GIÚP TRÍ NHỚ CHUỖI PHẢN ỨNG HÓA HỌC - NGÔ NGỌC AN

8/10/2019 GIP TR NH CHUI PHN NG HA HC - NG NGC AN

1/192

I NG NGC AN

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W.DAYKEMQUYNHON.UCOZ.COM

ng gp PDF bi GV. Nguyn Thanh T


2/192

NG NGC AN

GIP TR NH

CHUI PHN NGHA HC


3/192

M s: 02.02.42/51. PT2010



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4/192

J

phc v cho vic n luyn ca hc sinh chun b thivo cc trng i hc v Cao ng, chn ti bin son cun

Gip tr nh chui phn ng Ho hc nhm eiup cc em

hc sinh c mt s" kin thc c bn, rn luyn k nng lm ccbi tp.

Cun sch c bin tp gm 2 phn: Ho hc Hu c v

Ho hc V c. mi phn, ch ne ti u trnh by 2 phn

chnh:

Phn th nht nhng kin thc c bn v tnh cht hohc c trns ca cc cht.

Phn th hai l bi tp mu. Mi mt bi tp u c

hng dn cch gii nhm sip cc em hc sinh suy ngh v

tp dt gii cc dng bi tp v chui phn ng ho hc.

Khi s dng cun sch, trc tin cc em hc sinh nnxem k phn h thng kin thc n li nhng tnh cht ho

hc c trng ca cc cht, sau lm cc bi-tp cn bn

nm vng cc phng php gii cc bi tp v chui phn ng

ho hc.

Chng ti mong cun sch s gip ch c phn no cho

bn c, nht l i vi cc em hoc sinh ang chun b cho k

thi tuyn sinh i hc v Cao ng. Xin ghi nhn v cm nmi kin &ng gp, ch ra nhng ch thiu st nhng lnti bn sau hon chnh hn.

TC GI

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5/192



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6/192

Phn I: HA HC HU c

HIROCACBON

A. CNG THC TNG QT CA HROCACBON

1 1 . Ankan: CnH 2n+7 (n > 1)2. Xioankan: 1 vng CnH;

n ( n > 3)' Nhiu vng: CnHn2. 2x (x s vng)

3- Hirocacbon khng no mch h: CnH 2n+2-2k(k l s ni i hay.s lin kt 7)

4. Anken: CnH2;, (n > 2)5. Xicloanken: CnH2n2 (n > 3) (1 vng)

, 6. Ankin: CnH 2n_2 ( n > 2)7. Ankaien: CnH 2n_2 (n >3)8. Arcn:

CnH 2n6(n > 6)

9. Aren c gn nhnh khng, no: CnH-jn_ft_2k(k l s ni i hay so lin kt 71 ngoi vng)

B. PHNG TRNH CHY CA HIROCACBON

V DN XUT CA HIROCACBON (DNG TNC QUT)

C , H V + ' X - y 0 2 - > x C C >2 + - H 20V 4 .j 2 2

C XH , G : - ! X - L - I s o _ > x C O i + ^ h 2o

4 2 r 1 2

CJH.N7+ ' X xCOz + - -N , T ^ H 204 , 2 2

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7/192

CvHvCXN. + X- - 0 2 >xCOz + - N: + ~ H :0V 4 2 ; 2 2

e xH vCI, + X- o , - xCO; + ' H zO + tHCl

CsHvO:Clt + x - ^ - - ' e x ^ xCOz + ^ H zO + ~-Cl:/ 4 2,- . 2 2

L vz Nhi t phn C xHy trong chn khng cho c v.. H;.

C BC NGUYN TCACBON

____ Bc 'nguyn t caebon. ch r s lng nguvn t cacbon khc lin.

kt trc tip vi n.

C H ,I II IV III _C H 5- C H 2 -C - H - C H 2- O H

_ IC H , C H ,

D. TN GC HIROCACBON

1 . Gc hirocacbon l g? Phn cn i ca hirocachon khi mt imt hav nhiu nguyn t hiro-

2. Gc ha tr 1a) Gc no C H 3- : m etylC:H 5- : cty

b) Gc hidrocacbon no mch nhnh6 5 4 3 2 1C H 5-C H -C H :-C H 2-C H -C H 2- : 2-e tyl5metyl hevvl

ICH 5 C H ^ C H :

Ch cc trng hp sau v (tron trin


8/192

CH3-C H 2-C H - : Sec-butyiI

c h 3

CH3-CH -CH 2- : IsobutylrCH,

CH31

CH5-C-CH 7- : NeopentylI

c h 5

c h 31

CH3-C H 2--C- : Tert-pentylI

c h 3(sec: gc v tr c bc IX; tert: gc v tr- c bc III)c) Gc hrocacbon khng no c ha tr 1

Cc gc hirocacbon khng no c ha tr mt:Vinyl (etenyl)

Anlyl (propen2yl)Xsopropenyl (l-metylvinyl)

c h 2 = CH -

CH2 = CH - CH2 -CH2=CH-

h 3C mt ni ba: c ui inyl- C hai ni : c ui ienylMch chnh l mch khng no c nh s bt u t nguyn t

cacbon c ha tr t do.

V d:

CH=CH-

CH =C-CH2-

c h 2=c h - c h =c h ~

) Gc hirocacbon thm

hoc

Etinyl

Propyl-2-yl

Butaien-l,3-yl

hoc CftH : Phenyl

2 hoc 2 hoc C6H"CH?- : Benzyl

3. G c h i ro c aeb o n h a t r 2

-CH,-

7



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9/192

E. PHN LOI HIROCACBON

c h 4 c 2H4 c 4H6 c 2h 2 c 6h 12 c h 6

1. A M A X (P A K A F IA )

I. NH NGHA

Ankan l loi hirocacbon cha ni n, mch h* Cng thc

CnH2n+2 vi n > 1 .

II. TNH CHT HA HC

1. Phn ng th vi Cl2, Br2

a) iu kn phn ng

- nh sg khuch tn (phn ng th);

- Anh S'ng mnh (phn ng hy).

b) Phig trnh tng qut

CnH 2n+2 + xCI2 i s CnH 2n+2-xClx + xHCl

- Quy tc th: Nguyn t hiro nguyn t cacbon c bc cngcao, cng d c th bi clo (hoc brom).

8



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10/192

i

V d.

CHs + Cl 2 as'---- ->

------>

(Sn phm chinh'

n-propl clorua (Sn phm ph)

Da vo phn ng trn ta nhn bit c ankan: lm mt muvng ca kh C2, mu nu c dng dch brom, sn phm ca phnng lm giy qu tm m.

2. Phn ng nhit phn: 3 kiu phn ng ty iu kin

a) Phn ng phn hy:

b) Phn ng cracking:

CH -> nC + (n+i)H2

CnH2n 2 ") + CqH2qankan anken

V d.

n > .3 ; m > 1 ; q > 2.

> c h 4 + c 3h 6C,H4-n-lC

Cracking

-> c 2h 6. + c 2h 4c) Phn ng loi hiro (ehiro)

CnH2n-r?450' C

- Cu7n + z

3. Phn ngchya) Chy trong oxi (oxi ha hon ton)

-r ' - - i ' o , r -il. - ^ - -> nC7 4- (n+l)H->0V 2 ; .

Phn ng chy c s dng trong i-sng'-v cng nghip,b) Oxi ha khng hon ton

V HCHO + H20c h 4

+ O kk)------- ----- :-------------------5>

500;JC. Ni

i thiv. kk

> co + 2

9



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11/192

Phn ng oxi ha butan c dng trong sn xut axit axetic:

C4H 10 2CH3COOH

Phng trnh tng qut:

R-CHz-CHz-R' +0 kkMub Mil

RCOOH + RCOOH

Nhng tnh cht ha hc v ng dng quan trng ca metan

I---------- > CH3CI: Clorua raetyl

-CLCH7CU: Ciorua metylen

CH4:

CHC3: Clorofom

CCI4: Tetraclorua cacbon(Dung mi hu c)

NH, - 0->

--------> CHOH5c _

HCHO

---- HCN: axit xianhiric

Xhii-> C: mc in, ch ha cao s

-> H2

tu. IU CH ANKAN

1. Phng php tng m ch cacbon- Phng php Wurtzt

2CnH2n^X + 2Na (CnH2n+1)2 + 2NaX

V d. C2H; rCl + 2Na + Cl4-C2H 5 -> C4H 10 + 2NaCl

Nu ng hai loi n xut haogen c gc anky khc nhau thuc hn hp.3 ankan khc nhau.

' R -R

3R-X + 6Na + 3RX J R-R+ 6NTaX

R-R

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12/192

Vi ru, qu trinh din ra nh sau:

r R -O H + HI CRI + HOH

+ [ R -I + RI K-R + I2

2ROH + 2HI - R -R + I , + 2H20Phng-php ..in phn (Kobc)

2RCOONa + 2H20 ?dc-> R-R + 2CO:f + NaOH + H2TV-------^ ---- b V------ ------ /Anot (+) Catot (-)

V d.

2CH2=CH-COONa + 2HzO > CH2=CH-CH =CH2 +

2CO,t + 2NaOH + H2t

2. Phng php gim m ch cacbon~ Phng php Duma

RCOONa + NaOH RH + NaVcn

(RCOO),Ca 4- 2NaO H -> 2RH + CaCOj + N -.;3

Phng php Cracking

(Trong n = m + n )

3. Phng php gi ngu yn mch cacbonVi hirocacbon cha no:

R-C H =C H -R + H 2 ^ R-C H 2-CH 2-R

R -C sC -R + 2H2 % R -CH 2-C H 2-R

2 . X I C lO A I \M I V

i. NH NGHA

Xicloankan l nhng hirocacbon c ni n, c mt V ng haynhiu vng.

11



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13/192

Vng cng nh (3, 4 cnh) th cng km bn7 vng cng in (5,cnh) th cng-bn.

Cng thc chng: CnHjn v'tfi n > 3.

