j[zdk j? . fi;B{z fXnkB ftu oZy e/ d{iu/ d/P Bkb ;pzX pDkT[Adk j? . T[dkjoB ti'A B/gkb fszB gkf;nK s'A Gkos s/ fJe gk;/ s'A uhB Bkb fxfonk j'fJnk j? . fi; eoe/ T[j :[ZX ;pzXh tgko s/ j'o b'VK bJh Gkos s/ fBoGo j? . fJ;d/ T[bN fpqN/B d/ G{r'fbe tksktoB B/ T[;B{z jwfbnK s'A pukn ehsk ;h .

2) okPNoh Pesh dk nfXn?BL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d[nkok tZy^tZy okPNoK e'b fezBh Pesh j? T[;dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j? fit/A d{i/ ftPt :[ZX pknd fpqN/B dh okPNoh Pesh xZN rJh ;h . go nwohek dh pesh tXD ekoB T[j fJe ;[go gkto d/ o{g ftu T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk j? .

3) ftd/P Bhsh dk nfXn?BL^ ftd/P Bhsh d[nkok fJe okPNo j'o d/PK Bkb nkgD/ okiBhfse, e{NBhfse, nkofEe, :[ZX ;pzXh gZy s'A ;pzX pDkT[Adk j? . okPNo fJj th d/ydk j? fe T[;B{z d{i/ d/PK Bkb ftd/P Bhsh d[nkok fezBk e[ bkG j' fojk j? .

4) nzsookPNoh okiBhfse ;z;EktK ns/ ;zrmBK dk nfXn?BL^ d/PK ftu nkofEe, ;?fBe, seBheh s/ ;ZfGnkukoe ;fj:'r ftu tkXk eoB bJh nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ pj[s ;ko/ ;zrmB pDkJ/ rJ/ jB . fJj ;zrmB nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGk oj/ jB .

1) ;?fBe ;zrmB^ BkN' ;hN', ;?AN', J/Bi ;[ tko; nkfd 2) nkofEe ;zrmB^ ftPt tgko ;zrmB, nzsookPNoh w[dok e'P, ftPt

p?Ae, :{oghnB ;kMK tgko nkfd .

3) ;ZfGnkukoe ns/ j'o ;zrmB^ :{B/;e', chck, ftPt f;js ;zrmB, nzsookPNoh wId{o ;zrmB, nzsookPNoh T[bzfge ;zx nkfd .

4) okiBhfse ;zrmB^ r[N^fBob/g nzd'bB, ncoheh d/PK dk ;w{j . 5) gqd/fPe ;zrmB^ nop, bhr, ;koe J/PhnkB nkfd .

5) :[ZX ns/ PKsh dhnK rshftXhnK dk nfXn?BL^ tZy^tZy d/PK ftu :[ZXK d/ ekoB, :[ZX tXD d/ ekoB, fJ;B{z o'eD d/ T[gktK s/ PKsh pDkT[D d/ :sBK dk nfXn?B nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d[nkok ehsk iKdk j? .

6) nzsookPNoh ;pzXK d/ nkofEe T[geoDk dk nfXn?BL^ nZi d/ ;w/A ftu tZy^tZy d/PK ftu pj[s fInkdk nkofEe fBoGosk tZX rJh j? . eJh d/P d{i/ d/PK s'A ftd/Ph ;jkfJsk, eoIk b?Ad/ jB s/ tgko Bkb ;pzXs eJh ;wM"s/ ehs/ iKd/ jB . fiBQK dk nfXn?B nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d[nkok ehsk iKdk j? .

7) pj[ôkPNoh fBrwK fij/ r?oôkieh ekoieosktK dk nfXn?BL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d[nkok ftfGzB okPNoK d/ fJbktk okPNotkd ezgBhnK pj[ okPNoh ezgBhnK, pj[ôkPNoh ;zrmB r?o^;oekoh ns/ noX ;oekoh ;zrmBK d/ ezw eko dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j? .

8) nzsookPNoh ekB{zB dk nfXn?BL^ tZy^tZy d/PK d/ ftukb/ ;pzXK B{z ;jh eoB d/ s/ MrfVnK B{z fBgNkT[D bJh nzsookPNoh ekB{zB dh ;jkfJsk bJh iKdh j? . fi; Bkb d/PK ftu ;fj;'r dh GktBk g?dk ehsh iKdh j? .

9) nzsookPNoh ;pzXK d/ fB:zsoeK dk nfXn?BL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d[nkok Pesh ;zs[bB dh XkoBk, y/sohtkd, fBP;sheoB ns/ jfEnko fB:zsoB, ;w{fje ;[oZfynk, e{NBhsh y/v f;XKs, ftPt iBws, J/wB/;Nh, fJzNoB?PBb nzsookPNoh wB[Zyh nfXeko nk:'r nkfd ;zrmB i' ftfGzB okPNoK d/ ftjkoK B{z ezNo'b ftu oZyd/ jB ns/ T[jBK dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j? .

10) ftukoXkoktK dk nfXn?BL^ 20thA ;dh ftu pj[s ;kohnK ftukoXkoktK g?dk j'JhnK fit/A wkoe;tkd, g{zihtkd, BkIhtkd, ck;htkd, rKXhtkd, wkUtkd, fttjkotkd, T[Zso^fttjkotkd, ;kwokitkd, T[gfBt/Ptkd fJj nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu wjZstg{oB ;EkB oZydhnK jB .

11) Pesh dk Xo[theoBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh Pesh Xo[theoB d/ nfXn?B d[nkok fJj d/ydh j? fe tZy^tZy d/PK e'b fezBh^fezBh Pesh j? . fit/A d{i/ ftPt :[ZX pknd ;'thns ;zx d/ gsB ekoB nwohek wjKPesh ti'A T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk ;h .

12) okPNoh fjZsL^ jo/e d/P nkgD/ fjZsK B{z fXnkB ftu oZy e/ d{i/ d/PK Bkb ;pzX pDkT[Adk j? . jo/e d/P d/ okPNoh fjZs b'VK nB[;ko tZy^tZy j[zd/ jB . fJ; nzsookPNoh okiBhsh T[jBK ezwK dk nfXn?B eodh j? . fi; Bkb okPNoh fjZsK ftu skbw/b g?dk j' ikt/ .

13)Pesh;zs[bB ns/ fBP;soheoBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB d[nkok nzsookPNoh okiBhsh fJj nfXn?B eodh j? fe tZy^tZy d/PK ftu Pesh fJe pokpo j? sK fe e'Jh d/P tZX Pesh gqkgs eoe/ d{i/ d/P B{z jokT[D iK jwbk eoB dh e'fPP Bk eo/

. fBP;soheoB d[nkok d/PK ftu jfEnko dh ewh eoe/ T[jBK B{z ;wkgs eoBk j? sK fe wB[ZyK dh ;[oZfynk ehsh ik ;e/ .

14) gqwkD{ Pesh d/ ftek; dk nfXn?BL^ ;G s'A gfjbK gqwkD{ Pesh dh tos'A nwohek B/ ehsh ;h . T[;s'A pknd pj[s ;ko/ d/P fit/A ;'thns ;zx, fpqN/B, |oK;, uhB, Gkos, gkfe;skB B/ gqwkD{ Pesh dk pj[s fInkdk ftek; eo fbnk j? s/ nkgD/^nkg gqwkD{ Pesh okPNo n?bkB eo fdZsk j? . fJ; bJh nzsookPNoh okiBhsh gqwkD{ Pesh d/ ftek; B{z nfXn?B dk ftPk wzBdh j? .

gkm BzL^ 2 nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ fdqPNhe'D^:EkoEtkdh ns/ nkdoPtkdh

gqPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ nkdoPtkd fdqPNhe'D dh nkb'uBkswe ftnkfynk eo' .

T[ZsoL^ nkdoPtkdh fdqPNhe'D nkdoPtkd dk noEL^ nkdoPtkd fdqPNhe'D dk iBw 18thA ;dh ftu j'fJnk ;h . fJ; fdqPNhe'D B{z gfjukD nwoheh ;[szsosk nzd'bB ns/ coK;h;h eqKsh s' fwbh j/ . fJ; fdqPNhe'D nB[;ko ;wki ftu GkJhuko/ dh GktBk j't/ . oki ftu fjz;k s/ Pesh bJh e'Jh EK BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh . nkdoPtkdh fJjBK gqPBK s/ th ftuko eod/ jB fe ;z;ko ftu fBnK s/ PKsh fet/A ;Ekfgs ehsh ikt/ s/ :[ZXK B{z fet/A \sw ehsh ikt/ . w[Zy ;woEeL^ jopoN, o/B'bv, povkbh, c/Bfte, rkoBo, joP/, jkJhv, gkNo, PkNt/b ftb;B, okJhNB, t[vo' ftb;B nkfd .

nkdoPtkdh fdqPNhe'D dhnK ftP/PsktK 1) wB[Zy ;[Gkn s' uzrk j?L^ nkdoPtkdh fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEeK dk wZs j? fe wB[Zy

;[Gkn s'A uzrk gqkDh j[zdk j? . T[; ftu dfJnk, Xow, jwdodh, PfjDPhbsk, ngDkgB, goT[geko d/ r[D j[zd/ jB . wB[Zy dk p[ok ;[Gkn T[;d/ p[o/ tksktoB s/ p[oh ;zrs ekoB jz[dk j? .

2) :[ZX dk fto'XL^ nkdoPtkdh :[ZX B{z wB[Zy iksh bJh ysoBke wzBd/ jB . fJ; bJh :[ZX \sw eoBk ukjhdk j? . fJj f;oc ftPt d/ ;ko/ d/PK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb jh j' ;edk j? .

3) Pesh dk yzvBL^ nkdoPtkdh ftukoe Pesh dh tos'A dk fto'X eod/ jB . T[j efjzd/ jB fe Pesh dh tos'A Bkb :[ZX s/ ;zxoP g?dk j[zdk j? . fi; Bkb ;z;ko dh PKsh Gzr j[zdh j? .

4) w[ZbK s/ nkXkfosL^ nkdoPtkdh ftukoeK nB[;ko wB[Zy B?fsesk, wB[Zyh ;/tk dh GktBk, nfjz;k, GkJhukok, PKsh :[ZX d/ fsnkr tor/ w[ZbK Bkb GkJhuko/ s/ PKsh t/b/ ;wki dh f;oiDk eo ;edk j? .

5) ;ot^nfXekotkd dk fto'XL^ nkdoPtkdh ftukoeK nB[;ko Pk;B dh Pesh B{z fe;/ th fJe ftnesh d/ jZE ftu fJeZmh BjhA j'D d/Dk ukjhdk . fJ; Bkb ftnesh fGqPN pD iKdk j? . fJ; bJh nkdoPtkdh ;ot^nzXêkotkd dk fto'X eod/ jB .

6) nzsookPNoh ;zrmBK dk ;woEBL^ nwoheh okPNogsh t[vo' ftb;B B/ ndoPtkd s'A gqGkfts j' e/ 1919 ftu ‘okPNo ;zx* dh ;EkgBk ehsh ;h . nkdoPtkdh ftukoe ;z:[es okPNo ;zx, ftPt f;js ;zrmB, ftPt vke ;zrmB, nzsookPNoh wId{o ;zrmB, r[ZN^fBogZy nzd'bB nkfd ;zrmBK B{z ftPt PKsh bJh tXhnk wzBd/ jB .

7) ftPt oki dh ;EkgBk s/ pbL^ nkdoPtkdh ftukoe ‘ftPt gfotko* tor/ T[d/PK B[z ;kjwD/ oZy e/s/ ftPt ftu ;fj:'r s/ PKsh bJh nzsookPNoh ftPt B{z ;fj:'r fdzd/ jB .

8) nB[Gt s/ soe s/ pbL^ nkdoPtkdh ftukoeK nB[;ko soe s/ nB[Gt d[nkok wB[Zy w[Pfeb s'A w[Pfeb wkwfbnK B{z jZb eo ;edk j? . soe f;Zfynk ns/ ftfrnkB d[nkok wB[Zy iksh dk fBozso ftek; j[zdk ofjzdk j? .

nkdoPtkdh fdqPNhe'D dh nkb'uBk 1) w[ZbK s/ nkXkfos nfXn?BL^ nkdoPtkdh nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D ftu B?fsesk

wB[Zyh ;/tk dh GktBk, nfjz;k, GkJhukok, PKsh, :[ZX s/ fsnkr B{z gfjb fdzd/ jB go :EkoEtkdh fJ;dh nkb'uBk eod/ jB .

2) Pesh dh wjZstg{oB G{fwekL^ nkdoPtkdh Pesh B{z fsnkr e/ T[;dh EK B?fse f;XKsK dh gkbDk eoB s/ I'o fdzdh j? . go fJj fpbe[b ;jh BjhA j? feT[Afe nkX[fBe nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu ‘Pesh* dh G{fwek fdB gqsh fdB tZXdh ik ojh j? .

3) ftPt oki dh ;EkgBk n;zGtL^ okPNo ;zx s/ ;z:[es okPNo th ftPt B{z :[ZXK s'A pukT[D ftu n;cb ojh ;h . fJ; bJh ftPt oki dh ;EkgBk eoBk ;zGt BjhA j? .

4) nzsookPNoh ;zrmBK dk rbs nkXkoL^ okPNo ;zx d/ fBowkD ftu ;z:[es oki nwohek s/ T[;d/ okPNogsh t[vo' ftb;B B/ wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh ;h . gozs{ nwoheh ;z;d tZb'A wBI{oh Bk fdZs/ ikD s/ nwohek fJ;dk w?Apo BjhA pD ;fenk ;h . nkdoPtkdhnK B/ fJ; T[go fInkdk I'o fdZsk j?, go fJjBK ;zrmBK dk nkXko rbs j? .

5) wB[Zy d/ ;[Gkn dk rbs fusoBL^ nkdoPtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko wB[Zy ftu dfJnk, gq/w, brB, PfjDPhbsk, jwdodh, d/P^fgnko nkfd r[D gkJ/ iKd/ jB go T[jBK B/ ;[nkoE, ;"VkgD, X'yk d/Dk, d{finK d/ fjZsK B{z u'N gjz[ukT[Dk torhnK p[okJhnK B{z nZy'A Ujb/ ehsk j? .

6) nzsookPNoh okiBhsh fJe T[d/P j?L^ nkdoPtkdh nzsookPNoh okiBhsh B{z fJe ;kXB wzBd/ jB i' fe ;jh BjhA . go n;b ftu nzsookPNoh okiBhsh fJe T[d/P th j/ s/ fJe ;kXB th .

gqaPBL^nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B ftu s[;hA :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D s'A eh ;wMd/ j' < T[ZsoL^ :EkoEtkd iK :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D

:EkoEtkdh ftukoXkok dh tos'A okiBhfse ftt;Ek ftu gqkuhB ;w/A s'A ehsh ik ojh j? go ftP/P eoe/ 19thA ;dh ftu BhsP/ s/ NokfJNPe/ B/ fJ;

fdqPNhe'D B{z ngDkfJnk ;h . j?o'bv bk;t?b ns/ v/ftv Jh;NB B/ th :EkoEtkdh ftukoXkok s/ pj[s I'o fdZsk ;h . :EkoEtkd dk noEL^ :EkoEtkd dk e/Ado fpzd{ ‘fjZs* j? fi;dh ftnkfynk Pesh d/ o{g ftu ehsh rJh j? . fJ; fdqPNhe'D nB[;ko jo wB[Zy B{z nkgDh oZfynk bJh jo ;w/A d{finK B{z BPN eoB bJh fsnko ofjDk ukjhdk j? . w[Zy ;woEeL^ NqhNPe/ BhsP/, J/foe ekZcw?B, v/ftv Jh;NB, j/okbv bk;t?b, e?B/E, wkor?AE' nkbr'w?ph nkfd .

:EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D dhnK w[Zy ftP/PsktK 1) okiK d/ fto'X ns/ ;zxoP dk nfXn?BL^ :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D ftu okiK d/

fto'X ns/ ;zxoP dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j? . oki nkg; ftu nkgDh ;[oZfynk s/ tZX s'A tZX Pesh gqkgs eoB bJh bVd/^MrVd/ ofjzd/ jB, fi; Bkb T[jBK ftukb/ ;zxoP tXdk j? .

2) Pesh dk nfXn?BL^ :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D tkb/ Pesh B{z nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk e/Ado fpzd{ wzBd/ jB . ‘Pesh* bJh jh d' okiK ftu fto'X s/ ;zxoP j[zdk j? .

3) soe s/ nB[Gt *s/ I'oL^ :EkoEtkdh fJ; rZb *s/ I'o fdzd/ jB fe g[okD/ nB[Gt Bkb jh sZEK dk ;jh wbKeD j' ;edk j? s/ soe d/ nkXko *s/ jh fe;/ rshftXh iK ekoiK dk ftPb/PD j' ;edk j? .

4) okPNo fjZs dk nfXn?BL^ :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D tkb/ ftukoe okPNoh fjZs B{z nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dh e[zih nkyd/ jB . joe/ oki nkgD/ okPNoh fjZsK B{z g{ok eoB bJh d{i/ okiK Bkb ;pzX pDkT[Adk j/ . fJjBK okPNoh fjZsK Bkb jh d' okiK ftueko MrV/ j[zd/ jB .

5) nzsookPNoh ;pzXK dk nfXn?BL^ :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEe nzsookPNoh ;pzXK *s/ pj[s I'o fdzd/ jB . tZy^tZy d/P nkgD/ okPNoh fjZsK B{z g{ok eoB bJh nzsookPNoh ;pzXK dh wdd b?Ad/ jB . nzsookPNoh ;pzXK dk :EkoEtkdh wkvb w?AorkE' B/ ;Ekfgs ehsk ;h .

6) wB[Zyh ;[Gkn dk nfXn?BL^ :EkoEtkdh ftukoe wB[Zy B{z ;[Gkn ti'A izrbh s/ ;[nkoEh wzBd/ jB . :EkoEtkdh wB[Zy, jfEnko, XzB s/ o'Nh B{z :[ZX dh Pesh wzBd/ jB . go jfEnko s/ wB[Zy B{z fInkdk Io{oh wzBd/ jB . :EkoEtkdh Pesh jfEnko s/ :[ZX B{z th wB[Zy dh w[Zy b'V wzBd/ jB .

7) :EkoEtkd dk f;XKfse nkXkoL^ :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D d/ ftukoe nzsookPNoh okiBhsh B{z ftfrnkBe wkvb gqdkB eod/ jB .

:EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D dh nkb'uBk 1) wB[Zyh ;[Gkn dk rbs fusoDL^ :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D d/ ;wooEe wB[Zyh

;[Gkn B{z izrbh s/ ;[nkoEh wzBd/ jB . T[j Pesh jfEnko s/ :[ZX B{z wB[Zyh ;[Gkn dh w[Zy b'V wzBd/ jB . go T[j wB[Zy d/ nzdo gq/w, jwdodh, d:k, PfjDPhbsk, ngBkgB ns/ GkJhuko/ dh GktBk B{z nZy'A Ujb/ eod/ jB i' fpbe[b ;jh BjhA j? .

2) Pesh s/ fIndk I'oL^ :EkoEtkdh ‘Pesh* B{z nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk e/Ado fpzd{ wzBd/ jb . gozs{ nkb'ue fJ; eEB Bkb ;fjws BjhA jB . nkb'ueK nB[;ko nzsookPNoh gq'rokw nfij/ th jB fiBQk d/ fgZS/ ‘Pesh dh gqkgsh* dk T[d/P ezw BjhA eodk . fit/A c[Npkb dk ftPt eZg, tksktoB ;w/bB, nBgVQsk jNkU, g'bhU jNkU nkfd fiBQK ftu Pesh dk sZs fe;/ th o{g ftu fdykJh BjhA fdzdk .

3) PKsh fto'Xh BhshnKL^ :EkoEtkdhnK B/ Pesh d/ gquko s/ gq;ko B{z nkgDk ;kXB wzfBnk j? . :EkoEtkdhnK B/ jfEnko s/ :[ZX B{z wB[Zy bJh Io{oh wzfBnk j? . fi; ;dek nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ pj[s ;ko/ :[ZX j'J/ jB fi; Bkb PKsh Gzr j'Jh j? .

4) ;kXBK s/ T[d/PK dh nDd/yhL^ :EkoEtkdh ftukoe f;oc Pesh B{z jh nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk w[Zy f;XKs s/ T[d/P wzBd/ jB go fJ; s'A fJbktk j'o th eJh f;XKs jB fiBQK s'A fpBK nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk ftek; ;zGt BjhA .

5) ftfrnkBetkd *s/ I'oL^ :EkoEtkdh ;woEeK B/ ftfrnkBtkd *s/ fInkdk I'o fdZsk j? T[jBK nB[Gt s/ soe dh tos'A th fInkdk ehsh j? . go nkdoPtkdh fJ; dh nkb'uBk eod/ efjzd/ jB fe :EkoEtkdhnK B/ frnkB s/ ;{M^p{M Bkb ;wZf;nktK B{z jZb eoB tZb xZN fXnkB fdZsk j? .

6) Pesh ns/ ;Zsk dh gfoGkPk efmBL^ :EkoEtkdhnK B/ Pesh s/ ;Zsk dh ;jh ftnkfynk BjhA ehsh j? . oki dh ;koh Pesh B{z wkgDk pj[s jh w[Peb ezw j? . feT[Afe fJ; ftu pj[s ;kohnK fefonktK j[zdhnK ofjzdhnk jB .

gkm BzL^ 3 okPNoh Pesh ns/ fJ;d/ sZs gqPBL^ okPNoh Pesh s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' < okPNoh Pesh dhnK ftP/PsktK dk toDB eo' .

iK okPNoh Pesh s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' < okPNoh Pesh d/ ;o{g dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ okPNoh Pesh dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk

okPNoh Pesh s'A ;kvk Gkt fe;/ okPNo dh T[; ;woZEk s'A j? fi; d/ pb s/ T[j d{i/ okPNoK B{z gqGkfts eo ;e/ . okPNo dh fJ;/ ;woZEk dk BK okPNoh Pesh j? . fe;/ okPNo dh okPNoh Pesh fizBh fInkdk j't/rh, T[j T[BK jh nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ PeshPkbh j't/rk . ‘fbzeB d/ nB[;koL^ ‘‘okPNoh Pesh B{z n;hA Pesh ns/ ;woZEk dk T[j i'V wzB ;ed/ jK i' fJe oki nkgD/ fjZsK dh g{osh bJh ns/ okPNoh NhfunK dh gqkgsh bJh tos'A ftu fbnkT[Adk j?** .

okPNoh Pesh dh gqfeqsh iK

okPNoh Pesh dhnK w[Zy ftP/PsktK 1) okPNoh Pesh dk ;o{g n;EkJhL^ okPNoh Pesh dk ;o{g n;EkJh j?

feT[Afe fJ; ftu brksko spdhbhnK nkT[AdhnK jB . T[dkjoD ti'A nkIkdh

;w/A Gkos ;?fBe s/ nkofEe gZy s'A ewI'o ;h go j[D ;?fBe s/ nkofEe Pesh ti'A T[Gfonk j? .

