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POWER-TO-GAS E INTERCONNESSIONE DEI SETTORIELETTRICO, GAS E MOBILITÀ
GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA
Giulio GuandaliniRicercatore – Gruppo GECOSDipartimento di Energia - Politecnico di Milano
Ancona, 8 Maggio 2019 - Università Politecnica delle Marche
2/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
GECOS – Group of Energy COnversion System – Energy Department
www.gecos.polimi.it
The group expertise is focused on energy conversion systems design, analysis and optimization, based on in-house and commercial software, as well as on experimental facilities.
The research analyses various aspects ofenergy systems, related to efficiency,economics and environmental impact.
Our group is part of the Energy Departmentof Politecnico di Milano and employs morethan 35 people among professors,researchers and PhD students.
3/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
Sector coupling: hydrogen systems for energy storage
The group isinvestigating from thepoint of view of thesystem simulation theoptions for chemicalenergy storage: Power-to-Power Power-to-Gas Power-to-X
Micro-cogeneration (NG or, in
perspective, with H2admixture)
Green-chemistry (ammonia,
methanol, SNG)
Hydrogen mobility(light- and heavy-
duty)
NG “greening”
Cogeneration
Ancillary services and
seasonal storage
Micro-grids
The integration of thedifferent options issimulated, consideringthe presence of differentstorage technologies(e.g. pumped hydro,batteries).
4/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
Pow
er g
rid
Transport sector
Nat
ural
gas
infr
astr
uctu
re
Electrolysis
RESpower plants
NG storage
RefineriesConventionalpower plants
Pumpedhydro
Industrial loads
Residential and tertiary loads
import
crude oil
Methanation
Batterystorage
import
biomethane
SMR
H2 to mobility
NG
EE
SNG CH4
Power-to-gasP2G
biomass
biof
uels
oil-d
eriv
edfu
elsbiomass
& waste
coal
Fuelcells
H2 storage
EE to mobility / storage
exportextraction
H2
• Electric-to-electric storage: existingpumped hydro, newly installed batteries, plug-in EVs
• P2G to link networks: role of hydrogenas clean energy vector for cogeneration, thermal and industrial uses
• Natural gas grid with blends of NG, biomethane, H2
• Plug-in and Fuel Cell electric vehicles
System integration: mid-to-long term scenarios modelling
Through multi-nodal grid simulation models forcountries or regions we can estimate theavailability of H2 from P2G, based on scenarios forRES deployment, grid demand evolution and cleanmobility development with battery EVs andhydrogen FCEVsCooperation with Research Center Juelich (Germany)
and University of California - Irvine (USA)
5/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
System integration: mid-to-long term scenarios modelling
Electricity: 2050 RES technical potential scenario** Maximum feasible PV & wind capacity (5-6 times vs current)
8.726.7
49.118.6
59.3
110.2283.8
295.7
311.3
255
265
275
285
295
305
315
020406080
100120140160180200220
2014 2030 2050
Load
[TW
h]
Inst
alle
d ca
paci
ty [G
W]
Geothermal Hydro Wind PV Load
* IEA, H2&FC Technology Roadmap, 2015 (% for EU4 – UK+D+F+ITA, scaled to ITA), ** P. R. Defaix et al., Technical potential for photovoltaics on buildings in the EU-27, 2012
RE-Shaping Project, Long Term Potentials and Costs of RES, 2011
Mobility: 2050 IEA scenario *High alternative automobiles penetration forecast
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0
37.5
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2015 2030 2050
Num
ber o
f aut
omob
iles
Mill
ions
Shar
e
Conventional Electric Hydrogen Automobiles fleet
Coherent with SEN2017
∼10 M
∼12 M
2010 2016 2030 plan [5] Long-term scenario
Solar photovoltaic 3.5 GW 19.3 GW 50.0 GW 137.2 GW
On-shore wind 5.8 GW 9.4 GW 17.5 GW 49.1 GW
Off-shore wind 0.0 GW 0.0 GW 0.9 GW 9.5 GW
Geothermal 0.8 GW 0.8 GW 0.9 GW 0.8 GW
Renewable hydro 17.9 GW 18.6 GW 19.2 GW 18.6 GW
Historical data, 2030 national plan (PNIEC proposal), and assumed long-term scenario of RES installed capacity in Italy, by energy source.