V d. CH2 - C H 27 I " c h 2 1 c h 2C H ,-C H . I C , I T

CH, I CH,C H ^

II. TNH CHT HA HC

I f h a n n g P h n g t ri n h p h n n g

: Cng m^ng ; A + H 2 z z z _> CH,-CH;-CH;; X. SC'C

I - + h 2 i i-J ioCc.> c h 3- c h 2- c h 2- c h 3I CH;I I ^ C H 7 + Br, -> B r-C H ,-C H .-C H ,-B r

I _____ H2C _ _ __ .. _________ T h Tham


14/192

l. TNH CHT HA HC

1. Phn ng cng (c trng)a) Cng hiro

CH; + H2 . yi t" CH;,2b) Cng halogen (X = Cl, Br, I)

c) Cng H20

CH2 + H.O ^ > CH2T,OH

d) Cng HX, H2SO,

CnH 2n + HX ___> CnH 2*X

T C5H6 tr i phn ng cng theo quy tc Maccopnhicop

V d.

c*CH3->CH=CH2 + HCl

-> CH ',-CH-CH 3isopropyi cicrua (Sn phm chnh)

1 > C H 3- C K 2- C H 2-C1 ...n--prouyl clorua ("Snphm ph)

V d. CH2=CH2 + H2SO4 c h 3- c h 2- o s o 3h '(HOSOsH)

2. Phn ng oxi haLm mt mu dung dch -thuc tm (KMnQ4) _

CnH2ll + [O] +; H ,0 CBH2n(OH)2

3CnH2n + 2KMn4 + 4H 20 3CaH2n(OH)2 + 2Mn02 + 2KOH -

V d. CH2=CH2 + [O] + HzO CH2-CH2 I

OH OHCH,=CH, + - 0 , CWCl~-> CH3CHO

2

3. Phn ng chy ____________ __3n

CnH 2 + CX nCO, + nH 202

13



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15/192

4. Phn ng trn g hp L qu trnh cng hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh ging nhau

hoc tng t nhau, to thnh phn t ln (hp cht cao phn t).

S chung:V d.

\ nA > (A)tinCH=CH2 -

ICH,.

-C H-C H, -1CH

Etilen c phn ng:c h 2= c h 2"+ c + H ,o CH2-C H 2 + HCl

I ' t

CH2-C H 2 + KOH -> CH2-C H 2 + KC1 + H zO

L L 'Cl O H o (tilen ox'it)

(0 ) + C H 2=C H 2 A1C1* ^ g j - C H 2- C H 3

H, ^ Q,Hs-CH=C H2 (Stiren)

({. U CH

q-tr

a) ehirat ha ru no n chc:

j CuH2lrlOH CnHn + H201S0;,C ^

V d. ----------------------------------------------------------

CH ?-CH 2-CH 2-O H s> C H rCH =C H 2 + H zO

r c h 3- c h =c h - c h v

CH -GH-C H 7-C H -Bten-2 (sn phm chnh)I ISOc

OH 1 CH 2=C H -CH 2~CH,

Btcn1 (san phm ph)b) Tch hirohaogenua t c c dn xut monoftalogen

14



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16/192

Hoc: CnH^X + KOH

c) T dn xut ihalogen

- *0H' > CH2 + KX + H ,0ru

R - C H - C H - R + Z n - > R - C H = C H - R + ZnX

2 .X XVi' d. C2H4Br2+ Zn > C7H4+ ZnBr?) Cracking ankan

C ,H m ^ CH ,m + C,H2,+2

V d:

C4HCracking

10

c 5h 6+ c h 4

- c 2h 4+ CzH*e) Ankin hp H2:

CnHin2 + H 2Pd.

CnHiiA*-2nP.

V d: CH^CH + H2 ^ C2H4h) ehiro ha ankan

CRH:Ilt2 -> C,Ui , + H2t

2. EtilenC2H 3OH

X 1

C,H4Br7y

c 2h 5c i (2) ^

7!c 2h 4

\ < 5)

x c 2h 2c 2h 6

(3j /

c 2h 4 + h 2o(2) C2H5C1 j g Jg S > c h 2= c h 2+ HC1(3) c 2H6 ^ L - C2H 4 + H2

(4) C2H4Br2 + Zn -> C2H4 + ZnBr2(5) C2H 2 + H 2 ^ C 2H 4

(6) C2H2 + 2H2 - n- > C2H6

l



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17/192

4 . A M K A M E K (M O L E F IIN )

]. NH NGHA

Ankaien (ioein) nhng hirocacbon khng no mch h c haHn kt i trong phn t: *5%.

Cng thc chng: CnH2n_2 (n > 3)

II. PHN LOI

Ty theo v tr tng h ca hai ni i ngi ta chia ankaiethnh 3 loi:

1. Loi c hai n i i lin n hauV d. CH3-CH=C=CH2; CH2=C=CH2

Butaien -1,2 Propaen hay anlert

2 . Lo c hai ni i lin hp (hai ni i cch nhau mt nn): quan trng nht trong cc loi ankaien.

V d. CH2=CH-CH=CH2 CH2= C-C H=CH2

GH3 Isopren

(2-metyl butaen-1,3)

Butaien1,3

(ivinyl)CH2= c - c h = c h 2y

CI Cloropren

3. Loi c hai ni i xa nhau

V d. CH2=CH-CH 2-CH=CH2 (Pentaien-1,4)

IM.-TNH CHT HA HC

1. P h n n g c n g

a) Cng H2

b) Cng Br2

CnH2n2 +2H2 Ni CnH 2n+2

CnH2n-2 + 2B"2 > Cn2n-2Br4

16



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18/192

q) Cng HCI

Ankaen c th tham gia phn ng cng Br2j Hi, HC1, v.v... ' ccv tr 1, 2 (tng t anken) hoc 1, 4 (khc anken) v to thnh hnhp sn phm. Phn ng cng theo t l mol (1 : 1) th xy ra hai

hng cng.V d.

CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + Br2

CH2-CH=CH-CH2

Br Br1.4ibrom buten-2 (SP chnh)

Cng 1.2 C2- CHOH=CH2> I I

-Br Br

3.4ibrom buten-1 (SP ph)

Cng 1,4 CH2-CH=CH-CH 2

I

CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + HC1 H

l-Clobuten-2

Cngl^ -> CH2=CH-CH-CH 3iC1

3Clobuten12. Phn ng trng hp

nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 - ,.N* g-s [-CH2-CH =C H-C H 2-]n

nCH2=CHL ~c h = c h 2

xt.tu,p

Cao su Buna

*-CH2- C H -c h = c h 2

nCH2=C-CH=CH2I

CH3

Ispren

[-CH r-C= C H -C H 2-]

CH3

Cao su isopren

17



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19/192

Phn ng vi ung dch KM11O4:

3CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 4KMn04+ 8H20 -> 3CH2-CH-CH-CH2I I I !

3. Ph n ng ox i ha

OH OH OH OH

+ 4MnC>2 + 4KOH

Phn ng t chy:

CnH2n2 + - ) o z nCOz + (n-l)H?02 J

IV. IU CH1. iu c h bu taien-1,3

a) hiro ha c c n -buten v n-butan

c h 3- c h =c h - c h 3 . c h 2=c h -c h =c h 2 + h 2

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 > CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H2

b) i t axetlen

2CHs=CH CH2=CH-C=CHCH2=CH-OCH + h 2 - - 4 c h 2= c h - c h = c h 2

c) i t ru

2Q H 5OH > c h 2= c h - c h = c h 2 + 2H2o + h 2

CH3-CH-CH-CH3 -22A> CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + 2H20 IOH H

d) in phn dung dch mui. 2CH2=CH-COONa + 2H20 -pd- 5> CH2=CH-CH=CH2 +

+ 2C O2+ 2NaOH + H22. iu ch isopren

. c h 3- c h - c h 2~ c h. !

CH2=C-CH=CH2 + 2H2I

c h 3c h 3

18



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20/192

5 . A N K I1 Y >3s>

i. NH NGHA

Ankin hrocacbon khng no, mch h cxphn t.

Cng thc tng qut: CnH2n2

II. GI TN

1 . C ch 1 : - Cht ng u dy ng ng axetien

(n

Cc cht ng ng tip sau l ankylaxetilen

Tn gc Ankyl + Axetien

V d. CH3C=CH : metylaxetilen2. Cch 2

Xut pht t tn gi ca ankan tng ng nhng ui an thnh in.

V d. CH3-O C H : propinLu i T ankin c 4 nguyn t cacbon tr ln cn ch r v tr

ca lin kt ba.

V d. CH3 CH2-(>CH: Butin 1CH3-C=CCH3 : Butin-2

III. TNH CHT HA HC

1. Ph n ng cnga) Cng H2

b) Cng ha

Cnt 2n2 + h 2 Pd > CnH2nCn2n2 + 2H, - M - > CnH2n+2

logenCft2n2 + X2 > 0 ^ 215-2X3

CnH2n-2 + 2X2> CnH2n_2X4c) Cng axit (rtei, HCN, CH3COOH...)