2) w[bKeD dh T[fus ftXh BjhAL^ jo/e d/P dh okPNoh Pesh d/ sZs tZyo/ j[zd/ jB fi; eoe/ fJjBK dhokPNoh Pesh dk w[bKeD eoBk w[Peb j? .

3) ;ko/ sZsK dh wjZsskL^ okPNoh Pesh ftu G{r'fbe ;fEsh, e[dosh ;'w/, izB;zfynk, ftukoXkok, nrtkJh, e{NBhsh, Pk;B d/ r[D, seBhe, okPNoh ufoZso, wB'pb tor/ sZsK B{z pokpo wjZssk fdZsh rJh j? .

4) s[bkswe gqfeoshL^ d' okPNoK dh Pesh dh s[bBk eoe/ jh T[jBK ftu'A fJj d/y ;ed/ jK fe fejVk okPNo ewI'o j? iK fejVk skesto . fJ; bJh okPNoh Pesh d/ ;o{g ftu fJ s[bkswe gqDkbh ekch gqGktPkbh f;ZX j[zdh j? .

5) ;z;ko dh okfJL^ nkX[fBe ;w/A ftu ;z;ko dh okfJ B{z Pesh d/ o{g ftu T[BK jh wjZstg{oB wzfBnk iKdk j? . fiBQK ;?fBe Pesh B{z ;z;ko dh okfJ dh nDd/yh eoe/ e'Jh th okPNo Bhsh BjhA pDk ;edk . ;z;ko dh okfJ Bz{ okPNoh Pesh ftu wjZstg{oB ;EkB gqkgs j? .

6) okPNo dk toskT[L^ fe;/ th okPNo dk toskU, ofjD^;fjD, c?;bk b?D dh gqfeqnk s/ d{i/ okPNoK s/ i' gqGkt g?Adk T[;B{z th Pesh dk fJe o{g wzfBnK iKdk j? .

7) Pesh fJe J/ehfeqs fJekJhL^ okPNoh Pesh d/ nB/eK sZs j[zd/ jB, fit/A G{r'fbe sZs, e[dosh ;'w/, iB;zfynk, seBhe, ftukoXkok, okPNoh ufoZso, okPNoh wB'pb, nrtkJh, e{NBhsh, Pk;B d/ r[D, T[d:'fre ;woZEk, ;?fBe fsnkoh nkfd . i/eo fJj ;ko/ sZsK ftu e'Jh okPNo gqw[Zysk oZydk j? sK jh T[;B{z PeshPkbh okPNo fejk ikt/rk .

8) okPNoh Pesh Nhuk th j? s/ ;kXB thL^ Pesh fJe nfijk ;kXB j?, fi; d[nkok okPNo nkgD/ fjZsK B{z g{ok eoB bJh d{finK s/ ezNo'b eodk j? s/ fwZE/ rJ/ Nhu/ B{z gqkgs eod/ jB .

9) okPNoh Pesh dh fdqPNh s'A d' okPNo ;wkB BjhA j[zd/L^ i/eo d' okPNo d/yhJ/ sK T[jBK dh Pesh fJe' fijh BjhA j[zdh . T[dkjoB ti'A i/eo Gkos s/ nwohek dh ;?fBe Pesh dh s[bBk eohJ/ sK nwohek dh ;?fBe Pesh fInkdk wIp{s j? .

10) gq;zfresk dh j'AdL^ i/eo e'Jh nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu d' okPNoK d/ Pesh ;pzXK ftu gfotosB nkT[Adk j? sK T[BQK d'jK okPNoK d/ ;pzX nkg; ftu pdb iKd/ jB . T[dkjoB ti'A Gkos s/ ;'thns ;zx ftukb/ pj[s d';sh tkb/ ;pzX ;B go ;'thns ;zx N[ZND ekoB 1991 s'A gfjbk tkb/ ;pzX BjhA oj/ .

gqPBL^ okPNoh Pesh d/ ;EkJh sZsK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ Introduction:- fe;/ th d/P dh okPNoh Pesh d/ sZsK s'A ;kvk Gkt nfij/ sZsK s'A jz[dk j? fijV/ fe T[; d/P dh okPNoh Pesh d/ fBowkD ftu ;jkfJe jz[d/ jB . fJe PeshPkbh okPNo ftu ftPkb y/so, wIp{s nkofEe ;fEsh, e[dosh ;'fwnK dh pj[bsk, izB;zfynk, T[d:'fre ns/ seBheh o{g s'A

;woZE, ;?fBe fdqPNh s'A g{oB okPNo tor/ sZs w"i{d j[zd/ jB . fJjBK ftu e/tb fJe sZs okPNo B{z PeshPkbh BjhA pDk ;edk .

okPNoh Pesh d/ sZs 1) w{os iK ;EkJh sZs 2) nw{os iK n;EkJh sZs

(1) w{os iK ;EkJh sZs (1) G{r'b

no;s{ s/ wkor?E' B/ G{r'b B{z fe;/ okPNo dh Pesh dk wjZstg{oB sZs dZf;nk j? . i' okPNo G{r'fbe ;kXBK dh tos'A ;jh Yzr Bkb eo/rk T[j T[BQK jh PeshPkbh j't/rk . i/eo fe;/ d/P dk G{r'fbe tksktoB mhe BjhA sK T[E/ ftek; dh ;zGktBk Iho' j't/rh .

G{r'b d/ sZs 1) wkB fuZsoL^ wkB fuZsoK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb okPNo nkgDhnK BhshnK pDk e/

fJj d/yd/ jB fe T[jBK bJh mhe jB iK BjhA . 2) y/socb iK nkekoL^ fJe d/P Bk jh pj[s S'Nk s/ Bk jh pj[s tZvk j't/ T[j

jh ;jh Yzr Bkb d/P d/ ;kXBK dh tos'A eo b?Adk j? . fi; Bkb T[j nzsookPNoh gZXo *s/ Pesh gqkgs eodk j? .

3) ibtk:{L^ ibtk:{ dk d/P dh T[sgkfdesk Bkb v{zxk ;pzX j? . ibtk:{ ftnesh d/ ;ohoe ftek; ftu pj[s :'rdkB gkT[Zdh j? . T[dkjoB ti'A mzY/ gqd/PK ftu ezw eoB tkb/ ftnesh tX/o/ fwjBsh j[zd/ jB id fe row gqd/PK ftu ezw eoB tkb/ ftnesh xZN fwjBsh j[zd/ jB .

4) ;fEshL^ ;fEsh fe;/ d/P d/ fe;/ fJe y/so ftu nkofEe ftek; B{z s?n eodh j? . fit/A fJzrb?Av ftu pj[s ;ko/ Nkg{ ;B fi; eoe/ T[j tgkoe s/ ;w[zdoh Pesh fojk j? .

5) G{^nkfeqshL^ fe;/ th d/P dh G{^nkfeqsh ftu T[E'A d/ ibtk:{, jtk, toyk, skgwkB, BdhnK, gjkVhnK, gops nkT[Ad/ jB . fJj d/P B{z ;[oZfynk fdzd/ jB .

(2) e[dosh ;kXB fe;/ okPNo ftu w"i{d eZuk wkb yfDi gdkoE, T[d:'fre Pesh d/ ;kXB, ykX gdkoE ns/ y/sh T[sgkdB B{z e[dosh ;kXB efjzd/ jB . fiB/ fJj fInkdk wksok ftu j'Dr/ T[Bk jh okPNo PeshPkbh j't/rk .

wkor?AE'A nB[;ko e[dosh ;kXB d' gqeko d/ j[zd/ jB (1) eZuk wkb (2) nzBQ

1) eZuk wkbL^ eZu/ wkb Bkb T[d:'fre ftek; pj[s j[zdk j? . fe;/ okPNo ftu e'fJbk, g?No'b, b'jk, sKpK, fi;s, izrb, gN;B, pK;, iVQh p{NhnK, d[ZX, nzv/, wk;, T[B, o/Pw, yZb nkfd dh wksok fInkdk j't/rh T[j T[BK jh soZeh eo/rk .

2) ykX^nzBL^ ykX nzB ftu wB[Zy d/ ykD tkbhnK t;s{nK eDe, u"b, dkb, wk;, d[ZX, djhA, nKvK, ;pihnK nkfd Pkfwb jB . fJjBK d/ Gzvko fizB/ fInkdk j'Dr/ T[BK jh d/P soZeh eo/rk .

(3) izB;zfynk fe;/ okPNo dh Pesh B{z tXkT[D ftu izB;zfynk wjZstg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[Adh j? . go fJj th wjZstg{oB j? fe T[; okPNo dh iB;zfynk dk ;[Gk ns/ ufoZso fe; gqeko dk j? Gkt T[; okPNo ftu fezB/ f;jswzd, ewI'o, gVQ/^fby/ ns/ nBgVQ jB . T[jBK dhnK Xkofwe wkBsktK eh jB s/ okPNo ftu fgzvK s/ BroK dk eh nB[gks j? .

(4) seBhe iK seBkb'ih seBkb'ih d[nkok ezw eoB d/ Bt/A YzrK dk ftek; ehsk iKdk j? . fi; Bkb fe;/ ezw B{z eoB dh ;woZEk tZX iKdh j? s/ okPNo dh Pesh dk ftek; j[zdk j? . seBhe B/ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ fszB y/soK B{z gqGkfts ehsk j? .

1) ;?fBe seBheL^ ;wK pdbD Bkb ;?fBe seBhe ftu pj[s gfotosB nkfJnk j? . gqwkD{ seBhe dh tos'A eoe/ pj[s ;ko/ d/P wjKPesh ti'A T[so e/ ;kjwD/ nkJ/ jB .

2) ;zukoL^ ;zuko d/ ;kXB N?bhftiB, o/vhU, fJzNoB?AN, w'pkfJb c'B, N?bhc'B d/ ftek; B/ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu gfotosB b? nKd/ jB .

3) T[d:'fre seBheL^ Td:'fre seBhe ;dek jh :{og ftu T[d:'re eqKsh nkJh ;h . j[D pj[s ;ko/ d/PK B/ T[d:'fre seBhe ftu pj[s ftek; eo fbnk j? .

4) ;?fBe fsnkohL^ ;?fBe fsnkoh s'A Gkt j? ;?Bk dh Pesh ftu tkXk oeBk sK fe :[ZX ;w/A ;jh Yzr Bkb ;?Bk dhtos'A ehsh ik ;e/ . fe;/ th d/P dh ;?fBe fsnkoh d/ j/m fby/ b'VhAd/ sZs jB .

5) :[ZX seBheL^ :[ZX B{z fiZsD bJh jo/e ;?fBe B{z jfEnkoK dh ;jh Yzr Bkb tos'A eoBh pj[s Io{oh j? .

6) ik;{;hL^ ik;{;h Bkb d{i/ d/P dh ;?Bk, jfEnkoK, ukbK ;pzXh ikDekoh gqkgs j' iKdh j? . fJ; bJh d/P dk ik;{;h ftGkr pj[s jh e[Pb j'Dk ukjhdk j? .

7) jfEnkopzd ;?BktKL^ fe;/ th d/P dh okPNoh Pesh tXkT[D bJh jfEnkopzd ;?Bk dk j'Dk pj[s Io{oh j? .

8) ;?fBe nrtkJhL^ fiZs jk;b eoB ftu T[Zu e'Nh dh ;?fBe nrtkJh dk j'Dk pj[s Io{oh j? .

(6) nkofEe ftek; s/ T[d:'fre ;woZEkL^ fe;/ th d/P ftu rohph, nBgVQsk, nkofEe gZSfVnkgD, nkofEe n;wkBsk xZN j't/rh T[BK jh T[;dk nkofEe ftek; fInkdk j't/rk . T[;dh okPNoh nkwdB, T[d:'fre s/ y/shpkVh T[sgkdB ftu tkXk j't/rk . T[d:'fre ;woZEk tZX j'D Bkb th d/P dk nkofEe ftek; pj[s j[zdk j? .

gqPBL^ okPNoh Pesh d/ n;EkJh sZsK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ nw{os iK n;EkJh sZs

1) ftukoXkokL^ ftukoXkok dk okPNoh Pesh Bkb nN[ZN ;pzX j? . fJj f;ZX/ iK nf;ZX/ o{g ftu BkrfoeK B{z gqGkfts eodh j? . eJh ftukoXkoktK B{z okPNoK ftukb/ :[ZX ns/ eJh ftukoXkoktK Bkb fwZsosk d/yD B{z fwbdh j? . 20thA ;dh ftu T[dkotkd, wkoe;tkd, rKXhtkd, ck;htkd, BkIhtkd, wkBttkd, fttjkotkd, T[Zso^fttjkotkd nkfd T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkJhnK jB . fiBQK dh tos'A tZy^tZy d/PK B/ okPNoh Pesh ti'A ehsh j? . wkor?AE'A B/ ftukoXkoktK B{z fszB GkrK ftu tzfvnk j? . :Ek;fEsh ftukoXkokL^ fJ; ftukoXkok tkb/ ftPt ftu fe;/ th soQK dk gfotosB BjhA ukj[zd/ . ;ftNIob?Av, v?Bwkoe, ;thvB, Bkot/ nkfd d/P fJ;d/ ;woEe jB . ;kwokitkdh ftukoXkoktKL^ fJ; ftukoXkok tkb/ ftPt ftt;Ek ftu gfotosB ukj[zd/ jB. n;gZPN ftukoXkoktKL^ n;gZPN ftukoXkoktK tkb/ :Ek;fEsh s/ ;kwokitkdh ftukoXkok dk ;woEB eod/ jB .

2) nrtkJhL^ e'Jh d/P ;cb nrtkJh eoe/ jh e[dosh ;o'sK, ;?bk ns/ j'o ;ko/ sZsK dk tXhnk Yzr Bkb fJ;s/wkb eo ;edk j? . B?gbhnB, uoub fjNbo, wkT[, wjkswk rKXh, itkjo bkb Bfjo{ nkfd ;dek jh ftPt fJfsjk; s/ v[zxk gqGkt fgnk .

3) e{NBhshL^ e{NBhsh fJe nfijh ebk j? fi;d/ d[nkok okPNoh Pesh d/ sZsK B{z nzsookPNoh wkwfbnK ftu tX/o/ gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb tofsnk iKdk j? . T[dkjoB ti'A 1998 d/ g'yoB ft;c'N s'A pknd Gkos d/ ;pzX nwohek, fpqN/B, |oK;, nk;No/bhnk Bkb yokp j' rJ/ ;h sK T[; ;w/A d/ ftd/P wzsoh i;tzs f;zx B/ e{NBhsh s'A ezw b?Ad/ j'J/ fJjBK d/PK Bkb ;pzX tXhnk eo fdZs/ ;h .

4) okPNoh ufoZso s/ wB'pbL^ joe/ d/P dk nkgDk okPNoh ufoZso j[zdk j? fit/A o{; fiZdh, nwohek y'ih, fpqfN; o{Vhtkdh, iowBh s/ ikgkBh eosZt gkbe ns/ Gkosh nkb;h goftosh d/ b'e jB . okPNoh ufoZso B{z wB'pb Bkb i'fVnk iKdk j? .wB'pb fJe nzdo{Bh Gkt j? fijVk ;kj;, ftPtk;, ftneshst B{z j";b/ ftu oZyD dh GktBk s'A gq/fos j[zdk j? . okPNoh ufoZso s/ wB'pb fe;/ th okPNoh Pesh dk w[Zy sZs j[zdk j? .

5) fBoGosk ns/ ftd/Ph ;jkfJskL^ pj[s ;ko/ d/P nkgDhnK b'VK g{ohnK eoB bJh d{i/ d/PK *s/ fBoGo eod/ jB . go fijV/ d/P d{i/ d/PK s/ fInkdk fBoGo ofjzd/ jB T[jBK dh okPNoh Pesh B{z wIp{s BjhA fejk ik ;edk . ftd/Ph ;jkfJsk s'A Gkt j? d{i/ d/PK Bkb ehshnK rJhnK ;zXhnK, ;fj:'r s/ ;wM"fsnK s'A j? .

gqPBL^ okPNoh Pesh B{z fB:zsfos eoB tkb/ sZsK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^

1) Pesh ;zs[bBL^ id'A e[M d/P fe;/ j'o PeshPkbh d/P fto[ZX fJeZm/ j' e/ T[;dh Pesh B{z ;zXh iK ;wM"s/ d[nkok ezNo'b eo d/D sK T[;B{z Pesh ;zs[bB efjzd/ jB . fJ; Bkb :[ZX s'A pfunk ik ;edk j? s/ PeshPkbh d/P s/ ezNo'b ehsk ik ;edk j? .

2) ftPt iBwsL^ ftPt iBws d[nkok pj[s ;ko/ d/P fe;/ xNBk iK ezw s/ fJe okfJ pDk b?Ad/ jB, fi; Bkb okPNoh Pesh s/ fB:zsoD bZr iKdk j? . T[dkjoD ti'A tksktoB ;[oZfynk, PKsh ;[oZfynk, PKsh nzd'bB, gqwkD{ jfEnkoK s/ ezNo'b nkfd s/ pj[s ;ko/ d/PK dh fJe okfJ j? . fi; Bkb ;oekoK dhnK PeshnK s/ o'e bZr rJh j? .

3) ;w{fje ;[oZfynkL^ fe;/ d/P d[nkok id'A e'Jh ;zXh iK ;wM"sk Gzr ehsk ikdk j? sK pj[s ;ko/ d/P fJeZm/ j' e/ T[; d/P fto[ZX ;KMh ;?fBe ekotkJh eod/ jB .

4) jfEnko fB:zsoB ns/ fBPPsoheoBL^ ftPt ftu PKsh pDkJh oZyD bJh fJeZm/ ehs/ jfEnkoK B{z BPN eoe/ s/ Bt/A jfEnko pDkT[D s/ o'e bk e/ okPNoh Pesh B{z ezNo'b ehsk ik ;edk j? .

5) nzsookPNoh ekB{zBL^ nzsookPNoh ekB{zB d[nkok ftPt ftu PKsh Gzr eoB tkb/ d/P fto[ZX ekotkJh ehsh iKdh j? s/ T[; T[go o'eK brkJhnK iKdhnK jB.

6) nzsookPNoh B?fseskL^ okPNoh Pesh B{z ;hws eoB dk fJe PeshPkbh wkfXnw nzsookPNoh B?fsesk j? .

7) nzsookPNoh ;zrmBL^ ;z:[es okPNo ;zx, r[ZN^fBogZy nzd'bB, ftPt tgko ;zrmB, ftPt f;js ;zrmBK nkfd Bkb okPNoh Pesh B{z ekch jZs sZe ezNo'b ftu ehsk frnk j? .

gkm BzL^ 4 Pesh ;zs[bB dh ftt;Ek ns/ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk

gqPBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' < fJ;dhnK w[Zy ftP/PsktK eh jB < T[ZsoL^ Introduction:- Pesh ;zs[bB s'A Gkt j? fe tZy^tZy d/PK dh Pesh pokpo j't/ e'Jh th d/P fe;/ gZy s'A tZX PeshPkbh Bk j't/ fe T[j d{;o/ d/P T[go jwbk eo d/t/ iK T[;B{z dpkJ/ . fi; soQK fJe sZeVh d/ gZbV/ pokpo Gko j'D s/ ;zs[bB ftu ofjzd/ jB . T[;/ soQK tZy^tZy d/PK ftueko ;zXhnK d[nkok ;wkBsk pDh oj/ . fi; Bkb T[jBK dh Pesh ftu ;zs[bB nk ikt/ .

Pesh ;zs[bB dhnK ftP/PsktK 1) Pesh B{z wkgDk n;zGtL^ fe;/ th d/P dh Pesh dk fJe nzdkIk jh brkfJnk

iKdk j? fe T[; e'b fezBh e[ Pesh j? go T[;B{z wkfgnk BjhA ik ;edk . 2) n;EkJh ns/ n;fEoL^ Pesh dk ;zs[bB d/PK ftueko e[M jh ;w/A bJh ofjzdk

j? . fi; d/P dh Pesh tZX ikt/ fJ;dk e'Jh nB[wkB BjhA j[zdk s/ Bk jh brkfJnk ik ;edk j? .

3) Pesh ;zs[bB d/ gqsh t;s{fBPm ns/ ftneshfBPm fdqPNhe'DL^ t;s{ fBPN fdqPNhe'D nB[;ko d' d/PK iK d/PK d/ ;w{jK dh Pesh pokpo j[zdh j? . ftneshrs fdqPNhe'D nB[;ko Pesh ;zs[bB fJe nfijh ;fEsh j?j fi; ftu

fJe d/P nkgD/ fjZsK B{z fXnkB ftu oZy e/ ezw eod/ jB . fJ; bJh Pesh ;zs[bB dk fdqPNhe'D t;s{g{oe th j? ns/ ftneshg{oe th .

4) okPNoh fjZsK *s/ I'oL^ e'Jh th d/P Pesh ;zs[bB pDkT[D bJh ns/ ftrkVB bJh nkgD/ okPNoh fjZsK dk fXnkB oZydk j? . fiE/ T[;B{z okPNoh fjZs S/sh s/ fInkdk g{o/ j'D dh nk; ofjzdh j? T[E/ jh ;fj:'r fdzdk j? .

5) w[Zy eosk^Xosk tZv/ okPNoL^ Pesh ;zs[bB dh XkoBk ftu tZv/ d/P jh w[Zy o{g ftu G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB . S'N/^S'N/ d/P sK doPe iK fe;/ wjKPesh d/ fgSbZr{ dh G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB .

6) ftP/P okiBhfse gqDkbh dh b'V BjhAL^ fe;/ th soQK dh okiBhfse gqDkbh ukj/ T[j gokszsoh j't/ iK ;ot;Zsktkdh .

7) gfotosB ftu ftPtk; Bk eoBkL^ Pesh ;zs[bB dh XkoBk ftPt ftu Bt/A gfotosBK B{z ;theko BjhA eodh . fJj BhshnK B{z fiT[A dh fsT[A d/ gZy ftu j[zdhnK jB .

8) oki jw/PK ekoiPhb ofjzd/ jBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoB bJh d/P jw/PK ekoiK ftu bZr/ ofjzd/ jB . T[dkjoD ti'A Pesh ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoB bJh :[ZXK ftu Pkfwb j'Dk th Io{oh j? .

9) PKsh dk T[goeD BjhAL^ Pesh ;zs[bB dk T[d/P PKsh ;Ekfgs eoBk BjhA j? pbfe d/PK dh ;[szsosk dh oZfynk eoBk j? s/ T[BQK dh j'Ad B{z ekfJw oZyDk j? .

10) Pesh ;zs[bB dh e;"Nh :[ZXL^ Pesh ;zs[bB B{z ;Ekfgs eoB :[ZX dk j'Dk Io{oh wzfBnk iKdk j? . id'A :[ZX P[o{ j[zdk j? sK Pesh ;zs[bB ysw j' iKdk j? . go id'A :[ZX ysw j[zdk j? sK ;zs[bB g?dk j[zdk j? .

