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B CNG THNGTRNG H CNG NGHIP THC PHM
KHOA CNG NGH THC PHMMN: CNG NGH SAU THU HOCH TI: PHNG PHP BO QUN
NG SAU THU HOCHGVHD: Trn L ThuTit: Th 4, tit 7-8Nhm: 2
TIU LUN TI: PHNG PHP BO QUN NG SAU THU HOCHDANH SCH NHM:
Nguyn Thanh Trit2005120285Nguyn Th Kim Thy2005120265Nguyn Th
Minh Ha2005120259Nguyn Th Nhi2005120264Nguyn Th Minh
Ha2005120031Nguyn Thanh T2005120206Nguyn Minh Hiu2005100232
Ni dung chnh1234Ng,bphayb(danh php hai phn:Zea maysL. ssp.mays)
l mt loicy lng thccthun canhti khu vcTrung Mv sau lan ta ra khpChu
M. Ng lan ta ra phn cn li ca th gii sau khi ctip xc ca ngi Chu u vi
Chu Mvo cuith k 15 uth k 16.1. Tng quan v ng
1. Tng quan v ngNg sinh ra t qu trnh lai ghp gia ng thun ha nh
(dng thay i khng ng k ca ng di) vi c ng thuc onLuxuriantes, c th
lZ. luxurianshocZ. diploperennis.Ng l sn phm thun dng trc tip t c
ng (Zea maysssp.parviglumis) mt nm Trung M, c ngun gc t khu vc
thung lngsng Balsas min namMexico. 2. C s khoa hc ca phng php bo
qun ngNg l loi ht c v mng, li c phi ln, chim 8-15% trng lng ht, phi
ht m mnh v cha nhiu cht dinh dng, nn b phn hu... v d b iu kin ngoi
cnh nh hng n.Sy v lu tr ng trong trang tri c th gip kim sot vic gim
thang ti v nng cao li ch kinh t hot ng.2.1. C s khoa hcTt c cc thit
b vo thng lu tr cn c ra sch trc khi thu hoch gim thiu nm mc v cn
trng ph hoi v bo v s thun khit ca ging ng hoc ht. Tt c lin hp gt p,
ko xe, bng ti, thit b sy kh, v thng lu tr cn c ra sch trc khi cao
im ca v thu hoch bt u.2.1.1. Chun b cho thu hochLm sch thng, vt cha
ngn chn ng vt gm nhm v cn trng. Qut sch tng, cu thang, v sn nh bn
trong thng ht loi b ht c v vt liu mn ni cn trng v bo t nm mc My sy
ht sch s, thc hin kim tra bo dng thng xuyn v cc cm bin, iu khin v
th nghim cc n v trc khi bt u thu hoch trnh thit b thi gian b
cht.2.1.2. Chun b cho thu hochThu hoch s bt u khi cc nh khai thc c
th ti u ha li nhun, m chu nh hng ca gi ng, nng sut tim nng, chiu di
ca thi k thu hoch, thi tit, v chi ph cho cc thit b, lao ng, nng
lng. Ng thng t n s tch ly cht kh ti a mc m ht t 35-38%.2.1.3. Xem
xt thu hochTn tht trc khi thu hoch: gi ln, ma , hoc s kin thi tit
tng t, do bnh hoc p lc ca cn trng...dn n thit hi l khng th trnh
khi, v vy thch thc l:Bit ni chng xy ra. Hiu nh th no o lng chng.
Bit phi lm g sa cha chng. Thc y kt hp khai thc o lng nhng thit hi v
hnh ng.
2.1.4. Xem xt thu hochNg a vo bo qun t cc tiu chun kh, sch v c
phn loi.Phng chng s ph hoi ca su mt, men mc, ng a vo bo qun phi c m
di 13%.T l tp cht trong ng a vo bo qun phi di 1%.Khng c su mt sng
trong khi ht.Bng mt thng quan st khng thy c ht b men mc.T l ht tt
trn 97%.T l bp tt 100%.