CJHart +HC1 ------> CnHzn-iCl

CH^CH + HCN CH2=C H-CN Vinyl xiaima

CH3COOH + CHsCH CH3COOCH=CH2 Viny axetat



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21/192

CHsCH + HzO ggo CHjCHO3. P h p ^ s Hs

c h 2 2 + h 2o

^ C_,H2n_,CHO (n = 2)xt, t

R-CS^R

ocr nguyn t c trong R v R n > 3

e) Cng ru

CHssCH + HOC2H5 > CH2=CHOC2H$ (ete etyviny)

2. Phn ng trng hp

a) Nh hp

2CH^CH - guCl2>n h 4c i > CH2=CH-C=CH

b) Tam hp_ _ 600 c

c) a hp

3CH^CH - 600c ;> CH0

nCH^CH - (CH)2n (Cupren)

3. Phn ng th vi ion kim loia) Vi kim loi kim, kim th

CHeeCH + 2Na - N a-O C -N a + H 2

b) Vi AgNCVNHs

r 7 (n > 3)2CnH2n_2 + Ag20 gNQ3/NH3>2CnH2n_A g + H 2

Hoc

C^H^.2 + AgN3+ NH3 -> CnH2n_3A gi + N H ^ O s

Hoc

CnH2n2+ x[Ag(NH3)2]+OH_ C n H ^ A g , + 2xNH3 + xH20

W'i/w C H C H + Ag20 ---- A gC C A g + H20

20



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22/192

CH=CH + 2AgN3 + 2NH3 Ag OC A g + 2NH4N 0 3RC^CH + AgNO + NH3 > RC^CAg T NH4NO3CHsCH + 2CuCI + 2NH3 -> CuCsCCu + 2NK4CIRC^CH + CuCl + NH 3 RC=CCu + NH 4CICHe=CH + 2[Cu(NH3)2]+OH~ -> COCCu + 2H ,0 + 4NH3

2. Phn ng oxi ha Phn ng vi dung dch KMn04:

3C2H2 + 8KM11O4 - 3KOOC-COOK + 8Mn02 + 2KOH + 2HzO3C~H2n_2 + 8KMnG4 + 4H20 -> 3CnH2n_20 4 + 8M n2 + 8KOH

Phn ng t chy:

CH2n_2 + 0 2 -> nC02 + (n-l)H20

IV. IU CH1. iu ch ng ng ca axetilen

a)Taxetilen

CH-C H + Na - CH=CNa + H-J. 2 2

CH^C-Na + R-X - CH^CR + NaXV d. CH3-Br + N a-O C H -> CH3-OCH + NaBr

b) T dn xut ihalogen

R -CH -CK -R g g g > R-Q sC-R + 2HX j R u ' ^

X XRCH2-CHX2 2K0h > R-C=CH + 2HX

Ru

V d.

CH3-H-CH2 2 K 0 H > CH3-OCH + 2HBr Ru

Br Br Propn

1 ,2ibrom propan (Metyl axetilen)c) T dn xut tetrahalogen

21



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23/192

V d- Br B r I .

CH3 c C C 2H; + 2Zn CH3OCC2H5 + 2ZnBr2j !Br Br Pentin-2

2. i u c h a x e t i l e n

a)Tmetan:2CH4 - C2H + 3H2

b) T vi:

' - CaCOs **.rcL-> CaO + co2CaO + 3C 20-y c -> Cac 2 + CO

CaC2 + 2HzO Ca(OH)2 + C2H2Tc) T dn xut halogenC2H2Bt4 + 2Zn -> C2H2T + 2ZnBr2QjH^Brz +. 2KOH C2H2t + 2KBr + 2H20

d) T bc axeiiua

Ag2C2 + 2HC1 C2H2T + 2AgCUe) Tng hp trc tip

2C + H 2 3 c > C2H 2

6 * AR EN (H drocacb on thm )

I. NH NGHA

Aren l hirocacbon thm trong phn t cha nhn benzen.

Cng thc tng qut: CnH ?n_6 (n - 6)Cht tiu biu l benzen.

II. CNG THC CU TO CA BENZEN: CBH6

Theo Kku Theo c hc lng t

Da vo cng thc cu to ca Kkul, 11 i xen k ni nnn bemen tham gia phn ng cng v phn ng th.

22



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24/192

tu. TNH CHT HA HC

1. Phn ng tha) Vi brom _______

CHz_6 + Br, B tFe > C,Hm Bt + HBr

Lu . Benzen ch phn ng vi brom lng nguyn cht, cn ngng ca benzen th tc dng vi dung dch brom.

Khi trong vng benzen c sn nhm th, quy lut th vngbenzen:

- Nu trong vng benzen c sn mt nhm th loi I (ccnhm anky, OH, -NH) F, Cl, Br, I...) th nhm ny s nh hngcho nhm th mi vo v tr ortho v para.

Nu nhm th loi I nh cc nhm NH2J OH, CH3 th mt electron trong vng benzen n chung u tng ln v c bit cc v

tr ortho v para. S c s tng mt electron trong nhn do cpelectron t do, hoc ca cc electron ca cc lin kt C-H vi hthng electron 71 trong vng benzen to mt h lin hp mi trong

phn t hp cht thm.

V d.

Phn ng th nhn: bt Fe lm xc tc:

H H\ /N:p

H H H H

3 r p - B r o m t o l u e n

23



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25/192

* Phn ng th nhnh: nh sng lm xc tc:Khi chiu sng, toluen tham gia phn ng th nguyn t hiro

nhm CH3 d dng hn CH4 :

c h 3 .

+ HBr

Benzyl romua Nu trong nhn benzen c sn mt nhm th loi II (

-COOH, -CN, -GOOR, NH3 ...) th nhm ny s nh hng chnhm th mi vo v tr neta trong nhn benzen. Khi trong vn

benzen c sn nhm th loi II th mt electron trong vng benzeni chung gim i v c bit v tr ortho v para. Nguyn nhn c

s gim mt electron trong nhn do mt electron t tronnhn chuyn ra ngoi v pha nhm ht electron, cc v tr metmt electron tng i cao hn.

Cc nhm th loi II thng cha lin kt i nguyn t likt trc tip vi nhn benzen, cc nhm th ny thng lm kh

khn cho s th tip sau vo nhn bemen.

b) Vi dung dch HNO3 c trong H2SO4 c (Nitro ha)

Phng trnh tng qut:

H

o r O\ s /y

K \ 9 3

'nM2n6 + HON2 H2 4> CnH2n_7N 0 2 + H20

Beren:

CsH6 + HON2 (c) c 6h 5n o 2 + H2oMu vng, mi hnh nhn

24



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26/192

ng ng ca benzen:

c h 3

( o + h o n o 2 B_ 2 i

c) Vi RX

~~CnH2n_6 + RX CpH2n-7R H- HX

V d: C6H 6 + CH 3CI - > QH5CH3 + HC12. Phn ng cng

a) Cng H2

C6H + 3H2 Ni > C6H ,2b) Cng Cl2

C6H 6 + 3C12 L CJUO*

3. Phn ng oxi haa) Benzen v cc dng ng ca n chy trong khng kh sinh ra

CO2, H2O v nhiu mui than:

CH2^ + o 2 ------- > nC 02 + (n-3)H20b) Tc dng vi dung dch KMnO*

Bemen khng tc dng vi dung dch KM11O4, nhng toluen li boxi ha gc -CH3 khi un nng vi dung dch KMnO_ to thnh snphm axit benzoic CHsCOOH.

QH5CH3 + 3[Oj dd t0 > QH5COOH + HzO

V. IU CH

1. Chng ct nha than trong cng nghipNgun benzen ch yu trong cng nghip chng ct nha than .2. Phng php ehiro ha

a) ehro ha xicloankan

(n > 6)CnH2n - 3H2Pd, 300 c

CnH 2n6

25



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27/192

V d. C6H]2 r a-> C6H6 + 3H,

b) ehiro ha n - ankan ng thi khp vng, nh xc tc vnhit thch hp.

eH2,2 C,H;ri3. Phng php tng hp (k hiu gc hirocacbon thm

] Ar-)

.a) Jpng hp Wurtz-Fittig

Ar-X + 2Na + X-R -------------> Ar-R + 2NaX

V d, C6H5Br + 2Na + Br-CH3 C6H 5CH. + 2NaBr

b) Tng hp Friedel-Craft

Ar-H + X-R ---- > Ar-R + HX

V d. C6H6 + CI-C2HsAIf 3 > C6H5-C 2H5 + HCI

Ring benzen:

- 3C2H 2 6Qc__ > C6H6

C

- C 6H5CH3 dd thu 1> C6H3COOH +2 i-0I-l-> C6H5COONa

1 NaOH '

CaO, t

26



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O

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28/192

CC HP CHT HU C

CHA NHM NH CHC

Nhm nh chc l nhm nguyn t gy nn nhng phn ngc trng i vi mt loi hp cht hu c nht nh.

Cc nhm nh chc chnh:

Tn nhm chc Cng hc Tn giRu -O H HiroxyEte o OxiAnehit -CH O FormylXeton co Cacbonyl

Axit cacboxyic -COOH CacboxylEste coo CacboxiAmin bc I - n h 2 Amino

Amin bc II - N H - AminoAmin bc III 1

1 Amino

7 . R f t fu (AKJCOL)

Nhm nh chc: OH (Hiroxyl)

I. NH NGHA

Ru l hp cht hu c trong phn t cha mt hay nhiu nhm-OH (nhm hiroxy) lin kt vi gc hirocacbon.

27



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29/192

II. PHN LOI RU

Ru n chc, a chc (theo s/ lng nhm -OH)

Theo ba cch khc nhau Ru no, khng no v thm\ (the^gc hirocacbon)

Ru bc I, II, III (theo bc c gvi nhm -OH

III. CNG THC TNG QUT CA MT s RU

Tn ru Cng thc tng qut

Ru bt k

CxHyOz hoc CxHy(OH).

hoc CnH 2n+2-2k-i(OH)j (k l s ni i halin kt 7i)

Ru no n chc CnH2n+IOH (n > 1)

Ru no a chcCnH 2n+2_(OH)z (n > z > 2)hoc Cnjf"2n+203

Ru khng non chc c mt

ni i

CnH2n_jOH (n > 3). Nu n = 2 th:CH2=CH-O H CH3CHO (Nhm lin kt v

cacbon mang mt ni i th khng bn)CH2=CH-CH2OH: Ru alylic hay propenoRu thm C6H 5-C H 2-OH: Ru benzylic

IV. bANH PHP

1. Ru n chc no mch khng nhnha) Danh php thng thng

Ancol (hoc ru) + Tn gc hirocacbon tng ng + ic

b) Danh php quc t

Tn hirocacbon tng ng + ol

2. Ru d n c h c n o m c h p h n n h n h .Gi tn cc mch nhnh (nu c) cng vi s ch v tr ca ch

trn mch chnh, sau tn mch chnh, ri jn ui ol cng vi

28 ..... * * '



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30/192

ch v tr nhm -OH (c th ghi trc tn mch chnh, trc hoc sauol).