11) ;zs[bB ;t?ûkbe j[zdk j?L^ i/eo edh ;zs[bB ftrV iKdk j? sK T[j y[d jh ;t?ûkbe PeshnK okjhA g[okDh ;fEsh ftu nk e/ ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs j' iKdk j? .

12) okiK dh pj[;zfynk fJe Io{oh PosL^ Pesh ;zs[bB d' iK uko d/PK ftukb/ ehsh rJh G{fwek Bkb BjhA o[edk j? . fJ; d/ wZ[y eosk^Xosk tZX s'A tZX d/PK B{z nkgD/ fgZS/ brk e/ Pesh ;zs[bB B{z nkgD/ gZy ftu eoB dk :sB eod/ jB.

gqPBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB d/ fJfsjkf;e ftek; dk toDB eo' < ns/ fJ;B{z ;Ekfgs eoB d/ ;kXBK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ Pesh ;zs[bB dk ftek; Pesh ;zs[bB d/ fJfsjk;e ftek; B{z nfXn?B eoB ti'A uko ekbK ftu tzfvnk frnk j? . 1) gqkuhB ekb s'A 15thA ;dhL^ gqkuhB ekb ftu Pesh ;zs[bB dh XkoBk pj[gqDkbh

Pk;B ftt;Ek tkb/ d/PK ftu gkJh iKdh ;h . fJj d/P Gkos, fw;o, p/phb'B, :{BkB, uhB nkfd jB . owkfJD, wjKGkos, g[okDk, T[gfBPdK ftu th Pesh ;zs[bB dk toDB j? . :{BkB d/ S'N/^S'N/ BroK, r[gsekb, w"ohnk ekb, toXB ekb, okig{s ekb, dk; tzP, s[rbe tzP, b'Xh tzP ftu th ;kB{z Pesh ;zs[bB dh XkoBk d/ nzP fwbd/ jB .

2) 15thA ;dh s'A 1815 sZeL^ fJ;ekb ftu Pesh ;zs[bB dh tos'A o'wB okiK dh okiBhsh ftu j'Jh . w?fenktbh B/ ‘fgqz;* Bkwh rzqE ftu Pesh ;zs[bB pko/

fbfynk . b{Jh 14t/A dh Pesh B{z pj[s ;ko/ d/PK B/ o'eD d/ :sB ehs/ . Gkos ftu w[rbK d/ tXd/ gqGkt B{z o'eD bJh nB/eK fonk;sK d/ Pk;eK B/ fJeZm/ j'e/ Pesh ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoB dk :sB ehsk .

3) 1815 s'A 1945 sZeL^ fJ; gVkn B{z d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk j'fJnk j? . (1) 1815 s'A 1914 dk ekbL^ fJ; ekb B{z Pesh ;zs[bB d/ ;[Bfjoh ekb d/ BK Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j? . fJ; ekb ftu 1815 dh ftnkBk eKro; B/ Pesh ;zs[bB dh Bt/A f;o/ s'A ;EkgBk ehsh ;h . 1914 ftu Pesh ;zs[bB ftrVB ekoB gfjbK ftPt :[ZX j'fJnk . (2) 1914 s'A 1945 dk ekbL^ 1914 d/ gfjb/ ftPt ;[ZX d/ nkozG ftu ;zs[bB sZeVh d/ fJe gk;/ fpqN/B, |oK;, o{; ;B id'A fe d{i/ gk;/ w[Zy d/P iowBh s/ nk;Nohnk ;B . gozs{ :[ZX d/ pknd Pesh ;zs[bB dk o{g pdb frnk ;h . :[ZX s'A pknd Pesh ;zs[bB fpqN/B, |oK;, nwohek s/ iowBh, fJNbh s/ ikgkB ftukb/ ;Ekfgs j' frnk ns/ ;'thns ;zx fJeZm/ uZb' dh Bhsh dh Beb eoB bZr fgnk . fJjBK d/ ftu Pesh ;zs[bB ftrVB ekoB d{ik ftPt :[ZX P[o{ j'fJnk .

4) 1945 s'A j[D sZeL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX gqwkD{ pzpK dh tos'A ekoB nwohek wjKPesh ti'A T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk . nwohek s'A pknd ;'thns ;zx B/ th gqwkD{ Pesh dk gohyD eoe/ pj[s ;ko/ d/PK B{z u"ek fdZsk . uhB B/ 1963 ftu gqwkD{ Pesh jk;b ehsh . Pesh ;zs[bB dh ftt;Ek ftu Gkos, ikgkB, iowBh, pqkIhb, dZyDh ncohek, T[Zsoh e'ohnk d/ T[GoB Bkb fJe BtK w'V nkfJnk .

Pesh ;zs[bB d/ ;kXB 1) PPsoheoBL^ PPsoheoB dh ftXh d[nkok id'A fJe d/P jfEnkoK ftu tkXk

eodk j? sK T[;dk fto'Xh d/P th nkgDh Pesh pokpo eoB bJh jfEnkoK ftu tkXk eodk j? . Gkos s/ gkfe;skB fJ;dh fJe tXhnk T[dkjoB jB .

2) jkBh^g{osh dh tzvL^ id'A e'Jh d/P Bt/A y/soK s/ nfXeko eoe/ nkgDh Pesh ftu tkXk eodk j? sK T[;dk fto'Xh fJj ;fjD BjhA eodk s/ T[j Pos oZydk j? fe Bt/A gqkgs ehs/ y/so d't/A tzv b?Dr/ .

3) d\b nzdkIhL^ d\b nzdkIh dk noE j[zdk j? fe;/ d/P d/ nzdo s/ pkjoh wkwb/ ftu fe;/ j'o d/P d[nkok d\b nzdkIh eoBk . fJ; ftXh Bkb d/P nkgDhnK PeshnK ftu tkXk eod/ jB . d{i/ ftPt :[ZX pknd fpqN/B B/ :{BkB ftu d\b nzdkIh ehsh ;h . nwohek bkshBh nwohek ftu jw/Pk d\b nzdkIh eodk fojk j? .

4) rmpzXB ns/ gqsh^rmpzXBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB d/ ;kXBK ti'A ;zXhnK, rmpzXBK s/ gqsh^rmpzXBK dh tos'A nkw ehsh iKdh j? . fJj fe;/ d/P dh Pesh B{z tXkT[D s/ d{i/ d/P dh Pesh xNkT[D dk g[okDk ;kXB j? .

5) wZXtosh okiL^ d' PeshPkbh d/PK B{z ;zs[bB oZyD bJh wZXtosh oki pj[s G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB . wZXtosh oki nkw s"o *s/ ewI'o j[zd/ j? ns/ fJjd' tZv/ r?o^fwZso d/PK ftukb/ ;fEs j[zdk j? fit/A Gkos s/ uhB d/ ftukb/ fsZps j? .

6) c[ZN gkT[ s/ oki eo'L^ fJ; ftXh Bkb eJh d/P fto'Xh d/P dh pesh B{z xZN eoB d/ T[d/P Bkb T[; B{z tzv e/ ewI'o eo fdzd/ jB fit/A nzro/IK B/ Gkos ftu c[ZN gk e/ Gkos s/ gkfe;skB d' d/P pDk fdZs/ .

7) gqw[Zy d/P Bkb ;wM"sk eoBkL^ fJ; Bhsh dh tos'A gqkuhB ekb s'A jh Gkos ftu j[zdh ojh j? . Gkos s/ gkfe;skB ftueko nB/eK tko fJ; ftXh dk gq:'r j'fJnk j? . fJ; ftXh d[nkok ;zXh dh fJZSk oZyD tkbk d/P fJj ukj[zdk j? fe ftPt PKsh j't/ . gozs{ d{ik T[;B{z :[ZX ftu XZe fdzdk j? .

gqPBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB d/ gZy s/ fto'X ftu dbhbK fdT[ . iK

Pesh ;zs[bB d/ r[D iK n"r[D fby' . T[ZsoL^ Pesh ;zs[bB d/ r[D 1) nzsookPNoh ;pzXK ftu ;fEoskL^ Pesh ;zs[bB Bkb ;z;ko ftu PKsh ;Ekgs

ehsh ik ;edh j? . 15thA ;dh s'A 1914 sZe Pesh ;zs[bB B/ ;z;ko B{z :[ZX j'D s'A o'eh oZfynk .

2) :[ZXK B{z fBoT[sPkfjs eoBkL^ 19thA ;dh B{z Pesh ;zs[bB dk ;[Bfjoh ekb fejk iKdk j? feT[A fJ; ;w/A e'Jh ftP/P :[ZX :{og ftu BjhA j'fJnk ;h . Pesh ;zs[bB Bkb d/PK ftu :[ZXK dh ;zGktBk B{z ysw ehsk ik ;edk j? .

3) PKsh dk ;o'sL^ Pesh ;zs[bB Bkb ;z;ko ftu PKsh ;Ekfgs j' iKdhj j? feT[Afe fJ; Bkb :[ZX j'D dh ;zGktBk pj[s xZN iKdh j? .

4) ;kwokitkd ns/ T[gfBt/Ptkd s/ o'eL^ Pesh ;zs[bB B/ d'BK ftPt :[ZXK s'A gfjbK pj[s ;kohnK ;kwokitkd PeshnK B{z ;wkokitkdh BhshnK B{z fsnkrD bJh T[sPkfjs ehsk ;h .

5) nzsookPNoh ;pzXK d/ gfotosBPhb ;o{g d/ nB[e{bL^ Pesh ;zs[bB dh tos'A Bkb e'Jh th d/P d{i/ d/P Bkb fBozso skbw/b dh ;EkgBk eo ;edk j? ns/ fe;/ th d/P B{z :[ZX j'D s'A puk ;edk j? .

6) S'N/ okiK bJh T[fuZsL^ S'N/^S'N/ oki nkgDh nkIkdh ns/ gqG{;Zsk dh oZfynk bJh tZv/^tZv/ d/PK d/ fgSbZr{ pD iKd/ jB . fi; Bkb fJjBK B{z tZv/ d/PK dk ;fj:'r fwb iKdk j? . fJ; bJh T[j Pesh ;zs[bB ftu ofjzd/ jB .

7) okiK dh pj[;zfynk fBPfus ofjzdh j?L^ Pesh ;zs[bB dh XkoBk fJe iK d' d/PK ftukb/ BjhA j' ;edh ;r'A gzi s'A d; oki fwb e/ jh ;zs[bB g?dk eod/ jB.

Pesh ;zs[bB d/ n"r[D iK fto'X ftu soe 1) fJj ftuko :Ksfoeh j?L^ Pesh ;zs[bB dk ftuko :Ksfoeh j? feT[Afe d/PK dh

gqsZy Pesh B{z BjhA wkfgnk ik ;edk j? fe fJe d/P izB;zfynk tZX j'D s/ PeshPkbh BjhA pD iKdk j? .

2) ftPtPKsh bJh ysoBkeL^ gfjb/ s/ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX s'A gfjbK pD/ rmpzXB Pesh ;zs[bB dh ;EkgBk bJh pDkJ/ rJ/ ;B go fJBQK rmpzXBK B/ jh ftPt :[ZX P[o{ ehsk . fJ; bJh Pesh ;zs[bB B{z ftPt PKsh bJh \soBke wzfBnk iKdk j? .

3) :[ZXK B{z T[sPkjL^ fJe d{i/ d/P dh tXdh Pesh d/y e/ nkgDh Pesh tXkT[Dh P[o{ eodk j? fi; Bkb d'BK d/PK ftueko rbs cfjwh g?dk j' iKdh j? i' :[ZXK dk ekoB pDdh j? .

4) PPsoheoB B{z T[sPkfjsL^ Pesh ;zs[bB Bkb d/PK ftu jfEnkoK dh ;zfynk tXkT[D dh j'V bZr iKdh j? . i' fe GftZy bJh ysok g?dk eo fdzdh j? . gkfe;skB nkgD/ e[m piN dk 60 s'A 70 s/ Gkos 22# sZe XzB okPh jfEnko yohdD *s/ you eod/ jB .

5) okPNoK dh G{fwek ;zd/jg{oBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB Bkb okPNoK dh G{fwek ;zd/jg{oB pDh ofjzdh j? . tZvhnK^tZvhnK wjK;eshnK S'N/^S'N/ d/PK B{z ;?fBe, nkofEe nkfd ;jkfJsk d/ e/ nkgD/ fgZS/ brkT[D dk ezw eodhnK jB . eJh tko ‘c[ZN gkT[ ns/ oki eo'* dk ezw th eodhnK jB .

6) r[ZNpzdh dh ;[szsoskL^ fJj d/PK B{z fJ; rZb dh nkIkdh fdzdh j?fe T[j fJZSk Bkb e'Jh th r[ZN pDk b?D ns/ T[j ;zXhnK s/ ;wM"fsnK B{z th s'VB ftu nkIkd jB .

7) okPNoh fjZsK ftu tkX/ dh j'VL^ Pesh ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoB bJh id'A e'Jh d/P r[ZN iK rmpzXB pDkT[Adk j? sK T[j gfjbK nkgD/ fjZsK dh gqkgsh s/ oZfynk eoB tZb fXnkB fdzdk j? .

gqPBL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dk noE dZ;' . fJ;dk nkb'uBksfwe toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dk noE ;w{fje ;[oZfynk s'A ;kvk Gkt d/P dh ;[oZfynk bJh ehs/ rJ/ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk :sBK s'A fbnk iKdk j? . i/eo fe;/ d/P T[go jwbk j' ikJ/ sK ;w{fje ftt;Ek nXhB ;ko/ d/P fwb e/ T[; dh ;[oZfynk dk :sB eod/ jB . ;w{fje ;[oZfynk Ppd d' PpdK ;w{fje s/ ;[oZfynk s'A fwb e/ pfDnk j? . ;w{fje Ppd Nhu/ B{z gqkgs eoB bJh ehs/ rJ/ ;kXB d/ ;o{g dk gqshe j? . id'A fe ;[oZfynk Ppd fJe fBPkB/ tZb ;ze/s eodk j? .

;w{fje ;[oZfynk dhnK ftP/PsktK 1) ;w{fje ;[oZfynk Pesh gqpzX dk ;kXBL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk B{z nzsookPNoh

okiBhsh dk e/Ado fpzd{ wzfBnK iKdk j? . fJ;B{z Pesh gqpzX s/ PKsh ;Ekfgs eoB d/ ;kXB ti'A tofsnk iKdk j? .

2) PKsh dk fJe wkorL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk d[nkok eJh d/P fwb e/ ;wZf;nktK B{z jZb eoe/ PKsh ;Ekfgs eod/ jB .

3) jwb/ ;otftnkgh jBL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk :[ZX s/ jwfbnK B{z Io{oh wzBdh j? i' ed/A th ysw BjhA ehs/ ik ;ed/ .

4) fJj fJe wZXtosh ftt;Ek j?L^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk Pesh ;zs[bB d/ f;XKs ns/ ftPt ;oeko d/ ftukb/ dh ftt;Ek j? .

5) d[PwD :[ZX iK jwbk j? oki BjhAL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dh XkoBk oki B{z d[PwD BjhA wzBdh ;r'A :[ZX B{z jh nkgDk d[PwD wzBdh j? . ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dk w[Zy T[d/P PKsh s/ ;[oZfynk B{z pDkJ/ oZyDk j? .

6) :[ZX o'eD bJh :sBL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dh XkoBk PKsh Gzr j'D s/ nkgD/ e'b'A ;kXBK dh tos'A eoe/ :[ZX B{z o'eD dk :sB eodh j? sK fe w[V PKsh pDkJh ikt/ .

7) okPNo dh ;[oZfynk, nzsookPNoh ;[oZfynk Bkb ;pzXsL^ i/eo e'Jh d/P d{i/ d/P s/ jwbk eodk j? sK fJ;dk gqGkt ;ko/ ;z;ko s/ g?Adk j? . fJ; bJh i/eo fJe d/P dh ;[oZfynk ehsh ikt/rh sK jh nzsook;Noh ;[oZfynk j't/rh .

8) nzsookPNoh ;oeko iK ;zrmB dh b'V s/ I'oL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dh XkoBk nzsookPNoh ;oeko iK ;zrmB s/ I'o fdzdh j? sK i' i/eo fe;/ d/P fto[ZX e'Jh ekotkJh eoBh j? sK fJj jh Mzv/ j/m ehsh ik ;e/ .

;w{fje ;[oZfynk dh nkb'uBk 1) nkdoPtkdh dh ;o{gL^ eJh tkoh fJj c?;bk eoBk pj[s n"yk j' iKdk j? fe

jwbk fe; d/P B/ ehsk j? . fi; eoe/ ekotkJh eoBk w[Peb j' iKdk j? . 2) jwb/ dh gfoGkPk d/Dh wPebL^ ;[oZfynk gfoPd jwbk j'D s/ jh edw u[Zedh

j? go w[Pfeb fJj c?;bk eoBk n"yk j' iKdk j? fe fejVk jwbk w[Pfeb j? . 3) okPNoh fjZsK B{z gfjbL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk ftu pj[s ;ko/ d/P nfij/ j[zd/ jB i'

fe nkgD/ ckfJd/ bJh jh :[ZX ftu d{i/ d/PK dk ;fj:'r fdzd/ jB . 4) tZvhnK PeshnK fto[ZX ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edkL^ i/eo

e'Jh tZvk d/P iK wjKPesh jwbk eodh j? s/ T[; T[go ;w{fje jwbk eoBk n"yk j' iKdk j? .

5) :[ZX dk y/so ftPkb j' iKdk j?L^ id'A fe;/ s/ ;w{fje jwbk ehsk iKdk j? sK :[ZX d/ y/so fJe d/P sZe ;hws BjhA ofjzdk ;r'A ;ko/ d/PK sZe gj[zu iKdk j? .

6) r?o^;jkfJe tksktoBL^ ;z;ko pj[s ;ko/ r[ZNK ftu tzfvnk j'fJnk j? . fi; eoe/ i/eofe;/ r[ZN d/ w?Apo d/P B{z jwbkto mfjokfJnk iKdk j? sK T[j r[ZN ;w{fje ;[oZfynk ftu o[ektN g?dk eo fdzdk j? .

7) fJj XkoBk :[ZX B{z ;theko eodh j?L^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dh XkoBk gfjbK sK :[ZX dk fto'X eodh j? . go fco nkg th pj[s ;ko/ d/PK B{z fwb e/ jwbk eoe/ :[ZX eoB bJh efjzdh j? .

gkm BzL^ 5 ;z:[es okPNo^ T[d/P, Nhu/ ns/ f;XKs gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo fet/A j'Ad ftu nkfJnk < fJ;d/ T[d/PK s/ f;XKsK T[s/ ukBDk gkT[ . T[ZsoL^ Introduction:- ;z:[es okPNo dh T[sgshL^ gfjb/ ftPt :[ZX T[gozs to;kfJ dh ;zXh nB[;ko 10 iBtoh 1920 JhL B{z okPNo ;zx dk iBw j'fJnk ;h . fJj ;zx ;z;ko ftu nzsookPNoh ;fj:'r s/ PKsh g?dk eoB d/ T[d/P Bkb ekfJw ehsk frnk ;h .

4 cotoh 1945 JhL ftu :kbNk fty/ nwohek, fpqN/B s/ ;'thns o{; d/ j'J/ ;zw/bB ftu fJj c?;bk fbnk frnk fe ;z;ko ftu PKsh s/ ;[oZfynk d/ T[d/P Bkb nzsookPNoh ;zx bJh ukoNo fsnko eoB bJh ngq?b 1945 JhL ftu ;kBcqkf;;e' fty/ ;zw/bB p[bkfJnk ikt/rk . ;kBcqkf;;e' fty/ 25 ngq?b s'A 26 i{B 1945 JhL sZe j'J/ ;zw/bB ftu ;z:[es okPNo dk ukoNo fsnko ehsk

frnk fi; T[go 50 d/PK d/ 282 gqsfBXhnK B/ j;skyo ehs/ . pkn ftu g'b?Av B/ th ukoNo ;theko eo fbnk . fJj ukoNo 24 nes{po 1945 JhL B{z bkr{ ehsk frnk . ;z:[es okPNo d/ ukoNo dh gq;sktBkL^ fJ; ukoNo dh gq;sktBk ftu fejk frnk j?, ‘‘n;hA ;z:[es okPNo d/ b'eK B/ gZek fBPuk ehsk j? fe nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK B{z :[ZX dh fGnkBe w[;hps s'A puktKr/ fi;B/ ;kv/ ihtB ekb ftu jh d' tko wB[Zy iksh T[s/ nefj d[Zy Ykj/ jB .**

;z:[es okPNo d/ T[d/P ns/ f;XKs (T) T[d/P

(1) nzsoôkPNoh PKsh ns/ ;[oZfynk ;EkgB eoBk . (2) tZy^tZy d/PK ftu fwZsosk^g{oB ;pzX ;EkgB eoBk . (3) nzsoôkPNoh nkofEe, ;wkfie s/ ;ZfGnkukoe ;wZf;nktK B{z nkg;h ;fj:'r Bkb jZb eoBk . (4) wkBt iksh d/ w{b nfXekoK dh oZfynk eoBk . (5) nzsoôkPNoh PKsh Gzr eoB tkb/ d/PK fto[ZX T[fus ekotkJh eoBk . (6) T[gob/ T[d/PK B{z g{ok eoB bJh tZy^tZy okPNoK ftu w/bî'b ekfJw eoBk.

(n) f;XKs ;z:[es okPNo dh d{ih Xkok ftu f;XKsK dk toDB ehsk frnk j? . (1) ;z:[es okPNo d/ ;ko/ w?Apo fJe ;kwkB jB . (2) ;G w?Apo nkgD/ eosZtK dh mhe soQK Bkb gkbDk eoBr/ . (3) ;ko/ w?Apo d/P nzsoôkPNoh MrfVnK dk jZb PKsh Bkb eoBr/ . (4) e'Jh w?Apo d/P d{i/ d/P dh okiBhse ;[szsosk ns/ gqd/fPe nkyzvsk d/ fto[ZX Pesh dh tos'A BjhA eoBr/ . (5) ;ko/ w?Apo d/P ukoNo d/ nXhB ;z:[es okPNo dh jo gqeko Bkb ;jkfJsk eoBr/ . (6) ;z:[es okPNo fe;/ w?Apo oki d/ nzdo{Bh wkwfbnK ftu dyb BjhA eo/rk. (7) r?o w?Apo okiK d/ Bkb nfijk fttjko ehsk ikt/rk fe T[j ;z;ko ftu nwB s/ PKsh pDkJh oZyD .

(J) ;z:[es okPNo d/ w?Apo ukoNo dh Xkok fszB ftu fiBQK w?Apo okPNoK B/ ;kBcqkf;;e' ;zw/bB ftu ukoNo T[s/ j;skyo ehs/ ;B T[j w"fbe w?Apo wzB/ iKd/ jB . ukoNo dh Xkok uko nB[;ko okPno ;zx d/ Bt/A w?Apo pDB dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh j? .