Energy optimization model to verify the global energy balance: no ancillary services and reserve included
Inter-zonal electricity and hydrogen exchange
(capacity estimate from planned infrastructure evolution)
6/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
System integration: mid-to-long term scenarios modelling
The -80% target remains very difficult (needof other RES, CCS, nuclear…?)
735 kt/yr of H2 (∼81% of the demand) is covered by RES, with 26.2 GW of electrolyzersin P2G plant, but the remaining is produced from NG through SMR
Electricity demand coverage (grid + EV)
54.9%
1.4%5.1%
1.7%
37.0% 35.8%
3.1%10.6%
50.4%
Primary energy demand coverage (grid + all
including transport*)
From: P. Colbertaldo, G. Guandalini, S. Campanari “Modelling the integrated power and transport energy system: The role of power-to-gas and hydrogen in long-term scenarios for Italy”, Energy, Vol. 154, p. 592-601, doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.089, 2018
GHG reduction EU target Result
2015 - 2050Power grid -90.5 to -98.6% -41.1 %
Automobiles -59.7 to -71.1% -58.6 %
Best options result from a combination of different mobility technologies (mix of FCEV and BEV)
7/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
System integration: mid-to-long term scenarios modelling - Germany
The potential for P2G is very different, about 5-6 times higher in Germany in terms of negative residual load.
From: G. Guandalini, T. Grube, S. Campanari, D. Stolten “Long-term power-to-gas potential from wind and solar power: A countryanalysis for Italy”, Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42 (19), pp. 13389-13406, 2017, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.081.
• Different size of the energy system (3-3.5 times higher peak load for DE vs IT)
• Different share of RES potential: comparable ratio of installed RES over peak load but wind (onshore+offshore) prevails in Germany while PV prevails in Italy
8/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
System integration: mid-to-long term scenarios modelling - California
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Wind capacity [GW]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
PV c
apac
ity [G
W]
installed PV 2016
PV max potential
90%
95%
85%
100%
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Elec
troly
sis
capa
city
[GW
]
California Bills (SB100, AB45, SB1245):o 33% RES in electrical consumption by 2020o 45% RES in electrical consumption by 2030o 100% RES in electrical consumption by 2050
California transportation sector evolution:o BEVs vs FCEVso Infrastructure to be developed
Evaluation of required generation and storage capacities to attain 100% RES in electrical consumption• Current demand amount and profile (2016)• Rescaled generation profiles (from 2016 data) with wind
and PV increased to needs• Power-to-Power energy storage: H2 production via
electrolysis, electricity generation in fuel cellsFrom: P. Colbertaldo, S. B. Agustin, S. Campanari, J. Brouwer “Impact of hydrogen energy storage on California electric power system:achieving 100% renewable electricity supply”, Int. J. Of Hydrogen Energy, in press.
9/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
Natural gas grid transport and distribution modelling
SNAM RETE GAS (2017)Transportation: 76 billions of Nm3
Storage: 16 billions of Nm3
Large blending capacity: achieving a 10-20% H2 (vol.) average requiresnearly all today’s electricity from PV and wind
Issues of checking local feasibility, but let’s not forget that «city gas», used in Italy up to the ‘70-80 was ∼50% hydrogen…
NG transported(×109 Nm3/y)1
EE to P2G@ 10%vol H2
(TWhel/y)2
Total production from PV + wind
(TWh/y)3
Germany 81 40.5 115
Italy 65 32.5 41.5UK 77 38.5 61.5USA 779 389.5 3071 data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 20162 with 60% efficiency (H2,LHV/Eel)3 from AWEA, energytransition.org, BP statistical review, US Energy InformationAdministration, www.gov.uk/government/statistics, Italy’s GSE.