V d:

H 3-C H 2-CH 2-O H

CH3-CH -CH 2-OHL h 3

4 3 2 1c h 3- c h 2- c h - c h 3

H

c h 3

c h 3- < - o h

h ,

1-propanol (hoc propanl-ol hoc

propano1)2metyl1propanol hoc ru isobutyic

2-butanoI (hoc ru butyic bc haihoc ru seebutylic)

2mety l-2-propanol (hoc ru butylic

bc ba hoc ru tert-butylic)

V. BC CA RU

Rdu bc Ru bc 11 Rdu bc U

r - c h 2- o h R C H -O HR^

R \ -R C-OHRj/~

R l H hay gc

hirocacbon

R, R gc

hrocacbon

R, R, R l gc

hirocacbnV d, CH3! 1CH3-CH2-CH2-OH; CH3-CH-CH3; CH3-C-OH

OH CH3Ru bc I Ru bc II Ru bc III

VI. TNH CHT

1. Tnh cht vt l

Ru tan v hn trong nc v to. n kt hiro .vi nc. Khimch cacbon tng, tnh tan gim dn.

. . .H-O ... . H- . .. H-O. . . H -O . . -1 J ' I

H 2H5 H C2Hs

29



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31/192

- Ru c nhit si cao hn so v hirocacbon hoc n xuthalogen c khi lng phn tng ng do to lin kt hiro giacc phn t ru.

2 . T n h c h t h a h ca) Tnh cht ha hc ca ru n chc

(1) Tc dng vi kim loi kim.:

CnH 2n+1OH +. Na CnH2a+1ONa + H2

V d. C2H5OH + Na ^ C2H5ONa + - H2

(2) Phn ng to este (tc dng vi ung dch axit)

R-OH + HX -> RX + H20

(este v c)

RCOOH + ROHH SOjd

RCOOR +. HzO

(este hu c)(3) Phn ng loi nc

* To ete: 2C.H2.+.OH H (C.Ha.wfcO + H20

V d. 2C,HsOH C;Hs0 C 2H3 + H20

Ete ha hn hp n ru khc nhau c th to ti an(n +1)

ete. V d khi un nng hn hp hai ru khc nhau s to ba ete.

To anken____________________________________

C JW .O H C,H2 + H20

V d. c h 3 c h 2 o h ' c h 2= c h 2 + H;o

c h , c h =c h c h 3 + h2o CH3C HCH2CH3 H,so,d^ 'Buten_2 (Sn phj m chnh)

180 G

H c h 3- c h 2- c h = c h 2 + h 2oBten-I (Sn phm ph)

30



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32/192

To butaien-1,3:

2C2H 5OH - g ;Zn > CH2=CH-CH=CH2 + H2 + 2H20Butaien 1,3 (ivinyl)

(4) Phn ng xi ha

Ru bc mt b oxi ha cho anehit

R-CH2-OH + CuO - RCHO + Cu + HzO

Ru bc hai b oxi ha cho xeton

R -C H -R + CO R -C -R + H20t II0 O

Ru bc ba b oxi ha iu kin mnh Ht v phn t b ctt to ra nhiu sn phm

Phn ng t chy

C J tW D H + 0 2 -> nCOz + (n+ l)H ,0z

(5) Phn ng cng hp v trng hp vi ru khng no n chc-Ru khng no n chc c mt ni i thng gp: Ru alylic.

Ru alylic lm mt mu ung dch brom hay ung dch thuc tmCH2=CH -CH2-O H + Br2 -> CH2-CH-CH 2

I IBr Br OH

CH2=C H-CH 2-O H + [O] + H20 dd thuc_tm CH2-CH-CH 2I I I

OH OH OHTrng hp ru alylic cho ru polialylic:

nCH2=C H

^ H 2-O Hxt

- c h 2- c h -iCH2-O H

M t s phn ng khc ca rn:

Phn ng ca ru vi ankin cho ete khng no:

R-OH + CH^C-R -> R^O -CH -CH -R

31



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33/192

V d, C2H5OH + CH=CH -> C2H5-0-CH=CH2Ety viny ete

8 Phn ng to ru polivinyic:

-C H 2- C H -

hCH-CH2-

COCH3

+ nNaOH

- c h 2- c h -IH

-CH -CH 2-OH

+ nNaCl

+ nCH3COONa

Phn ng to CH3COOH+ Ring ru etylic ngoi cc phn ng ha hc ca ru, khi l

men cho axit axetic (nng 5% gi gim n):C2H5OH + Oz CH3COOH + h 2o

+ Nu oxi ha ru vi cht oxi ha l ung dch KM11O4 hdung dch K2Cr20 7(H+) trong khng kh th cho ta axit.

5C2H5OH + 4KMn4 + 6H2SO4 5CH3COOH + 4MnS0 4+ z k2s o 4 + ii h 2o

Nguyn tc chuyn ru bc I thnh bc II v ngc li:Vn ng theo trnh t cc quy tc:

+ Zaixep+ Maccopnhicop.

R

TM TT TNH CHAT h a h c c a r u

a) Tnh cht ha hc ca ru no n chc

Tc th (Ba, Sr, Ca) gii phng VH2.

o 4- H Oxi ha hu hn (ox ha nh) t

anehit, xeton, axit...Loi H2O xc tc c (hoc oxit km loi)

v nhit T mt phn t ru to anken.T ha phn t ru to ete.Gia ru v axit to este.



B

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O

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-

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34/192

J

b) Tnh cht ha hc ca ru a chc

- Cng thc tng qut: R(OH)x vi X > 2- Ru a chc no mch h, c cng thc tng qut:

CnH2n+2-*(OH)x vi n > X > 2

^ -----> R(ONa), + jH z

C(H)2 ^ To dng dci xanh thm

c h 2o h + h o o h + h o c h 2 c h 2- ci o - c h 2I Cu I I Cu I

CHOH HOCH-^CH- * ^ O -C H + 2H20I I I H H I

c h 2o h h o c h 2 c h 2o h h o c h 2.D ung d c h xanh n g II gix era t

- Khi phn t ru c nhm -O H gn vi nguyn t cacbon cin kt i th ru ny khng bn, chuyn v thnh anehit.

R-CH=C H-OH - R-CH 2-CHO ~ ~

CH 3 CH CH2 = CH-OH CH3-C H 0H g S 0 4

- Khi phn t ru c hai nhm -O H gn vi mt nguyn tcacbon th ru ny khng bn, chuyn v thnh anehit hoc xeton.

_ _

R - H - O H ---- RCHO + H 2O

R OH\ / > R c R + H2O i

R OH 0

33



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O

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L

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35/192

- Khi phn t ru c ba nhm -O H gn vi mt nguyncacbon th ru ny khng bn, bin thnh axit

OH

R - C - O H - -----> RCOOH + H 20

OH

VII. PHNG PHP IU CH RU N CHC V A CHC1. Phng php iu ch ru no n chc

TT V + NaOH, tv-'nr*2n-riA -----------:--------

CnH 2n ---- I M ] ----------CnH2n+1OH

CnH2n+1ONa _ _ H A HC1------

Ni, te c h 2o h

ROH + NaX

RCHO + H2

RX + NaOH

R-C-R + H2 -IIo

RCOOR + H20

- Phng php u ch ru metylic v etylic:

+ Ru metyiic c iu ch trorig cng nghip theo phn ng:

0H -

R-CH-RI

OH

-> RCOOH + ROH

CO + 2H2 2n0500 C, OOatro

2CH4 + O2 ---- !grTC-> 2CH3OHlOOatm

+ Ru efylie c iu ch:

(C6H 10Os)nXenlulozcf

(C6H10O5) +nB2Q /Tinh bt

nC6H20 6 Men ru > 2nC2H5OH + 2 nC 02



B

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O

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L

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36/192

2. Phng ph p diu ch ru a chc- Phng php iu ch glixerin:

CH2=C H-C H 3 + C2 - 5JL-^> CH2=CH-C H2-C1 + HC1

c h z= c h - c h 2c i + C2 + h 2o -> c h 2- c h - c h 2 + HC1L I I

HCIO + HC1 C OH C1

CH2-CH-CH 2 + 2NaOH CH2-CH-CH 2 + 2NaC1 L I J L iCl OH Cl OH OH H

Hoc c th:

CH2=CH-CH2CI + C2 -^ 1 C H 2-CH-CH2I ICl Cl C1

CH2CHCH2+ 3NaOH CH2-CH-CH 2 + 3NaCI* 1 - L I I ICl Cl Cl OH OH H

- Phng php iu ch etylenglicol:

CH2=CH2 -* cii > CH2-C H 2 +NaQ- > CH2-C H 21 L i Li Cl OH OH

3CH2=CH2+ 2KMn4+ 4H20 3CH2-C H 2+ 2M n2+ 2KOHOH OH

8 . P H EN O L V R ll lI TH M

]. NH NGHA V CU TRC

Phenol v ru thm c cng thc tng qut CnH 2n-?OH (n > 6)- Sk~Phenol Ru thm

nh

ngha -

Nhng hp cht hu Cd c nhm -0H

lin kt trc tip vi vng benzen.

Nhng hp cht hu c c nhm

-0 H gn vo mch nhnh ca

vng benzen.



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

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P

2

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1

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0

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37/192

cu trc

Phenol

Do nhn benzen ht electron ng

thi do c hiu ng lin hp P-U lmchuyn dch electron v pha vng

benzen nn lin kt O-H phn cc

mnh, H inh ng hn ru thm v

c tnh axi tuy rt yu. Mt -

electron tng ln trong nhn benzen,

c bit tp trung ' cc v tr ortho,

para nn d cho phn ng th i in

t vo nhn

:0-H

Ru thm

Lin kt O-H phn cc b

thng nn ch th hin tnh c

ca mt ru

V d

CHsOH CH2-CH2-

o oPhenol thng 0Crezol

(axit phenic)

II. TNH CHT HA HC CA PHENOL

1. Tc dng vi kim lo i kim1

C6H5OH + Na - C6H5ONa + - H2

2. Tc ng vi dung dch NaOHRu thm khng tc ng vi ung dch NaOH. Phenol l axit yu cn gi l axit phenic nn tc dng v

dung dci NaOHC6H5OH + NaOH - C6H5ONa + H20

Natri phenolat

36



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

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38/192

- Phenol ch l mt axit yu nn khng lm i mu qu tm, ncphn i th nht ca H2CO3 mnh hn pheno nn y phenol ra khimui C6H5ONa. tch phenol vi anilin, ngi ta thng cho hnhp tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, phenol tan, aniin khng tan ni

ln trn, lc ta c dung dch nc lc. Sau sc kh CO2 vo dungdch nc lc ta c pheno vn c ni ln trn.