(;) w[Zy dcso ;z:[es okPNo dk w[Zy dcso nwohek d/ Pfjo fBT{:koe ftu ;fEs j? . fJ; dk :{ogh wjKdhg dk dcso iB/tk ftu ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk j? .

(j) ;oekoh GkPktK ;z:[es okPNo dh ekotkJh bJh nzro/Ih, noph, ;g?fBP, uhBh, |oK;h;h s/ o{;h GkPk B{z wkBsk fdZsh rJh j? .

(e) ;z:[es okPNo d/ ;ko/ you dh ftt;Ek w?Apo d/PK tZb'A fdZsh rJh ;kbkBk XB okPh Bkb ehsh iKdh j? .

gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo d/ w[Zy nzrK dk t/otk fdT[ . T[ZsoL^ ;z:[es okPNo ;zx d/ 6 nzr jB .

1) wjK ;GkL^ wjK ;Gk B{z ;z:[es okPNo dh ;z;d fejk iKdk j? . ;z:[es okPNo d/ ;ko/ w?Apo d/P fJ; ;Gk d/ w?Apo j[zd/ jB . jo/e w?Apo d/P fJ; ;Gk ftu 5 gqshfBX G/i ;edk j? . wjK ;Gk nkgDk ezw ubkT[D bJh jo ;kb fJe gqXkB s/ ;Zs T[g^gqXkB u[Ddh j? . wjK ;Gk dk jo ;kb ;szpo d/ wjhB/ sh;o/ wzrbtko B{z nfXt/PB P[o{ j[zdk j? . (A) wjK ;Gk d/ ezwL^ (1) fJ;B{z ukoNo d/ Bkb ;pzXs ;ko/ wkwfbnK T[s/ ftuko eoB dk nfXeko j?. (2) fJj nzsoôkPNoh PKsh s/ ;[oZfynk d/ gqPBK s/ ftuko eodh j? . (3) fJj ;z:[es okPNo d/ ;kbkBk piB B{z gk; eodh j? . (4) fJ;B{z d' fsjkJh pj[ws okjhA ukoNo ftu ;'X eoB dk nfXeko j? . (5) fJj nzso okPNoh ndkbs d/ 15 iZiK dh u'D eodh j? . (6) fJj nzsoôkPNoh fwbtosB pDkT[D d/ :sB eodh j? .

2) ;[oZfynk gfoPdL^ fJj ;z:[es okPNo dk ekoiekoh nzr j? . fJ;d/ e[b w?Apo 15 j[zd/ jB . 10 n;EkJh s/ 5 ;EkJh w?Apo j[zd/ jB . fJ; dh p?me 14 fdBK ftu fJe tko Io{o j[zdh j? . (A);[oZfynk gfoPd d/ ezwL^ (1) wjK ;Gk Bkb fwb e/ ;[oZfynk gfoPd B{z ukoNo ftu d' fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb ;'X eoB dk nfXeko j? . (2) wjK ;eZso dh fB:[esh bJh BK dh f;cko; ;[oZfynk gfoPd eodh j? . (3) fJj wjK ;Gk Bkb fwb e/ nzsookPNoh ndkbs d/ 15 iZiK s/ ;[oZfynk gfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh u'D ftu Gkr b?Adh j? . (4) fJj nzsookPNoh MrfVnK B{z jZb eoB bJh T[fus ;kXBK dh f;ckoP eodh j? .

3) nkofEe s/ ;wkfie gfoPdL^ fJ;d/ w?ApoK dhfrDsh 54 j? . fJjBK d/ w?ApoK dh u'D wjK ;Gk fszB ;kbK bJh eodh j? . fJjBK ftu'A fJe fsjkJh w?Apo jo ;kb foNkfJo j' iKd/ jb . fJ;dk ;Gkgsh gfoPd d/ w?ApoK d[nkok u[fDnk iKdk j? . (A) w[Zy ezwL^ (1) ;z;ko d/ b'eK dk ihtB gZXo T[Zuk u[ZeDk fJ; dk w[Zy T[d/P j? . (2) I.L.O, UNESCO, W.H.O., NHE fJ;d/ nXhB ezw eodhnK jB .

4) ;zoZfynD gfoPdL^ fJ;d/ w?ApoK dh frDsh 7 j? . fJj gfoPd ;zofyns y/soK ftu ofjD tkb/ b'eK dh nkofEe ;wkfie s/ okiBhfse y[Pjkbh bJh :sB eodh j? .

5) nzsoôkPNoh ndkbsL^ fJ; ndkbs d/ 15 iZi j[zd/ jB . fe;/ th wkwb/ B{z ;[DB bJh xZN'A^xZN 9 iZiK dk jkIo j'Dk Io{oh j? . fJ; ndkbs dk w[Zy

dcso jkb?Av ftu j/ok fty/ ;fEs j? . fJ; ndkbs dk fJe gqXkB s/ fJe T[g^gqXkB j[zdk j? . (A)w[Zy ezwL^ (1) fJj ndkbs okPNoK d/ nkg;h MrfVnK dk fBgNkok ekB{zB okjhA eodh j?. (2) fJj ndkbs ;z:[es okPNo dh wjK ;Gk ns/ ;[oZfynk gfoPd B{z ekB{zB ;pzXh ;bkj d/Adh j? .

6) ;eZso/sL^ fJj ;z:[es okPNo dk gqPk;fBe nzr j? . fJj ;eZso/s w[Zy ;eZso d/ nXhB ezw eodk j? . w[Zy ;eZso/s dh fB:[esh ;[oZfynk gfoPd d[nkok 5 ;kb bJh ehsh iKdh j? . ;eZso d/ w[Zy dcso nwohek s/ fBT{:koe ftu jB . (A)w[Zy ezwL^ (1) w[Zy ;eZso wjK ;Gk ;[oZfynk gfoPd, nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie gfoPd s/ ;zofynD gfoPd dhnK whfNzrK p[bkT[Adk j? . (2) w[Zy ;eZso wjK ;Gk d/ ;kjwD/ ;z:[es d/ ezwK dh ;kbkBk fog'oN g/P eodk j? .

gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo dhnK w[Zy J/iz;hnK dk ;zy/g ftu toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ (T) ;z:[es okPNo ftek; :'iBk (UNDP)

UNDP dh ;EkgBk 1965 JhL ftu ehsh rJh . fJ;dk w[Zy dcso fBT{:koe ftu ;fEs j? . UNDP dk w[Zy T[d/P d/PK d/ e[dosh s/ wB[Zyh ;kXBK dh tXhnk Yzr Bkb tos'A eoe/ ftek; eoBk j? . UNDP nXhB fpibh T[sgkdB, ;Ve fBowkD, nktkikJh, ;zuko, f;Zfynk, f;js, ghD bJh gkDh dh ftt;Ek, wZSbh gkbD, y/shpkVh s/ ykDK nkfd tor/ y/soK ftu ezw uZb fojk j?. ekoiL^ (1) nkX[fBe s/ seBheh f;Zfynk dk gq;ko eoBk . (2) T[d:'fre s/ y/sh ftu T[sgkdB tXkT[D bJh e[dosh ;kXBK dh tos'A tXhnk Yzr Bkb eoBh . (3) ;kfJz; dh fo;ou s/ y'i e/ ezwK ftu ;jkfJsk eoBh . (4) ;wkfie s/ nkofEe :'iBktK bJh seBheh s/ ftZsh ;jkfJsk d/Dk .

(n) ;z:[es okPNo nzsoôkPNoh pkb ;zeN ekbhB czv UNICEF UNICEF dh ;EkgBk 1946 JhL ftu d{i/ wjK :[ZX d"okB ftPt d/ pZfunK s/ T[BQK dhnK wktK dh ;jkfJsk bJh ehsh rJh ;h . ekoiL^ (1) e[dosh nkcsK fit/A G{ukb iK wjKwkoh T[gozs pZfunK s/ n"osK dh ;jkfJsk eoBh . (2) tZy^tZy d/PK dhnK pkb ftek; :'iBktK B{z ;cb pDkT[Dk . (3) fJ;sohnK s/ roGtsh n"osK bJh g"PfNe nkjko w[jZJhnk eoB ftu wdd eoBr/ . (4) ftek;Phb d/PK d/ ;tk;E s/ ;ckJh ;pzXh ezwK B{z ftZsh ;jkfJsk d/Dk .

(J) ftPt f;js ;zx (World Health Organisation)

WHO dh ;EkgBk 7 ngq?b 1948 JhL B{z ehsh rJh ;h fJ;d/ fszB w[Zy nzr jBL^ ftPt f;js n;?Apbh, ekoiekoh p'ov ns/ ;eZso/s . ftPt f;js n;?Apbh ;z:[es okPNo d/ ;ko/ w?Apo d/PK dk ;zrmB j? . ekoiL^ (1) WHO ghD tkb/ ;kc gkDh dhnK ;j{bsK gqdkB eoB ftu ;fj:'r fdzdk j? . (2) fJj ;zx tZy^tZy d/PK d/ b'eK B{z tXhnk y[oke, fBtk; s/ ;kc ;[Eok tksktoB gqdkB eoB ftu ;jkfJsk fdzdk j? . (3) fJj ;zx phwkohnK Bkb ;pzXs w[YbhnK ikDekohnK fdzdk j? .

(;) ;z:[es okPNo ftfdne ftfrnkB s/ ;ZfGnkukoe ;zrmB UNESCO dh ;EkgBk 4 Btzpo 1946 JhL B{z ehsh rJh ;h . fJ;dk w[Zy dcso g/fo; ftu ;fEs j? . fJ; ;zrmB d/ fszB w[Zy nzr iBob ekBcoz; ekoiekoh p'ov, s/ ;eZso/s jB . ekoiL^ (1) ftPt Go d/ pZfunK s/ pkbrK ftu f;Zfynk gqkgs eoB bJh ftZsh ;jkfJsk d/Dk . (2) ftfdnkoEhnK s/ nfXnkgeK B{z T[u/oh gVQkJh bJh tIhc/ s/ rqkNK d/Dk . (3) bkfJp/qoh ftt;Ek dk ftek; eoBk . (4) ;kfJz; d/ seBkb'ih d/ y/so ftu BthAnK y'iK B{z T[sPkfjs eoBk . (5) UNESCO w?Apo d/PK B{z ;ZfGnkukoe fto;/ dh ;zGkb s/ ftek; bJh ;fj:'r fdzdk j? . (6) fJj ftdtkBK, ;kfjsekoK s/ ebkekoK B{z BthAnK ouBktK g/P eoB bJh T[sPkj fdzdk j? .

(j) nzsookPNoh wId{o ;zx ILO dh ;EkgBk 1919 JhL ftu to;kfJ dh ;zXh d[nkok okPNo ;zx dh fJe J/iz;h ti'A ehsh rJh ;h . fJ;dk w[Zy T[d/P tX/o/ s/ tXhnk o[Irko dh Gkb eoe/ b'eK B{z ;wkfie fBnK d/Dk . ekoiL^ (1) fJj ;zx ftPt ftu wId{oK d/ ezw eoB d/ xzN/, xZN'^xZN wId{oh S[ZNhnK nkfd ;pzXh fB:w pDkT[Adk j? . 2) fJ; ;zx d/ fB:wK nB[;ko 15 ;kb s'A xZN T[wo d/ pZu/ s/ d/o oks sZe

fJ;sohnK B{z ezw b?Dk tofis j? . 3) fJj ;zx ftek;Phb d/PK B{z T[d:'fre ftek; bJh seBheh ;jkfJsk fdzdk

j?. 4) wId{ok bJh p[Ykgk g?BPB fpwkoh s/ d[oxNBk iK w"s bJh phw/ dh ftt;Ek

eoBh . gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo dhnK ;wkfie s/ nkofEe y/so ftu gqkgs ehshnK T[gbpXhnK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ ;wkfie y/so ftuL^ (1) ;z:[es okPNo dh wjK;Gk B/ 20 ;szpo 1948 JhL B{z wB[Zyh nfXekoK dk n?bkB ehsk . fi; ftu ihtB, ;zgZsh ns/ ftneshrs ;[oZfynk Xkofwe ;[szsosk, x[zwD^fcoB dh ;[szsosk, ftuko gqrN eoB dh ;[szsosk, t'N gkT[D s/ u'D bVB dk nfXeko Pkwb jB .

2) ;z:[es okPNo dh wjK;Gk B/ 1974 JhL ftu dZyDh ncohek dh ozr G/d dh Bhsh fto[ZX eJh gq;skt gk; ehs/ .

3) ;z:[es okPNo B/ fgZSV/ j'J/ d/PK ftu f;Zfynk s/ ftfrnkBe y/so ftu pj[s ;jkfJsk fdZsh .

4) ;z:[es okPNo B/ p/;jkok s/ :shw pZfunK dh ;jkfJsk bJh eJh :'iBktK pDkJhnK .

5) ;z:[es okPNo fGnkBe phwkohnK B{z o'eD s/ b'eK dh f;js ;[XkoB bJh ftPt f;js ;zx dh ;EkgBk ehsh .

nkofEe y/so ftu 1) fgSV/ d/PK dh noE ftt;Ek dk ftek; eoB bJh seBheh ;jkfJsk fdZsh. 2) ;z:[es okPNo dh ftPt p?Ae B/ pj[s ;ko/ fgSV/ j'J/ d/PK B{z eo'VK vkbo dh

nkofEe ;jkfJsk fdZsh . 3) ;z:[es okPNo B/ nzsoôkPNoh wId{o ;zx dh ;z;Ek pDkJh fi; Bkb

wId{oK d/ fjZsK dh oZfynk ehsh rJh . 4) y/shpkVh ftu tXhnk seBhe dk ftek; ehsk frnk .

gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo d/ ewhnK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ 1) tZvhnK PeshnK dh gqw[ZyskL^ ;z:[es okPNo nwohek, o{;, fJzrb?Av nkfd tZvhnK PeshnK dh emg[sbh pD e/ ofj frnk ;h. ;z:[es okPNo s/ nwohek dk gqGkt pj[s tZX frnk ;h fi; ekoB ;z:[es okPNo ;zrmB j'D dh pikfJ ;z:[es oki nwhoheh okPNo pDdk ik fojk ;h .

2) fBy/X nfXekoL^ nwohek, o{;, uhB, fJzrb?Av ns/ |oK; B/ fBy/X nfXeko dk eJh tko d[oT[g:'r ehsk j? .T[dkjoB ti'A 26 nr;s 1972 B{z ;wktkdh uhB B/ fBy/X nfXeko dk gq:'r eoe/ BtiBw/ pzrbkd/P B{z ;z:[es okPNo ftu dkyb j'D s/ o'e fdZsk ;h .

3) eJh wkwfbnK ftu'A e'Jh ekotkJh BjhA ehshL^ 1952 ftu id'A jzroh dh eqKsh B{z dpkT[D d/ bJh jIkok jzroh fBtk;hnK B{z g{op ;'thns ;zx d/ ;?fBeK B/ w"s d/ xkN T[sko fdZsk ;h sK ;z:[es okPNo B/ e'Jh ekotkJh BjhA ehsh ;h . nfij/ pj[s ;ko/ j'o th eJh wkwb/ jB .

4) PPsoK dh d"VL^ jfEnkoK dh d"V B{z o'eD d/ bJh ;z:[es okPNo e'Jh wjZstg{oB ekoi Bk eo ;fenk . 11 d;zpo 1975 B{z ;z:[es okPNo dh wjK ;Gk fBPPsoheoB Bkb ;pzXs 24 gq;sktK B{z ;ysh Bkb gk; Bk eotk ;eh .

5) XzB dh xkNL^ ;z:[es okPNo d/ ezw pj[s tZX rJ/ jB fi; ekoB T[jBK B{z ;z:[es okPNo B{z fJ;d/ e[Zb XzB dk 30# Gkr rqKN d/ ti'A fdzdk j? . fi; eoe/ ;z:[es okPNo nwohek d/ gqGkt j/m ofjzdk j? .

6) ;?fBe ekotkJh eoBh pj[s efmBL^ ;z:[es okPNo dh nkgDh e'Jh ;EkJh ;?Bk BjhA j? . ;zeN ;w/A tZy^tZy d/PK s'A ;z:[es okPNo B{z ;?Bk dh ;jkfJsk b?Dh g?Adh j? . i/eo e'Jh d/P ;?Bk d/D s'A fJBeko eo d/t/ sK ;z:[es okPNo T[; fto[ZX e'Jh ekotkJh BjhA eo ;edk .

7) em'o ;zftXkBL^ ;z:[es okPNo dk ;zftXkB em'o j? . ;zftXkB ftu e'Jh ;'X eoB d/ bJh wjK;Gk d/ e[Zb w?ApoK d/ d'^fsjkJh pj[ws d[nkok gq;skt gk; j'Dk Io{oh j? . pknd ftu ;z:[es okPNo dh ;[oZfynk gfoPd d/ d[nkok nkgD/ e[Zb w?ApoK d/ 2$3 pj[ws okjhA gk; j'Dk Io{oh j? s/ ;[oZfynk gfoPd d/ 5 ;EkJh w?ApoK dh ;fjwsh j'Dh th Io{oh j? .

8) xo/b{ wkwfbnK dh XkoBk fInkdk n;gPNL^ ;z:[es okPNo d/ nB[S/d dh Xkok 7 ftu fejk frnk j? fe ;z:[es okPNo oki d/ xo/b{ wkwfbnK ftu dyb^nzdkIh BjhA eo/rk . fJ; bJh pj[s ;ko/ okPNo fit/A dZyDh ncohek, izB;zfynk s/ ozr^G/d d[nkok ehs/ nZfsnkukoK B{z xo/b{ wkwbk dZ; e/ ekotkJh s'A pud/ oj/ jB .

gkm BzL^ 6 nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu Phs :[ZX ns/ T[so Phs :[ZX ekb gqaPBL^ Phs :[ZX s'A eh Gkt j?, fJ;dh gqfeosh s/ ;kXBK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ Introduction:- d{i/ ftPt :[ZX s'A pknd d' wjK PeshnK ;z;[es oki nwohek s/ ;'thns ;zx T[Go e/ nkJ/ . d'jK d/PK ftu tXd/ j'J/ w[ekpb/ B/ ftPt B{z d' r[ZNK ftu tzv fdZsk . g{zihtkdh r[ZN fi;dh nrtkJh nwohek, s/ ;kwtkdh r[ZN fi;dh nrtkJh ;'thns ;zx eo fojk ;h . fJjBK d'B/ r[ZN fJe d{i/ B{z e{NBhse, ;wkfie, ;ZfGnkukoe, okiBhfse s/ ;?fBe w'ou/ s/ jokT[D bJh ukbK y/vD bZr gJ/ . fi; Bkb g{o/ ;z;ko ftu ;zxoP dh ;fEsh g?dk j' rJh . fi; Bkb Bt/A :[Zr dk nkozG j'fJnk . fi;B{z ‘PPso PKsh dk :[ZX* iK ‘Phs :[ZX* d/ BK Bkb ikfDnk iKdk j? .

Phs :[ZX dk noE Phs :[ZX s'A Gkt j? d' fto'Xh Pesh r[ZNK ftukb/ w"I{d nfijh ftt;Ek fi; ftu T[j :[ZX s'A pud/ jB . gozs{ nfijk tksktoB pDkJh oZyd/ jB fi; Bkb :[ZX B{z T[sPkj fwb/ . fJe gk;/ s/ d'B/ r[ZN ftukb/ rZbpks uzr/ Yzr Bkb j[zdh ofjzdh j? s/ d{i/ gk;/ d't/A jh r[ZN nfij/ w"e/ dh sbkP eod/ jB fi; Bkb T[jBK B{z BhtK fdykfJnk ik ;e/ .

Phs :[ZX dh gqfeosh 1) d't/A r[ZN nkgD/^nkgD/ ;fj:'rh d/PK Bkb nkgD/ gqGkt B{z tXkT[Ad/ jB . 2) d't/A r[ZN ftPt d/ ewI'o r[ZNK B{z nkgD/ gZy ftu eoB bJh nkofEe ;jkfJsk

fdzd/ jB . 3) Phs :[ZX B{z ‘row PKsh* th fejk iKdk j? Phs :[ZX ftu Bk sK g{oh soQK PKsh

j[zdh j? s/ Bk jh :[ZX . 4) Phw ;[ZX Bkb ;z;ko ftu nksze s/ vo B{z ekfJw oZydh j? . 5) fJj ftt;Ek PKsh pDkJh oZyD bJh :[ZX ftu ftPtk; eodh j? . 6) Phs :[ZX ftu d'B/ r[ZN fJe d{i/ T[go d'P brkT[Ad/ jB . 7) Phs :[ZX B{z :[ZX dh gfjbh g"Vh fejk iKdk j? . 8) Phs :[ZX ftu jfEnkopzd :[ZX s'A fJbktk j'o ;G sohfenK Bkb fJe d{i/ B{z

ewI'o pDkT[D dk :sB eod/ jB .

9) d't/A gZy ewI'o d/PK s'A ik;{;h ;?fBe dyb^ndkIh jfEnkoK dh ;gbkJh, PPsoheoB, ;?fBe r[ZNpzdh bJh ezw b?Ad/ jB .

Phs :[ZX d/ ;kXB 1) gqukoL^ Phs :[ZX d"okB gquko okjhA b'eK ftu d[PwD d/P fto[ZX Bcos s/ fwso

d/PK d/ gqsh fgnko dh GktBk g?dk eoBk j? . gquko o/vhU, N?bhftIB, n\pkoK, gZsoK gZsfoektK okjhA ehsk iKdk j? .

2) e{NBhshL^ Phs :[ZX d"okB d'jK wjKPeshnK nkgDhnK^nkgDhnK e{NBhfse ukbK ojhA fJe d{i/ B{z ewI'o eoB dh e'fPP eod/ jB .

3) ik;{;hL^ Phs :[ZX d"okB d'B/ r[ZN fJe d{i/ dhnk ;?fBe s/ izrh Pesh dk gsk eoB bJh ik;{;h eotkT[Ad/ jB . U-2 jtkJh Ijki dh d[oxNBk ik;{;h d/ ekoB j'Jh ;h .

4) nkofEe ;jkfJskL^ d't/A r[ZN ewI'o d/PK s/ nkgDk ezNo'b eoB bJh eJh soQK d/ nkofEe g?e/i, eoIk, seBheh ;jkfJsk nkfd fdzd/ jB .

5) Pesh dk gqdoPBL^ d'B/ r[ZN ;?fBe ;kXBK s/ gqwkD{ jfEnkoK okjhA Pesh dk gqdoPB eod/ jB . ;z;ko ftu vodk tksktoB fsnko eod/ jB .

gqPBL^ Phs :[ZX d/ eoBK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ Phs :[ZX d/ ekoB

1) ftukoK ftu wZsG/dL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX s'A pknd nwohek g{zihtkdh s/ ;'thns ;zx ;kwtkdh ftt;Ek d/ ;woEe ;B d'B/ jh ;z;ko ftu nkgDh^nkgDh ftukoXkok dk gquko eo oj/ ;B i' Phs :[ZX dk ekoB pfDnk .