Length of NG pipelines
«Energy hub» asinterconnection betweenelectrical and hydrogensystems
10/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
Natural gas grid transport and distribution modelling
However, actual limits in H2 injections depend on local gridconditions (experiencing large daily, weekly and seasonal variations):
requirement of a more detailed ‘quality tracking’ analysis
Limits from NG Grid CodeHHV 34,95 ÷ 45,28 MJ/Sm3
WI 47,31 ÷ 52,33 MJ/Sm3
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 =𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻⁄𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌0
1G. Guandalini, S. Campanari, Wind power plant and power-to-gas system coupled with natural gas gridinfrastructure: techno-economic optimization of operation, Proc. of ASME Turbo Expo 2015, GT2015-42229
2G. Guandalini, P. Colbertaldo, S. Campanari “Dynamic modeling of natural gas quality within transport pipelines in presence of hydrogen injections”, Applied Energy, 2017.
Evaluation of grid max allowance for new gases Detailed knowledge about delivered gas proprieties Management of possible out-of-limit injections
Quality tracking
𝜕𝜕𝜌𝜌𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 +
)𝜕𝜕(𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 +
𝜕𝜕 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌2
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 +𝜕𝜕𝑝𝑝𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 + 𝜆𝜆𝜌𝜌
𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌2𝐷𝐷 = 0
𝑇𝑇 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡𝑝𝑝 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 �𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 f(Re,ε)
f(Tr ,pr) / ISO model
11/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
GRASSHOPPER H2020 project
http://www.grasshopperproject.eu/
GRid ASsiSting Modular HydrOgen PEM PowER PlantStart date: 1 January 2018Duration: 36 monthsTotal funding: 4.4 M€
This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 779430. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe research.
The activities of the project: Development of durable low cost MEAs Development of larger size low cost stacks Design and validation of 100 kW pilot plant in Nouryon facilities in Delfzijl Design of low cost, flexible and modular MW-size FCPP (< 1500 €/kWe) Design and validation of a platform to integrate grid support functionality
GRASSHOPPER proposes major coherent improvements on MEAs, stacks and system design to reduce CAPEX and add flexibility to participate in renewable energy markets.
12/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
FLEDGED and CONVERGE H2020 projects
Heat recovery steam cycle
SEDMES
Scrubber
Liquid redox H2S removal
Compressor
OLGASEG
Gasifier - Carbonator
Combustor - Calciner
Dryer
Biomass
Air preheaterAir
Stack
LimestoneInert solids
Purge
Filter
Air/steam
Waste water
AirSulphur slurry
Waste waterRich glycol
Glycol
Activated carbon
ZnO filter
Flue gases cooling Syngas cooler
CondenserCompressor intercoolers
DME reactors cooling
Syngas cooler
Cooler
AirSteam
Steam
Water makeup
Flue gases from calciner
To air preheater
Water removal
DME cooling
Exhaust
Methanol recirculation
Water
Sorption enhanced DME synthesis
Conventional DME synthesis
DME
Inerts
FLEDGED process preliminary configuration
Flexible Dimethyl Ether (DME) production from biomass gasification with sorption-enhanced processesStart date: 1 November 2016Duration: 48 monthsTotal funding: 5.6 M€
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement N° 727600.
SEG process
Biomass
airTar/PM removal
H2S separation
SE-DME synthesis
DMEDME separation
Optional CO recycle (smaller for given yield)
FLEDGED process: SEG + SEDMES
Steam
Flexible sorption enhanced gasification (SEG) process
Sorption enhanced DME synthesis (SEDMES) process
• Process intensification• Efficiency improvements• Environmental impact reduction• Cost reductions• Process flexibility
www.fledged.eu
13/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
FLEDGED and CONVERGE H2020 projects
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement N° 727600.