4. Phenol tham gia ph n ng cng

Tng t nh benzen, phenol c th cng vi hiro choxiclohexanol.

C6H5ONa 4- C 0 2 + H20 -> C6H5O H + NaH C03Vn c ni ln trn

3. Phenol tham gia phn ng th vng benzen

- Phn ng vi ung dch brom:

OHOH

Br Br

+ 3HBr

Br (mu trng)

2,4,6 - Tribromphenol

Phn ng vi dung dch HNO;

OH OH

^ + 3H2O

N 0 2

Axit piric (mu vng)

2,4,6 - trinitrophenol

C6H5OH + 3H2 __Nl > C6HuOH

37



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

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39/192

ll. IU CH PHENOL V Ru THM

1. iu c h ph enol

- Tch chit t nha than :

Luyn than cc >Nha than Chng ct phn on ^Pheno.nha than

- Tng hp phenol t benzen:

. Q H 6 C6H 5CI +-Hg _ C6H 5OH

. C6H6 ^ h ,c h =c h , > c 6H5CH(CHj)2 0akk > C6H 5OH

. C6H cHCOOh > c ftH;OCOCH3 *H; > C6H5OH0 2 xt

2. iu ch ru thm-f iu ch ru benzylic t benzen:

CftHs , f^ > C 6H,Br ^ C6H5CH3C6H,CH2C 1 > C6H?CH2OH' khau Na t" cao - t , p

CH,C1A1C3

9 . AMIN

I. NH NGHA, DANH PHP V CU TRC CA AMIN

1. n h n g h a

Khi thay th nguyn t hiro trong phn t NH 3 bng cc gchirocacbon ta c amin.

2. C u tr c c a a m i n

..

Amn bc t Amin bc l Amin bc HI

R \ R \r - n h 2 NH R - N

R/

R, R' v R l gc hirocacbon

38



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

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0

0

B

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40/192

V d.

CH3-NH2

CHj-NH1CH3

CH3NCH3

c h 3

c h 3- c h - n h 2

c h 3

c 6h 5n h 2

Metyl amin

imetyl amin

Trimetyl aniin

Isopropyl amin

Anilin

(amin bc I)

(amin bc II)

(amin bc III)

(amin bc I)

(amin thm bc I)

Trong phn t amin, nguyn t nit cn c i electron do cth to lin kt cho nhn vi proton H + nn am in c tnh bazo'.

3. Cng thc

- Amin n chc: CxHyN

- Amin n chc no:

- Amin a chc no:

CnH2n+lNH2 hay CnHnrN

hay

CnH2n+2-:(NH2);

CnH ,n+2+2N:4. Danh php

C nhiu cch gi tn amin:

* Cch th nht: Tn gc hirocacbon + amn

(1) Tn ca. am in bc ank am in:CH5-N H 2 : Metyl amin

c h 3

CH3- C - N H 7 : Tertbutvl aminI ^ c h 3

(2) Tn cua amin bc II i xng l ianky amin:

.HI

CH3N-CH3 : imety amin

59



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

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N

H

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41/192

(3) Tn ca amin bc II I i xng l trianky amir.

CH3I

CH3-N-CH3 : Trimetyl amin

(4) Tn ca ann bc II khng i xng- Tn cc nhm ankyl c theo vn a, b, c... -hsitnin

- C 2 nhm ankyl thm 1 ch N u

- C 3 nhm ankyl thm 2 ch N u (nu trong 3 nhm th c2 nhm ging nhau)

- C 3 nhm ankyl khc nhau th 2 ch N cch nhau 1 tn ankyl.

V d. CH3-NH-C2H5: N-ety metyl amin

CH3-N-C2H5: N, N - ety mety amin

CH3CH3-N-C3H7: N-etyIN -metyl propyl amin

C2H5 Cch th hai:

Tn hirocacbon + tip v ng amin

Tip u ng amino + tn hirocacbon

V d.

CH3~CH2-C H 2-C H 2-C H 2-N H 2 : pentan -1 aminCH3 hay 1-aminopentan

h 34 h -c?h 2-NH2*. 2metyl propan1 aminhay 1amno2metyl propan

o

CH3-CH-CH2-C-CH3 : 4amino2-pentanon

NH2 *

Ch : Tn nhnh -NH?: amino; CH3-NH-: metyl amino;c h 3

''s' N imety aminoCH,""

40



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

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N

H

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42/192

3 2 1CHj -CH-CHj

N -HiCH3

c h 3

CH, N -C H 2-C H 2-C H 3

2metyl aminopropan

1imetyl aminopropan Cch gi thng dng:c tn cc gc hirocacbon xung quanh nito tho th t a, b, c v

thm tip v ng am in,V d.

CH 3-C H 2-C H 2-C H 2-N H 2

c h 3- c h - c h 2- n h 2I

c h 3CH3-CH7-CH-CH3

h 2c h 3I

c h 3- c - n h 2

h 3c h 3

Ic h 3- c h 2- c h 2- n - h

c h 3 c h 3I I

CH3-C H -N ~H

II. TNH CHT HA HC

n-Butyl amin

isoButyl amin

secButyl amin

tertButyl amin

Metyl n-propyl amin

Metyl-iso-propy amin

-

Tnh baz - Tng t nhu amo niac, cc am in -u c tnh baz, an tro ng nc, lm

xanh-qu t m.CH3NH 2 + HOH CH3NH3* + OH"

M ety lamin Mety amno hiroxi t

- Cc am in u c-t nh baz, nu t rong phn t amin c nh m cho in

t nh CH3, C2H5- th tnh bazo' cn g m n h v hgc li nu c n hm

ht in t nh C6H5- ; CH =C H-.. . th t nh bazo' yu.

- An i in khn g tc dng vi nc, khng


43/192

Phn ng vi ax i t CH 3 NH 2..+ HCI

C8HsNHa-+ HC!

Phn ng th

yi '

(C6H5NH3)>CI-

phenylamoni clorua

0 A m i n c c b c k h c n ha u t c d n g v i ax i n it ro t he o n h n g c c h k h C

n ha u , n h c t h 'ph n b i t c c b c a m n .

+ + + 20

(CH3)2-I\!H + H0 \10 - (C H3)2WM=0 + - 20

(mu vng)

C6H5- \ !H-C H 3 + HNO -> CeH s-N-CHs + H2

Lo

____(CH3)3\1 + HONO Khng tc dng

- Cc nhm NH2, i\HCH3... l nhng nhm hot ha nhn thom v nh

hng cho cc p hn ng th vo v tr .rth o v para.

- Tng t nh phenol, anilin tc dng vi nc brom to th ni kt ta

t rng 2 ,4 ,6 tr ib ro m an l in .

NH2 NH2

+ 3 8 r2 Br r ' r - N ' r ' B r + 3HB r

Br

( M u t r n g )

- Cc mui amoni tc dng d dng vi kim:C6H 5N H 3C1 + NaO H -> c Ih 5NH2 + NaCI + H20

(It tan trong nc)111. l|u CH AMIN

1. Kh hp cht niro

A r - N 0 2 + 6[H] F e / H C l ArNH2 + 2H20

C6H5N 0 2 + 3Fe + 6HCI H> C6H5NH2 + 3FeCl2 + 2H20c bit iu ch anilin:

c 6h 6 M g * > c 6h 5n o 2 Fe/HCI c 6h 5n h 2

2. T amoniac vi dn xut ha logen hoc ru tng ng

RX + NH3 1 0 0 c c , h 5o h

RNH2 + HX

42

l-



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

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T

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.

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U

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N

H

N




44/192

Vi cc t l s mol khc nhau, c th cho ainin bc I, II, III hoc IV.R

X - ^ ^ R N H 2 - ^ > R - N H - R ^ > R -N -R R -J~ R]+X"

R R

ROH + NHi AI;3 > rnh2+ h2op cao A ^

T h p ch t n i t r il

R-C=N + 4[H] NaRu etvlic

1 0 . M E H T

NH NGH HI .

Anehit l nhng hp cht hu c c nhm chc c = 0 (nhmormyl) lin kt vi gc hirocacboi (hoc nguyn t hiro).

. DANH PHPTn thng thng Anehit + Tn thng thung ca axit tng ng

Tn quc t

(IUPAC)

Ankan + al

Anken + ai

II. MT S CNG THC TNG QUT CA ANEHIT

* Tn anehit Cng thc

Anehit n chc C C H OAnehi no n chc'5* CnH2n+1CHO

Anehit no a chc C,H m .,(CHO),

Anehit a chc CnH2n+2-2k-x(CHO)x

-....... ... ........... (k l s ni i, hoc s lin kt T)

43



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

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U

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45/192


46/192

5RCHO + 2K M n0 4 + 3H 2S 0 4 - 5R COO H + 2M nS04 +

__________________________ + K2SQ4 + 3HzO

b) V anehit da chc

R(CHO)n + 2nAg(NH3)2OH - R(COONH4)n + 2nA gi + ~+ 3nN3 + nHjO

Hoc vit: R(CHO)n + nAgzO R(COOH)n + 2nAg.