2) p'b;/fte eqKshL^ 1917 ftu ;'thns o{; ftu b?fBB dh nrtkJh ftu wId{oK ns/ fe;kBK p'b;/fte eqKsh ehsh ;h . fi; Bkb g[zihtkdh d/PK B{z vo g?dk j' frnk fe T[jBK d/ d/PK ftu wId{o s/ fe;kB ftdo'j Bk eo d/D . T[jBK Bz{ ;kwtkdh eqKsh dk fto'X eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk .

3) d{i/ w'ou/ dk gqPBL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX ;w/A fjNbo dh ;?Bk ;'thns ;zx ftu dyb j'D ekoB pj[s Gkoh B[e;kB j' frnk ;h sK ;NkfbB B/ fjNbo dk fXnkB fyZuD bJh fpqN/B s/ nwohek shik w'ouk y'bD bJh fejk go nwohek s/ fpqN/B B/ wBk eo fdZsk . fi; Bkb ;'thns ;zx nwohek s/ fpqN/B d/ fto[ZX j' frnk i' Phs :[ZX dk ekoB pfDnk .

4) nwohek d[nkok gqwkD{ pzp dk gq:'rL^ ;'thns ;zx B{z dZ;/ fpBK nwohek B/ gqwkD{ pzp pDkfJnk s/ T[;dh tos'A ikgkB fto[ZX ehsh . fi; Bkb ;'thns ;zx pj[s ;dwk bZfrnk ns/ d'BK ;pzXk ftu c[ZN g? rJh .

5) ;'thns ;zx d[nkok xkbNk ;wM"s/ dh T[bzxDkL^ ;'thns ;zx d/ nfXekoh ;NkfbN fpqN/B d/ uofub s/ nwohek d/ o{it/bN B/ :kbNk ;wM"s/ s/ d;sys ehs/ ;B . go ;'thns ;zx B/ ;wM"s/ d/ tuBK s'A w[eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk .

6) ;'thns ;zx d[nkok pkbekB ;zXh dh T[bzxDkL^ 1944 ftu ;'thns ;zx s/ fpqN/B ftukb/ pkbekB ;zXh j'Jh ;h fi; d[nkok ;NkfbB B/ g{oph :{og dh tzv B{z ;fjwsh d/ fdZsh ;h . go E'VQ/ ;w/A pknd ;'thns ;zx B/ ;zXh d/ fto[ZX ezw eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk .

7) ;'thns ;zx fto[ZX gqukoL^ nwohek s/ fpqN/B B/ nkgD/ ;?fBeK ftu o{; dh skes dk vo ftyk e/ T[; fto[ZX Bcos dk gquko ehsk s/ ;kwtkd B{z Jh;kJh Xow bJh ysok dZf;nk . nwohek d/ ;wkuko J/iz;hnK B/ th ;'thns ;zx B{z jwbkto d/P dZf;nk . fJ; Bkb sDkT[ tZX frnk .

8) nwohek fto'Xh gqukoL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX pknd ;'thns ;zx B/ nkgDhnk ;oekoh gquko J/iz;hnK dh tos'A eoe/ nwohek fto[ZX gquko ehsk . J/iz;hnK B/ nwohek dhnK BhshnK s/ gq'rokwK dh nkb'uBk ehsh .

9) :{BkB ns/ s[oeh ftu ;'thns ;zx dh dyb^nzdkIhL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX pknd s[oeh ftu ;'thns ;zx B/ pk;c'o; s/ e[M j'o fJbkfenk ftu ;?fBe nZv/ pDkT[D bJh dpkn gkT[Dk P[o{ eo fdZsk . d{i/ gk;/ nwohek B/ fejk fe jwbk ;fjD BjhA ehsk ikt/rk b'V g?D s/ wkwbk ;[oZfynk gfoPd e'b ikt/rk .

10) pofbB dh BkekpzdhL^ i{B 1948 ftu ;'thns ;zx B/ bzdB gq'N'e'b dh T[bzxDk eod/ j'J/ pofbB s/ gZSwh iowBh ftueko o/b, ;Ve s/ ib nktkikJh pzd eo e/ pofbB dh g{oh soQK Bkekpzdh eo fdZsh . nwohek B/ fJ;dk g{oh soQK fto'X ehsk .

11) gZSwh okPNoK dk ckf;;NK Bkb rmi'VL^ ;'thns ;zx d/ tXd/ gqGkt s'A vo e/ gZSwh d/PK fJNbh, |oK; nkfd d/PK Bkb ;?fBe rmpzXB pDk fbnk ;h . d{i/ gk;/ fcBb?Av B/ o{; s/ jwbk eo fdZsk . fi; Bkb ;'thns ;zx d/ wB ftu fJjBK d/PK gqsh o'; g?dk j' frnk .

12) ;'thns ;zx d[nkok ‘thN'* dh tko^tko tos'AL^ ;z:[es okPNo ftu ;'thns ;zx B/ tko^tko thN' dk gq:'r eoe/ T[;d/ ezwK ftu dyb nzdkIh eoBh P[o{ eo fdZsh . fJ; Bkb nwohek s/ ;'thns ;zx ftueko sBkn tZX frnk .

gqPBL^ Bt Phs :[ZX s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j? fJ;d/ T[d? d/ eh ekoB ;B < T[ZsoL^ 1963 JhL s'A b? e/ 1978^79 sZe Phs :[ZX nkgD/ f;\o s/ BjhA gjz[u ;fenk . d'BK wjKPeshnK B/ PKsh pDkT[D dhnK pj[s ;kohnK e'fPPK ehshnK . go fJj ;kohnK e'fPPK p/eko rJhnK . d[pkok s'A d'BK wjKPeshnK B/ nkgDh^nkgDh Pesh tXkT[D bJh :sB P[o{ eo fdZs/ ns/ T[jBK B/ jfEnko pDkT[D/ nkozG eo fdZs/ . fi; ekoB Bt/A Phs :[ZX dk nkozG j'fJnk .

Bt^Phs :[ZX d/ iBw d/ ekoB 1) ;'thns ;zx dh Pesh ftu tkXkL^ ;'thns ;zx nkgDh gqwkD{ s/ ;?fBe Pesh

ftu nwohek d/ pokpo gj[zu frnk ;h . T[j nkgDh B';?Bk ojhA ;Zs ;w[zdoK dh fBrokBh eo ;edk ;h .

2) ;z:[es oki nwohek dh ftd/P Bhsh ftu gfotosBL^ 1980 ftu nwoheh okPNogsh o'Bkbv ohrB B/ ftd/P Bhsh ftu gfotosB ehs/ . (1) T[;B/ nwohek B{z gfjbh wjKPesh d/ ti'A ;Ekfgs eoB dk c?;bk ehsk . (2) tZX s'A tZX okPNoK B{z nkgD/ gqGkt nXhB fbnkT[D bJh I'odko gquko ehsk .

3) ncrkfB;skB ftu ;'thns dyb nzdkIhL^ 27 d;zpo 1979 B{z ;'thns ;zx B/ ncrkfB;skB fto[ZX nukBe ekotkJh ehsh . fi; dh nwoheh okPNogsh B/

pj[s nb'uBk ehsh s/ 1980 ftu wk;e' ftu j'D tkbhnK y/vK dk pkJhekN eo fdZsk .

4) g[bkV y'i dh d"VL^ nwohek ns/ ;'thns dh tos'A ;?fBe T[d/PK bJh eoBh P[o{ eo fdZsh . nwohek B/ T[grqfjnK dk fJe ;w{j pDkfJnk . i' ;?fBe ekotkJhnK dh mhe ;fEsh dZ; ;edk ;h . ;'thns ;zx B/ th g[bkV ftu d' nkJhH;hHphH dh fwIkfJB SZv/ e/ ysoBke :[ZX dk wkj"b fsnko eo fdZsk .

5) nzso^wjKdhg fwIkfJb gq'rokwL^ ;'thns ;zx B/ g{oph :{og ftu wZXw d{oh dhnK fwIkfJbK B{z s?Bks eo fJjBK y/soK ftu nksze s/ vo dk wkj"b g?dk eo fdZsk .

6) nwohek d/ uhB ftu wX[o ;pzXL^ nwohek B/ ;z:[es okPNo dh ;[oZfynk gfoPd ftu uhB dh ;EkJh w?ApofPg dtk e/ T[;B{z y[P eo fdZsk fi; Bkb nwoheh uhB ;pzXK ftu fwmk; dk ;wK P[o{ j' frnk .

7) fBekokr[nk, nb;kbtkv'o ns/ rq/Bkvk ftu nwoheh G{fwekL^ nwohek B/ ncoheh d/PK ftu ;kwtkd d/ tXd/ gqGkt B{z o'eD bJh fBekokr[nk, nb;kbtkv'o ns/ rq/Bkvk s/ nkgDk gqGkt iwkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh . fJ; dh ;'thns ;zx B/ ;ys nkb'uBk ehsh .

8) g[bkV :[ZX dh :'iBkL^ nwoheh okPNogsh o'Bkbv ohrB B/ 23 wkor 1983 B{z fJe BthA ;[oZfynk gqDkbh dh x'PDk ehsh . fi;d/ nB[;ko gqwkD{ jwb/ j'D s/ fwIkfJbK B{z g[bkV ftu jh BPN eoB dh :'iBk pDkJh sK fe fJj b'eK bJh xkse f;ZX Bk j'D . go fJ;B/ ;z;ko ftu vo dk wkj"b g?dk eo fdZsk .

9) ;'thns gqGkt B{z ysw eoB d/ bJh nwoheh BhshnKL^ (1) feT{pk ftu ;'thns ;zx d[nkok nzso^wjKdhgh fwIkfJbK dh s?Bksh . (2) dZyDh ncohek ftu ftdo'jhnK B{z ;?fBe s/ nkofEe ;jkfJsk . (3) P'wkbhnk s/ ehBhnk ftu ;kwtkdh r[ZNK B{z nkofEe s/ ;?fBe ;jkfJsk . (4) ncohek ftu nkgDh ;fEsh fdqV eoB d/ :sB .

gkm BzL^ 7 d' Xo[th ns/ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek gqPBL^ d'^Xo[theoB dh ftt;Ek s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j? < fJ;d/ T[d? j'D d/ w[Zy ekoB dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ d'^Xo[th ftt;Ek dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk

d'^Xo[th ftt;Ek s'A ;kvk Gkt T[; nzsookPNoh ftt;Ek s'A j? fi; ftu d'^Xo[tk dh gqshfBXsk eoB tkb/ d' d/PK ftueko ;kohnK nzsookPNoh rshftXhnK jz[dhnK jB . fJj d't/A d/P nzsookPNoh Pesh d/ d' e/AdoK dk gqshfBX eod/ jB ;z;ko d/ j'o d/P BhshnK s/ ;wZf;nktK bJh fJjBK d[nkb/ jh fJeZm/ j[zd/ jB . ;z;ko dh e'Jh th ;wZf;nk fJjBK d/ dyb s'A fpBK jZb BjhA jz[dh .

d'^Xo[th ftt;Ek dk ftek; d'^Xo[th ftt;Ek dk T[d? d{i/ ftPt :[ZX s'A pknd g?dk j'J/ Pesh d/ ybkn B{z GoB d/ T[d/P Bkb j'fJnk ;h . fJ;d/ ftek; B{z d' gVknK ftu tzv ;ed/ jKL^

1) em'o d'^Xo[tsk 2) fYZbh Ykbh d'^Xo[tsk 1) em'o d'^Xo[tskL^ fJj 1945 s'A b? e/ 1955 sZe dk ;wK ;h . fi; ftu d'jK

Pesh r[ZNK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ r[ZNK ftu Pkfwb d/PK s/ g{ok ezNo'b ehsk j'fJnk ;h . fJj d/P nkgDh xo/b{ s/ ftd/P Bhsh bJh r[ZN d/ B/sk s/ fBoGo ;h . ftPt okiBsh g{oh soQK wk;e' ns/ tkfPzrNB d/ nkb/^d[nkb/ uZeo bkT[Adh ;h .

2) fYZbh Ykbh d'^Xo[tskL^ fYZbh Ykbh d'^Xo[tsk dk ekb 1955 s'A b? e/ 1990 sZe dk j? . fJ; ekb ftu Pesh r[ZNK dh nkgD/^nkgD/ r[ZN d/ d/PK s/ geV ewI'o g? rJh ;h . d'BK r[ZNK d/ w?ApoK ftu wsG/d g?dk j' frnk ;h .

d'^Xo[theoB d/ ftek; d/ ekoB 1) gfjbhnK PeshnK d/ r"ot dk gsBL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX s'A pknd fpqN/B, |oK;,

e?B/vk tor/ d/P nkgDk wkB^;BwkB rtk u[Ze/ ;B . fJ; s'A fJbktk iowBh, fJNbh, ikgkB tor/ d/P th p[oh soQK fpyo u[Ze/ ;B .

2) nwohek d[nkok feqnkPhb ftPt okiBhsh ftu fjZ;k b?DkL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX s'A gfjbK nwohek ftPt okiBhsh ftu fpbe[b jh fjZ;k BjhA b?Adk ;h . go 1942 s'A T[;B/ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh ftu Gkr b?Dk P[o{ eo fdZsk . fi; ekoB T[j fJe wjKPesh ti'A T[Gfonk .

3) okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe y/so ftu w[ekpbkL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX pknd nwohek s/ ;'thns ;zx ftukb/ okiBhfse s/ nkofEe y/so ftu nZr/ fBebD dh j'V P[o{ j' rJh ;h .

4) Phs :[ZX dk T[d?L^ Phs :[ZX ekoB ;z;ko d' r[ZNK ;z:[es oki nwohek s/ ;'thns ;zx ftu tzfvnk frnk ;h . d't/ d/P nkgD/ nkgD/ r[ZNK B{z PeshPkbh pDkT[D bZr rJ/ .

5) jfEnkoK ;pzXh j'VL^ nwohek s/ ;'thns ;zx jfEnko fBowkD s/ T[;dh tos'A eoB ftu nZr/ fBebDk ukj[zd/ ;h . 1945 JhL ftu nwohek B/ ikgkB s/ gqwkD{ pzp ;[ZN e/ ftPt s/ pj[s gqGkt gkfJnk . d{i/ gk;/ ;'thns ;zx B/ 1949 JhL ftu gqwkD{ gohyD eoe/ nwohek B{z j?okB eo fdZsk .

6) ;zXh okiBhsh dk nkozGL^ nwohek B/ nwoheh okiK dk ;zrmB, T[soh nNbKfNe ;zXh ;zrmB, ikgkB d/ Bkb nwohek dh d'^gZyh ;zXh nkfd ehshnK . d{i/ gk;/ ;'thns ;zx B/ nZm ;kwtkdh d/PK Bkb tko;k g?eN dk fBowkD ehsk.

7) ;?fBe rmpzXBK dk fBowkDL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX pknd nwohek s/ ;'thns ;zx B/nB/eK ;?fBe rmpzXB pDkJ/ ;h . nwohek B/ BkN' ;hN', ;?AN', n?Ai{; nkfd ;'thns ;zx B/ th 8 d/PK Bkb fwb e/ tko;k ;zXh s/ dpsys ehs/ .

8) ftek; dh T[Zuh SkbL^ d'B/ wjKPeshnK nkofEe, ;wkfie, ;ZfGnkukoe y/so ftu s/Ih Bkb ftek; eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B . d'jK wjK PeshnK B/ nkgD/ nkgD/ ftrnkBeK, seBhPhnBK, fJzihBhnoK, vkeNoK B{z p/jso t;s{ pDkT[D bJh nkd/P fdZsk j'fJnk ;h .

9) vo ns/ nksze dk T[d?L^ nwohek s/ ;'thns ;zx d[nkok pDkJ/ n?Nwh jfEnkoK, jkJhvq'iB, fBT{NqkB i?fte ns/ o;kfJfDe jfEnkok B/ b'eK B{z vok fdZsk ;h .

10) nkofEe ;jkfJsk dh bkb;kL^ J/Phnk, ncohek, bkshBh, nwohek d/ rohp ns/ S'N/ d/PK B{z fJBQK nwohek s/ ;'thns ;zx d[nkok fdZsh ikD tkbh nkofEe ;jkfJsk eoe/ T[jBK dk fgSbZr{ pDk fdZsk ;h .

gqPBL^ d'^Xo[theoB d/ bkG s/ jkBhnK fby' . T[ZsoL^ d'^Xo[theoB d/ bkG

1) nzsookPNoh sDkT[ xZN eoB ftu ;jkfJeL^ e/tb d' jh fto'Xh j'D ekoB T[jBK d/ y/so fBPfus j[zd/ jB . T[j ne;o fJe d{i/ d/ y/so ftu dyb^ndkih eoB s'A pud/ jB . fi; Bkb sDkT[ xNdk j? .

2) Pesh ;zs[bB PKsh dk gZEgodoPeL^ d' Xo[th ftt;Ek ekoB d't/A d/P nkgDh ;{M^p{M Bkb ftPt dhnK findkso ;wZf;nktK B{z jZb eod/ jB ns/ :[ZX s'A pud/ jB .

3) S'N/^w'N/ gfotosB e'Jh gqGkt BjhA gkT[Ad/L^ 1956 ftu nwohek s/ coK; ftu wZsG/d d/ ekoB coK; B/ nkgDh ;[szso Bhsh fBowkD dh x'PDk eo fdZsh ;h . fi; Bkb nwohek dhnK BhshnK s/ ;'thns ;zx s/ e'Jh gqGkt BjhA fgnk ;h .

4) d'tK okPNoK dh brGr ;wkB PeshL^ d'tK d/PK dh Pesh ;wkB j'D s/ dpkn s/ ;zeN dh ;fEsh pDh ofjzdh j? .

5) S'N/ s/ ewI'o d/PK bJh bkGdkfJeL^ S'N/ s/ ewI'o d/P fe;/ th wjKPesh dk fgZSbr{ pD e/ T[; e'b'A ;[oZfynk dk puB b? b?Ad/ jB s/ eJh tko nkofEe ;jkfJsk th gqkgs eo b?Ad/ jB .

6) ftukoXkoktkd B{z T[sPkjL^ d' Xo[theoB ftukoXkoktkd B{z T[sPkfjs eodh j? . ;'thns ;zx ftu wkoe;tkd s/ nkXkfos Pkwtkdh ftt;Ek B{z ns/ nwohek B/ T[dkotkd s/ nkXkfos g{zihtkdh ftt;Ek B{z T[sPkfjs eodh j? .

7) T[g^fBt/Ptkd ns/ ;kwokitkd dk gsBL^ d' Xo[theoB d/ ekoB J/Phnk, ncohek ns/ bkshBh nwohek d/ pj[s ;ko/ d/P T[g^fBt/Ptkd ns/ ;kwokitkd d/ u[zrb s'A w[es j' rJ/ .

d' Xo[theoB dhnK jkBhnK 1) :[ZX dk ysokL^ d' Xo[theoB ekoB :[ZX dk ysok pfDnk ofjzdk j? . d'BK d/PK

tZb'A nfijk tksktoB fsnko ehsk iKdk j? i' :[ZX B{z ;Zdk fdzdk j? . 2) ft;skotkd dh fJZSkL^ d' Xo[theoB ftu id'A fJe d/P e'Jh edw u[Zedk j? sK

d{ik d/P th pdb/ ftu T[j' fijk edw u[Zedk j? . fJ; soQK ft;skotkd dh fJZSk d' Xo[theoB dh ewh pD iKdh j? .

3) nDb'Vh d/ PZeL^ nwohek d[nkok nkgD/ BkrfoeK, ;?fBeK, ftfrnkBeK, seBhPhnBK, fJzihBhnoK nkfd ftu ;'thns ;zx dk r?oÎo{oh vo c?bk fdZsk ;h sK fe T[j p/jso Bshi/ d/ ;eD . go eJh tko fJj' fij/ PZe T[bN gqshfeqnktK B{z iBw d/ fdzd/ jB .

4) nksze s/ vo dh ;fEshL^ id'A d'BK wjKPeshnK d[nkok Bt/A^Bt/A ;?fBe T[goeDK dh y'i, n?Nwh jfEnkoK s'A fJbktk jkJhvq'IB, fBT[NqkB pzp, i?fte s/ o;kfJfDe jfEnkoK dh spkjh dk gquko d[BhnK d/ b'eK ftu vo g?dk eo fdzdh j? .

5) jfEnkoK dh d"VL^ d' Xo[theoB dh ftt;Ek ftu'A d'j/ wjKPeshnK jfEnkoK dh d"V ftu nZr/ fBebD bJh jo ;kb nopK vkbo you eo fdzd/ jB . fi; Bkb eJh tko d/P dh nkofEe ;fEsh yokp j' iKdh j? .

6) nksze ns/ nftPtk; B{z T[sPkjL^ d't/A wjKPeshnK fJe d{i/ s/ ftPtk; eoBk pzd eo fdzdhnK . T[j nkgD/ r[ZN d/ w?ApoK s/ th ftPtk; eoBk pzd eo fdzdhnK jB .

gqPBL^ fJe Xo[th ftPt ftt;Ek s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j? < fJ; dhnK w[Zy ftP/PsktK dZ;'. T[ZsoL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek dk noE

fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek s'A ;kvk Gkt nfijh ftt;Ek s'A j? fi; ftu nzsookPNoh f;yo T[s/ f;oc fJe jh Pesh w"i{d j't/ . nfijh wjKPesh ftPt ;w[dkfJ dh nrtkJh eodh j? . T[;B{z nkgD/ gqGkt Bkb s'VB^wo'VB dh e'fPP th eodh j? sK fe nkgD/ nB[;ko ftt;Ek B{z ubkfJnk ikt/ . fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek ejkT[Adh j? . T[dkjoB ti'A ;'thns ;zx N[ZND s'A pknd nwohek fJe wjKPesh d/ o{g ftu T[Gfonk s/ d{i/ d/PK B{z nkgDh Pesh Bkb gqGkfts eoB bZr fgnk ;h .

fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK 1) nwohek gqG{st dh ;EkgBkL^ g{oh ftPt T[go nZi nwohek dk gqG{st ;Ekfgs

j' u[Zek j? . nwohek B{z u[D"sh d/D tkbk e'Jh th d/P BjhA j? . nwohek jo y/so ftu d{i/ d/PK B{z gqGkfts eo fojk j? .

2) fJe' fJe ;?fBe ;zrmB BkN'L^ nwohek B/ nkgD/ ;ko/ ;?fBe rmpzXB ysw eo fdZs/ jB . fco T[;B/ BkN' BK dk ;?fBe rmpzXB pDkJh oZfynk j? . fJ; Bkb nwohek nkgDh ;?Bk B{z wIp{s eo fojk j? . i' fJe ysoBke ;ze/s j? .