2.1.5.Yu cu cht lng ng em bo qun2.2. K thut thu hoch bo qun ngS
k thut bo qun ng sau thu hoch2.2.1. Thu hoch ngThi im thu hoch tt
nht l khi ng chn gi (ru ng kh, en, b ng chuyn t mu xanh sang mu vng
rm).- Gp ngy kh, nng cn nhanh chng hi ng chn v ri mng phi kh.- Nu
ng chn vo t ma di ngy, cn vt ru, b gp bp ng chi xung nc ma khng thm
vo bn trong lm thi hng ht ng. n khi nng ro s thu v phi.- Ng hi v
khng nn ng v ng ti c m cao d b thi mc.
2.2.2. K thut lm kh ngCn lm ng kh n m 12-13% c th bo qun an ton,
hn ch mc h hng.
Cu to: gm cc phn chnh sau:- B gia nhit: c th l l t than, ci, tru
hoc b gia nhit bng in- Qut: thng l qut hng trc nhm cung cp lu lng v
p cn thit cho my sy v ngang.- B phn phi gi: o chiu gi cho my- Bung
sy: Cha vt liu sy, sng bung sy thng lm bng tn hoc inox c l 2 n 4 mm
ty thuc vo kch thc vt liu
My sy ng cng nghip2.2.3. Dng c v thit b bo qunCc dng c cha
(chum, vi, thng...), kho bo qun phi kh, sch, khng c mi l v c np
kn.- C th dng bao nha lng trong bao ay hoc bao t da.- Ni bo qun phi
c mi che, kh ro, thong, khng b m, dt, c bin php phng chng su mt,
chut, chim....- Nh kho hay silo phi c phn ct ngn cch sn v tng kho,
c li mt co chng chim chut, c lm v sinh v phun thuc phng tr cn trng
hi kho .
2.3. Cc phng php bo qun ng sau thu hochBo qun theo tnh cht ca
ngi vi ng htBo qun ng ht h gia nh: - Ng phi kh c t ri lm sch v loi
b cc ht lp, ht st v v cc tp cht khc, c th sng bng tay qut lm sch ri
a vo cc dng c bo qun c th hn kn c nh: Chum, vi,.. bo qun kh ro,
thong, sch s, c mi che ma, chng su mt, chut, chim.Bo qun ng ht quy
m cng nghip: Bo qun knTrong kho bc tng bng tru dy 20 cm bao ph ly
khi ht., lt mt lp tru dy nh trn ri tri thm mt lp vi dy khong 3 - 5
cm xong lt mt lp ct v ht ln trn sau khi y ht, san phng lp mt, gii
ct ln v li tip tc mt lp vi xong li lp tru dy ln trn p kn ly b mt
khi ht. Phng php ny gi c hng nm khng b su mt, nm v vi sinh vt ph
hoi.
Phi kh ht tht gin, loi tp cht, v loi ht b su, mt.Kho v sinh sch
s, phun thuc st trng, tru lt kho phi tht kh. Cn c th bo qun ng bng
bao ti: thun tin cho vic vn chuyn, khng tn nguyn vt liu cha ng.
Nhng bao ti ng c git sch s, phi kh trnh nm mc.u im: phi ht vn cm vo
li, khng kh m v su mt kh xm nhp vo phi ng thi c thun li cho vic
thng thong c d dng, nhit v m khng b tch t trong ng bp. Bo qun c bp
cn lm tng phm cht v cht dinh dng vn chuyn vo ht.Nhc im: Vn chuyn
cng knh, tn bao b, dng c cha ng. Khi s dng phi tch ht nn gi thnh
cao.
i vi ng bpi vi ng ging
C th tin hnh theo nhng cch trn nhng tuyt i khng c bo qun kn. Ng
ging khi bo qun phi m bo ngoi vic chng m, chng nm mc, su mt, cn phi
m bo ny mm cao, do kho phi thng xuyn thong mt.
i vi ng dng lm lng thc trong chn nui
Ng ht ti c th bo qun kn trong 20 ngy khng thi hng. Cho gia sc n,
ng ht ti bo qun kn c mi ln men nh nhng khng suy gim gi tr dinh dng
v sc n ca vt nui. 2.3.1. Bo qun bng nhitPhi ngPhi ng l cch lm kh c
truyn n gin, d p dng rng ri, nhu cu u t ban u thp.Phi ng trn sn hoc
dn phiSn phi Dn phiKho hong gi
Sy ngu im: Ch ng, nhanh chng lm kh lng ng ln ti m cn thit, bo
ton c cht lng sn phm, trnh hin tng bc nng, men mc, thi hng.My sy
MS: L kiu my n gin ca Vin Cng ngh sau thu hoch - B Nng nghip v Pht
trin Nng thn c nhiu c s sn xut s dng. My sy MS c ba loi gii php kt
cu ging nhau vi sc cha 200, 600 v 1.000 kg ng ht.
25
My sy MS c cc u im: Sy kh c nhiu loi nng sn (ng, thc, u, lc,
nhn, vi, to, mn...) tiu tn t nhin liu, c th s dng nhiu loi nhin liu
khc nhau (ci, tru, than...).
L sy th cng SH -200:
L kiu l sy khng s dng in (khng s dng qut gi), n gin, gn nh, d s
dng, gi r. L sy SH -200 c Vin Cng ngh sau thu hoch chuyn giao cho
nhiu h nng dn vng su, vng xa, vng chim trng, cha c in.
2.3.2. BO QUN BNG KH CO2C s khoa hcHu qu ca h hp i vi qu trnh bo
qun:-H hp tiu hao cht hu c ca i tng bo qun, do lm gim s lng v cht
lng trong qu trnh bo qun.- H hp lm tng nhit trong mi trng bo qun,
do lm tng cng h hp ca i tng bo qun.- H hp lm tng m ca i tng bo qun,
do lm tng cng h hp ca i tng bo qun.
3. Kt qu v tho lun3.1. Phng php khc phc tn tht sau thu hochThi
im thu hoch tt nht l khi ng chn gi (ru ng kh, en, b ng chuyn t mu
xanh sang mu vng rm).Ng hi v khng nn ng v ng ti c m cao d b thi
mcCc dng c cha (chum, vi, thng...), kho bo qun phi kh, sch, khng c
mi l v c np kn
3.1. Phng php khc phc tn tht sau thu hochNgoi ra c th s dng cc
phng php bo qun ng quy m cng nghip khng km phn hiu qu nh: Bo qun
knBo qun bng nhitSy ngBo qun bng kh CO2
4. Phng hng pht trin mi4.1. Xy dng cc kho bo qun ng sau thu hoch
Bn cnh vic u t cho cng ngh khc, vic xy dng cc kho cha bo qun l rt
cn thit nhm m bo cht lng cho ng. Yu cu chung ca cc c s:S lng phi ,
ph hp vi tng ni Cht lng c m bo C kh nng m rng trong tng lai 4.2.
Quy hoch xy dng cc c s ch bin hp l Mt iu kin quan trng l cc c s ch
bin phi gn lin vi vng nguyn liu, thun li trong vn chuyn thu mua v
tiu th. S lng v cng sut cc c s ch bin ng phi ph hp vi tng vng nguyn
liu. Thc hin tt cng tc ny m bo cho cc c s ch bin khng lm vo tnh
trng tha hay thiu nguyn liu, gy lng ph khng cn thit. 4.2. Quy hoch
xy dng cc c s ch bin hp l Ngoi ra cn:u t mua sm trang thit b hin i,
hiu qu trong cng ngh ch bin sau thu hoch o to cc cng nhn k thut.C
cc chuyn gia nc ngoi trc tip hng dn s dng cc my mc, cng ngh t hiu
qu cao nht
4.3. Phng php mi bo qun ng chng nm mcTin s Nguyn Thy Chu - Vin C
in v Cng ngh sau thu hoch (B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn) va nghin
cu thnh cng gii php chng nm mc trn ng mt cch hu hiu: s dng ch phm
Bacillus Pumillus.
Bacillus Pumillus4.3. Phng php mi bo qun ng chng nm mc Qua th
nghim cho thy, ng sau khi c trn ch phm c tc dng c ch mnh cc loi nm
mc. So vi cc phng php bo qun ng bng xng hi, trn ha cht... th dng ch
phm sinh hc Bacillus Pumillus khng lm gim cht lng sn phm v c bit an
ton vi sc khe ca con ngi v vt nui khi s dng. Phng php ny cn ph hp
vi quy m sn xut nh l h gia nh v c quy m ln nh trang tri, nh my, x
nghip.
Thanks for all!