R(CHO)x + 2xCu(OH)2 + xNaOH R(COONa)x + xCu20 ++ 3xH20

Tnh ch t h a hc ca HCHO

Phn ng cng: /O H- Cng vi nc: HCH O + H O H xt > CH2X

x OH

- Cng vi G2H5OH: HCHO + C2H5OH. CH2Cx OH

- Cng vi C2H 2: 2H CHO + C2H 2 CH2-C =C -C H 2I IOH H

Phn ng trng hp:

- Nh hp: 2H CHO - OH~ > CH2-C H OH

Lc hp: 6HCHO ^u(QH2> C6Hl206

Phn ng oxi ha:

HCHO + 4AgN0 3 + 6NH3 + 2HzO (NH4)2C0 3 ++ 4NH4NO3 + 4Ag

Hoc vit: HCHO + 4Ag(NH3)2]OH - (NH4)2C0 3 + 4Ag ++ 6N H 5 + 2H20

(AgN0 3 + 3NH3 + H 20 [Ag(NH3)2]OH + NH4NO3)

45



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

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N

H

N

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47/192


48/192

Cng thc R - c -R l0

I. DANH PHP

Tn thng thng Tn hai gc hirocacbon lin kt vi nhmcacbonyl + xeton

Tn quc t'(UPAC)

Hirocacbon + on (c ghi thm s ch v trca nhm cacbonyl trong mch chnh)

II. TNH CHT HA HC

. Phn ng c ng

a) Cng vi H2cho ru bc 2R-C-R + H2

11Nit > R -T H -R

10 OH

b) Cng vi NaH S03(trong dung dch bo ha)R S3Na

R-C-R + Na HSO3 -> c1JL ' \ 1O HO R

V d. CH3 OH

CH3-C-CH 3 + NaHSOa - x c /1 1 / \ ,o CH3 S 0 3N a

. Phn ng oxi ha

- Khc vi anehit, xeton khng b oxi ha bi cht oxi ha yu

h AgN0 3/N H3 (khng tham gia phn ng trng gng), Cu(OH)2- B oxi ha bi*ht oxi ha mnh nh KM11O4 hoc K2Cr2Oy vi

H2SO4 c (khi un nng), xeton b ct mch cc lin kt vi nhmc=o.

V d. Khi oxi ha etylmety xeton vi hn hp KiC^CV^SO-

47



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

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.

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N

H

N




49/192

ta c s:

2_L__> 2CH3COOH

CH3 c i c H , - C H 3 .l i '

(1)10.------------------------> CH 3-C H 2-CQ + co2+ h2o

Cc phng trnh phn ng:

Theo s (1):

3CH3COC2H 5 + 4K2Cr20 7+ 16H2S04 3C2H5COOH ++ 3CO: + 19HzO + 4K2S04 + 4Cr2(S04)3

Theo s (2):

CHjCOC2H 5 1 - K2Cr20 7 + 4H2S04 -> 2CH3COOH ++ Cr2(S04)3 + K2SO4 + 4H20

3. Phn ng vi amin

R R)c=0 + H2NR /ONR + H20

R R

IV. IU CH1 . Oxi ha ru bc 2

R-CH-R + CuO1 7

t0- >, R -C -R + Cu + H20II

OH 0

2. Hirat ha ankn 1

R-C=CH + H20 - -x: -> R-C-CH3 II

0

3. T mui ca axit hu c

2RCOONa RC0R + Na2C 0 3

(RCOO)2Ca Nun--> RCOR + CaC03

48



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

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.

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U

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N

H

N




50/192

Ring axeton ngoi cc phng php trn cn c th iu ch:- T C2H5OH:

2C2H5OH + H20 4Q0c ' > CH3COCH3 + C02+ 4H2t 0 3 + 0 3

T CH3COOH:

2CH3C0 0 H 400c > CH3COCH3 + co2+ h 2o- T cumenf} (oxi ha):

c h 3 c h 3/ - - 1 1 -c 6h 5- c h + o 2 -> Q H 5 C 0 0 H Ix c h 3 c h 3

c h 3

Ic 6h 5 c o o h CH3COCH3 + C6H5OH

CH3

{*) Cmen c iu ch t benzen:

Q J + CH3-CH=CH2

12. A X IT C A C B O X U IC

I. NH NGHA

Axit cacboxylic l nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t chanhm -COOH (nhm cacboxyl) in kt vi gc hirocacbon, vi

nguyn t hiro, hoc vi nhau-

II. CNG THC

Axit hu c (axit cacboxylic) GxHy(COOH)z

hay CnH2n+2-2k-z(COOH)2 vi k l s" ni i hay s" lin kt n.

49



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

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.

Q

U

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N

H

N




51/192

Axit hu c n chc CxHyCOOH

y-. Tn axit Cng thc

Axit no n chc... CnH 2n+1COOH (n > 0)hay CmH 2m0 2 (m > 1)

xit no a chc- - - ............

CnH 2n+2-x(COOH)xhay Cn+iH2n+20x

Axit khng no n chc(c 1 'ni i)

CnH2n_1COOH (n > 2)

111. DANH PHPt

Tn thng thngAxit + Tn ngun gc ch s

tm ra axt

Tn quc t' (PAC)Axit + Tn ca hirocacbon

tng ng + oic

+. xt .cacboxylic no n chc (axit ankanoic)+ Gng thc tng qut CnH 2n+1COOH (n>0) hay CmH2mOi (m>l)

Cng thc Tn thng ihng Tn quc i

H-COOH Axir fomic Axit metanoicCH3-COOH Axit axetic Axit etanoic

CH3-CH2-COOH Axit propionic Axit propanoic

CH3-(CH2)2-COOH Axit butiric Axit butanoic

(CHj)2-CH-COO H Axit iso-butiric Axit 2-metylpropanoic

CH3-(CH2)3-COOH Axit valeric- Axit pentanoic

CH3-(CH2)4-COOH Axit caproic Axir hexanoic

CH3-(CH2)5-COOH Axit eriantoic Axit heptanoicCH3-(CH2)i4-COOH Axit panmitic

(axit bo cao no)

Axit hexadecanoic

CH3-(CH2)i6-COOH Axit staric .(axit bo cao no)

. A x it octadecanoic

50



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

T

P

.

Q

U

Y

N

H

N




52/192

C H j-CH -CO O H : Axit lactic I

OH

+ Axit khng no: Cc axit n chc khng no:

CH2= CH -C O O H c h 2= c - c o o h1

c h 3Axit acrylic Axit metacrylic

Axit bo khng no quan trng:

CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH^ 7GOOH: axit oleic+ Axit thm:

C0H 5COOH : axit benzoic

COOH COOH COOH

Axit o-phtaic Axit isophtalic COOH

+ Axit no hai ln axit: Axit tere-p htalic

Cng thc Tn thng Tn IPAC

HOOC - C OOH Axit oxalic Axit etanioicHO OC -CH2-CO OH Axit malonic Axit propandioic

HO OC-(C H2)2-C O O H Axit sucxinic Axit butandioic

HO OC -(CH 2)3-C O O H Axit gutaric Axit pentanioic

HOOC-(CH2)4-C O O H Axit adipic Axit hexandioic

+ Axit khng no hai ln axit:

HO OC~ CH =C H-C O OH : Axit butendioic

IV. CU TRC V TNH CHAT1. C u t r c ^

Nhm COOH trong phn t axit cacboxylic l t hp ca mtnhm cacbonyl ^ c = 0 v mt nhm hiroxy -O H do tn gi lcacboxyl.



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

T

P

.

Q

U

Y

N

H

N




53/192

- Do c hiu ng lin hp pKgia i electron p trn nguyoxi ca nhm -O H vi electron 71 ca ni i c=0 lm cho electronchuyn dch v pha nhm c = 0 , nn lin kt -O H b phn cc, H

linh ng v c tnh axit.

V,R - C

- Gc R cng c nh hng n tnh axit ca nhm -COOH .

2. T nh c h t

a) Tnh ch't vt l

- Axit cacboxylic c nhit si cao tin ru c cng s nguyn

t cacbon, cng do hnh thnh iin kt hiro bn vng. - H

/ \VR - C C - R

As- 8* S '/Q o . . . H -

- Tng t nh ru: 3 axit u dy tan. v hn trong nc, o shnh thnh lin kt hiro gia cc phn t axit hu c vi cc phn tnc. Axit c t 6 nguyn t cacbon tr ln kh tan hoc khng tan

trong nc.

b) Tnh cht ha hc

(1)Phn ng n h m t Bxit v c thng thng

- Phn li cho proton H+ trong ung dch:

CH3COOH CH3C0 - + H+

Thc t trong dung dch l 30+ (H+ + H2O ^ H3O4), davo phn ng ny ngi ta nhn ra aadt, v n lm qu tm.

- Tc dng vi kim loi hot ng (ng trc H trong dy inha):

2nRCOOH + 2M -> 2(RCOO)nM + nH 2

V d. 2CH3CO OH + Ca -> (CH3COO)2Ca + H 2

52



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

T

P

.

Q

U

Y

N

H

N




54/192


55/192

- Gc l hirocacbon khng no:

Phn ng cng vi ung dch brom:

CH2=CH-COOH + Br2 -> CH 2-CH-COOH Br Br Phn ng trng hp:

nCH2=CH-COOH

Gc l hirocacbon thm:

-C H - C H -iCOOH

COOH

+ Br? Fe + HBr

Axit m-brombeazoic

(3) M t s'phn ng khc.V d. vctf C2H2

CH3COOH + CH^CH -> CH3COOCH=CH2HCOOH + CH=CH -> HCOOCH =CH2

Lu . HCOOCH3 + CH^CH CH2=CH-COOCH3

(4) Khi nhit phn mui cacboxyat- Khi nhit phn mui cacboxyat vi vi ti, xt:

RCOONa + NaOHCaO

nung RH .+ Na2CO,

V d. CHjCOONa + NaOH voi ti xt > CH4 + Na2C 0 3

HCOONa + NaQH

CH 3-CH-COONa + NaOH1

HN aO-C -C -O Na + 2NaOH

11 ifo 0

NaO-C -C H2-C-ONa + 2NaOHII 11O O

vi ti xt 5 H2 + Na2C03

vi ti xt C2H5OH + Na2C 0 3

vi ti xt > H2 + 2Na2C 0 3

v^ xt> CH4 + 2Na2C 0 3

54



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56/192

2HCOONa > HCHO + Na2C03

- Khi nhit phn mui cacboxyat:

R-C-ONa + NaO-C-R --------

------- > R-C-R + Na2C 0 3il li II o

o11 _

R-C-Ox Ca --------- > R -C-R + CaC03

R-C-O x II

(5) in phn dung dch m ui cacboxyat

2RCOONa + 2H20 r t ? h> RR + 2COz+ 2NaOH + H2c vch ngn I ______ v ^

Ano (-I-) Catot (-)(6) mnh ca axit c xc nh da trn hng s nxit Ka

RCOH ^ ---- RCOCT + H"v _ H' iRCOCn Ka = -------- v pKa = -gKa

[RCOOH] s

(7) Phng trnh i chy axt cacboxyic no n chc v muinatri ca axit

CHz+iCOOH + (n+l)C02 + (n+l)H,0

2CnH2n+iCOONa + (3n+l)02 (2n+l)C02 + (2n+l)H20 + Na2C 0 3

(8) Phn ng to anhrit

2RCOOH ----- - > R - C - O - C -R + H 20

11 II oV d.

2CH3COOH - xt. > (CH3C0 )20 + h 2oAnhirit axetic

Anhirit b thy phn:(RCOhO + H zO 2RCOOH

55



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57/192

Anhirit c tnh cht nh mt jaxit(RCO)zO + 2NaOH 2RCOONa + HzO(RCO)zO + 2ROH 2RCOOR + HzO

V d.(CH3C0)20 + Ca(OH)2 (CH3COO)2Ca + H20( 0)20 + +

V. UCH

a) Phng php chung

RCH2X +Naa0H> RCH,OH +CuQ> RCHO +2Mn> RCOOHt

I_______________ O2, XCtc_________

Phn ng thy phn: RCOOR + H 2O - RCOOH + R*OH

b) Phng php iu ch CH3CQOH- Ln men gim:

CH3CH2OH + 0 , CH3COOH + h 2o

- T axetilen hoc etilen:CH^CH + H20sofgc > CH3CHO

2CH2=CH2 + o 2 2CH3CHO

CH3CH0 + o 2 > c h 3c o o hJ 2 70c

- T n-butan:

CH3-C H 2-C H 2-C H 3 + - O 2 ___* ____ > 2CH3COOH + h 2o2 t >p

CH3COONa + HCI > CH3COOH + NaClCH3COONH4 + HC1 - CH3COH + NH4CI

- Chng g:G c chng khan trong ni kn khong 400-500C (khng c

khng kh) sinh ra mt cht nha en v mt hn hp gm ncmetanol, axit axetic v axeton. Tch ly hn hp lng, cho vi vo

56



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58/192

chuyn CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca. Sau c cn, cn li(CHjCOO^Ca cho tc dng vi H2SO4, ri chng ct ta thu lyCH3COOH.

(CH5COO)2Ca + H 2S04 2CH3COOHT + CaS04

13. ESTE

I. NH NGHA

Este l sn phm ca phn ng gia ru v axit v c hoc axithu c.

II. CNG THC

Cng thc tng qut este n chc: R-C-O-RtO

R l gc hirocacbon hc HR l gc hirocacbon

Cng thc tng qut este no n chc (ging cng thc tng qutca axit no n chc):

CnH2lA n > 2

Kh t chy mt este c' n COi = n Fi0 th este l este no n chc.

111. DANH PHP

Tn gc hirocacbon ca ru + tn gc axit (thay ui ic = at)

IV. TNH CHT HA HC

1. Phn ng thy phn

RCOOR + H20 ' ^ RCOOH + ROH

tng cng phn ng thy phn (chuyn dch cn bng ve

pha t o th nh axit v ru) ta un nng hn hp vi cht xc tc H +

hoc dng mt lng d nc.

57



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59/192

Lu khi vit phng trnh thy phn este c cu to c bit. RCOOCH=CH2 + HzO RCOOH + CH3CH0 RCOO-C=CH2 + H20 -> RCOOH + RCOCH3

RCOOCH2CHC2 + ZH20 -> RCOOH + HOCH2-CH O +

2. Phn ng x phn g ha

Phn ng thy phn este trong mi trng kim l phn ng xphng ha.

M l k hiu kim loi.V d. CH3COOC2H 5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OHLu khi xem xt phn ng ca este tc dng vi NaOH(1) Khi u bi cho este tc dng vi dung dch NaOH c th theo

t l 1 : 1 hoc 1 : 2 th este c cng thc cu to:RCOOQsHs + NOH -> RCOONa + C6H5OHRCOOCfiHs + 2NaOH RCOONa + C6HsONa + HzO

(2) X phng ha este hu c cho 3 mui v 1 ru l este ca3 axit hu c vi glixerin.

(3) Este 2 chc tc ng vi dung dch NaOH cho:1 mui + 1 ROH + 1 RCHO, este c cng thc cu to:

r - o - c - c xh v- c - o - c h =c h 211 l0 0

0 2 mui + 1 ROH, este c cng thc cu to:R - C -0 -CxHv- 0 - C - R

+ 2HCI

RCOOR + MOH -> RCOOM + ROH

IIO O

II

1 mui + 2ROH, este c cng thc cu to:R - O - C - C H - C - O R

"11 y

1 mui + 1 ru

COOR

58



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60/192

(4) Khi u bi cho hai cht hii c n chc mnh h tc dng,i NaOH cho:

- Hai mui v mt ru, c nhng kh nng 2 cht hu c

l:f RCOOR] RiCOOH

hoc

- Mt mui v mt ru, c nhng kh nng hai cht hu c l:

Mt este v mt ru c gc hirocacbon ging ru trong este.

Mt este v mt axit c gc hirocacbon ging axit trong este.

Mt axit v mt ru.

- Mt mui v hai ru, c nhng kh nng hai cht hu c l:r RCOORt ROH

hoc

. Phn ng gc hirocacbon

Xt vi gc hirocacbon khng no:

a) Tham gia phn ng c n g

V d: CH2=CH-COOCH3 + H 2 B i!> CH

3-C H

2-COOCH

2b) Tham gia phn ng tr ng hdp

nCH2=C H -CO O eH 3

Metyl acrylat

nCH3-COOCH=CH2 ->

Vinyl axetat%

nCH2=e-COOCH3 ->I

c h 3Metyl metacrylat

r-CH 2- C H -

ICOOCH3

Polimetyl acrylat (PMA)

-CH-CH 2- '

OCOCH3

Polvinyl axetat (PVAC)

CH3

! -ch 2- c -

COOCH3 , Polimetyl metacrylat

59



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61/192

V. IU CH ESTE

a) Phn ng gia axit v ru

Phn ng este ha l phn ng thun nghch xy ra chm iukin thng.

________ ____ H2SOt c, t _RCOOH + ROH , " RCGOR TH20

HX + ROH -----^ RX + HzO (X l halogen)

Axit 1 ln, ru n ln:

nRCOOH + R(OH)n -V. 'V.^ RCOOVR + nHiO.

Axit n ln, ru 1 ln:

R(COOH)n + nROH ---- - R(COOR)n + nH20- Axit n ln, ru m ln:

mR(COOH)n + nR(OH)m :----- Rm(COO)mnRn +.nmH20

b) Phn ng gia anhirit axit v ru

(R0 0 ) , 0 + KGH ^ ' " RCOOR + RCOOH

c) Phn ng gia axit v ankin

RCOOH + C H C H > RCOOCH-CH2h 2s o 4

RCOOH + R-C ^C -R ... xt; > RCOO-C=CHR

R .

d) Phn ng ca axt vi etilen

RCOOH + CH2=CH2 s. > RCOOCH2-CH3

e) Phn ng gia mui natr ca axit v dn xut halogen

RCOONa + RX -> RCOOR + NaX

60



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62/192

14. A M IN O A X I T

I. NH NGHAAmnoaxit l nhng hp cht hu c tp chc, trong phn t va

cha nhm chc amin (-NH?)) va cha nhm chc cacboxy

(-COOH).

II. CNG THC(H2N)x-R(COOH)y

Khi X = y ta c aminoaxit trung tnh, qu tm khng i muX> y ta c aminoaxit c tnh bazo\ qu tm ha xanh

X < y ta c aminoaxit c tnh axit, qu tm ha .

III. DANH PHP

Axit + amino + tn axit cacboxylic tng ng

Khi gi tn ta cn ch v tr ca nhom NH 2 gn vi cacbon:(0 ' S _Y 0 a ___C - C - C - C - C - C -COOH

V d, H2N-CH 2-COOH : Axit amino axetic

CH3--CH-COOH : Axit a-am ino propionic

NH2 (a-alanin) 2N (C H2)5CO OH : Axit s-am ino caproic (iu ch .

t capron)

H2N(CH2)6COOH- Axit (0amino enatoic (iu cht enan)

IV. TNH CHT HA HC

1. Phn li trong dung dch

H2NRCOOH = H2NRC OO + H + H3N+R C O O '

2. Tc d ng v dung dch baz (do c nhm -COOH)

H2N-R-COOH + NaOH H2N-R -C OONa + HzO

61



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63/192

3. Tc d ng vi dung dch axit

H2N-R-C OOH + H+ -> H>N+-R -C O OH

4. Tc ng v! ru (phn ng este ha)

h 2n - r - c o o h + C2H 5OH h :n - r - c o o c 2h 5 + h 2o

5. Tham gia phn ng trng ngng (phn ng gia nhm-COO Hv~N H2)

Do c nhm -NH2 v nhm -COOH nn aminoaxit tham gia phnng trng ngng cho polipeptit.

h 2n r c o o h + h 2n r c o o h h 2n r cn r : o o h + H2oII I

>0 H !

V dt (Nhm peptit)

nH2N-(CH2)5-COOH H< > [-NH-(CH2)5-CO-]n + nHzOAxit s-am mo caproic Nion6 hay t capron

H2N-(CH2)6-COOHAxit coamino enantoic

^ [-NH -(CH 2)6-C O -L + nHzOT enan

15. M P I T

(Cht bo)

L NH NGHA

Lipit (du, m ng thc vt) l este ca glixerin v axit bo.

II. CNG THC TNG QUT

RCOOCH2_TRCOOCH

RCOOCH2R, R \ R l gc hirocacbon ca axit boAxit bo: Cl5H 3iCOOH; C17H35COOH; C17H 33COOH



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64/192

III. TNH CHT HA HC

1 . Phn ng thy phn

RCOOCH2

RCOOH + 3HzOIRCOOCH2

pc h 2- o h

H-OH1CH2-OH

RCOOH

RCOOH

RCOOHLipit ng vt (m) ch yu cha gc axit bo no.Lipit thc vt (du) ch yu cha gc axit bo khng no.

2. Phn ng x phn g ha

Khi un nng cht bo vi dung dch kim cho glxerin v x phng.

r c o o c h2T

RCOOCH + 3NaQH. [RCOOCH2

c h2 o h

CHQH +Ic h 2o h

RCOONa

RCOONaRCOONa

---------V----------- '

X phngKhi nim v x phng v cht ty ra tng hp:

- Hn hp mui natri (kai) ca cc axit bo c gi l x phng.

- T h nh ph n ch y u ca x phng l Ci5H 3iCOONa v

CffHasCOONa.

- Nu x phng:

r Mui natridd NaOH, t

Du m ---------- >Mui n

_ Glxerin(NaCl)

Mui :(NaCl)

X phng c(ni ln trn)

GlixerinM&i nTp cht

Ngui, p, ct+ mi thm

X phngbnh

l tp cht' Lc- Chng ct di p sutthp thu hi NaCl- Lc > gixerin

63



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65/192

- Cht ty ra tng hp: L nhng cht c tc dng git, ra khng phi l mui Na ca axit cacboxylic. l cc natri ankylsunfat ROSC^Na, natri ankyl sunfonat RSOjNa...

u im ni bt nht ca cht ty ra tng hp vn gi ctc dng ty git trong nc cng.

3. Ph n ng vi hiro

Vi nhng cht bo lng th cc gc R cha no, do khi cho chtny tc dng vi hiro cho gc R no, cht bo h rn.

Lu ' Trong k thut xc nh cht lng ca cht bo ngita thng da vo mt s" ch s sau:

- Ch x photig ha: l tng s" miligam KOH ,xphng hacht bo v axit t do c trong 1 gam cht bo.

- Ch s axit: l s" miligam KOH trung hahonton cc axitt do c trong 1 gam cht bo.

Q 7H33COOCH +3H 2 - .

C17H33COOCH2

C17H33COOCH2 C17H35COOCH2

> C17H35COOCH

c 17h 35c o o c h 2

16* G iU X IX

GluxitCn(H20 )m

Monosaccarit isaccarit Polisaccarit

Cht tiu biu: Glucoz Saccaroza Tinh bt, xenluloz

Cng thc ph n t:C6Hi20 6 C12H220n (CHi0O5)n'6*112^6

GLVCOX. CNG THC CU TO

- Cng thc cu to dng mch h:

64



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66/192

CH2OH-CHOH-CHGH-CHOH-CHOH-HO

- Cng thc cu to dng mch vng: 2 dng a, [3gluco (dophn ng cng nhm OH C5 vo nhm c = 0 ca dng mch h)

II. TNH CHT HA HC

Cng thc cu to ca glucozo cho thy glucoz thuc loi ru achc (5 nhm -OH) v anehit (1 nhm -CHO).

1. Tnh cht ca ru da chc

- Tc dng vi Cu(OH)2cho ta dung dch mu xanh trong sut.- Tc dng vi ung dch axit cho este cha 5 gc axit.

2 . Tnh cht ca anehita) Phn ng cng vi hiro

HO-CH 2-(CHOH)4-CHO + h 2 ^ t0>HO-CH2-(CHOH)4-C H 2OH

Sorbitolb) Phn ng oxi ha(1) Phn ng vi AgN3/N H3.:HOCH2(CHOH)4CHO + 2Ag(NH3)2OH >

HO-CH2-(CHOH)4-COONH4+ 2Ag + 3NH3 + H 20

65



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67/192

Hoc vit:

H O - C H 2-(CHOH )4-C H O + gzO

HO-CH2-(CHOH)4-COOH + 2Ag

Axit sorbic

(2) Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2

HO-CH2~(CHOH)4-CHO + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH

HO-CH2-(CHOH)4-COONa + Cu,O + 3H20

3. Phn ng ln men

C6H120 6 man ru > 2C2H5OH + ZC02

C6Hi20 6_mgnUctic ,,> 2CH3CHCOOHI

OHAxit lactic

111. IU CH

(CHiQs^ + nH 20 ----- 2 -> nCH^O

6HCHO Ca(OH)2> C6H120 6

ng phn quan trng l fructozcfcDng mch h:

CH2OHCHOHCHOHCHOHCCH2OHII

- Dng mch vng: |3-Fructoz v a-Frutoz

SACCAROZ

1. CNG THC

Cng thc phn t: Q2H22O11

Cng thc cu to: Phn t saccaroz c cu to bi mt gca glucoz v mt gc pfructoz. Hai gc ny lin kt vi nhau

66



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68/192

nguyn t Cl cua gc glucoz v nguyn t C? ca gc fratozcJ qua mtnguyn t oxi:

HOH,

Gc a-glucoz

Dng cu to mch vng ca saccaroz khng c kh nng chuynthnh dng mch h.

II. TNH CHT HA HC

1. Phn ng th y ph n

CuIfaOn + H20 -Sl!*. C6H12Os+ QHbOsSaccaroz Glucoz Fructoz

2. Phn ng v i m t s' hiro xit kim loi

C^H^Ou t , (0H)2 ^ mu xanh lam

CizHzzOu + CaQ.2H20, C12H220 11:Ca0-2H20---

---------- >Canxi saccarat

CnH22On + CaC 03i + 2H20

Tnli cht ny c p dng tinh ch ng.

3. Sn xut dng saccaroz t ma

Nc ma (14-17% ng) _ dd canxi saccarat. +c 2Ma * p / > 2 ^

B ma chit bng ncsa

_kt ta tp cht lc bng C c p

rd d saccaroz---- tkanxng> dd sacearoz tinh kh it ' ^ L Me >ty trng Li tm

kt ta CaCOoi bng SO2R ng (sn xut ru)ng (saccaroz)

67



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69/192

I!l. NG PHN MANTOZd

1. Cng thc cu to ca mantozo- Phn t mantoz c cu to bi hai gc cc-gIucoz d

mch vng. Hai gc ny lin kt vi nhau nguyn t Q ca gc

glucoz th nht vi nguyn t C4 ca gc glucozd th hai qua mtnguyn t oxi:

6 6

Gc a-glucoz Gc a-glucoz- Trong dung dch, gc glucoz th hai ca phn t mantoz c

kh nng m* vng to ra nhm chc -C H o nguyn t Q. o vymantoz c phn ng trng gng v phn ng kh Cu(OH)2-

2. Tnh cht ha hc

- Khc vi saccarozd, mantoztf c phn ng trng gng, phn ngkh Cu (OH)2.

- Khi thy phn mantoz cho a-glucozc i2h 22o u + H ,o h> > 2C6h,206

TINH BT

1. CNG THC- Cng thc tng qut: (C6Hi0O5)n

- Tinh bt hn hp ca hai thnh phn: amiloz v amilopectinhp bi nhiu gc a-glucoz.

- AmiIoz c mch phn t khng phn nhnh v khi lngphn t khorg 200-000 vC. Amilopectin c mch phn t phnnhnh v khi ng phn t khong 1-000.000 vC.

68



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70/192

II. TNH CHT HA HC

1. P h n ng thy ph n cho a -g ucoz

(CsHb O s)* + nH zO H'-r > nCH uO

2. P h n ng v i dung d ch i tDung ch it tc dng vi h tinh bt cho mu xanh lam c

trng. Phn ng ny xy ra d dng, nn ta ng dung dch it nhn ra tinh bt, hoc ngc li dng h tinh bt nhn bit it.

Tinh bt c to thnh trong cy xanh t kh CO2 v H2O vnng lng nh sng mt tri. Phng trnh phn ng tng qut:

Qu trnh to thnh tinh bt c s tham gia ca nh sng mt trinn gi l qu trnh quang hdp.

. CNG THC- Cng thc phn t: (CeHjoOsJn- Cng thc cu to: Do nhiu gc (3 glucoz kt hp vi nhau nh

cu n (3-1,4 glucozit, phn t khng phn nhnh xp t song song

nh m xeriluloz c dng si. C th' vit cng thc phn txenulo2 nh sau:

[C6H70 2(0H )3]n + 3nH 0N 02 J2lA+ [C6H702(0N0 2)3]n+3nH,0

6nC02 + 5nH20 '**\'* (C6H10O5)n + 6n02

XENLULOZO

(C6H10O5)n + nHzO H > nC6H12O2. P h n ng e s t e h a

a) Vi dung dch axit nitric

Xenlulozo' trinitrat

69



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

T

P

.

Q

U

Y

N

H

N




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b) Vi dung dch axit axetc

[C6H70 2(0H)3L + 3nCH3COOH ->OCOCH3

c 6h 7o 2-OCOCH 3

x OCOCH3Triaxetat xenlIoz

+ 3nHiO

II

c) V anhirit axetic

[C6H 70 2(0H)j]n + 3n(CH3C 0)20 - [C6H70 2(0C 0C H 5)33n ++ 3nCH3COOH

) Phng php sn xut t visco. Cho xenIIoz (t g) tc dng vi dng dch natri hiroxit v mt

s" ha cht khc, th c dung dch rt iht gi visco. Khi bm

ung dch nht qua ng c nhiu l nh ngm trong axit sunuricng, dng dch nht ( dng tia) b thy phn to thnh nhng si

di v mnh. Nhng si ny c bn cht cu to gn ging xenuloz,nhng p, ng mt nh t v c gi l t visco.

[C6H70 2(0H)3)n + nNaOH ---- [C6H70 2(0H)20Na]n + nH20Xenlulozo Xenlulozo kim

[C6H p 2(OH)2ONa]n + nCS2 i [C6H70 2(OH)20]n

c=sISNaXenlulz xantogenat

[C6H70 2(0H)20CS2Na]n+ - H 2S04 -> [C6HT0 2(0H )3]T1+ nCS2 +Xenlulos hirai: (r visco)

+ Na?S0 42

e) Phng php sn xut t axetatTo' axetat c ch bin t hai este ca xenuloz:

[C6H70 2( H)(0-C -C H3)2]n [C6H70 2(G-C-CH3)3LII I!o O

XenIuloz iaxetat Xenluloz triaxetar

Hai este ny cn c dng ch to phim khng chy.

' 70



B

I

D

N

GT

O

N

-

L

-

H

A

C

P

2

3

1

0

0

0

B

T

R

N

H

N

G

O

T

P

.

Q

U

Y

N

H

N




72/192

1 7 . PO M M OE

I. NH NGHA

Nhng hp cht c kHi

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