3) ;z:[es okPNo dh ekoi gqDkbh B{z gqGkfts eoBkL^ Phs :[ZX d/ pknd nwohek d/ ezw eoB d/ sohfenK ftu ekch coe nkfJnk j? . T[;B/ ;z;ko d/ pj[s ;ko/ d/PK d/ ezwK ftu dyb nzdkIh ehsh j? . ;[oZfynk gohPd ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ jZEK dh emg[sbh j? .

4) Pesh ;zs[bB dh xkNL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek ftu fJe d/P dh Pesh pj[s tZX iKdh j? fi; Bkb Pesh ;zs[bB ysw j' iKdk j? . nZi d/ ;w/A ftu nwohek dh Pesh tZXD ekoB T[j fJe wjKPesh ti'A T[Gfonk j? .

5) ftZsh ;z;EktK s/ nwohek dk gqGktL^ ftPt p?Ae, nzsookPNoh w[dok e'P, rohp s/ gZSV/ d/PK dk nkofEe ftek; eoB bJh pDkJhnK rJhnK jB go nwohek B/ fJjBK d/ ezwK ftu dyb nzdkIh eoe/ nkgD/ ftPt tgko B{z tXkfJnk j? .

6) PPsoheoB dh pikfJ nkofEe gZy B{z wjZsskL^ Phs :[ZX s'A pknd nwohek B/ nkgD/ ftd/Ph tgko B{z wIp{s s/ pj[ôkPNoh ezgBhnK dh ;EkgBk eoB d/ T[d/P Bkb ftPt tgko ;zrmB dh b'V *s/ I'o fdZsk . W.T.O. pDkT[D s'A pknd nwohek B{z nk:ks^fBo:ks ftu ekch bkG j'fJnk .

7) nwohek dh EkD/dko d/ o{g ftu G{fwekL^ nwohek ;z;ko ftu w"i{d jo/e soQK d/ ;zeN ftu nkgD/ ftuko gqrN eoB bZrk ;h . nwohek B/ p';Bhnk ;zeN, ;'wkbhnk ;zeN, nzr'bk ;zeN, gZSwh J/Phnk sDkT[, dZyDh nwohek d/ d/PK ftu dyb nzdkIh ehsh . fi; Bkb fJjBK ;wZf;nktK B{z w[Pfeb pDk fdZsk.

8) fJoke ns/ n|rkfB;skB ftu ;?fBe dyb^nzdkIhL^ nwohek B/ 1990^91 ftu ;z:[es okPNo dh woIh s/ 2003 ftu ;z:[es okPNo d/ fto'X d/ pkti{d fJoke ftu ;?fBe ekotkJh ehsh . nes{po 2001 ftu ncrkfB;skB s/ jwbk ehsk . fJ; bJh nwohek B/ nkgDh fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek dk bkG T[mkfJnk j? .

9) gqwkD{ gq;ko d/ ftP/ ftu fuzskL^ nwohek y[d fJe gqwkD{ Pesh d/P j? . go T[j Gkos, gkfe;skB, T[soh e'ohnk, dZyDh ncohek, JhokB, fJIokJhb, pqkihb, e?B/vk d[nkok ehs/ gqwkD{ gq;ko gq'rokwK s/ BIo oZydk j? .

10) nkofEe fdPk dh okiBhshL^ i/eo e'Jh d/P T[; fto[ZX e'Jh ezw eodk j? sK nwohek T[; Bkb tgkfoe ;pzX s'V b?Adk j? .

gqPBL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek d/ bkG s/ jkBhnK dk t/otk fdT[ . T[ZsoL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek d/ bkG

1) vo s/ nksze d/ d"o dk nzsL^ Phs :[ZX d/ d"okB Bt/A jfEnkoK d/ ekoB b'eK d/ wB ftu vo ns/ nksze dk wkj"b pD frnk ;h . gozs{ fiT[A jh fJe Xo[th ftPt ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk j'Jh b'eK d/ fdwkr ftu vo ysw j' frnk .

2) nkofEe gZy B{z soihjL^ 1991 s'A gfjbK j'J/ B[e;kB B{z g{ok eoB bJh nkofEe y/so ftu ;[Xko, ukb{ ftZsh xkN/ ftu ewh torhnK ftt;EktK B{z bkr{ ehsk frnk .

3) seBheh ftek; s/ I'oL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek d/ ekoB seBheh ftek; T[s/ I'o fdZsk frnk . seBheh ftek; ekoB gVQ/^fby/ p/o[IrkoK B{z o[Irko gqkgs j'fJnk .

4) b'eK dh ihtB gZXo ftu spdhbhL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek nkT[D Bkb gZSV/ j'J/, ftek;Phb, shi/ ftPt d/ d/P pj[s ;kohnK t;sK nk;kBh Bkb gqkgs j'D bZr gJhnK . fi; Bkb T[jBK d/ ihtB gZXo ftu ekch ;[Xko j'fJnk .

5) T[dkotkd dk b'efgq: j'DkL^ Phs :[ZX s'A pknd ftPt d/ d/PK ftu ;wkitkdh ftek; d/ wkvb B{z fsnkr e/ T[dkotkdh wkvb B{z ngDkfJnk j? . T[dkotkdh ftt;Ek ftu fszB sZs Pkwb jBL^ T[dkotkd, fBZiheoB, G{wzvbheoB .

6) ;kwtkd dh T[rosk dk gsBL^ Phs :[ZX d/ d"okB ;'thns ;zx s/ uhBh rDoki B/ ;kwtkd dk gquko s/ gq;ko ehsk ;h . go Phs :[ZX s'A pknd Pkwtkd dh T[rosk ftu ewh nk rJh . fJj S'N/ fij/ y/so sZe ;hws j' frnk .

7) gZSwh J/Phnk ftu PKshL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek d/ ekoB gZSwh J/Phnk ftu nwohek s/ o{; d/ :sBK ekoB PKsh pD rJh .

8) e'ohnk ftu ;fEbskL^ 1991 s'A pknd T[soh e'ohnk s/ dZyDh e'ohnk ftu fwZsosk tkb/ ;pzX g?dk j' rJ/ . tZX T[wo d/ b'eK B{z fpBK gk;g'oN s/ thi/ s'A nkT[D dh y[bQ d/ fdZsh .

fJe Xo[th ftPt ftt;Ek d/ d'P iK jkBhnK 1) nwohek d[nkok tZy^tZy d/PK ftu nDb'VhAdh dyb^nzdkIhL^ 1991 s'A pknd

nwohek B/ J/Phnk, ncohek ns/ bshBh nwohek d/ d/PK ftu ;?fBe ekotkJhnK eoe/ dyb^nzdkIh ehsh ;h .

2) ftZsh ;jkfJsk d/ ftP/ ftu G/d^GktL^ nwohek tZb'A ftsh ;jkfJsk T[jBK d/PK B{z jh fdZsh iKdh ;h fijV/ d/P T[;dh jK ftu jK fwbkT[Ad/ ;B .

3) Bt^;kwokitkd B{z T[sPkjL^ nwohek B/ Bt^;kwokitkd dk gq;ko eofdnK T[;dhnK pj[okPNoh ezgBhnK B/ J/Phnk, ncohek s/ bkshBh nwohek d/ d/PK pj[s ;kohnK c/eNohnK y'bQhnK ;B fi; s'A T[;B{z jo ;kb nopK vkboK dk bkG j[zdk ;h .

4) p/o[Irkoh s/ rohph ftu tkXkL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek Bkb fiE/ ;z;ko ftu seBkb'ih dk ftek; j'fJnk go fJ;d/ ekoB J/Phnk, ncohek ns/ bkshBh nwohek ftu p/o[Irkoh s/ rohph ftu tkXk j'fJnk .

5) nZstkd dk ftPtheoBL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek ekoB nZstkd e[M e[ d/PK dh ;wZf;nk Bk fojk ;r'A fJ;dh bg/N ftu g{ok ;z;ko nk frnk ;h . 11 ;szpo 2001 B{z nwohek d/ tgko e/Ado, Gkos dh ;z;d s/ jwbk, fpqN/B dh G{whrs o/bt/ ftu Xwkek nZstkd dhnK gqw[Zy T[dkjoBK jB .

6) ;z:[es okPNo dk gqGktPkbh Bk ofjDkL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek B/ ;z:[es okPNo B{z ewI'o pDk fdZsk . nwohek B/ T[;d/ ezwK ftu dyb^nzdkIh eoBk P[o{ eo fdZsk .

gkm BzL^ 8 y/soh ;zrmB^;koe ns/ :{oghnB :{BhnB gqPBL^ ;koe dh ;EkgBk fet/A j'Jh < ;koe d/ T[d/PK s/ f;XKsK dk toDB eo'. T[ZsoL^ Introduction:- dZyDh J/PhnkJh y/soh ;fj:'r ;zrmB ;koe dh ;EkgBk 7 s/ 8 d;zpo 1985 JhL Ykek ftu J/Phnk d/ ;Zs d/PK d/ okPNo wzvbK d/ ;zw/bB ftu j'Jh . fJj ;Zs d/P Gkos, gkfe;skB, pzrbkd/P, B/gkb, G{NkB, ;hqbzek s/ wkbdhg ;B . ;koe dk w[Zy dcso ekmwKv{ (B/gkb) ftu j? . fJ;d/ w[Zy nfXekoh dk ekoiekb 2 ;kb j[zdk j? . ;koe d/ d' soQK d/ w?Apo j[zd/ jB fJe w[ZYb/ w?Apo d{i/ fBrokB d/P .

;koe d/ w[Zy T[d/P ;koe d/ T[d/PK dk toDB ukoNo d/ nB[S/d fJe ftu ehsk frnk j?L^

1) nksw fBoGosk ftu tkXkL^ ;koe d[nkok w?Apo d/PK ftu nksw^fBoGosk g?dk eoBh sK fe T[j fJe d{i/ dh wdd ;jh Yzr Bkb eo ;eD .

2) iBsk bJh efbnkDekoh ezw eoBkL^ w?Apo d/PK d/ b'eK dh GbkJh bJh ezw eoB/, fit/A T[jBK B{z o[Irko d/Dk, w[ZYbhnK ;j{bsK gqkgs eoB ftu wdd eoBh.

3) ihtB gZXo T[Zuk u[ZeDkL^ w?Apo d/PK d/ b'eK B{z ihtB d/ jo gZy dhnK ;j{bsK w[jZJhnk eok e/ T[jBK d/ ihtB gZXo B{z T[Zuk u[ZeDk .

4) seBheh s/ ftfrnkB y/soK ftu ;fj:'rL^ w?Apo d/PK ftu fJj GktBk g?dk eoBk fe T[j nkgD/ d/P dhnK T[ZBs seBheK d{i/ w?Apo d/PK Bkb ;KMhnK eoB.

5) nzsookPNoh wzuK s/ ;fj:'rL^ ftPt gZXo d/ ;zrmBK fit/A fe ;z:[es okPNo nkfd ftu ;koe d/ okiK B{z wIp{s pDkT[Dk .

6) ;wZf;nktK dk w[bKeDL^ w?Apo d/P fJe d{i/ dhnK ;wZf;nktK B{z jZb eoB d/ :sB eoBr/ .

7) ekoir[Pbsk ftu tkXkL^ b'eK B{z tXhnk Yzr dhnK ;j{bsk gqdkB eoe/ T[jBK dh ezw eoB dh Pesh ftu tkXk eoB .

8) j'o d/PK Bkb ;fj:'rL^ ;koe d/ w?Apo d/PK dk nkg;h ;fj:'r s'A fJbktk j'o fte;Phb d/PK d/ b'eK Bkb th ;fj:'r tXkT[Dk .

;koe d/ f;XKs ;koe d/ ftu y/soh ;fj:'r j/m fby/ f;XKsK s/ nkXkfos j't/rk . (1) gqG;Zsk ;wkbsk dk nkdo . (2) G{r'fbe nyzvsk . (3) okiBhfse ;[szsosk . (4) nkg;h bkG d/ nkXko s/ ezw eoBk . (5) d{;o/ d/PK d/ nzdo{Bh wkwfbnK ftu dyb Bk d/Dk . (6) ;koe d/ ;G c?;b/ ;ot ;fjwsh Bkb bJ/ ikDr/ . (7) d{finK d/ nzdo{Bh wkwfbnK ftu dyb nzdkIh BjhA eoBk .

gqPBL^ ;koe d/ ;zrmB dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ ;koe dk ;zrmB

1) f;yo ;zw/bBL^ ;koe d/ jo ;kb fJe ;zw/bB j'Dk Io{oh j? ns/ fJ; ;zw/bB ftu ;koe d/PK d/ PkPB nfXekoh fjZ;k b?Ad/ jB .

2) wzsoh gfoPdL^ ;koe d/ w?Apo d/PK d/ ftd/P wzsohnK dh gfoPd B{z wzsoh gfoPd efjzd/ jB . ftd/P wzsohnK dh fJe p?me 6 wjhB/ ftu j'Dk Io{oh j? . wzsoh gfoPd d/ ezwL^ (1) ;zx dh Bhsh fBoXkfos eoBk . (2) ;fj:'r d/ Bt/A y/soK dh y'i .

3) ;EkJh ;fwshL^ ;EkJh ;fwsh ftu w?Apo d/PK d/ ;eZso Gkr b?Ad/ jB fiBQK dh jo ;kb fJe p?me j[zdh j? . ;fwsh d/ w[Zy ezwL^ (1) ;fj:'r d/ gq'rokw B{z wkBhNo eoBk . (2) nfXn?B eoe/ ;fj:'r d/ Bt/A y/soK dh gfjukD eoBk .

4) seBheh ;fwshnKL^ seBheh ;fwshnK ftu ;ko/ d/PK d/ gqshfBX j[zd/ jB . i' nkgD/^nkgD/ y/so d/ wkfjo j[zd/ jB . w[Zy ezwL^ (1) nkgD/^nkgD/ y/so ftu gq'rokw bkr{ eoBk . (2) gqrokwK ftu skbw/b g?dk eoBk .

5) ekoiekoh ;fwshL^ ekoiekoh ;fwsh dk rmB ;EkJh ;fwsh d[nkok ehsk frnk j? .

6) ;eZso/sL^ ;eZso/s dk w[Zy dcso ekmwzv{ ftu j? . fJ;dk fJe wjK ;eZso j[zdk j? fijVk d' ;kb bJh ;koe d/ w?Apo d/PK ftu'A u[fDnk iKdk j? . wjK ;eZso s/ ;eZso d/ w[Zy ezwL^ (1) ;koe d/ gq'rokw ftu skbw/b g?dk eoBk . (2) ;koe dhnK ekotkJhnK dk foekov oZyDk . (3) ;koe dhnK ;kohnK p?meK dk gqpzX eoBk . (4) nkT[D tkb/ ;zw/bB dh ftPk ;{uh ns/ ;EkB dh u'D eoBh .

7) ftZs ftt;EkL^ ;koe d/ ezwK B{z mhe Yzr Bkb eoB bJh jo/e w?Apo d/P ftZsh ftt;Ek ftu fjZ;k fJZSk nB[;ko oZfynk frnk j? . Gkos (32#), gkfe;skB (25#), B/gkb (11#), pzrbkd/P (11#), ;qh bzek (11#), wkbdhg (51#) .

8) w?ApofPgL^ ;koe d/ d' soQK d/ w?Apo jB . w[ZYb/ s/ fBrokB . fJ;d/ nkozG ftu Gkos, gkfe;skB, B/gkb, G{NkB, pzrbkd/P, ;qh bzek, wkbdhg, ;Zs w?Apo ;B . 2005 ftu ncrkfB;skB B{z ;koe d/ nZmt/A w?Apo d/ o{g ftu Pkfwb ehsk frnk j? . ;koe d/ fBrokB w?Apo uhB ikgkB s/ JhokB jB . fe;/ th d/P B{z fBrokB w?Apo pDB bJh wjK ;eZso e'b'A nkfrnk b?Dh g?Adh j? .

gqPBL^ ;koe dhnK w[Zy ;wZf;nktK s/ T[gbpXhnK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ ;koe dhnK w[Zy ;wZf;nktK

1) nkofEe gqsh:'rskL^ eJh d/P fJe jh t;s{ bJh nkg; ftu w[ekpbk eo oj/ jB . fit/A Gkos s/ ;qh bzek ukj bJh s/ Gkos s/ gkfe;skB ;{sh eZgV/ bJh, fJ; Bkb tgko s/ p[ok gqGkt g?Adk j? .

2) Gkos s/ gkfe;skB dh nkg;h d[PwDhL^ Gkos s/ gkfe;skB d/ nkg;h ;pzX tXhnK BjhA jB . fi; ekoB d'BK d/PK d/ /;koe d/ c?;fbnK ftu wsG/d ;kjwD/ nk iKd/ jB .

3) w?Apoh d/PK d/ T[d/PK ftu fGzBsktKL^ gkfe;skB dk T[d/P okiBhfse j? . B/gkb dk PKsh pDkT[Dk, pzrbkd/P dh o[uh BdhnK d/ gkDh d/ gqpzX ftu j? . fJ; Bkb eJh tko d/PK d/ ftuko th nbZr^nbZr j[zd/ jB .

4) w?Apoh okiK d/ ;kXBK ftu fGzBsktKL^ Gkos G{r'fbe fdqPNh s'A th tZvk j? s/ fJ; e'b nkofEe ;kXB th fInkdk jB go d{i/ w?Apo d/P e'b ;kXBK dh xkN j? .

5) ftek; dk tZyok^tZyok gZXoL^ ;koe d/ w?Apo d/PK ftu Gkos, gkfe;skB, ;qhbzek ekch ftef;s jB idfe pzrbkd/P, B/gkb, fsZps tor/ xZN ftef;s jB.

6) nkg;h fBoGosk dh ewhL^ ;koe d/ d/PK dk nkg;h tgko d/PK d/ e[Zb tgko dk 3 s'A 4# j? i' fe pj[s xZN j? .

7) ;koe d/ YKu/ ftu ewhnKL^ fJ;d/ jo/e ;zw/bB ftu ;ot ;fjwsh Bkb c?;b/ bJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ w?Apo d/PK d[nkok ;wM"fsnK s/ d;sys th ehs/ iKd/ jB . gozs{ fJjBK B{z bkr{ eod/ pj[s d/o bZr iKdh j? .

8) tZvhnK PeshnK dh dyb nzdkIhL^ ;koe j"bh^j"bh uhB ns/ nwohek d/ w[ekpb/ dk fPeko j' fojk j? .

9) gkfe;skB d[nkok nkszetkd B{z ;jkfJskL^ gkfe;skB d[nkok f;ybkJh fdZs/ nkszetkdhnK B/ ;w[Zu/ dZyD J/Phnk B{z d[Zy d/ ;w[zdo ftu v[p' fdZsk j? .

10) okiBhfse gqDkbhnK ftu fGzBsktKL^ gkfe;skB ftu ;?fBe szso, Gkos ftu b'eszso, B/gkb ftu j[D/ jh b'eszso dh ;EkgBk j'Jh j?, pzrbkd/P ftu ;z;dh gqDkbh, G{NkB ftu okiPkjh, ;qh bzek ftu gqXkBrh, wkbdhg s/ ncrkfB;skB ftu th gqXkBrh PkPB gqDkbh j? . fi; ekoB fJjBK d/PK ftueko wsG/d g?dk j' iKd/ jB .

;koe dhnK T[gbZpXhnK 1) fijBK y/soK ftu ;wZf;nktK ;B T[E/ ;koe B/ PKsh dk wkj"b g?dk ehsk j? . 2) fJ; Bkb d/PK ftu ;fj:'r dh GktBk tXh j? . 3) ;koe d/PK B/ ykX^nzB dh ;[oZfynk bJh Gzvko pDkfJnk j? . 4) dZyD J/fPnkJh y/so ftu w[es tgko eoB d/ :sB ehs/ rJ/ jB . 5) w?Apo d/PK B/ ;z;d d/ w?ApoK iZiK ns/ vkeNoK B{z nk;kBh Bkb nkT[DîkD dh

S'N fdZsh rJh j? . 6) nZstkd B{z ysw eoB bJh y/soh ;wM"sk th ehsk frnk j? . 7) e[dosh nkcsK B{z o'eD bJh, tksktoB ftu ;[Xko bJh, ns/ wB[Zyh ;'fwnK d/

ftek; bJh pj[s ;kohnK :'iBktK s/ ftuko ehsk ik fojk j? . 8) ;koe okjhA ;koe y/shpkVh ;{uBK e/Ado dh ;EkgBk j'Jh j? .

gqPBL^ :{oghnB ;zx dh T[sgsh s/ T[d/PK dk toDB eo' .

T[ZsoL^ Introduction:- d{i/ ftPt :[ZX s'A pknd :{og d/ d/PK dh nkofEe ;fEsh pj[s yokp j' rJh ;h . 1950 s'A 1960 ;w/A ftu :{ogh d/PK B/ fJj wfj;{; ehsk fe d{i/ d/PK Bkb ;zx pDk e/ tXhnk Yzr Bkb nkofEe ftek; eo ;ed/ jK .

:{oghnB ;zx dh ;EkgBkL^ wkou 1957 B{z o'w ftu :{oghnB nkofEe ;zx dh ;EkgBk j'Jh . fJ;d/ w?Apo d/P coK;, iowBh, fJNbh, p?bihnw, Bhdob?Av s/ br;wpor ;B . go 1 iBtoh 1958 JhL B{z fJ;dk BK pdb e/ :{oghnB ;zx oZy fdZsk frnk .fJ;dk w[Zy dcso p?bihnw ftu j? .

:{oghnB ;zx d/ T[d/P 1) o[Irko d/ tZX s'A tZX w"e/ T[gbpX eokT[Dk . 2) tZv/ g?wkB/ s/ bkGdkfJe T[d:'fre T[sgkdB B{z T[sPkfjs eoBk . 3) :{og B{z tzvD tkb/ fttkdK B{z jw/PK bJh ysw eoBk . 4) ;zx d/ ;ko/ b'eK d/ ihtB gZXo B{z T[Zuk u[ZeD bJh :sB eoBk . 5) nkofEe s/ w[dok d/ ;EkJheoB dh ftt;Ek eoBk . 6) ;zx d/ ;ko/ w?Apo d/PK B{z nkofEe T[ZBsh d/ pokpo w"e/ gqdkB eoBk . 7) ;zx d/ d/PK ftukb/ G[rskB ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoBk . 8) nkofEe o{VQhtkdh gozgok B{z ysw eoBk . 9) ;zx d/ w?Apo d/PK dh y/sh ftu T[ZBsh eoB bJh :'iBktK dk fBowkD eoBk .