Gasifier DME synthesis
Electrolyser
DMESyngas with adjusted composition (M<2)
Biomass
H2
O2
Combustor
Biomass (if needed)
Flue gas to stackair
steam
water
Target syngas composition (M=2)
Circulating solids
Preliminary estimates showed a Power-to-DME conversion of about 60%, defined as additional DME energy content with respect to the input electricity.
By controlling the SEG process parameters (solid circulation,
Ca/C ratio in the gasifier, gasifier temperature, S/C ratio),
syngas composition can be adjusted to match with the
downstream synthesis process.
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5
M=(
H 2-CO
2)/(
CO+C
O2)
mol
ar ra
tio
H 2/CO
mol
ar ra
tio
Ca/C ratio at gasifier inlet
FT (F
e-ca
taly
st)
/MeO
H/DM
E
Met
hane
(act
ive
WGS
cat
alys
t)
FT (Co-catalyst)
Methane (inactive WGS catalyst)
𝑀𝑀 =𝐻𝐻2 − 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂 + 𝐶𝐶𝑂𝑂2
SEG
Gasifier - Carbonator
Combustor - Calciner
LimestoneInert solids
Purge
S
Steam
Inerts
www.fledged.eu
14/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
FLEDGED and CONVERGE H2020 projects
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement N° 818135.
Carbon valorization in energy-efficient green fuels
Start date: 1 November 2018Duration: 42 monthsTotal funding: 5.1 M€
The CONVERGE project will validate an innovative route for green biodiesel production starting from secondary biomass.
The possibility of adjusting the composition at the reformer outlet allows for integration with additional hydrogen sources.
www.converge-h2020.eu
15/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
Laboratorio di MicroReti e P2G – Progetto Prophet
The main purpose of the PROPHET project is to design and test through an experimentalinnovative rig a control system for a multi-good microgrid (electricity, heat, potable water), toensure its secure and efficient operation in the presence of high penetration of renewablegenerations.
The impact electric vehicles (EV) into the microgrid itself and the micro-grid as distributed smart-storage/generation system will be assessed and tested.
The project and the operation of the micro-grid guarantees a tight collaboration between Engie EPS and Polimi.
16/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
Laboratorio di MicroReti e P2G – Progetto Prophet
Electric power generation capacity 100 kWThermal power generation capacity 45 kWPotable water production 1 m3/hElectric Vehicles 2Electric Bikes 10Electric storage 150 kWhHydrogen storage 30 kWhThermal storage 50 kWh
Battery Energy storage (Li-ion batteries): 70 kWh + 70 kWh
H2 storage coupled with Power-to-Power system: Alkaline Electrolyzer (25 kW) PEM Fuel Cell (25kW);
17/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
Laboratorio di MicroReti e P2G – Progetto Prophet
1. Optimisation Algorithms and Control Predictive functions for both off-grid and on grid applications;
2. Distributed Smart Storage for behind-the-meter grid services: frequency regulation, voltage support;
3. Distributed Smart Generation: optimize the intraday profile of the exchange of energy;
4. Virtual Power Plants for ancillary services;
5. Vehicle-to-Grid to transform a car into a revenue generating asset. Vehicle-to-Grid will be evaluated both in on-grid and off-grid applications
6. Impact of EVs fast charging on the grid structure and optimization strategies
Main topics:
18/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
Dipartimento di Eccellenza
The Energy Department willdevelop projects and
laboratories focused on mobility applications:
Batteries Vehicle-to-Grid Power-to-X
19/18G. Guandalini - GIORNATA DI STUDIO SUGLI ACCUMULI DI ENERGIA – Ancona, 8 maggio 2019
www.gecos.polimi.it
[email protected]@polimi.it
Thanks for your attention!