10) ;zx d/ w?Apo d/PK ftu nk;kBh Bkb nkT[D ikD bJh thIk gqDkbh ftu ;[Xko eoBk . 11) T[d/PK B{z g{ok eoB bJh fJe ;kMK ‘shpo ekoi pb* dh ;EkgBk eoBk . 12) :{ogh d/PK ftu w[dok ;chsh s/ piN xkN/ dh do B{z xZN eoBk . 13) ;zx d/ d/PK d[nkok g{zih s/ wId{oh d/ nkT[D ikD s/ o'e jNkT[Dk . 14) ;zx d/ w?ApoK d/PK ftueko nk:ks fBo:ks d/ eo B{z jNkT[Dk . 15) wId{oK d/ nzd'bBK B{z gkpzdh s'A nkIkd oZyDk

gqPBL^ :{oghnB ;zx dhnk tZy^tZy ;z;EktK iK nzrk dk toBD eo' . T[ZsoL^ :{ogh ;zx d/ gzi w[Zy ;z;EktK iK nzr jB .

1) :{ogh ;z;d 2) :{ogh gfoPd 3) :{ogh nk:'r 4) ;zx dhnK d' ndkbsK

(1) fBnK dh ndkbs (2) gfjb/ T[gkn dh ndkbs

5) b/ykekoK dh ndkbs 1) :{ogh ;z;dL^ :{ogh ;zx dh fJe ;z;d th j? fi;B{z :{ogh ;z;d fejk iKdk j? . ;z;d

dk ekoiekb 5 ;kb bJh j[zdk j? . jo/e w?Apo d/P B{z xZN s'A xZN 6 tZX s'A tZX 96 ;hNK gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK jB . ekoIL^ 1) ;z;d nk:'r dk piN gk; eodh j? . 2) fJj J/ehfeqs nzdo{Bh pkIko dh ;EkgBk eoB ftu wjZstg{oB o'b fBGkT[Adh j? . 3) :{ogh gfoPd d/ c?;fbnK B{z wBI{oh fdzdh j? . 4) ;zx dhnK BhshnK pDkT[D ftu wdd eodh j? .

2) :{ogh gohPdL^ fJ;dh ;EkgBk 1974 ftu j'Jh . fJj :{ogh ;zx dh ekoigkfbek j? . fJ; ftu :{ogh ;zx d/ ;ko/ w?Apo d/PK d/ Pk;B nfXekoh Pkwb j[zd/ jB . :{ogh nk:'r dk gqXkB th j[zdk j? .

3) :{ogh nk:'rL^ :{ogh nk:'r d/ 27 w?Apo jB . jo/e w?Apo d/P dk fJe^fJe w?Apo fJ;dk w?Apo j[zdk j? . fJ;dk ekoiekb 4 ;kb j[zdk j? . fJ;d/ w?ApoK dh fB:[esh ;z;d d/ w?ApoK d[nkok ehsh iKdh j? . ekoiL^ 1) nk:'r fe;/ th w?Apo d/P fto[ZX ekotkJh eo ;edk j? . 2) fe;/ ftnesh iK ezgBh s/ i[owkBk brk ;edk j? . 3) Bt/A fpZb g/P eoB dh fizw/tkoh nk:'r dh j[zdh j? . 4) nk:'r nkgD/ w?ApoK ftu'A fJe B{z gqXkB u[Ddk j? .

4) ndkbsKL^ ;zx dhnK d' ndkbsK j[zdhnK jB . fJe fBnK dh ndkbs ns/ gfjb/ T[gkn dh ndkbs . d'jK ndkbsK d/ iZiK dh frDsh 15^15 j[zdh j? . iZiK dh fB:[sh w?Apo d/PK dh ;fjwsh Bkb ehsh iKdh j/ . fJj d't/A ndkbsK be;wpor ftu jB . ekoiL^ 1) fJ;B{z ;zXhnK dh T[bzxDk eoB tkb/ d/P fto[ZX i[owkBk eoB dk nfXeko gqkgs j? . 2) fJj ;zXhnK B{z ekB{zBK nB[;ko bkr{ eodh j? . 3) fJj j'o ;z;EktK d/ c?;fbnK dh gVskb eodh j? .

5) b/ykekoK dh ndkbsL^ b/ykekoK dh ndkbs d/ 15 w?Apo j[zd/ jB fJBQK w?ApoK dh fB:[esh ;z;d dh nkfrnk Bkb gfoPd eodh j? . fJ; ndkbs e'b e'Jh ftP/P nfXeko BjhA j? . ekoIL^ 1) fJj ndkbs fBPfus eodh j? fe ;zx dk ftZsh gqpzX mhe Yzr Bkb ehsk ikt/ . 2) ndkbs fJj d/ydh j? fe ;zx d[nkok fJeZmh ehsh XzB okPh s/ T[;dk you

ekB{zB d/ nB[;ko ehsk frnk j? iK BjhA . gqPBL^ :{ogh ;zx dh ;cbsk d/ ekoB s/ n"eVK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ ;cbsk d/ ekoB

1) G{r'fbe J/eskL^ :{og ftu fpqN/B B{z SZv pj[s ;ko/ w?Apo d/PK dhnK ;hwktK nkg; ftu fwbdhnK jB . fi; ekoB d/PK ftu G{r'fbe J/esk j? .

2) e[dosh ;kXBK dh pj[sksL^ :{og d/ d/PK ftu e'fJbk, b'jk s/ nB/eK yfDi gdkoEK d/ Gzvko jB . ;?o^;gkN/ tk;s/ th ftd/Ph b'e pj[^frDsh ftu nkT[Ad/ jB fi; s'A nopK vkboK dh nkwdB j[zdh j? .

3) T[d:'fre eqKsh dk bkGL^ T[d:'fre eqKsh ;G s'A gfjbK :{og ftu nkJh ;h . fi; eoe/ T[E/ tZv/^tZv/ ekoykB/ ;Ekfgs j' rJ/ ;B . fJBQK d/PK B{z ekoykfBnK s'A fsnko wkb t/u e/ ekch bkG j'fJnk .

4) b'eszsoh d/PL^ fJj ;ko/ d/P b'eszsoh jB . fi; eoe/ b'eszso B/ fJjBK d/PK B{z nkg; ftu fJe j'D dh gq/oBk fdZsh j? .

5) nkofEe o{g ftu wIp{sL^ :{ogh ;zx d/ ;ko/ d/P nkofEe gZy s'A ekch wIp{s jB fi; eoe/ T[j c?;fbnK B{z bkr{ eoB bJh fdb y'bQ e/ g?;k eo fdzd/ jB .

6) fJe ;wkB eo BhshL^ ;zx d/ ;ko/ d/PK B/ nk:ks^fBo:ks bJh fJe jh gqeko dh eo Bhsh pDkJh rJh fJ;/ ekoB tgko eJh r[Dk tfXnk j? .

7) ;KMh w[dokL^ 1992 ftu :{ogh ;zx B/ :[o' BK dh fJe jh ;KMh w[dok pDkJh j? . fJ; Bkb ;KM/ pkIko d/ Bkb^Bkb w[es tgko th P[o{ j'fJnk j? .

8) ;KMk ;zftXkBL^ :{ogh ;zx dk ;KMk ;zftXkB j? fi; dk w[Zy T[d/P okiBhfse J/eheoB eoBk j? .

9) thIk gqDkbh dk BthBheoBL^ :{ogh ;zx d/ d/PK B/ nkgD/ BkrfoeK s/ j'o d/PK ftu fpBK thIk gqt/P gZso dh :ksok eoB dh ;j{bs fdZsh j? .

:{ogh ;zx d/ wkor ftu o[ektNK 1) :{ogh ;zx ftu ;KMh w[dok ;pzXh th fJe wZs BjhA j? . 2) :{ogh ;zx d/ tXd/ gqGkt s'A nwohek pj[s fuzfss j? . 3) :{ogh ;zx d/ nB/e w?Apo d/P ;KMh ftd/P Bhsh d/ ftP/ ftu fJe wZs BjhA jB . 4) g{oph :{og d/ d/P j[D/^j[D/ jh ;kwtkdh gzi/ s'A nIkd j'J/ jB . fJ; bJh

fJjBK d/PK dh nkofEe ;fEsh ekch fgZSVh j'Jh j? . 5) g{oph :{og ftu o[Irko d/ w"e/ xZN j'D ekoB T[E/ p/o[Irkoh ekch fInkdk c?bh

j? . gkmL^ 9 ftPt PKsh dh ftt;Ek ns/ ;z:[es okPNo

gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo d[nkok ;w/A ;w/A s/ nzsookPNoh MrfVnK d/ fBgNko/ bJh ehs/ rJ/ :sBK dk t/otk fdT[ . T[ZsoL^

1) ;'thns ;zx s/ JhokB ftueko MrVkL^ 1946 JhL ftu ;'thns ;zx s/ JhokB ftueko MrVk j' frnk . o{;h ;?Bk JhokB ftu dkyb j' rJh ;h . ;z:[es okPNo B/ S/sh s'A MrVk fBgNk fdZsk s/ o{; ;?Bk B{z JhokB d/ gqKs niopkJhiB ftu'A jNkT[D bJh wIp{o eo fdZsk .

2) T[Zsoh e'ohnk dk dZyDh e'ohnk s/ jwbkL^ i{B 1950 JhL ftu T[Zsoh e'ohnk B/ nukBe dZyDh e'ohnk s/ jwbk . d'BK ftueko fGnkBe bVkJh j' rJh . ;z:[es okPNo B/ nwoheh ioBb w?e nkoEo dh nrtkJh ftu ;?Bk T[Zsoh e'ohnk fto[ZX G/i fdZsh . fi;B/ T[Zsoh e'ohnk dh ;?Bk tkg; w'V fdZsh .

3) fJIokfJb dk fw;o T[s/ jwbkL^ 1956 JhL ftu fw;o d/ okPNogsh Bk;o B/ ;[fJI Bfjo ezgBh dk okPNoheoD eo fdZsk . fi; s'A eq'fXs j' e/ fJIokfJb B/ fw;o T[s/ jwbk eo fdZsk . ;z:[es okPNo B/ ibdh jh nkgDh ;?Bk fw;o dh ;[oZfynk bJh G/i e/ PKsh pjkbh eotkJh .

4) ekr' d/ eNKrk gqKs ftu epkfJbh r[ZNK dh prktsL^ 30 i{B 1960 JhL B{z ekr' B/ p?bihnw s'A nkIkdh gqkgs eoB pknd b[w{zpk B{z ekr' dk gqXkB^wzsoh pDkfJnk . go e[M ;w/A pknd ekr' d/ eNkrk gqKs ftu ephb/ d/ r[NK B/ prkts eo fdZsh . p?bihnw B/ :{oghnBK dh oZfynk dk pjkBk pDk e/ ekr' ftu nkgDh ;?Bk G/i fdZsh . b[w{zpk ;oeko B/ ;z:[es okPNo s'A wdd wzrh . ;z:[es okPNo B/ ekr' dh oZfynk bJh nkgDh ;?Bk G/i fdZsh uko ;kbK d/ ;zxoP fgZS'A ;z:[es okPNo B/ ekr' ftu PKsh ;Ekfgs ehsh .

5) :{BkBhnk s/ s[oeK dh bVkJhL^ 1946 JhL ftu ;z:[es okPNo B/ G{^wZX ;kro d/ ;kfJgq; Nkg{ ftu ;?Bk G/i e/ :{BkBhnK s/ s[oeK ftu bVkJh pzd eotkJh s/ ;kJhgq; ftu PKsh ;Ekfgs ehsh .

6) Gkos s/ gkfe;skB ftueko d{ik :[ZXL^ 1965 JhL ftu ;z:[es okPNo B/ Gkos s/ gkfe;skB ftueko d{;ok :[ZX pzd eotkfJnk . 1966 JhL d/ skPezd ;wM"s/ okjhA d'BK d/PK ftu PKsh ;Ekfgs ehsh .

7) fJIokfJb dk fw;o s/ i'ovB s/ jwbkL^ 5 i{B 1967 JhL B{z fJIokfJb B/ fw;o s/ i'ovB T[go jwbk eo fdZsk . fJIokfJb B/ S/ fdBK ftu jh fw;o, i'ovB s/ fJIokfJb d/ eJh fJbkfenK T[go epIk eo fbnk . 22 Btzpo 1967 JhL d/ fJe gq;skt okjhA ;z:[es okPNo B/ fJIokfJb d/ epI/ tkb/ fJbkfenK B{z ykbh eoB bJh fejk .

8) fw;o s/ ;hohnk dk fJIokfJb s/ jwbkL^ 6 nes{po 1973 JhL B{z fw;o s/ ;hohnK dhnK ;?BktK B/ fJIokfJb s/ jwbk eo fdZsk . ;z:[es okPNo B/ fJIokfJb 1974 B{z fw;o s/ 1975 JhL B{z ;hohnk Bkb ;wM"sk eotk fdZsk .

9) fJoke dk e[t?s s/ jwbkL^ 2 nes{po 1990 JhL B{z fJoke B/ e[t?s s/ jwbk eo fdZsk s/ e[t?s s/ nfXeko eo fbnk . ;z:[es okPNo B/ 15 iBtoh 1991 JhL sZe e[t?s dk ;kok fJbkek ykbh eoB dk nkd/P d/ fdZsk . fJoke B/ wzBD s'A

fJBeko eo fdZsk . 28 d/PK dhnK ;z:[es ;?Bk B/ Jhoke s/ jwbk eoe/ T[;dh ;?Bk B{z g{oh soQK BPN eo fdZsk s/ JhokB B/ e[t?s ykbh eo fdZsk .

gkm BzL^ 10 BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek gqPBL^ BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek dk noE ;gPN eo' . BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek d/ T[sodkJh ekoB dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek dk noE(NIEO)

BthA nzsookPNoh noE ftt;Ek dk T[d/P nfijh noE ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk eoBk j? fi; Bkb ;G b'eK ftu ;wkBsk j't/ s/ T[jBK B{z fBnK fwb/ . fJj ftt;Ek w[dok e'P s/ ftPt p?Ae dh soQK b'eszsoh f;XKsK s/ nkXkfos j't/rh . ;z;ko ftu fe;/ th ftek;;hb d/P dk P'PD bk ehsk ikt/ ;r'A T[;dh nkofEe ;jkfJsk ehsh ikt/ .

BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek bJh T[sodkJh ekoB 1) T[Zso ns/ dZyD ftueko ftPkb y/soL^ ;z;ko dh 20# izB;zfynk ftef;s s/

80# izB;zfynk ftek;;hb d/PK ftu ofjzdh j? . brGr 80# ;kXBK s/ ftef;s d/PK dk ezNo'b j? . fi; eoe/ ftef;s s/ ftek;;hb d/PK ftu gqsh ftnesh nkwdB d/ ftu tZvk nzso gkfJnk iKdk j? . ftek;;hb d/P nkgDhnK w[YbhnK b'VK th g{ohnK Bk eo oj/ .

2) fBozso tZXdk j'fJnk nzsoL^ nzso okPNoh tgko d/ fB:w T[ZBs d/PK d/ jZe ftu j'D ekoB ftef;s s/ ftek;;hb d/P ftueko nkwdB dk nzso tZX fojk j? . fi; Bkb nzso tZX fojk j? . fi; Bkb nwho d/P j'o nwho s/ rohp d/P rohp j[zdk ik fojk j? . NIEO jh fj; nzso B{z xNkT[D bJh fJe w[Zy ;kXB j?.

3) pj[ôkPNoh ezgBhnK dh PowBke G{fwekL^ pj[ôkPNoh ezgBhnK dk tZvk fjZ;k nwohek, |oK;, fpqN/B, iowBh, ikgkB, fJNbh s/ e?B/vk d/ nwho b'eK dk j? . fJjBK dk pj[ôkPNoh ezgBhnK d/ 50# T[sgkdB s/ epIk j? . fJj ezgBhnK ftek;;hb d/PK s'A bkG ewk e/ nkgD/ d/PK B{z G/id/ jB fi; ekoB T[jBK dh nkofEe ftt;Ek wIp{s s/ ftek;;hb d/PK dh ewI'o j[zdh ik ojh j?.

4) r?N ns/ ftPt tgko ;zrmB dhnK gZygks BhshnKL^ ftef;s d/PK B/ r?N s/ ftPt tgko ;zrmB ftu ;wkfie Xkok, g/N?AN, ekghokJhN ns/ wId{o ekB{zBk ftu gfotosB fbnk e/ fJjBK ;zrmBK s/ nkgDk ezNo'b eo fbnk j? . fi; ftu fJj ;zrmB th T[jBK dk ;kE d/ oj/ jB .

5) T[ZBs okPNoK dh gkV' s/ oki eo' dh BhshL^ nZi eZbQ eJh ftef;s d/PK dhnK BhshnK nbZr^nbZr d/PK bJh nbZr jB . fijV/ ftef;s d/PK d/ fgSbZr{ d/P jB T[jBK B{z ftef;s d/P tX/o/ nkofEe ;jkfJsk fdzd/ jB . T[dkjoB ti'A nwohek, Gkos Bkb'A gkfe;skB B{z fInkdk nkofEe ;jkfJsk fdzd/ jB .

6) fJe gZyh P';DL^ ftef;s d/P ftek;Phb d/PK B{z eZu/ wkb dh wzvh pDk e/ T[jBK dk P';D eod/ jB . nzsookPNoh w[dok e'P, ftPt p?Ae T[go th ftef;s d/PK dk jh ezNo'b j? fi; eoe/ NIEO dh wzr T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkJh j?.

7) nzsofBoGosk ftu dZyD dh ;hfws G{fwekL^ ftef;s d/P eZuk wkb yohdD s/ fsnko t;s{nK t/uD bJh nftef;s d/PK s/ fBoGo ofjzd/ jB . fJ;/ soQk

nftef;s d/P th ftef;s d/PK s/ fBoGo jB . fit/A nkofEe, seBheh ns/ T[d:'fre ;jkfJsk bJh t;s{ t/uD bJh go fInkdk bkG ftef;s d/P ewk oj/ jB .

8) T[Zso dk dZyD s/ Bt^T[gfBt/Ptkdh ezNo'bL^ rohph, G[Zywoh s/ BkrfoeK dhnK w[YbhnK Io{osK B{z g{ok eoB bJh ftef;s d/PK s'A ;jkfJsk b?Ad/ jB . fi; eoe/ ftef;s d/P ;jkfJsK fdzd/ ;w/A eJh soQk dhnK PosK oZyd/ jB fIBQK B{z nftef;s d/PK bJh g{ok eoBk Io{oh jz[dk j? . fJ; bJh Bt^T[gfBt/P s'A S[Nekok gkT[D bJh NIEO dh wzr ;kjwD/ nkJh j? .

gqPBL^ BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek d/ ;kXBK s/ T[d/PK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek d/ f;XKs

iK ftek;Phb d/PK dhnK w[Zy wzrK

1) ftZsh ;jkfJsk dh wzrL^ ftek;Phb d/PK dh wzr fJj j? fe ftef;s d/P XzB^d"bs ftek;Phb d/PK ftu jh ewkT[Ad/ jB fi; eoe/ T[j bkG dk e[M fjZ;k ftek;Phb d/PK d/ ;otgZyh ftek; s/ bkT[D . d/PK B{z fpBK fe;/ G/d^Gkt d/ pokpo ;jkfJsk d/D .

2) ftPt d/ nkofEe ;pzXK dh g[Bo^;zouBkL^ g[okDh nzsookPNoh noE^ ftt;Ek nwho d/PK d/ jZe ftu j? fJ; bJh nkofEe ftt;Ek dh g[Bo^;zouBk fJ; soQK ehsh ikt/ fe rohp s/ nwho d/P ftueko n;wkBsk xZN ikt/ .

3) seBhe dh spdhbhL^ ftek;Phb d/PK dh shih wzr j? fe ftef;s d/PK dh T[Bs sebhe fit/A ;{uBk N?eBkb'ih, seBheh ftek; fJzihBhnfozr nkfd B{z ftek;Phb d/PK ftu spdhb ehsh ikt/ fi; Bkb T[jBK B{z bkG j't/rk .

4) pj[ôkPNoh fBrwK T[s/ fB:zsoBL^ pj[ôkPNoh ezgBhnK d/ ftek;Phb d/PK ftu ;Ekfgs j'D eoe/ ftek;Phb d/PK d/ xo/b{ T[d:'r BPN j' rJ/ s/ eJh T[d:'r T[jBK dk w[ekpbk BjhA eo ;e/ . fi; ekoB T[j pzd j' rJ/ . fJjBK ezgBhnK T[go fB:zsoB ukjhdk j? .

5) ftd/Ph tgko d/ w"e/L^ ftef;s d/PK B/ g{oh soQK ;z;ko d/ tgko s/ J/ekfXeko ;Ekfgs eo fbnk j? . e[b ftd/Ph tgko d/ 80# fjZ;/ T[s/ ftef;s d/PK dk ezNo'b j? . fJ; bJh ftef;s d/PK dh wzr j? . ftd/Ph tgko B{z tXkT[D bJh T[jBK B{z pokpo w"e/ fdZs/ ikD .

6) y/sh ns/ T[d:'fre ftek;L^ ftek;Phb d/PK ftu y/sh s/ T[d:'r pj[s jh gSV/ j'J/ jB . y/sh ftu T[sgkdB dhnK g[okDhnK seBheK dk gq:'r ehsk ik fojk j? . fi; ekoB b'e nkgDhnK Io{osK dhnK t;sK dk T[sgkdB th eo ;ed/ . fJ; bJh ftek;Phb d/P wzr eod/ jB fe T[BQK d/ d/P ftu ftef;s d/P T[d:'r bkT[D fi; Bkb T[E'A d/ b'eK B{z o[Irko fwb/ . y/shpkVh ftu ftef;s d/P T[ZBs phI, ykdK s/ seBhe okjhA wZdd eoB .

7) fBoD/^fBowkD ftu fjZ;/dkohL^ ftfGzB ;zrmBk, ;z:[es okPNo, ftPt f;js ;zrmB, nzsookPNoh wId{o ;zrmB, :{B/;e', ftPt p?Ae s/ nzsookPNoh w[dok

e'P ftu fIndk fBoD/ ftef;s d/P jh b?Ad/ jB . ftef;s d/PK dh wzr j? fe T[jBK dh fBoD/ b?D ftu fjZ;/dkoh fBPfus ehsh ikt/ .

8) tksktoB gqd{PD *s/ o'eL^ ftek;Phb d/PK dk ftuko j? fe ftef;s d/PK B/ e[dosh ;kXBK B{z spkj eoe/ tksktoB B{z gqd{fPs eo fdZsk j? . fi; ekoB fGnkBe ;wZf;nktK T[sgzB j' rJh j? . fJ; bJh ftek;Phb d/P wzr eod/ jB fe ftef;s d/P nfij/ Xzd/ pzd eoB fi; Bkb gqd{PD tZXdk j? .

9) ftPt ftu PKsh dh ;EkgBk ftu ;jkfJeL^ ftek;Phb d/PK dk ftuko j? fe ;z;koftu nPKsh, fjz;k, b[ZNwko bJh ftef;s d/PK B{z d'Ph wzBd/ jB . fJ; bJh nfijhnK p[okJhnK B{z \sw ehsk ikt/ s/ PKsh pDkJh ikt/ .

10) ;kXBK d/ nzXkX[zd gq:'r T[Zs/ o'eL^ ftek;Phb d/PK dh fJj wzr j? fe ftef;s d/P nkgD/ s/ ftek;Phb d/PK d/ gqkfeqse ;kXBK dk ;{M^p{M Bkb gq:'r eoB Bk fe nzXkX[zd .

BthA nzsookPNoh noE^ftt;Ek d/ w[Zy T[d/P 1) fJ; dk T[d/P ftef;s s/ ftek;Phb d/PK ftu n;wkBsk B{z d{o eoBk . 2) ftek;Phb d/PK d/ fgSV/gB B{z d{o eoBk . 3) ftek;Phb d/PK ftu T{oik, nktikJh, ;Ve fBowkD, GtB fBowkD d/ y/so

ftu T[ZBsh eoBk . 4) g{zihrs ;kXBK dk pdbkn ftef;s s'A ftek;Phb d/P ftu eoBk . 5) nzsookPNoh ftt;Ek ftu ftek;Phb d/PK dh fjZ;/dkoh B{z pokpo eoBk . 6) ftef;s d/PK d/ nkofEe fjs ysw eoBk . 7) ftek;Phb d/PK ftu BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk eoe/

o[Irko ftu tkXk eoBk .

S'N/ T[ZsoK tkb/ gqPB gqPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk noE ;gPN eo' . T[ZsoL^ nzsookPnoh okiBhsh fJe nfijh gqfefonk j? . fi; ftu jo/e d/P Pesh d/ wkfXnw Bkb d{i/ d/PK Bkb fJ; gqeko skbw/b g?dk eodk j? fe T[;B{z fIndk s'A fInkdk ckfJdk j't/ . gqPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dhnK d' ftP/PsktK fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ w[Zy gkso okPNo (d/P) j[zd/ jB . (2) nzsookPNoh okiBhsh Pesh bJh ;zxoP j? . joe/ okPNo d/ nkgD/ e[M fjZs j[zd/ jB fiBQK B{z g{ok eoBk T[;dh fIzw/tkoh j[zdh j? . gqaPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh Pesh bJh ;zxoP j? . eh s[;hA fJ; Bkb ;fjws j' < T[ZsoL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh B{z Pesh bJh ;zxoP dk gqshe wzfBnK iKdk j? . jo/e d/P d/ e[M okPNoh fjZs j[zd/ jB fiBQK B{z g{ok eoBk T[;dh fIzw/tkoh j[zdh j? . okPNoh fjZsK B{z Pesh d[nkok jh g{ok ehsk iKdk j? . gqPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ ftPk^t;s{ ftu Pkwb e'Jh uko ftP/ fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) oki dk nfXn?B

(2) okPNoh Pesh (3) okPNoh fjZs (4) ftd/P Bhsh dk nfXn?B . gqPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B dh eh wjZssk j? < T[ZsoL^ (1) ftPt PKsh s/ ;[oZfynk pDkJh oZyD ftu ;jkfJe . (2) wB[Zysk dh j'Ad bJh Io{oh . (3) r?oôkiBhfse ;pzXK B{z ;wMD ftu ;jkfJe. (4) fBnK T[s/ nkXkfos ftPt B{z ;wMD ftu ;jkJh . gqPBL^ nkdoPtkdh fdqPNhe'D s'A eh Gkt j? < T[ZsoL^ nkdoPtkdh fdqPNhe'D s'A Gkt j? ;wki ftu GkJhuko/ dh GktBk g?dk eoBk . d/PK ftu fjz;k s/ Pesh dk fto'X eoBk . :[ZXK B{z fet/A ysw ehsk ikt/ T[; T[go ftuko eoBk . gqPBL^ nkdoPtkdh fdqPNhe'D dhnK e'Jh uko w{b XkoBktK fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) wB[Zy ftu dfJnk, jwdodh, PfjDPhbsk d/ r[D gkJ/ iKd/ jB . (2) wB[Zy d[nkok d{finK dh GbkJh eoB s/ ftek; j[zdk j? . (3) wB[Zy dk p[ok ;[Gkn p[o/ tksktoB s/ p[oh ;zrs s'A jz[dk j? . (4) :[ZX ;G s'A xNhnk j[zdk j? . gqPBL^ nkdoPtkdh fdqPNhe'D d/ w[Zy uko bZSDK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ (1) wB[Zy ;[Gkn s'A uzrk gqkDh j? . (2) Pesh dk yzvB . (3) :[ZX wB[Zy ns/ wB[Zy iksh bJh ysoBke j? . (4) nkdoPtkdh ftPt ftu PKsh nfjz;k B?fsesk dk ;woEB eod/ jB. gqPBL^ :EkoEtkd dk noE ;gPN eo' . T[ZsoL^ :EkoEtkd s'A ;kvk Gkt ftukoK d/ nfij/ ;w{j s'A j? fiBQK ftukoK dk iBw ftnesh d/ fJ; ftPtk; s'A jz[dk j? fe j'o b'e jw/PK T[;B{z BPN eoB dh e'fPP eod/ oj/ jB . fJ; bJh T[;B{z nkgDh oZfynk bJh jo ;w/A d{finK B{z BPN eoB bJh fsnko ofjDk ukjhdk j? . gqPBL^ :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D dhnK e'Jh uko w{b XkoBktK fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) wB[Zy ;[Gkn dk bkbuh ns/ ;[nkoEh j? . (2) Pesh gqkgs eoB dh bkb;k wB[Zyh ;[Gkn dh ;G s'A wjZstg{oB ftP/Psk j? . (3) nzsookPNoh okiBhsh Pesh bJh ;zxoP j? . (4) okPNoh fjZsK B{z jw/PK Pesh d/ o{g ftu gfoGkfPs ehsk ik ;edk j? . gqPBL^ :EkoEtkd dk w[Zy p[bkok e"D j? < T[ZsoL^ fJ; f;XKs dk w'Yh jz; i/H wkor?AE' j? . T[;B/ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh s/ pj[s ;kohnK g[;seK fbyhnK fiBQK ftu w[Zy jBL^ (1) Politics Among Notions

(2) Scentific manes power, 1946

gqPBL^ okPNoh Pesh s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' < T[ZsoL^ okPNoh Pesh s'A Gkt j? fe;/ okPNo dh T[; ;woZEk s'A j? fi;d/ pb s/ T[j d{i/ okPNoK B{z gqGkfts eo ;e/ . okPNo dh fJ; ;woZEk dk BK Pesh j? . gqPBL^ okPNoh Pesh d/ e'Jh uko ;EkJh iK w{os sZs fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) G{r'b (2) e[dosh ;'w/ (3) izB;zfynk (4) nkofEe ftek; ns/ T[d:'fre ;woZEk . gqPBL^ okPNoh Pesh d/ e'Jh uko nw{os iK n;EkJh sZs fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) nrtkJh (2) okPNoh ufoZso s/ wB'pb (3) ;zrmB s/ ;oeko dh :'rsk (4) ftukoXkok gqPBL^ okPNoh Pesh T[s/ w[Zy uko gqshpzX fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) Pesh ;zs[bB (2) ftPt iBws (3) ;w{fje ;[oZfynk (4) nzsookPNoh ekB{zB gqPBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB dk noE ;gPN eo' . T[ZsoL^ Pesh ;zs[bB s'A Gkt j? fe tZy^tZy d/PK dh Pesh pokpo j't/ . e'jh th d/P fe;/ gZy s'A tZX PeshPkbh Bk j't fe T[j d{i/ d/P B{z dpkt/ iK T[; T[go jwbk eo d/t/ . gqPBL^ fejVk ekb Pesh ;zs[bB dk ;[Bfjoh ekb nytkT[Adk j? . T[ZsoL^ gfjb/ ftPt :[ZX d/ nkozfGe ;w/A (1815 s'A 1914) B{z Pesh ;zs[bB dk ;[Bfjoh ekb fejk iKdk j? . fJ; ;w/A d"okB :{og ftu pj[s ;kohnK ;zXhnK s/ ;wM"fsnK B/ Pesh ;zs[bB pDkJh oZfynk . gqPBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB d/ w[Zy ;kXB dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ (1) PPsoheoB (2) w[nktik d/Dk (3) c[ZN gkU s/ Pk;B eo' (4) d\b^nzdkIh . gqPBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB d/ jZe ftu e'Jh uko dbhbK fdT . T[ZsoL^ (1) :[ZXK B{z fBoT[sPkfjs eodh j? . (2) PKsh dk ;o's . (3) ;kwokitkd ns/ T[gBt/Ptkd s/ o'e . (4) S'N/ okiK dh ;[oZfynk bJh T[fus . gqPBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB :[ZXK B{z fBoT[sPkfjs eodk j? . ;gPN eo' .

T[ZsoL^ ftPt ftu i/eo e'Jh d/P :[ZXK B{z GVekT[D ns/ nkgDhnK bkb;ktK B{z g{oh eoB bJh ;[oZfynk bJh ysok pD iKdk j? sK wjKPeshnK fJj' fij/ d/P fto[ZX ;z:[es ekotkJh eoB bJh fsnko ofjzdhnK jB fi; Bkb :[ZX Nb iKdk j? . gqPBL^ Pesh ;zs[bB dhnK e'Jh uko w[Zy ftP/Psktk fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) Pesh B{z wkfgnk BjhA ik ;edk . (2) Pesh ;zs[bB okPNoh fjZsK s/ I'o fdzdh j? . (3) fJj PKsh dk T[geoB BjhA j? . (4) Pesh ;zs[bB d/ eosk^Xosk tZv/ d/P j[zd/ jB . gqPBL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk dk noE ;gPN eo' . T[ZsoL^ ;w{fje ;[oZfynk s'A ;kvk Gkt j? d/P dh ;[oZfynk bJh ehs/ rJ/ ;KM/ ;[oZfynk :sBK s'A j/ . i/eo fe;/ d/P s/ jwbk j' ikJ/ sK ;w{fje ;[oZfynk ftt;Ek d/ ;ko/ d/P fwb e/ T[;dh ;[oZFfynk dk :sB eod/ jB . gqPBL^ ;w{fje ;[oZFynk dh uko wkBsktK fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) :[ZX fJe nNZb ;ZukJh j? ns/ fJj ubd/ jh ofjDr/ . (2) ftPt ftu PKsh pDkT[Dk jo/e d/P dk ;KMk T[d/P j? . (3) ;w{fje ;[oZfynk bJh nzsookPNoh ;zrmB dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j? . (4) nzsookPNoh ;w{fje Pesh dh gqXkBsk jwbk eob tkb/ d/P fto[ZX Io{oh j? . gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo dk fBowkD ed'A j'fJnk ;h < T[ZsoL^ ;z:[es okPNo dh ;EkgBk 24 nes{po 1945 B{z ehsh rJh ;h . fJ;dk gqf;ZX dcso fBT{:koe ftu j? . fJ;d/ ;zftXkB B{z ukoNo fejk iKdk j? i' ;B^cqKf;;e' ftu fsnko ehs/ rJ/ ;h fJ;dk w[Zy T[d/P nzsookPNoh PKsh s/ ;[oZfynk g?dk eoBk ns/ d/PK ftu ;fj:'r s/ fwZsosk tkb/ ;pzX pDkT[D/ . gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo d/ w[Zy f;XKs eh jB . T[ZsoL^ (1) fJ;dk nkXko w?Apo d/PK dh gqG[;Zsk ns/ ;wkBsk dk f;XKs j? . (2) ;ko/ w?Apo d/P nzsookPNoh MrfVnK dk fBgNkok PKsh Bkb eoBr/. (3) ;ko/ w?Apo d/P ;z:[es okPNo dh fe;/ ekotkJh ftu ;zGt ;jkfJsk d/Dr/ . (4) fijV/ d/P fJ;d/ w?Apo BjhA jB T[j PKsh pDkJh oZyD bJh fJ;d/ f;XKsK dk gkbD eoBr/ . gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo dh w?Apoh fet/A gqkgs ehsh iKdh j? < T[ZsoL^ ;z:[es okPNo dh wjK;Gk nkgD/ 2$3 pj[ws Bkb wsk gk; eod/ fe;/ nfij/ d/P B{z i' PKsh g;zd eodk j't/ s/ ;z:[es okPNo d/ ukoNo d/ fB:wK B{z wzBD d/ gkpzd j't/ w?Apo pDkT[Adh j? . gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo d/ w[Zy nzrK d/ BK fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) wjK;Gk (2) ;[oZfynk gfoPd

(3) nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie gfoPd (4) nwkBsh gfoPd (5) nzsookPNoh ndkbs (6) ;eZso/s gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo d/ w[Zy uko T[d/P fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) ftPt PKsh s/ ftt;Ek B{z T[sPkfjs eoBk . (2) ;ko/ w?Apo d/PK ftu ;wkBsk ns/ nksw^;BwkB dh GktBk B{z ftef;s eoBk . (3) fBP;sheoB B{z ngDkT[D s/ I'o d/Dk . (4) ;ko/ d/PK ftu b'eszsoh ;z;EktK B{z wIp{sh gqdkB eoB d/ :sB eoB/ . gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo dhnK uko ewI'ohnK fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) jfEnkoK dh d"V B{z o'eD ftu n;cb . (2) tZvhnK PeshnK dh gqw[Zysk . (3) em'o ;zftXkB . (4) XzB dh xkN . gqPBL^ Phs :[ZX dk noE ;gPN eo' . T[ZsoL^ Phs :[ZX s'A Gkt j/ d' fto'Xh Pesh r[ZNK d/ ftukb/ w"I{d nfijh ftt;Ek fi; ftu T[j :[ZX eoB s'A pud/ jB go tksktoB nfijk pDkJh oZyd/ jB fi; Bkb :[ZX B{z T[sPkj fwb/ . gqPBL^ Phs :[ZX d"okB pD/ ;?fBe rmpzXBK dk toDB eo' . T[ZsoL^ nwohek B/ BkN', ;hN', ;?N' n?Bi; Bkwh ;?fBe, rmpzXB pDkJ/ . ;'thns ;zx B/ th nZm ;kEh d/PK Bkb fwb e/ 14 wJh 1955 B{z tko;k ;zXh d/ nXhB fJe ;?fBe rmpzXB pDkfJnk . gqPBL^ Phs :[ZX d/ ;kXB fejV/ ;B . T[ZsoL^ (1) gquko (2) e{NBhsh (3) ik;{;h (4) nkofEe ;jkfJsk (5) Pesh dk gqdoPB gqPBL^ Phs :[ZX d/ uko gqGkt fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) ftPt dh d' r[ZNK ftu tzv . (2) ;z:[es okPNo dk ngkji j'Dk . (3) gqwkD{ :[ZX dk Vo . (4) ;kwokitkd ns/ p;shtkd dk nzs . gqPBL^ Bt^Phs :[ZX dk noE dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ d'BK wjKPeshnK nwohek s/ ;'thns ;zx ftukb/ wsG/d tXD bZr gJ/ . fi; ekoB d'BK d/PK ftu d'pkok jfEnko pDkT[D dh j'V P[o{ j' rJh . d'BK

ftueko NeokT[D d/ pj[s ;ko/ e/Ado pD rJ/ . fJ;d/ ekoB Bt/A Phs :[ZX dk nkozG j'fJnk . gqPBL^ g[bkV :[ZX dh :'iBk eh ;h < T[ZsoL^ nwoheh okPNoh o'Bkbv ohrB/ B/ 23 wkou 1983 B{z fJe :'iBk dh x'PDk ehsh fi;d/ d[nkok fe;/ th gqwkD{ jwb/ dh ;fEsh ftu gqwkD{ fwIkfJbK B{z g[bkV ftu jh BPN eoB dh :'iBk ;h sK fe fJj fwIkfJbK wB[Zy s/ wB[Zyh ;ZfGnsk bJh xkse f;ZX Bk j'D . gqPBL^ d' Xo[theoB s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j? . T[ZsoL^ d' Xo[theoB ftu d' d/P d' Xo[tK dh gqshfBXsk eod/ jB . fiBQK ftukb/ ;kohnK nzsookPNoh rshftXhnK j[zdhnK jB ftPt dh e'Jh th ;wZf;nk fJBQK d/ dyb s'A fpBK jZb BjhA j[zdh . gqPBL^ em'o d' Xo[tsk s'A s[jkvk ehs Gkt j? < T[ZsoL^ em'o d' Xo[tsk ftu d'jK Pesh r[NK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ r[NK ftu Pkfwb jo/e d/P B{z g{oh soQK ezNo'b ftu ehsk j'fJnk ;h . em'o d' Xo[tsk dk nkozfGe gVkn 1945 s'A b? e/ 1955 sZe d/ ekb s'A j? . gqPBL^ d' Xo[theoB d/ w[Zy bkG dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ (1) ftukoXkoktkd B{z T[sPkj . (2) T[gfBt/Ptkd ns/ ;kwokitkd dk gsB . (3) nzsookPNoh sDkU B{z xZN eoB ftu ;jkfJsk . (4) S'N/ ns/ ewI'o okPNoK bJh bkGdkfJe . gqPBL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j? < T[ZsoL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek s'A Gkt fi; ftu nzsookPNoh f;yo s/ f;oc fJe jh Pesh w"I{d j't/ i' g{o/ ;z;ko ftu tZy^tZy d/PK B{z s'VB^wo'VB dk :sB eodh j? . T[j fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek ejkT[Adh j? . gqPBL^ fJe Xo[th ftt;Ek dhnK uko ftP/PsktK dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ (1) Pesh ;zs[bB dh xkN . (2) fJe' fJe ;?fBe rmpzXB BkN' . (3) ftZsh ;z;EktK s/ nwohek dk ezNo'b . (4) nwohek dh ftPt okiBhsh ftu EkD/dko d/ o{g ftu G{fwek . gqPBL^ ;koe j'Ad ftu feT[A nkfJnk < T[ZsoL^ 1980 ftu dZyDh J/Phnk d/ d/P rohph, p/o[Irkoh nkfd rzGho ;wZf;nktk dk ;kjwDk eo oj/ ;B sK pzrbk d/P d/ okPNogsh fInk^T[oôfjwkB B/ dZyD J/Phnk ftu y/soh ;fj:'r dk ftuko g/P ehsk . T[BQK B/ Gkos, B/gkb, ;qh bzek, G{NkB, wkbdhg ns/ gkfe;skB dh :ksok eoe/ ;zrmB pDkT[D dk ftuko g/P ehsk . gqPBL^ ;koe d/ w?ApoK d/ BK dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ ;koe d/ ;Zs w[ZYb/ w?Apo d/P Gkos, gkfe;skB, B/gkb, G{NkB, pzrbk d/P, ;qh bzek ns/ wkbdhg jB . ikgkB s/ uhB ;koe d/ fBrokB w?Apo jB . gqPBL^ ;koe d/ uko T[d/P fby' .

T[ZsoL^ (1) y/so dh iBsk d/ ihtB gZXo B{z T[Zuk u[ZeDk . (2) j'o ftek;Phb d/PK Bkb ;fj:'r tXkT[Dk . (3) y/so ftu nkofEe, ;wkfie s/ ;ZfGnkukoe ftek; eoBk . (4) y/so dh iBsk bJh efbnkDekoh ezw eoBk . gqPBL^ ;koe dhnK d' w[Zy ;wZf;nktK dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ (1) fJjBK d/PK ftukb/ fJe d{i/ s/ fBoGosk dh xkN j? . (2) ;zw/bB ftu c?;bk sk ;ot ;fjwsh Bkb bJ/ iKd/ jB go fJjBK B{z bkr{ d/o Bkb ehsk iKdh j? . gqPBL^ :{ogh ;zx eh j? < T[ZsoL^ d{i/ ftPt :[ZX d"okB :{og d/ d/PK dk nkofEe, ;wkfie s/ okiBhfse y/soK ftu pj[s B[e;kB j'fJnk ;h . fJ; B[e;kB B{z g{ok eoB bJh :{og d/ d/PK B/ :{ogh ;zx pDkfJnk . gqPBL^ :{ogh ;zx d/ w[Zy T[d/P dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ (1) :{ogh ;zx d/ w?Apo d/P fJe d{i/ e'b nk;kBh Bkb nk ;eD . (2) ;zx d/ T[d/PK dh g{osh nk;kBh Bkb j' ;e/ . (3) :{ogh d/PK ftu w[dok ;|hsh s/ piN xkN/ dh do xZN eoBk . (4) :{og dk okiBhfse J/eheoB eoBk . gqPBL^ ;koe s/ fNZgDh fby' . T[ZsoL^ ;kos s'A Gkt ‘dZyD J/PhnkJh y/soh ;fj:'r ;zx* j? . fJ;dh ;EkgBk 1985 ftu j'Jh ;h . P[o{ ftu fJ;d/ 7 w?Apo Gkos, gkfe;skB, B/gkb, G{NkB, pzrbk d/P, ;qh bzek ns/ wkbdhg ;B . 2005 ftu ncrkfB;skB nZmt/A w?Apo ti'A Pkfwb eo fbnk frnk . gqPBL^ ;z:[es okPNo dhnK gq;sktBk dhnK wjZstg{oB ftt;EktK dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ (1) ghVQh do ghVQh :[ZX d/ yso/ s'A pukT[Dk . (2) wodk, n"osK s/ S'N/ tZv/ d/PK d/ ;wkB nfXekoK s/ ftPtk; dk ;woEB eoBk . gqPBL^ ;[oZfynk gfoPd d[nkok fttkdK d/ PKshg{ote jZbbjh ngDkJhnK ftXhnK fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) iKu (2) dyb^nzdkIh s/ ftu'brh (3) okihBkwk (4) d'^gZyh tkosk (5) ;[Mkn (6) nghb gqPBL^ BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek (NIEO) s'A s[jkvk eh Gkt j? < T[ZsoL^ gZSV/ s/ ftek;Phb d/PK dk nkofEe ftek; s/ T[;B{z P'PD s'A pukT[D bJh BthA nzsookPNoh nkofEe ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh . gqPBL^ NIEO dh wzr bJh e'Jh uko I[zw/tko ekoB dZ;' . T[ZsoL^ (1) T[Zso dZyD ftukb/ ftPkb nzso .

(2) pj[ okPNoh ezgBhnK dh ;owBke G{fwek . (3) T[ZBs d/PK dh gkV' s/ oki eo' dh Bhsh . (4) r?N ns/ ftPt tgko ;zrmB dhnK gZygks BhshnK . gqPBL^ NIEO dhnK e'Jh uko wzrK fby' . T[ZsoL^ (1) ftPt d/ nkofEe ;pzXK dh g[Bo ;zouBk ehsh ikt/ . (2) pj[ okPNoh ezgBhnK B{z ezNo'b ehsk ikt/ . (3) tXhnk seBhe dk ftef;s s'A ftek;Phb d/PK ftu ehsk ikt/ . (4) nzsookPNoh tgko ftu ;zofyetkd B{z ysw ehsk ikt/ .

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gkm BzL^ 1 nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk noE gqfeosh s/ y/so gqPBL ...gdinfotech.com/gd_tutorial/polSci2.pdf · gkm BzL^ 1 nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dk noE gqfeosh s/ y/so gqPBL^ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh