Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 1 Thng 9/ 2007 TRN VN HO L C LONG BNIN TH Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 2 LI TA T nmhc2006-2007mnTinhccavo chng trnh chun ca bc Trung hc ph thng, do vic o to gio vin dy mn Tin hc ph thng tr thnh mt nhu cu cp thit. TuynhinchonnaytiliugipchothyvtrcctrngSphm cngnhgiovinphthngthamkhovphngphpdyhcmnTin hc cn qu thiu. Chnhvvy,datrnkinhnghimgingdyhcphnPhngphpdy hc mn Tin hc trng HSP Tp. H Ch Minh, kt hp vi kinh nghim ging dy mn Tin hc trng ph thng mt s nm, chng ti bin son tp sch ny vi hi vng cung cp nhng kin thc cn thit, b ch cho vic ging dy Tin h ca cc thy c gio tng lai, ng thi l mt ti liu tham kho cho cc thy c gio ang trc tip ging dy mn Tin hc trng ph thng. Cun sch bao gm 5 chng, trng tm l chng 3 v chng 4 trnh by v phng php dy hc mn Tin hc v mt s k thut dy hc b mn. Ni dung cun sch cung cp y cc kin thc cho hc phn Phng php dy hcmnTinhccasinh vin chuyn ngnh S PhmTin hc, ccchdn u c cc v d minh ho. Ngoi ra, cun sch cn c 3 ph lc, trong ph lc A v B l hai gio n ngh ca hai nhm hc vin S phm v ph lc C l d kin mt bn k hochging dymn Tin hclp 10 (c tng cngthm 1 tit tchn) bn c tham kho. V thi gian bin son c hn nn chc chn khng trnh khi nhng sai st, rt mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca bn cgn xa. CC TC GI Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 3 Li cm t Chng ti xin by t lng bit n chn thnh v s ng vin v gip tinh thn ln vt cht ca Ban ch nhim, cc Thy C, qubnb,ngnghiptrongvngoiKhoaTonTinhc, trng i Hc S Phm Tp. H Ch Minh h tr chng ti hon thnh tp sch ny. Chng ti cng gi li cm n n tc gi nhng ti liu tham kho m gio trnh c trch dn v tham kho. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 4 Mc lc Chng 1. M u .......................................................................................................................... 6 i cng v phng php dy hc b mn............................................................................ 6 Khi nim phng php dy hc (PPDH) b mn.................................................................. 6 H thng dy hc .................................................................................................................... 8 Nhng thnh t c bn ca phng php dy hc b mn ................................................... 11 Nhim v ca mn phng php dy hc tin hc ................................................................. 25 Nhim v khoa hc (nh mt ngnh khoa hc) ..................................................................... 25 Nhim v mn PPDH tin hc (nh mt mn nghip v) ....................................................... 26 Phn thc hnh ............................................................................................................................. 27 Chng 2. Tin hc trong nh trng ph thng ........................................................................ 28 Ni dung mn tin hc ............................................................................................................... 28 Cung cp nhng khi nim c bn v thng tin .................................................................... 28 Gp phn pht trin t duy thut ton .................................................................................. 33 Rn luyn kh nng phn tch v k nng lp trnh ............................................................... 35 Dy hc h iu hnh (HH) v mt s ng dng, tin ch khc ......................................... 41 Cung cp kin thc c bn v c s d liu (CSDL) v h qun tr CSDL (DBMS) ............ 52 Chng trnh mn tin hc trong trng ph thng .............................................................. 54 Vai tr, v tr, ngha ca mn hc ....................................................................................... 54 Mc tiu mn hc .................................................................................................................. 54 Mc tiu dy hc mn Tin hc bc hc ph thng v cp trung hc ph thng .......... 55 Chng trnh tin hc trong trng THPT ............................................................................. 55 Phn thc hnh ............................................................................................................................. 67 Chng 3. Phng php dy hc mn Tin hc .......................................................................... 68 Nhng vn chung ................................................................................................................ 68 Khi nim v phng php dy hc (PPDH) ........................................................................ 68 Nhng chc nng iu hnh ca qu trnh dy hc .............................................................. 70 Hin trng ca vic dy v hc Tin hc nc ta ................................................................ 75 Cc c trng tng qut ca dy hc mn Tin ..................................................................... 76 Phn loi cc phng php dy hc b mn ........................................................................ 77 Dy hc truyn thng v dy hc tch cc ............................................................................. 78 Phng php dy hc (PPDH) truyn thng ........................................................................ 79 Phng php dy hc (PPDH) tch cc ................................................................................ 80 Mt s kiu dy hc ............................................................................................................... 80 Cc phng php dy hc truyn thng ................................................................................ 85 Nhm cc phng php dng li .......................................................................................... 85 Nhm cc phng php trc quan ...................................................................................... 103 Nhm cc phng php thc hnh...................................................................................... 105 S la chn phng php dy hc b mn ......................................................................... 107 Cc phng php dy hc tch cc ....................................................................................... 108 Bn cht ca phng php dy hc tch cc ...................................................................... 111 Nhng c trng ca phng php dy hc tch cc ......................................................... 111 Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 5 iu kin p dng phng php dy hc tch cc ......................................................... 112 Mt s phng php dy hc tch cc ................................................................................ 113 Phn thc hnh ........................................................................................................................... 127 Chng 4. Mt s k thut dy hc b mn Tin ....................................................................... 128 Cc loi bi dy ca mn Tin hc ......................................................................................... 128 Nhn dng cc loi bi dy ................................................................................................. 128 Bi dy l thuyt/kin thc ................................................................................................... 128 Bi dy thc hnh/k nng................................................................................................... 130 Xy dng bi ging - H s bi dy ...................................................................................... 132 H s chuyn mn ca gio vin ......................................................................................... 132 Nhng ni dung cn chun b cho mt bi dy ................................................................... 133 Thit k bi dy - H s bi dy (HSBD) ............................................................................ 133 Hnh thc chung ca mt gio n/bi ging ....................................................................... 139 K thut m u mt bi dy ............................................................................................... 141 Dy hc khi nim, nguyn l ................................................................................................ 143 Dy hc khi nim ............................................................................................................... 143 Dy hc nguyn l ................................................................................................................ 144 Dy hc thc hnh ................................................................................................................. 145 Cc ni dung lin quan khi dy k nng vn dng .............................................................. 145 Trnh t dy k nng vn dng ............................................................................................ 146 Kim tra v nh gi kt qu hc tp .................................................................................. 146 Mc ch ca kim tra, nh gi mn hc .......................................................................... 146 Nhng nh hng i mi nh gi .................................................................................. 147 Ni dung phng php kim tra nh gi mn hc ......................................................... 151 Cc hnh thc kim tra nh gi ......................................................................................... 152 Trc nghim t lun v trc nghim khch quan ................................................................ 154 Khung nh gi ................................................................................................................... 157 Mt s kim tra minh ho ............................................................................................... 160 T chc v qun l hot ng nhm ..................................................................................... 169 Mc ch ca hot ng nhm trong dy hc ..................................................................... 169 Qun l hot ng nhm ...................................................................................................... 170 Quy trnh qun l hot ng nhm ...................................................................................... 171 Phn thc hnh ........................................................................................................................... 172 Chng 5. Tch hp cng ngh trong dy hc.......................................................................... 173 Khi qut v vic s dng PTDH v TBDH ........................................................................ 173 M u ................................................................................................................................ 173 Phng tin dy hc v thit b dy hc mn Tin hc ........................................................ 175 Tch hp cng ngh trong dy hc ...................................................................................... 176 S lc v k nng giao tip c bn ...................................................................................... 179 Hng dn s dng bng phn trong dy hc .................................................................... 181 Phn thc hnh ........................................................................................................................... 182 Ph lc. ........................................................................................................................................ 183 Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 6 C Ch h n ng g 1 1. . M M u u i i c c n ng g v v p ph h n ng g p ph h p p d d y y h h c c b b m m n n Khi nim phng php dy hc (PPDH) b mn PPDH b mn v gio dc hc Phng php dy hc (PPDH) b mn l mt b phn ca gio dc hc. Giodchcnghincuqutrnhgiodc,nhngquylutcaqutrnhny. Nhng quy lut phn nh nhng mi lin h bn cht, ttyu, ph bin trong qu trnh gio dc nh quy lut thng nht bin chng gia dy v hc, quy lut v tnh quy nh x hi i vi qu trnh dy hc, quy lut thng nht bin chng gia ni dung v phng php dy hc Trongkhi,PPDHbmnnghincumtbphncaqutrnhny,l phngphpdyhcmtbmncthbaogm:truynthkinthc,rn luyn k nng, pht trin t duy cho n vic hnh thnh th gii quan, nhn sinh quan, phm cht, o c, thm m. Ring i vi b mn Tin hc, vic gio dc phm cht, o c ht sc quan trng, v nh ta thy Tin hc c mt phm vi nh hng ton cu, nn mt ngi hc Tin hc m o c km c th tr thnh mt Tin tc c kh nng ph hoi rt ln. Gio dc hc PPDH b mn Nghin cu qu trnh dy hcDy ca ThyHc ca TrNi dung dy hcH THNG DY HCCopyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 7 Nhng nhim v c bn ca qu trnh dy hc b mn Xutphttmctiucagiodcphthngvmctiucthcatngb mn,cthnulnmtsnhimvcbncaqutrnhdyhcbmnnh sau: (i)Truynthtrithc,knngcabmnvknngvndngvothc tin.Nhngtrithcnybaogm:cckhinim/nguynl,ccskin,ccquanh, cc quy trnh/thao tc, cc phng php suy lun, Nhng k nng bao gm: cc k nng vn dng tri thc trong ni b b mn, cc k nng vn dng tri thc ca b mn vo cc mn hc khc (chng hn vn dng thut ton trong Tin hc gii cc bi ton trong Ton hc, Vt l, ), k nng vn dng tri thc ca b mn trong i sng. (ii) Pht trin nng lc tr tu, t duy Bt k b mn no cng cn gip hc sinh pht trin nng lc tr tu, t duy da trn c im ca b mn mnh. Nhng nng lc ny bao gm: t duy tru tng vtrtngtngkhnggian,tduylogic,tduybinchng,ccthaotct duynhphntch,tnghp,sosnh,khiqut,,ccphmchttduynh linh hot, c lp, sng to. (iii) Gio dc t tng, phm cht o c v thm m Mi b mn cn gp phn gio dc hc sinh t tng cu tin, lnh mnh, thc c gng khng ngng, cc phm cht ca ngi lao ng tin tin nh lm vic c mcch,khoch,phngphp,cklut,titkim,sngto.ngthicn phi gio dc cho hc sinh thc tn trng cng ng, tn trng li ch chung v cc gi tr x hi. Cc dng hot ng ca qu trnh dy hc Hctplmtqutrnhxlthngtin.Cchotngcaqutrnhdyhc phi nhm lm cho vic x l thng tin c thc hin c hiu qu nht. - Cc hot ng ca Thybaogm: thuyt trnh ( mc ph thng lging gii, trnh by; mc i hc l nukincaThy, nghincuca Thy), nu vn , gi dn dt, s dng cng c dy hc, t chc cc nhm hc tp, pht vn, n tp, kim tra, nh gi. - Cc hot ng ca Tr bao gm: lng nghe Thy ging, ghi chp, tho lun, phtbiu,trnhbykincanhm,lmbitilpvnh,thchnhth nghim, tham quan. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 8 Mctiuchnhcaqutrnhdyhclhcsinhchngnmbtvlmch thng tin, v vy trong tng b mn v tng ni dung phi tm ra nhng hot ng thch hp. l c mt ngh thut trong qu trnh dy hc. H thng dy hc Hotngdyhcdinratrongmth thng dy hc, bao gm: Thy(giovin),Tr(hcsinh),Tri Thc v Mi Trng Tri thc Mctiucaqutrnhdyhclhcsinhlmchctrithc.Ttnhintri thc phi c bin i t tri thc khoa hc n tri thc chng trnh ri n tri thc dy hc hc sinh nm vng. y l qu trnh chuyn ho s phm. -Tri thc khoa hc: nhng tri thc cn thit trang b cho hc sinh tng la tui. Chng hn i vi mn Tin hc, l cc tri thc v Tin hc v my tnh in t, h iu hnh, son thovn bn, bng tnh int, gii thut v lp trnh, mng my tnh v Internet, ... -Tri thc chng trnh: nhng tri thc khoa hc c sng lc tr thnh nhng tri thc ph hp vi tm sinh l la tui ca hc sinh cng nh yu cu ca tng cp hc, c quy nh trong chng trnh hc ca tng cp hc, khi hc, c th hin trong sch gio khoa. -Trithcdyhc:ltrithcchngtrnhcthhintrongmilphcvi nhngitngcth.Ngithyphitchclitrithctrongchngtrnh (sch gio khoa) bin thnh tri thc dy hc tu theo kh nng s phm ca thy chuyn giao cho hc sinh mt cch hiu qu nht. Thy Trong qu trnh dy hc, thy gio ng vai tr ch ng, dn dt, trc ht lm cho vic dy v hc tun th cc nguyn tc dy hc sau y: - m bo s thng nht hi ho gia tnh khoa hc v tnh s phm. - m bo s thng nht gia ci c th v ci tru tng. - m bo s thng nht gia ng lot v phn ho. - m bo s thng nht gia tnh va sc v yu cu pht trin. - m bo s thng nht gia hot ng iu khin ca Thy v hot ng hc tp ca Tr. TrThy Tri thc Mi trng H thng dy hc Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 9 Ngithyphithycccmuthuntrongqutrnhdyhctmcch thc hin ng thi mt s yu cu khc nhau. V d, m bo tnh khoa hc th thng phi trnh by vn mt cch chnh xc, nhng nh vy th kh, tru tng; trong khi i vi tnh s phm th cn m bo trnh by vn d hiu, d nh, dn n vic Thy phi tm nhng k h lch lm sao cho hc sinh ddngtipthunhtmcckhinim,vdgnginghoctngtvikhi nim cn dy truyn t cho hc sinh Tm li, gio vin phi l ngi to thun li ti a cho vic hc ca tr. Tr Trc y thng c xu hng cho rng nu vai tr ca Thy l ch ng, th vai tr ca hc sinh l th ng tip thu kin thc (dn n vic Thy ging, Tr ghi). Tuy nhin, quan nim t ra li thi, t c hiu qu cao trong hc tp, hcsinhcngphicvaitrchng,vaitrtrungtm.Munvy,thygio phi t chc nhng hot ng trong lp hc pht huy vai tr ch ng ca hc sinh(lcnyvaitrcaThylg?nhvykhngcnnThynaphi khng? - cu hi t ra cho thy vn khng th loi b vai tr ca Thy trong qu trnh dy hc). Lut gio dc (12/1998) ca Vit Nam trc y cng quy nhphiphthuytnhtchcc,tgic,chng,sngtocahcsinh,bi dng phng php t hc, rn luyn k nng vn dng kin thc vo thc tin, tc ng n tnh cm, em li nim vui, hng th hc tp cho hc sinh. Nitmli,tronghthngdyhcTrphihngtivichctpchng, chng li thi quen hc tp th ng. Ring i vi trng THPT, cn ch n cc c im pht trin tr tu ca hc sinh THPT sau: - Tnh ch ng trong qu trnh nhn thc pht trin. - Tri gic c mc ch t mc kh cao. - Ghi nh c ch nh gi vai tr ch o. - T duy l lun tru tng, c lp v pht trin kh. - c c ph phn trc cc s kin. - thc i vi hc tp r hn cp di. - Hng th i vi cc mn hc phn ho. - Bc u hnh thnh khuynh hng ngh nghip. - i vi hc sinh Vit Nam: cha c thi quen lm vic theo nhm. Vvy,Thyphichnphngphpdyhcphhp(vitmsinhllatui, vi mi trng hccahc sinh, vi trnh hc sinh), pht huy c tnh tch cccahcsinhnh:hngdnvchohcsinhtholunnhm,bocotheo nhm; t tm kim thng tin v nghin cu ti liu; tham gia hc tp theo hng gii quyt vn , hc tp theo d n; Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 10 Mi trng Shiubiththngdyhcvcbitlhiubitvichccahcsinhi hi phi b sung vo yu t mi trng. Mi trng l h thng i mt vi ngi hc,nhngitngmhcsinhtipxcnhmitiviclmchkinthc. Mitrngkhngchnthunliukinvtcht,mitrnghctp,nh hng khch quan bn ngoi, m cn l cc tnh hung c vn cn gii quyt do Thy t ra, cc tnh hung thc t lin quan n cng vic, i sng hng ngy m hc sinh phi i mt gii quyt, ...Khihcsinhlmvicvinhngitngtrongmitrngcthxyrahai trng hp: - Nu hc sinh c th p dng kin thc sn c vo nhng i tng mi gii quyt vn th l s ng ho tri thc. V d sau khi hc xong bi T chc r nhnh (chng trnh lp 11), cho mt yucunhsau:vitchngtrnhPascaltmslnnht(max)ca3s nguyn a, b, c nhp vo t bn phm. Bi ton ny c th s dng cu trc r nhnh n ( if) gii quyt. Gi s yu cu vit chng trnh tm s ln nht (max) ca 4 s nguyn a, b, c, d nhp vo t bn phm, th vi bi ton ny hc sinh ch cn p dng kin thc c v lm tng t nh bi trn.- Nu nhng i tng mi tc ng tr li ch th buc h phi iu chnh kin thc ca mnh (do khng th p dng kin thc sn c) gii quyt vn ny sinh th l s iu tit tri thc. Cngvibitontrnnhngtngquthotmslnnht(max)cans nguynnhptbnphmthvicutrcrnhnhkhnggiiquytbi ton, hc sinh phi bit thm v cu trc lp, dn n phi c s iu tit tri thc. Vicnghaviutittrithccahcsinhgiiquytvncgi chung l s thch nghi vi mi trng. Nu kin thc c khng cn p ng c yu cu trc mt tnh hung, ta ni l c s mt cn bng. Khi ch th iu chnh mt kin thc c, hnh thnh mt kin thc mi v gii quyt c vn , ta ni ch th lp li s cn bng. Mt khc, t s thch nghi ca ngi hc vi mi trng, ngi hc c th hiu hnvkinthcthngquavicdngngiiquytccyucutrong nhng tnh hung thch hp nht nh. y cng chnh l nhng khi nim c s caphngphpdyhctheotnhhung(mttrongnhngphngphpdy hc tch cc s bn phn sau). Trong , tnh hung hc tp l tng l tnh hung m Thy xut sao cho Tr t hnh thnh hoc iu chnh nhng kin thc ca h p ng nhng nhu cu Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 11 ca mi trng (truynt kin thc mt cch gin tip) ch khng phi do ch quan,muncangidy(truyntkinthctrctipnhcsinh).Vic lm ny chnh l s y thc m ngi dy tm cch hc sinh hc, khng l dy (mc tiu dy), kin thc cn truyn t n hc sinh hon ton c gi ra v hnh thnh do tnh hung t ra m ngi Thy ng bn ngoi t chc v hng dn. Nhng thnh t c bn ca phng php dy hc b mn Quan im c bnca phng php dy hc l khai thc c nhng hot ng tim tng trong ni dung bi hc t c mc ch dy hc (th hin qua mi lin h hu c gia mc ch, ni dung v phng php dy hc). Nh vy,qu trnhdyhclmtqutrnhiukhincchotngvgiaolucahc sinh nhm thc hin mc tiu dy hc. Bn cht ca vic hc tp l mt qu trnh x l thng tin. Qu trnh dy hcQu trnh iu khin cc hot ng v giao lu ca hc sinhHot ng 1 Hot ng 2 Hot ng 3 Hot ng na thng tin raGhi nh thng tina thng tin voBin i thng tiniu phi thng tin...TRThc hinTHYT chc, hng dn,to iu kin Cc thnh t c bn ca phng php dy hc b mn l: Hot ng v hot ng thnh phn ng cTri thc v tri thc phng php S phn bc hot ng Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 12 Nhng hot ng trong lp hc QutrnhdyhccthhinbngnhnghotngcaThyvTr. nhng hot ng ny t hiu qu cao, gio vin cn hnh dung mt tit hc nh mt kch bn chi tit, mi phn cnh th hin cc ni dungging c kin trc di dng cc hot ng v hot ng thnh phn. xy dng v t chc cc hot ng trong lp hc cn phi: Pht hin nhng hot ng tng thch vi ni dung Xut pht t mt ni dung dy hc (tri thc chng trnh), trc ht cn pht hin nhnghotngtngthchvin,thngquaccvdminhho,dnchng thc tin gn lin vi hc sinh. Cc hot ng ny s gp phn em li kt qu l gip hc sinh lnh hi kin thc hoc vn dng c ni dung mun truyn t. V d: ging dy ni dung khi nim v h iu hnh OS (Tin 10) Gi cho hc sinh suy ngh v tr li: Thy v Tr (ni ring), mi ngi trong x hi VN giao tip vi nhau thng qua ci g ? t vn : Vy i vi my tnh th sao ? Trongvicphthinnhnghotngtngthchvinidung,cnxemxt nhng dng hot ng khc nhau nh: Nhn dng v th hin: l hai dng hot ng theo chiu hng tri ngc nhau -Nhn dng mtkhi nim: l pht hin xem mt i tng cho trcc cc c trng ca khi nim hay khng ? V d: Trong Excel hc bi S dng Hm, gio vin a ra cng thc: = IF (E3 >= 5, u, Hng) Yucu hc sinh nhn dng c phpca hmIF,cng dngca hm IF (vit c php, v lu ) ThyTr Giao tip bng g ? NGN NG (TING VIT) User O.S (H iu hnh) Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 13 -Thhinmtkhinim:ltomtitngcccctrngcakhi nim V d: Trong Excel hc v khi nim a ch tuyt i, a ch tng i, gio vin a ra mt bng tnh Cu hi t ra i vi hc sinh: Vy cc em quan st v tm thy im khcnhaugiacccngthctrong2bngtnhtrn,thnolach tng i, a ch tuyt i, lm sao to a ch tuyt i ? TathyachtngiA1vachtuyti$A$1,vycthvit nh th ny c khng $A1 hay A$1 ? -Nhn dng mt quy trnh: l pht hin xem mt dy tnh hung, thao tc c ph hp vi mt quy trnh bit hay khng ? V d: Cho hc sinh xem trnh t sao chp khi vn bn qua cc thao tc sau: A CH TNG I -D liu ti cc nh sau : A1=5, B1=4, A2=5, B2=10 -Cng thc ti C1 l : =A1+B1=> Kt qu l 9 -Khi sao chp cng thc ca C1 vo C2 th cng thc ti ny l: =A2+B2v kt qu l 15 A CH TUYT I -d liu ti cc nh sau : A1=5, B1=4, A2=5, B2=10 -Cng thc ti C1 l : =$A$1+$B$1 => Kt qu l 9 -Khi sao chp cng thc ca C1 vo C2 th cng thc ti ny l: =$A$1+$B$1 v kt qu l 9 -Chn khi vn bn. -Edit, Cut -Di chuyn im chn n v tr mong mun. -Edit, Paste Bnhythxemcquytrnh no tng t nh trnh t thao tcbit(thaotcCopy chc nng Edit). Pht trin: Tm tt cc thao tc chnh sa, cpnhtchonidungvnbntrongchc nng Edit trn thanh thc n ca Word. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 14 -Th hin mt quy trnh: l to mt lot tnh hung ph hp vi cc bc ca mt phng php bit V d: Hc sinh c trnh by khi nim vbi ton, thut ton, bit cc cch biu din thut ton bng s v ngn ng t nhin (lit k). Nhnghotngtrtuphbintrongbmn:lnhnghotng nh lt ngc vn , phn chia trng hp, m hnh ho v th hin, tm on/ th sai, VdnhtrnhbynguynlthitkmytnhVonNeumannchng trnh v d liu my tnh x l c lu tr trong b nh (m hnh ho v th hin). Pht biu nguyn l di dng m hnh nh sau: Bc 1:i 2. Bc 2: Ifn mod i 0 thchuyn sang bc 3. Else chuyn sang bc 4. Bc 3: i i + 1. Tr v bc 2. Bc 4: Ifi = nthxut tbo kt qu 1. Else xut tbo kt qu 2. Giithutnyphhpvi quytrnhgiibitonno? kt qu1, kt qu2 stng ng vi thng bo g ? D liu voChng trnhCPUM lnh 1 0M lnh 2 1M lnh 3 2...Lnh:a ch lnhM lnha ch lin quan nhRAMa ch nh 1 wordCopyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 15 V d nh khi trnh by tng ca bi ton kim tra tnh nguyn t ca mt s nguyn dng, ta s dng cy iu kin phn chia trng hp: (Lu , gi tr i l s nguyn bt k nm trong khong t 2 n N-1) T nhng phn tch cy iu kin, hc sinh c th hiu d dng hn v thut ton kim tra tnh nguyn t ca s nguyn dng N. (Tin 10) Nhnghotngtrtuchung:tronghctpbmn,hcsinhcnphi tin hnh nhng hot ng tr tu nh: phn tch, tng hp, so snh, tng tho,trutngho,hthngho,khiqutho,cgilhot ng tr tu chung.V d nh trong bi nh dng vn bn cho hc sinh quan st sau phn tch v nhn xt hai mu vn bn bn di. Sau tho lun v tr li cu hi: nh dng vn bn lm g? (Tin 10) C nhng loi nh dng vn bn no? K tn? Vn bn th cha nh dng Vn bn qua nh dng N1 : N khng l s nguyn t Kt thc1 s thc Xut: tmp1, tmp2 l cc bin tm x1, x2, x3, x4 l nghim ca phng trnh Gii thut chi tit: Nhp a, b, c Nu (a= 0) Delta = b*b - 4*a*c Nu (Delta 0) th: x1= sqrt(tmp1) , xutx1 x2= -sqrt(tmp1) , xut x2 Ngc li: xut 'Khng c bin x1 v bin x2' tmp2= (-b-sqrt(delta)) / (2*a) Nu (tmp2 > 0) th: x3= sqrt(tmp2) , xutx3 x4= -sqrt(tmp2) , xut x4 Ngc li: xut 'Khng c bin x3 v bin x4' Ngc li: Nu (b=0) Nu (c=0) th xut 'ptv'Ngc li: xut 'ptvn' Ngc li:Nu (c=0) th xut 'ptvn' Ngc li: Nu ( -c/b) 0 khi nhp Bt uS S + iP P * in (n>0)i i + 1la so hoan chinhS = Pi Max th Max nhn gi tr mi l ai. - Max l gi tr ln nht cn tm. Xut Max. Cnluvicxydngtnggiiquytbitonchohcsinhlkhuquan trngnhtgiiquytbiton.Theokinhnghimtronggingdyphthng ca chng ti, th phn nygio vin nn trnh by v hng dn, cng nh gii thch r rng tng chi tit hc sinh nm vng vn cn phi gii quyt, t lm c s rn luyn t duy phn tch vn , t duy thut ton cho hc sinh. B2 B2,3,5 B4 B1 B2 Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 40 Thit k bc gii Tmli,giiquytccbitonadngtrongthctin,mntinhcrn luyn cc kh nng s dng cc hiu bit phong ph v nhiu lnh vc m hnh hobiton,phnchianthnhccbitoncon,thitkccbcgiito nn mt thut gii hon chnh gii quyt bi ton nu. Mt s vn cn suy ngh khi dy lp trnh OTrnh by khi nim oCn trnh by cc khi nim sao cho tht d hiu, d tip thu v d ng dng nht i vi hc sinh. oNn th hin di dng m hnh, qui trnh. oDingingtheoliquinp,itccvdcthnginn phc tp, dn n khi nim cn truyn t. OXy dng v d minh ha oCn xy dng h thng cc v d mang tnh thc tin, nht qun v xuyn sut trong ton b chng trnh hc. oCho php minh ha tt nht c th c cc khi nim cn truyn t. oGip hc sinh tip thu c cc k nng, kinh nghim lp trnh ca chnh gio vin thng qua cc qui c, qui tc lp trnh. OBin son bi tp oCnbinsonhthngccbitpgiphcsinhtrnluyntt cc k nng c mong i ca mn hc. B3 Kt thci > Nai > MaxMax a1; i 2Max aiSSi i + 1MaxN, a1, a2,,aNBt uCch 1: Dng ngn ng t nhin Bc 1: Nhp N v dy a1,a2, aN; Bc 2: Max a1; i 2; Bc 3: Nu i > N th a ra gi tr Max ri kt thc; Bc 4: Nu ai > Max th Max ai; Bc 5: i i+1 ri quay li B3. Cch 2: Dng s khi (lu )Ch vic quy c cc k hiu trong s c xem l bit. B1 B2 B4 B5 Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 41 oH thng bi tp c xy dng vi nhiu cp khc nhau, t d n kh, t n gin n phc tp. OTrnh by yu cu ca bi tp lp trnh oCn trnh by yu cu ca bi tp lp trnh tht r rng d hiu i vi hc sinh. Hn ch ti a vic hs khng thc hin c bi tp l do khng hiu hay hiu sai . oi vi hc sinh PT, khi yu cu bi tp lp trnh nn xc nh r yu cu bi ton (input,output), cc quy tc x l,cng thc tnh ton(nuc)giiquytbitonthct.Chyutptrung rn luyn k nng t duy thut ton, k nng lp trnh cho hc sinh. OTrnh by cch gii/bi gii ca bi tp lp trnh oCn trnh bybigii/ cchgii tht r rng, sc tch hc sinh d tip thu nht c th c. oTrnhbycchgiitheotngquitrnhcngnghphnmm: xc nh bi ton, phn tch bi ton, thit k chng trnh, ci t. Dy hc h iu hnh (HH) v mt s ng dng, tin ch khc Chng ta bit rng my tnh in t v cc k thut tin hc c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh khoa hc k thut cng nh qun l, vn phng, gio dc v y t, cng nh trong nhiu lnh vc ca i sng hin i. p ng nhng yu cu ny, mn tin hc ging dy trong trng PT cng cung cp mt s khi nim v k thut c bn trn mt mi trng h iu hnh thng dng v phn mm ng dng vn phng, trong c th lit k mt s ni dung chnh nh sau: H iu hnh v chc nng ca h iu hnh OH iu hnh (HH): thut ng ting Anh l Operating System (OS). OXem xt di gc ngi dng: oH iu hnh l h thng cc chng trnh cho php khai thc thun tin cc ti nguyn ca h thng tnh ton (my tnh). oTi nguyn: CPU, b nh, thit b ngoi vi, chng trnh. OXem xt di gc ngi lp trnh: oH iu hnh l mi trng cho php ngi lp trnh xy dng cc ng dng phc v cc nhu cu thc tin. Cn lu mt s ni dung trong qu trnh dy hc Tin trng PT: Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 42 Phn loi h iu hnh C nhiu tiu ch phn loi cc h iu hnh khc nhau, sau y l mt s tiu ch phn loi: ODa trn giao din ngi dng oGiao din dng lnh (Command line). oGiao din ho (GUI - Graphic User Interface). ODa vo s lng ngi dng v s ring t ca ngi dng: oSingle-user: Mt ngi dng. oMulti-user: Nhiu ngi dng, bo mt gia cc ngi dng. ODa vo tc v (tasks) oSingle-tasking: Mt cng vic (chng trnh) ti mt thi im. oMulti-tasking: Nhiu cng vic ti mt thi im (nhiu chng trnh chy an xen nhau). ODa vo s lng CPU oSingle-processing: Chy chng trnh trn mt CPU. oMulti-processing: Chy mt chng trnh trn nhiu CPU. OMng (network): oNetwork OS: H tr giao tip mng my tnh. oNon-Network OS. OServer/Workstation (my ch/my trm) oServer OS: Dng cho cc my ch. oWorkstation OS: Dng cho cc my trm. Thao tc vi cc i tng trong mi trng Windows Cn ch hng dn thm mt s thao tc trong mi trng Windows thng qua gidythchnhcngvivicgiovinbinsonthmgiotrnh,phiuhc tp lm ti liu h tr hc tp cho hc sinh. S dng chut (Mouse) v phm (Keyboard). Chy chng trnh s dng menu Start. Chuyn t ng dng ny sang ng dng khc bng Taskbar. S dng Quick launch bar. Ca s trong mi trng Windows. S dng menu. S dng thanh cng c (tool bar). Hp thoi (dialog box). Hp danh sch (list box, thanh cun (scroll bar). Cc iu khin khc trn hp thoi (check box, combo box, text box, radio button, ). H thng tr gip (Help). Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 43 Khi nim tp, th mc, a, ng dn y l cc khi nim rt c bn v quen thuc khi lm vic trn mi trng DOS trcy,nhnghinnayhuhtcchthngchcnsdngthuntutrn mitrngWindows.Do,victrnhbycckhinimnycngctnhiu kh khn v khc bit vi mi trng lm vic DOS. C th s dng hnh nh minh ha trc quan nh sau gii thch khi nim tp, th mc, a, ng dn. ng dn - L mt chui k t ch ra con ng tham chi u n cc th mc hay tp tin , cch nhau bi du \ ( backslash ), v di ti a 66 k t .Biutngtp(file)-Tchcd liu thc t lu trn thit b lu tr Biu tng th mc (folder) - cha cc tp v th mc khc ang dn th mc kt thc ng dn l mt th mcng dn tp kt thc ng dn l mt tp Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 44 Son tho, in n, v lu tr vn phng Cc k thut v son tho v x l vn bn, in n, trn my tnh lm thay i b mt ca cng tc hnh chnh, vn th, lu tr thng thng (thay v trc y phi s dng my nh ch). thc hin cc chc nng son tho vn bn cn phi ci t v s dng mt h son tho vn bn no trn my tnh (ni dung dy hc chng 3 ca SGK 10, 2006 s dng MS Word).Cn lu mt s ni dung trong qu trnh dy hc Tin trng PT: Son tho v trnh by vn bn ting Vit Qui c son tho vn bn Ch trnh by nhng ni dung sau: oCc thnh phn c bn ca mt vn bn: k t, t, cu, on vn, oS dng cc phm iu khin (Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, INS/OVR) oMt s khi nim v thao tc c bn: con tr chut (mouse pointer), im chn(insertpoint),thanhchn(selectionbar),Shift+Enter,Ctrl+Enter, chn hng, chn dng, chn khi dng, chn khi ct, S SO O N N T TH H O O V VB B T TI I N NG G V VI I T T FONT CH TING VIT B G TING VIT Yu cu Bng m ting Vit ngdntuyticonngthamchiuphtxuttth mc gc (\) ch n th mc, tp mun tm ngdntngiconngthamchiutnhtthmc hin hnh ch n th mc, tp mun tm th mc hin hnh Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 45 oCc qui c chung khi son tho vn bn nh g vn bn th trc, nh dng sau; qui c nh cc k t c bit nh . , ( ) { } ; qui c son tho cng vn hnh chnh; Hng dn s dng bn phm ng k thut Son tho vn bn chuyn nghip phi gn lin vi k thut g vn bn mi ngn tay ng quy cch, sau y l mt s xut gi hng dn hc sinh luyn tp nh my ng k thut da trn kinh nghim bn thn ca ngi vit. Mt s quy tc luyn tp nh my oS dng Wordpad hay MS Word thc hnh theo tng dng k t mu cho. oTp g phm ch trc, sau khi thun thc mi tp g phm s sau. oNhn vo mu vn bn cn g tp m khng nhn vo bn phm. oMi ln thc hnh khong 30 ~ 45 pht vi 5 dng k t cho. oVtrccngntaytrivphilyhngcscabnphmchun QWERT nh v cc bn tay: tay tri vi cc ngn t, p t, gia v tr tng ng cho cc phm A, S, D, F, bn tay phi vi cc ngn tr, gia, p t v t tng ng cho cc phm J, K, L, ;cc phm G, H s dng ngn tr tri v ngn tr phi. Cc dy phm trn (Q, W, E, R, T v Y,U, I, O, P), dy phm di (Z, X, C, V, B v N, M, , , . , /) c phn chia tng t nhhngcs.Ngncitaytrihoctayphisdngchophm Spacebar. Lu , ngn t ca bn tay tri v bn tay phi cn s dng g cc phm iu khin (v d nh Tab, Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Enter, Backspace). Cc bc thao tc luyn tp (1) Hc thuc cc k t trn bn phm, c th l l ba dy phm k t chnh trn bnphm(dyccphmktgmkhong30phm)cngvivtrcc ngn tay tri v phi tng ng. bc ny, ngi luyn tp c th luyn chay khng cn s dng n my tnh,c nhm cc k t v nh v trcng nh ngn tay s dng trn bn phm. (2) Thctptrnmyvimuvnbnluyntp,lunhthtchmv lun lun ch g ng quy nh ngn tay phi v tri vi cc phm tng ng. Va nh va c nhm s th t ca ngn tay tng ng vi k t g nh. TrongchngtrnhTinhccahcsinhphthng,vicgvnbnmtcch chuyn nghip ng k thut bng mi ngn taykhng phi l mtyu cu bt buc,tuynhingiovinnntrnhbynhnglichthitthc(trongvichc tp, trong cng vic sau ny) ca vic nh my ng k thut v hng dn hc sinh k thut nh my ny. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 46 Phm ch ci Aaa aAa alarm animal appear attain awaken aa aAa Bbb bBb babble bribes buble barber blurbs bb bBb Ccc cCc circus circle cracks cactus clutch cc cCc Ddd dDd dawdle added delude deride divide dd dDd Eee eEe evevly events evolve energy emerge ee eEe Fff fFf fiftns fluffs fluffy offers suffer ff fFf Ggg gGg groggy gauges goggle gargle giggle gg gGg Hhh hHh health height hyphen hushed higher hh hHh Iii iIiidioms idiots inning incite invite ii iIi J jj jJj jalopy juggle junior jejune jujube jj jJj Kkk kKk kicker knacks knocks kulaks kipeck kk kKk Lll lLl lilies lulled loller lolled llamas ll lLl Mmm mMm mimics maxims maimed mammal mm mMm Nnn nNn ninety nonage noncom nation newton nn nNn Ooo oOo oppose oozing onions oblong odious oo oOo Ppp pPp pepsin pepper papers popin poplar pp pPp Q qq qQq quirks quacks quaint qualms quarry qq qQq Rrr rRr rumors rivers repair rarerly return rr rRr S ss sSs shirts sleeps shreds sister series ss sSs Ttt tTt tattle taunts taught tattoo tatter tt tTt Uuu uUu usurer usurps future upturn ursula uu uUu Vvv vVv valves velvet vivify vervet devolve vv vVv Www wWw winnow widows willow wallow ww wWw Xxx xXx exerts taxing x-rays xerxes boxing xx xXx Yyy yYy yeasty yellow yearly yonder yachts yy yYy Zzz zZz sizzle guzzle zigzag buzzer pizzas zz zZz Tay tri Tay phi432 11' 2' 3'4'Hng c s nh v hai bn tay Tay tri Tay phi V tr 2 bn tay Tay tri: 1 ngn tr 2 ngn gia 3 ngn p t 4 ngn t Tay phi: 1 ngn tr 2 ngn gia 3 ngn p t 4 ngn t Ngncidng nhnphm spacebar LUYN TP TRN BN PHM CHUN QWERT Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 47 Son bi tp thc hnh Dy hc phn mm ng dng c lin quan n vic rn luyn k nng thc hnh, do xy dng h thng bi tp thc hnh l mt vn quan trng. Cn lu cc im sau trong qu trnh dy hc: oBi tp c xy dng t d n kh, t n gin n phc tp (c ghi ch tngmckhcnhau),mibitpuchngdnchititnhiu hay t tu theo mc ca bi. oNi dung ca bi tp nn da trn cc dng vn bn thng gp trn thc tivihcsinh,ivingilmcngvichnhchnhvnphng, chnghnmtnxinnghhc,danhschlp,thikhobiu,mul lch c nhn, hp ng bn hng, oNnhthnghokinthclthuytbngccbngbiu,quitrnhthao tc. V d: BNG TM TT LNH NH DNG K T(FORMAT, FONT, phiu Font) LnhPhm ttNt lnhCng dng FontCtrl + Shift + F Chn Font ch Font sizeCtrl + Shift + P Chn kch thc Font BoldCtrl + B In m ItalicCtrl + I In nghing UnderlineCtrl + U Gch di k t SuperscriptCtrl + Shift + = Ch chch ln SubscriptCtrl + = Ch chch xung Color Chn mu k t Ngoira,dovicdyhcphnny(kcccnidungphnmmngdng khc) tp trung vo dy qui trnh, thao tc, ng thi rn luyn cho hc sinh cc k nng lm vic trn ng dng, do nn tn dng cc cng c trc quan nh tranh nh,mychiu(overhead),mytnhtrnhby,mphng,lmmuchohc sinh xem tng hiu qu ca vic dy hc. Mng my tnh T nhng nm u ca th k 21, lnh vc IT (Information Technology) c xu hngchuynithnhtngiICT(InformationandCommunication Technology), trong ng ngha ca t truyn thng (communication) gn lin vinhngkthut,thaotclmvictrnmngvInternet,vangtrnn quenthuc,phbinvimingisdngmytnhhinnay.Vvy,nhng Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 48 hiu bit c bn v mng my tnh v Internet i vi hc sinh ph thng cng l iu cn thit. Cn lu mt s ni dung trong qu trnh dy hc Tin trng PT: Phn loi mng my tnh C nhiu tiu ch khc nhau phn loi mng my tnh. ODi gc a l:oMng cc b (LAN Local Area Network) oMng din rng (WAN Wide Area Network) oMng ton cu Internet ODi gc truyn thng:oMng c dy (Wired Network) oMng khng dy (Wireless Network) ODi gc chc nng:oMng ngang hng ( Peer - to - peer) oMng khch - ch ( Client - Server) oMng ch - t (Master - Slave) ODi gc topology (cu trc hnh hc) oMng ng thng (bus) oMng hnh sao (star) oMng vng (ring) Cc cch kt ni Internet OKt ni qua ng in thoi (Dial-up modem) My tnh c ci mem (modem) v kt ni qua ng in thoi. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 49 Hp ng vi nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISPInternet Service Provide) c cung cp tn (User name) v mt khu (Password) truy cp Internet.Thun tin cho ngi dng c nhn, nhng tc truyn d liu khng cao. OS dng ng truyn ring (Leased line) Ngi dng thu bao mt ng truyn ring. S dng mt my tnh (gi l my u quyn Proxy) kt ni vi ISP. Mi yu cu truy cp Internet ca cc my trong mng thng qua Proxy. Tc ng truyn cao, thit lp ph hp vi c quan, n v.OS dng ng truyn ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) C nhiu dng kt ni nh s dng theo ng in thoi c nh (VNN), ng truyn ring (FPT/Viettel), cp truyn hnh (Saigon Tourist). Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 50 Tc truyn d liu cao, gi thnh thu bao h nn cch thc ny ang c nhiu i tng ngi dng (c nhn, dch v cng cng, c quan) la chn. OKt ni khng dy (Wi-Fi) S dng Wireless Access Point Router lm trm pht sng. Wi-Fi l mt phng thc kt ni thun tin, mi thi im, mi ni thng qua cc thit b c h tr truy cp khng dy nh in thoi di ng, my tnh xch tay (Laptop), PDA Tm kim thng tin trn Internet thng qua cc cng c tm kim VinguntinguynthngtinkhngltrnInternetthvictmkim (searching) v chn lc (filtering) thng tin l quan trng, do cc cng c tm kim ra i (search engine), ni bt nht hin nay l cng c tm kim Google.Trongvictmkimthngtintrnmng,thvnchnlclyranhng thng tin cn thit, hu ch phc vcho nhucuc nhn l quan trng nht. Do vy, nhng cng c tm kim nh Google u c nhng chc nng lc (n gin, nng cao) gip ch cho ngi dng tm kim ng thng tin mong mun.Tm tt c cc site lin quan n t kho Tm chnh xc theo cm t Tm loi thng tin khng quan tm sau du tr Tm theo nhm t (c du ~ trc t) Tm 2 vn c lin quan (dng OR) Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 51 Chc nng tm kim nng cao ca Google Vn o c v vn ho trn mng Cn lu dy hc sinh nhng ng x vn ho v vn o c trn mng khi tm kim thng tin, lin lc qua th in t, tn gu, trao i kin, v d nh: -Vn hiu bit v hnch truycp nhng trang Web en, hoc trang Web c ni dung xu, khng lnh mnh. -Vn t tn trn mng (nickname, a ch email), ch k trong th in t (signature) khi gi/ nhn. -Vn ngn chn cc th rc, bom th. -Vn vn ha ng x trong trao i kin trn mng thng qua cc din n (forum), y l mt vn kh khn v t nh i vi gio vin, tuy nhin phi cn quan tm nh hng ng n cho hc sinh khi s dng mng v Internet phc v vo nhu cu hc tp ca mnh. Mt s phn mm ng dng tu theo yu cu Chnghnnhccphnmmhamytnh:MSVisio,FlashMX,Adobe Photoshop,ccphnmmvnphng:MSPowerPoint,MSPublisher,MS FrontPage h tr cho cc chng trnh dy hc ca Intel (Intel Teach), chng trnh PiL ca Microsoft, cc phn mm tin ch: Norton Commander, Norton Anti Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 52 Virus, BKAV, phc v cho yu cu dy v hc ca trng, ca gio vin cng nh ca hc sinh.Cung cp kin thc c bn v c s d liu (CSDL) v h qun tr CSDL (DBMS) CSDL a ra gii quyt cc vn / bi ton thc t phi i din c bn hng ngy l lu tr v truy xut d liu trong mt h thng thng tin qun l, thng c gi l cc phn mm qun l. V d nh: phn mm qun l hc sinh trong trng ph thng, phn mm qun l nhn s - tin lng, phn mm qun l th vin, phn mm qun l bn hng, qun l kho, ... Hu ht cc ng dng s dng trong thc t u l cc phn mm qun l. Vic t chc v khai thc cc c s d liu trn my tnh cho php nng cao rt nhiuhiuqucaviciuhnhcccquan,cngty,Vicnmvngk thut qun tr c s d liu, s dng thnh tho cc phn mm qun tr c s d liulmtyucukhngththiuchoccnhnviniuhnhticquanv cng ty. i vi hc sinh trung hc ph thng, cc kin thc c bn v CSDL v h qun trCSDLcphnbgingdylpcuicp12,cnglmtnidungkh truynt(vtnhnhinnayvncnangtronggiaionchngtrnhth im) nn trong qu trnh dy Tin hc ngh lu mt s ni dung nh sau: -Xydngmt(hochai)vdminhhovbitpthchnhnhtqun xuyn sut ni dung ging dy, chng hn c s d liu qun l hc sinh (QLHS) v ng dng QLHS mc n gin minh ha v thc hnh t vic thit k, to lp, thao tc s dng c s d liu ny. -S dng v d minh ha c th gii thch thm v cc khi nim c bn ca c s d liu quan h: c s d liu, quan h, thuc tnh, kho chnh, thhin,b,rngbuctonvn,mcthtrongchngtrnhging dykhngc.CngiithchrvsaophidngCSDL,chcnngca CSDLvhquntrCSDL,CSDLgnlinvichngtrnhngdng nhthno,thngquaminhhabngvdcthtrnngdngm phng. -PhntrnhbyhquntrCSDLMSAccesstuykhngyucucao, nhng hc sinh c hng th v hiu r cc khi nim c bn, nn t v d minh ho c th phn l thuyt, s gii quyt theo tng ni dung nh phn thc hnh, cui cng c c mt ng dng qun l n gin. -Tronggingdynntndngvicmhnhho,khiquthocckhi nim hc sinh d dng nm bt cc kin thc. (xem mt v d minh ho bng s bn di) Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 53 S din t cc bc xy dng mt chng trnh ng dng c s dng CSDL (ng dng qun l) Vn Bi ton Phn tch/ Thit k M hnhbi ton Chng trnh ng dng ci tm hnh kho st Lc CSDL CSDL ng dngC s d liuThm d liu Cp nht d liu Xa d liu Ly d liu Xa d liuSa d liuThm d liu Ly d liu Th hin vi ngi dng Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 54 C Ch h n ng g t tr r n nh h m m n n t ti in n h h c c t tr ro on ng g t tr r n ng g p ph h t th h n ng g Vai tr, v tr, ngha ca mn hc - Nhng thnh tu mi ca cng ngh thng tin trong nhng thp k va qua v ang to nn nhng bin i to ln i vi s pht trin mi mtca xhi. Mtsqucgiabtuchuyntnnvnminhcngnghipsangnnvn minh tr tu. Kin thc v cng ngh thng tin tr thnh mt trong nhng yu t ca vn ha ph thng, l Vn ha my tnh (UNESCO, 2000). -Mntinhctrngtrunghcphthngnhmtrangbchohcsinhnhng hiu bit ban u v cng ngh thng tin v nhn bit c vai tr ca my tnh trong x hi hin i. Hc sinh bc u lm quen phng php gii quyt vn theoquytrnhcngnghvckhnngsdngmytnhphcvhctpv cuc sng nhm mc ch thch ng c vi x hi hin i. -Trongtrngphthng,mntinhccnlmncngc.Tinhccs dngtronghotngdyvhcccmnkhc,trongcngtcqunlvnhiu hot ngkhc ca nh trng. Mc tiu mn hc Cho hc sinh c hiu bit ban u v tin hc ngnh khoa hc lin quan n my tnh in t v nhn bit c vai tr ca my tnh trong x hi hin i. C kh nng s dng my tnh phc v hc tp vcuc sng ca mnh c th thch ng c vi x hi. Bc u rn luyn cch gii quyt vn theo phng php cng ngh (xc nhmctiuvyucu,thitkgiiphpvthchin).Cnhhng ban u v mt s ngh ca x hi hin i. (UNESCO, Paris, 2000) http://www.unesco.org/delors/fourpil.htm Learning to know to doto live together to be Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 55 Mc tiu dy hc mn Tin hc bc hc ph thng v cp trung hc ph thng nh sau: (Trch dn t SGV Tin hc 10, 2006) Mc tiu chung ca bc hc ph thng MnTinhcnhmcungcpchoHSnhngkinthcphthngvngnh khoa hc Tin hc, hnh thnh v pht trin kh nng t duy thut ton, nng lcsdngccthnhtucangnhkhoahcnytronghctpvtrong cc lnh vc hot ng ca mnh sau ny. Mc tiu c th ca cp THPT Kin thcTrang b cho HS mt cch tng i c h thng cc khi nim c bnnhtmcphthngvTinhc-mtngnhkhoahcvi nhngcthring-cckinthcvhthng,thutton,cu trc d liu, lp trnh, c s d liu (CSDL) v h qun tr CSDL.Thi RnluynchoHSphongcchsuynghvlmvicphhpvi con ngi ca x hi thi i Tin hc nh s ham hiu bit, tm ti sngto,chunmc,chnhxctrongsuynghvhnhng,say m mn hc, cn thn trong cng vic, hp tc tt vi b bn.K nng HSbcubitsdngmytnh,bitsonthovnbn,s dng Internet, khai thc c cc phn mm thng dng, gii c ccbitonnginbngmytnh,bc usdngcmt h qun tr CSDL quan h c th. Chng trnh Tin hc trong trng THPT (Trch dn t SGV Tin hc 10, 2006) Mt s cn c khi xy dng chng trnh v chun ChngtrnhmnTinhccatrngtrunghcphthng(THPT)cxy dng trn c s cc cn c chnh sau y: CC0. Mc tiu i mi chng trnh gio dc ph thng ca B Gio dc v o to ban hnh. CC1. Tin hc l mn bt buc cho mi i tng HS THPT , l mn khng phn ho theo chuyn ban, c dy cho c ba lp 10, 11 v 12 (mi tun hai tit i vi lp 10 v 1,5 tit i vi lp 11 v lp 12). CC2.MnTinhcTrunghccs(THCS)lmntchnnnTin hc THPT c xy dng trn gi thit l mn hc mi, HS hc t u. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 56 CC3. Chng trnh v chun mn Tin hc c xy dng da trn kt qu th im trin khai chng trnh v SGK, kin cc hi ng thm nh, kin ng gp ca cc s, trng, gio vin (GV) b mn Tin hc ca mt s a phng c th im. CC4.Hinnayticcaphng,csvtchtcnthiu,slngmytnh, kt ni Internet cn rt hn ch. c bit i ng GV cn thiu c v s lng v cht lng. V vy khi xy dng, Ban xy dng chng trnh v chun xem xt cc yu t thc t nu trn. Tuy nhin, v chng trnh v chun s c p dng trongnhiunmnnyucumcvkinthcvknngcnmbomc chun cn c i vi HS THPT. Ni dung chng trnh v chun kin thc Tng quan LpLnh vcNi dung 10 Nhp mn Tin hc - Cc khi nim c bn ca Tin hc. - Mt s k nng ban u v s dng my tnh. 11Lp trnh - Cc khi nim v: lp trnh, thut ton, cu trc d liu,...- Mt s khi nim v: ngn ng lp trnh; k nng ban u lp trnh mt s bi ton n gin thng qua mt ngn ng lp trnh c th (Turbo Pascal - TP). 12H CSDL - Cc khi nim ban u v CSDL v h qun tr CSDL.- Bc u c k nng khai thc mt h qun tr CSDL c th. Mt s im ch ca chng trnh mn Tin hc ca THPT -Trang b kin thc cho hc sinh c mt vn ho tin hc mc ph thng cng vi cc k nng s dng my tnh c bn (ni dung chyu thy tm ng dng ca my tnh). - Cc kin thc truyn t ch dng mc khi nim lm cho hc sinh c cm nhn ng v nhng g quen thuc, bit. -Sdngchunkinthcxydngmctiuvtrngtmbidy, yu cu hc sinh phi t c sau khi hc xong. -V mt kin thc, truyn t mc bit v hiu-V mt k nng, bc u lm quen v lm c cng c kin thc l chyu,saucthpdngvoccmnhckhc,vocngvicv cuc sng sau ny. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 57 Chng trnh v chun kin thc, k nng, thi Ch Mc cn t Mt s khi nim c bn ca Tin hc 1.Giithiu ngnhkhoa hc Tin hc Kin thc BitTinhclmtngnhkhoahc:citng,nidungv phngphpnghincuring.Bitmytnhvalitng nghin cu, va l cng c. Bit c s pht trin mnh m ca Tin hc do nhu cu ca x hi. Bit cc c trng u vit ca my tnh. BitcmtsngdngcaTinhcvmytnhint trong cc hot ng ca i sng. 2.Thngtin v d liu Kin thc Bit khi nim thng tin, lng thng tin, cc dng thng tin, m ho thng tin cho my tnh. Bit cc dng biu din thng tin trong my tnh. Hiu n v o thng tin l bit v cc n v bi ca bit. Bit cc h m c s 2, 16 trong biu din thng tin.K nng Bc u m ho c thng tin n gin thnh dy bit.3.Giithiu v my tnh Kin thc Bit chc nng cc thit b chnh ca my tnh. Bit my tnh lm vic theo nguyn lJ. Von Neumann. K nng Nhn bit c cc b phn chnh ca my tnh. 4. Bi ton v thut ton Kin thc Bitkhinimbitonvthutton,ccctrngchnhca thut ton. Hiucchbiudinthuttonbngskhivbnglitk cc bc. Hiu mt s thut ton thng dng. K nng Xy dng c thut ton gii mt s bi ton n gin bng s khi hoc lit k cc bc. Lp 10 Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 58 Ch Mc cn t 5.Ngnng lp trnh Kin thc Bitckhinimngnngmy,hpngvngnngbc cao. 6.Giibi ton trn my tnh in t Kin thc Bit cc bc c bn khi tin hnh gii ton trn my tnh: xc nh bi ton, xy dng v la chn thut ton, la chn cu trc d liu, vit chng trnh, hiu chnh, a ra kt qu v hng dn s dng. 7.Phnmm my tnh Kin thc Bit khi nim phn mm my tnh. Phn bit c phn mm h thng v phn mm ng dng. 8.Ccng dngcaTin hc Kin thc Bitc ngdng ch yucaTinhctrong cclnhvci sng x hi. Bit rng c th s dng mt s chng trnh ng dng nng cao hiu qu hc tp, lm vic v gii tr. 9.Tinhcv x hi. Kin thc BitcnhhngcaTinhcivisphttrincax hi. Bit c nhng vn thuc vn ho v php lut trong x hi tin hc ho. Thi Chnhvivthingnvnhngvnoclin quan n vic s dng my tnh. H iu hnh 1.Khinim h iu hnh Kin thc Bit khi nim h iu hnh. Bit chc nng v cc thnh phn chnh ca h iu hnh. 2.Tpv qun l tp Kin thc Hiu khi nim tp v quy tc t tn tp. Hiu khi nim th mc, cy th mc.K nng Nhn dng c tn tp, th mc, ng dn. t c tn tp, th mc. 3.Giaotip vihiu Kin thc Hiu c quy trnh np h iu hnh, lm vic vi h iu hnh Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 59 Ch Mc cn t hnhvxl tp v ra khi h thng. Hiu c cc thao tc x l: sao chp tp, xo tp, i tn tp, to v xo th mc. K nng Thc hin c mt s lnh thng dng. Thchincccthaotcvitpvthmc:to,xo,di chuyn, i tn th mc v tp. 4.Mtsh iuhnh ph bin Kin thc Bit lch s pht trin ca h iu hnh. Bit mt s c trng c bn ca mt s h iu hnh hinnay. Son tho vn bn 1.Mts khinimc bn Kin thc Bit cc chc nng chung ca h son tho vn bn. Bitccnvxltrongvnbn(kt,t,cu,dng,on, trang). Bit cc vn lin quan n son tho vn bn ting Vit.2.Lmquen viWord Kin thc Bit mn hnh lm vic ca Word. Hiu cc thao tc son tho vn bn n gin: m tp vn bn, g vn bn, ghi tp. K nng Thc hin c vic son tho vn bn n gin. Thc hin c cc thao tc m tp, ng tp, to tp mi, ghi tp vn bn. 3.Mts chcnng sontho vn bn Kin thc Hiukhinimvccthaotcnhdng kt,nhdngon vnbn,nhdngtrangvnbn,danhschlitk,chnsth t trang. Bit cch in vn bn.K nng nh dng c vn bn theo mu. 4.Mts cngctr gipson tho Kin thc Bit khi nim v cc thao tc tm kim v thay th. K nng Thc hin c tm kim v thay th mt t hay mt cu. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 60 Ch Mc cn t 5.Lmvic vi bng Kin thc Bit cc thao tc: tobng; chn, xo, tch, gp cc , hng v ct. Bit son tho v nh dng bng. K nng Thc hin c to bng, cc thao tc trn bng, son tho vn bn trong bng. Mng my tnh v Internet1.Mngmy tnh Kin thc Bit nhu cu mng my tnh trong lnh vc truyn thng. Bit khi nim mng my tnh. Bit mt s loi mng my tnh.2.Mng thng tin ton cu Internet Kin thc Bit khi nim mng thng tin ton cu Internet v li ch ca n. Bit cc phng thc kt ni thng dng vi Internet. Bit s lc cch kt ni cc mng trong Internet 3.Mts dchvph binca Internet Kin thc Bit khi nim trang Web, Website. Bit chc nng trnh duyt Web. Bit cc dch v: tm kim thng tin, th in t. K nng S dng c trnh duyt Web. Thc hin c tm kim thng tin trn Internet. Thc hin c vic gi v nhn th in t. Ch Mc cn t Mt s khi nim c s trong ngn ng lp trnh 1.Phnloi ngnnglp trnh Kin thc Bit c ba lp ngn ng lp trnh v cc mc ca ngn ng lp trnh: ngn ng my, hp ng v ngn ng bc cao. 2. Chng trnh dchKin thc Lp 11 Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 61 Ch Mc cn t Bit vai tr ca Chng trnh dch. Bit khi nim Bin dch v Thng dch. 3.Ccthnh phnca ngnnglp trnh Kin thc Bitccthnhphncbncangnnglptrnh:Bngch ci, C php v Ng ngha.4.Ccthnh phncs ca TPKin thc BitccthnhphncscaTP:Bngchci,Tn,Tn chun, Tn ring (t kho), Hng v Bin.K nng Phn bit c Tn, Hng v Bin. Bit t Tn ng. Chng trnh TP n gin 1.Cutrc chng trnh Kin thc Hiuchngtrnhlsmtcathuttonbngmtngn ng lp trnh. BitcutrccamtchngtrnhTP:cutrcchungvcc thnh phn. K nng Nhn bit c cc phn ca mt chng trnh n gin.2.Mts kiudliu chun Kin thc BitmtskiudliunhsntrongTP:nguyn,thc,kt, lgic v min con.K nng Xc nh c kiu cn khai bo ca d liu n gin. 3.Khaibo bin Kin thc Hiu c cch khai bo bin.K nng Khai bo ng. Nhn bit khai bo sai.4.Phpton, biuthc, lnh gn Kin thc Bitcckhinim:Phpton,biuthcshc,hmshc chun, biu thc quan h. Hiu lnh gn.K nng Vit c lnh gn.Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 62 Ch Mc cn t Vit c cc biu thc s hc v lgic vi cc php ton thng dng. 5.Tchc vo/ran gin Kin thc Bitcclnhvo/ranginnhpthngtintbnphm hoc a thng tin ra mn hnh.K nng Vit c mt s lnh vo/ra n gin. 6.Dch,thc hinvhiu chnh chng trnh Kin thc Bit cc bc: son tho, dch, thc hin v hiu chnhchng trnh. Bit mt s cng c ca mi trng TP. K nng Bc u s dng c chng trnh dch pht hin li. Bcuchnhsacchngtrnhdavothngboli ca chng trnh dch v tnh hp l ca kt qu thu c.R nhnh v lp 1. T chc r nhnh Kin thc Hiu nhu cu ca cu trc r nhnh trong biu din thut ton. Hiu cu lnh r nhnh (dng thiu v dng ). Hiu cu lnh ghp. K nng S dng cu trc r nhnh trong m t thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin. Vitccclnhrnhnhkhuyt,rnhnhyvp dng th hin c thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin. 2.Tchc lp Kin thc Hiu nhu cu ca cu trc lp trong biu din thut ton. Hiu cu trc lp kim tra iu kin trc, cu trclp vi s ln nh trc. Bitcchvndngngntngloicutrclpvotnh hung c th. K nng M t c thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin c s dng lnh lp. Vitngcclnhlpkimtraiukintrc,lnhlpvis ln nh trc. Vit c thut ton ca mt s bi ton n gin. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 63 Ch Mc cn t Kiu d liu c cu trc 1.Kiumng v bin c ch sKin thc Hiu khi nim mng mt chiu v hai chiu. Hiu cch khai bo v truy cp n cc phn t ca mng. K nng Citcthuttoncamtsbitonnginvikiu d liu mng mt chiu. Thc hin c khai bo mng, truy cp, tnh ton cc phn t ca mng. 2.Kiud liu xu Kin thc Bit xu l mt dy k t (c th coi xu l mng mt chiu). Bit cch khai bo xu, truy cp phn t ca xu. K nng S dng c mt s th tc, hm thng dng v xu. Ci t c mt s chng trnh n gin c s dng xu. 3.Kiubn ghi Kin thc Bit khi nim kiu bn ghi. Bit cch khai bo bn ghi, truy cp trng ca bn ghi. Tp v x l tp 1.Phnloi vkhaibo tp Kin thc Bit khi nim v kiu d liu tp. Bit khi nim tp nh kiu v tp vn bn. Bit cc lnh khai bo tp nh kiu v tp vn bn. K nng Khai bo ng tp vn bn. 2. X l tp Kin thc Bitccbclmvicvitp:gntnchobintp,mtp, c/ghi tp, ng tp. Bit mt s hm v th tc chun lm vic vi tp. K nng S dng c mt s hm v th tc chun lm vic vi tp.Chng trnh con 1.Chng trnhconv Kin thc Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 64 Ch Mc cn t phn loi Bit vai tr ca chng trnh con trong lp trnh. Bit s phn loi chng trnh con: th tc v hm. 2. Th tc Kin thc Bit cu trc mt th tc, danh sch vo/ra hnh thc. Bit mi lin quan gia chng trnh v th tc. Bit gi mt th tc.K nng Nhn bit c cc thnh phn trong u ca th tc. S dng c li gi mt th tc. Vit c th tc n gin. 3. Hm Kin thc Bit cu trc ca mt hm, danh sch vo/ra hnh thc. Bit mi lin quan gia chng trnh v hm. Bit gi mt hm. K nng Nhn bit c cc thnh phn trong u ca hm. Vit c hm n gin.4.Khaithc chngtrnh consnc ca ngn ng lp trnh Kin thc Bit cch s dng th vin chun: cc hm v th tc chun sn c. Hiu mt s cu lnh dng trc y thc cht l th tc v hm chun. K nng Bit khai bo v s dng hm CRT. ho v m thanh 1. Mt s yu t ho Kin thc Hiu khi nim mn hnh ho v iu kin lm vic trong ch ho. Bit mt s hm v th tc v hnh n gin: im, ng, hnh trn, elip, hnh ch nht.2. Mt s yu t m thanh Kin thc Bit mt s hm v th tc chun ca ngn ng hin dng m phng m thanhv kh nng th hinbn nhc ngin bng mt chng trnh TP. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 65 Ch Mc cn t Khi nim c s d liu v h qun tr c s d liu 1. Khi nim c s d liu (CSDL) Kin thc Bit khi nim CSDL. Bit vai tr ca CSDL trong hc tp v cuc sng. Bit cc yu cu c bn i vi h CSDL. 2. H qun tr CSDL Kin thc Bit khi nim h qun tr CSDL. BitchcnngcahquntrCSDL:tolpCSDL;cpnht d liu, tm kim kt xut thng tin; kim sot, iu khin vic truy cp vo CSDL. Bit vai tr ca con ngi khi lm vic vi h CSDL. H qun tr CSDL quan h MS ACCESS 1.Giithiu MS ACCESS Kin thc Hiu cc chc nng chnh ca ACCESS: To lp bng, thit lp mi lin kt gia cc bng, cp nht v kt xut thng tin.Bit bn i tng chnh: bng, mu hi, biu mu v bo co. Bit hai ch lm vic: Ch thit k (lm vic vi cu trc) v ch lm vic vi d liu. K nng ThchinckhingvrakhiAccess,toCSDLmi,m CSDL c. 2.Cutrc bngKin thc Hiu cc khi nim chnh trong cu trc d liu bng:Ct (Thuc tnh): tn, min gi tr. Dng (Bn ghi): b cc gi tr ca thuc tnh. Kho. Bit to v sa cu trc bng. Hiu vic to lin kt gia cc bng. K nng Thc hin c to v sa cu trc bng, np d liu vo bng, cp nht d liu. Thc hin vic khai bo kho. Thc hin c vic lin kt gia hai bng. Lp 12 Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 66 Ch Mc cn t 3.Ccthao tc c sKin thc Bitcclnhlmvicvibng:Cpnhtdliu,spxpv lc, tm kim n gin, to biu mu. K nng Thchinc:Mbngchtrangdliu,cpnhtd liu, sp xp v lc, tm kim n gin, to biu mu bngWizard, nh dng v in trc tip. 4.Truyxut d liu Kin thc Bit khi nim v vai tr ca mu hi. Bit cc bc chnh to ra mt mu hi. K nng Vit ng biu thc iu kin n gin. To c mu hi n gin. 5. Bo coKin thc Bit khi nim bo co v vai tr ca n. Bit cc bc lp bo co.K nng To c bo co bng Wizard. Thc hin c lu tr v in bo co. C s d liu quan h 1.Ccloi mhnh CSDLKin thc Bit hai loi m hnh d liu: lgic v vt l. 2.HCSDL quan hKin thc Bit khi nim m hnh quan h. Bitccctrngcbncamhnhquanh:ct(trng), dng (bn ghi). Bit khi nim kho v khi nim lin kt gia cc bng. BitccthaotcviCSDLquanh:Tobng,cpnht,sp xp cc bn ghi, truy vn CSDL v lp bo co. K nng Xcnhccbngvkholinktgiaccbngcabiton qun l n gin.Kin trc v bo mt h c s d liu 1.Ccloi Kin thc Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 67 Ch Mc cn t kintrcca h CSDL Bit khi nim v cc cch t chc tp trung v phn tn. Bit c u nhc im ca mi cch t chc ny. 2.Bomt thngtin trongcch CSDLKin thc Hiu khi nim v tm quan trng ca bo mt CSDL. Bit mt s cch thng dng bo mt CSDL. P Ph h n n t th h c c h h n nh h Cu hi tho lun nhm 1. Theo Anh/ch cc mc tiu c th i vi cp THPT, THCS c kh thi khng ? Ti sao ? 2. Vic chn cc ni dung mn tin hc cp THPT c p ng y cc mc tiu nu khng ? V sao? 3. Cc ni dung chn la c kh thi vi thi lng c phn phi khng ? 4. Theo Anh/ch nhng hc vn tin hc no cn cung cp cho hc sinh ph thng. L do ? 5.Chngtabitkhcviccmnhckhc,vnnhhnhnhiuthpnin, mn tin hc thay i hng ngy hnggi, do phn cng v phn mm lun thay i. Theo Anh/ ch lm th no dy mn tin hc khng b lc hu ? Lm vic vi nhm v c nhn Phn 1: oTho lun cu hi 1, 2, 3. Cc nhm tng hp cc kin trao i, vit bo co. oCc nhm nghin cu, trao i v vit bo co cho cu hi 4, 5. Phn 2: oHng dn xc nh mc tiu v trng tm bi dy da trn chun kin thc. oHng dn c v nghin cu sch gio khoa, sch gio vin xy dng cc hot ng dy v hc trn lp.oHng dn xy dng h s bi dy ni dung Lp 10, Chng 1, 4. Bi ton v thut ton. oTp ging ni dung Lp 10, Chng 1, 4. Bi ton v thut ton, tit 1, tit 2. Tho lun lp v nh gi cho cc nhm tp ging. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 68 Tri thcMi trngThy TrH THNG DY HCQU TRNH DY HC PP DY PP HCDng liTrc quanThc hnhHc th ngHc tch ccHng ca ThyHng ca TrC Ch h n ng g 3 3. . P Ph h n ng g p ph h p p d d y y h h c c m m n n T Ti in n h h c c N Nh h n ng g v v n n c ch hu un ng g Khi nim v phng php dy hc (PPDH) Qutrnhdyhcthhinmiquanh qualigiathyvtrvvyphng php dy hc (PPDH) phn nh mi quan h qua li gia dy v hc. Mtsnhnghavphngphpdy hc: -L cch thc hot ng c trnh t, phi hp v tng tc ca thy - tr t c mc tiu dy hc.- L h thng cc cch thc v phng php khc nhau ca thy nhm hng dnngihclnhhibidythngquavicsdngphhpccphng tin dy v hc. -Trlichocccuhi"lmnhthnohow?"v"lmbngcchno-with which?" gii quyt vn hoc lnh hi tri thc dy hc. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 69 Hot ng dy v hcLn k hoch -Thc hin - nh gi kt quKin thc no cn bit trc ?Ai dy ?Ni dung cn dy ?Mc tiu t c ?Phng php s dng ?Bng cc phng tin no ?Hnh thc t chc hot ng ?nh gi kt qu bng cch no ?Nhvy,itngnghincuchnhcaphngphpdyhclsdng phng php no v bng cc phng tin dy hc no t c mc tiu dy hc. lm c iu ny, tng ng hot ng dy ca thy s c phng php dy ca thy v hot ng ca tr cng s c phng php hc ca tr.Hot ng dy ca thy v hc ca tr t c mc tiu dy hc s da trn nhng cu hi t ra sau y (the 8 Wh-questions): 1.Who trains the learners Ai dy ? 2.What prior knowledge - Kin thc no cn bit trc ? 3.Which objectives are achieved - Mc tiu t c sau bi hc ? 4.Which contents are imparted - Ni dung no cn dy ? 5.Which methods are applied S dng phng php no ? 6.Under which conditions are performed - Bng cc phng tin no ? 7.Which kind of organisation is to arrange Hnh thc t chc hot ng ? 8.In which way results will be evaluated nh gi kt qu bng cch no ? Ngi thy bt u hot ng dy v hc bng vic phn tch cc ni dung kin thc cn dy v xc nh yu cu v kin thc nn (tri thc bit) i vi ngi hcbitsbtubidytu.Tiptheo,lvicnhnghamc tiubi dy v chn cc ni dung cn thit trnh by. Sau , quyt nh phng php dy cng vi cc phng tin, hc c, hc liu ph hp. Bn cnh , ngi thy cngphiquantmniukindyhcvhnhthctchchotngdy hc.Cui cng l vic chun b cc hnh thc kim tra v nh gi kt qu hc tp ca ngi hc trong tin trnh dy hc cng nh sau khi kt thc bi dy. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 70 Nhng chc nng iu hnh ca qu trnh dy hc [Da theo Walsch v Weber 1975] Chcnngiuhnhcaqutrnhdyhclccthnhphnquantrngtrong phngphpdyhcmngithysdnglpkhochdyhcchotng tit hc c th. Da vo cc chc nng ny, ngi thy s xy dng "kch bn" dy hc (cc bc t chc dy hc) bao gm: t vn , pht biu vn , gii quyt vn v vn dng. To tin xut pht Tin xut pht y l nhng hiu bit v nhng iu kin ca ngi hc ti thi im xut pht trong qu trnh dy hc. Nhng iu kin ca ngi hc ny rt a dng, khng ch bao gm tri thc, k nng, k xo m cn c thi , hnh vi, thi quen, nim tin, cng nhng c im nhn cch khc na. Trongqutrnhdyhc,thyscncvonhngiukincsncangi hc, to nn nhng tin xut pht cn thit t c nhng mc ch t ra. To tin xut pht cn hng ti ton b mt ni dung no , cng c khi l mt phm vi rng ln (ca mt hc phn, mt chng mc) ch khng hn l ch hn ch tng tit hc ring l (mt bi hc, mt phn ca bi hc). Nhng chc nng iu hnh ca qu trnh dy hc To tin xut pht Cng c bi hc Kim tra nh giHD cng vic nhHng ch - Gi ng c Lm vic vi ni dung mi t vn Pht biu vn Gii quyt vn Vn dngCopyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 71

C th tp hp nhng tin xut pht thnh ba nhm: - Nhng tin chung: l nhng phm cht, nhn cch khng c th i vi ni dung ang xt, thm ch khng phi l c th i vi b mn. Thuc nhm ny c th k bao gm k nng c/vit, thc k lut, tinh thn thi hc tp, - Nhng tin b mn (Tin hc): l nhng iu kin cn thit, tuy in hnh i vi mn hc (Tin hc) nhng khng phi l c th i vi ni dung ang xt, chng hn nh trnh suy din logic, thi i vi mn hc, t duy thut ton, -Nhngtincth:lnhngiukinvtrithcnhknngc th i vi ni dung ang xt. ngnhintrongdyhctaphibomnhngiukinthuccbanhm nitrn,nhngkhinititotinxutphtvitcchlmtchcnng iu hnh qu trnh dy hc, ta ch i su vo nhm th ba. Vic to tin xut pht thng phi tin hnh theo quy trnh sau: (i)Giovinphinmnidungvkhilngtrithc,knngcnthit.Mun vy, iu quan trng lcn phi nghin cu nhng ti liuch ochyu nh: ti liu bi dng v tp hun chng trnh, sch gio khoa, sch gio vin. (ii) Gio vin cn bit nhng tri thc v k nng cn thit c sn hc sinh ti mc no, iu ny c th c thc hin nh qu trnh theo di t trc hoc bngbinphpkimtra(kimtrachtlngunm,kimtrauvo,phiu thm d, ) (iii)Chotihinnhngtrithcvknngcnthit.Victihincthc thc hin theo hai cch: -Tihintngminh,tclgiovinchohcsinhntpnhngtri thc, k nng cn thit mt cch tng minh trc khi dy ni dung mi. - Ti hin n tng, tc l nhng tri thc, k nng cn thit c ti hin nhnglcthchhp,trongmilinquanvitngnidungmich khngtchthnhmtpharingbit(trnhbytrcgingnhtihin tng minh). Thngthng,tihintngminhcdngnhiuitnghcsinhyu km v nhng lp di, cn ti hin n tng hay c s dng hc sinh kh gii v nhng lp trn. Tuy nhin, nhn chung ta nn phi hp c hai cch trn trong vic ti hin tri thc v k nng. Tm li, to tin xut pht l mt iu kin quyt nh thnh cng trong vic dyhcbmn(Tinhc).Bngcchtihinthchhp,ngithycnch thitlpnhngtinchung,nhngtinbmn(Tinhc),lntrithc,k nng c th cho ch cn dy. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 72 Hng ch v gi ng c Chc nng ny c trnh by trong phn nhng thnh t c bn ca qu trnh dy hc, cn b sung thm mt s im sau: -Thy cn bao qut c mc ch ton b (chng trnh hc) ln mc ch b phn (bi hc c th), c mc ch lu di (cp hc, gio dc con ngi) ln mc ch c th trc mt (lp hc). Trong cch nhn ny, mc ch b phn, trc mt nh s biu hin ca mc ch ton b, nh nhng ci mc nh du con ng i n mcchludi.Mcchtonb,ludinhhngchomcchbphn, trcmt.Mcchbphn,trcmtphiphctngvcthhomcch ton b, lu di. -Thycntrnhmtssailmcachnghahnhthckhihngch.Hai trng hp sau y ng c lu : -Vic s dng t ng, thut ng m hc sinh cha hiu, hoc cha c bit qua trong khi hng ch s khng em li hiuqu mong mun. V dnu gio vin khi gii thiu bi mi, ni rng "hm nay chng ta s c hc vmng mt chiu , th iu ny cha c tc dng hng ch do hc sinh thi im cha c khi nim v mng, mng mt chiu.-Vichngchcngsthiuqununhkhnglmchohcsinhthy cmilinhgiamcchtravitrithcmhc(trithc bit). Bn cht ca vic hng ch l dn dt ngi hc i t gii hn ca iu bit chuyn sang iu cha bit.V d hng ch cho vic hc cc trng hp chng trnh con c tham s tr v tham s bin. C th bt u t mt iu bit l chng trnh con khngcthams,chothchinmtslnhlligichngtrnhcon khng c tham s ny, yu cu hc sinh nhn xt v cc li gi ny (li gi l hontongingnhau,xlgingnhau,vidliulgingnhau).Nhng vntralkhithchinmtsligichngtrnhcnthitphic nhng b d liu khc nhau a vo chng trnh con x l, t dn n phi c s truyn cc gi tr ca d liu vo (tham s tr). i khi gi tr ca tham s c sinh ra hoc thay i trong chng trnh con cn phi c lu gi li, iu ny dn n cn c khi nim truyn bin vo chng trnh con (tham s bin). -Thy cn ch khng phi ch gi ng c cho nhng hot ng hoc ch c th,nhtmgiithutspxpmngmtchiu theothttngdn,hnhthnh thtcnhp/xut,hmxl,mcnccnhnghotng,nhngphng thc lm vic c tc dng lu di nh khi qut ho, h thng ho, quy l v quen, nhtmgiithutspxpmng(theothttnghocgim,hoctheomt tiu ch no ), s dng s th tc/hm thit k chng trnh, -ngthivivicgingcxutphttnhngyucucthtronghot ng hc tp cn c nhng kh nng gi ng c xut pht t yu cu ca x hi, Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 73 t ngha v ca mi ngi i vi t quc, ... Nhng kh nng ny ngy cng pht trin theo la tui v theo cp hc. Lm vic vi ni dung mi Chc nng ny c gi l Lm vic vi ni dung mi ch khng gi l Ging bi mi trnh s hiu lm nguy him l ch c Thy ni, Tr nghe. Vic thc hin chc nng ny nn din ra nh sau: (i) Thy to nhng tnh hung gi ra nhng hot ng tng thch vi ni dung v mc ch dy hc (mc tiu bi hc). (ii) Tr hot ng t gic, tch cc v sng to, c s giao lu gia nhng thnh vin trong tp th (tr vi tr, tr vi thy). (iii) Thy c tc ng iu chnh, chng hn gip hc sinh vt qua nhng kh khnbngcchphntchmthotngthnhnhngthnhphnnginhn, hoccungcpchohcsinhmtstrithcphngphpvnichungliu chnh mc kh khn ca nhim v da vo s phn bc hot ng. (iv) Thy gip Tr xc nhn li nhng kin thc t c trong qu trnh hot ng (th thc ho), a ra nhng bnh lun cn thit hc tr hiu kin thc mt cch su sc, y hn. Nhng tnh hung v nhng hot ng ni trn ph thuc mt cchcn bn vo ni dung dy hc. Ni dung rt a dng. N c th l mt khi nim hoc nguyn l,ncththhindidngmtquytcctnhchtthutgiihaytm onVvychcnngiuhnhLmvicvinidungmicnc nghin cu phn bit trong cc trng hp sau (i vi mn Tin hc): - Dy hc khi nim, nguyn l. - Dy hc quy trnh, thao tc. - Dy hc thc hnh. Cng c Viccngctrithc,knngmtcchcnhhngvchthngmang ngha to ln trong dy hc b mn.Trong mn Tin hc, vic cng c ch c th thc hin da vo nhng ni dung c th, ch yu l vic cng c tri thc v k nng Tin hc v din ra di cc hnh thc luyn tp k nng, o su kin thc, ng dng thc tin, h thng ho v n tp. thc t dy hc, t khi xy ra trng hp ch xut hin mt hnh thc cng c, hn na bin php nng cao hiu qu cng c l thy phi bit la chn v phi hp nhiu hnh thc cng c ng thi.Kim tra v nh gi ivigiovinvhcsinh,kimtranhmcungcpchoThyvTrnhng thng tin v kt qu dy hc, trc ht l v tri thc v k nng ca hc sinh, cng nh lu c v mt nng lc, thi , v phm cht ca hc sinh cng vi s din Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 74 bincaqutrnhdyhc.Hiutheongharngnhvythkimtrabaogm khng phi ch nhng bi kim tra cui chng, cui hc k m cn c nhng vic lm n gin hn nhiu nh: t nhng cu hi trong qu trnh dy hc thng qua vic pht vn hc sinh, hc sinh ln bng lm bi, vic xem v chun b ca hc sinh, son bi tp nh, Nh vy, kim tra l mt chc nng c thc hin rt thng xuyn v thng c ho vo ton b qu trnh dy hc. Nhng hnh thc kim tra thng c p dng: Kim tra ming tng ngi Kim tra vit ngn (t 10 20 pht) Kim tra vit di (t 1 tit tr ln) Hiu qu ca vic kim tra cng bc l r nu c km theo s nh gi ng mc v cng bng ca gio vin v tp th hc sinh. Thut ng nhgi y, c hiutheongharnglbaogmttccckiuxcnhn,ngtnhhaykhng ng tnh, k t ci gt u ng ca thy (c ch biu l ca thy) n s nh gi bng li (ngn ng giao tip ca thy), cho ti vic cho im ca thy. C s quan trng nh gi hc sinh l nhng bi kim tra, nhng ngoi ra cn phi cn c vo c qu trnh theo di hc sinh. Hai hc sinh cng t mt im s nh nhau nhng c th c thy nh gi rt khc nhau. Cngvinhngcchthctruynthngkimtranhgi(kimtraming, kim tra vit), gn y ngi ta tng cng s dng cc hnh thc khc nh: bi tp trc nghim, kim tra trc nghim (vi nhiu kiu khc nhau), thuyt trnh-bo co nhm, bi thu hoch c nhn, Hng dn cng vic nh Hng dn cng vic nh bao gm: - Hng dn hc l thuyt. - Hng dn bi tp nh. - Hng dn tham kho ti liu, t liu, c sch. -Hngdnchunbchobihcsauvmtkinthc,dngchc tp, Trong , ni dung ch yu l hng dn bi tp nh. Vic gii bi tp nh l mt dng hot ng c lp ca hc sinh, y hc sinh phi lm vic khng c sgiptrctipvtichcagiovin.Vvy,vnbinsonhthng bi tp, bin son cc hng dn bi tp l rt cn thit v quan trng i vi gio vin, c bit l gio vin Tin hc. Chc nng ca vic hng dn cng vic nh l: -Cng c kin thc. -Rn luyn k nng, k xo v pht trin nng lc. -To tin xut pht cho gi hc sau. -Lm t liu v phng tin dy ni dung ca gi hc sau. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 75 Hin trng ca vic dy v hc Tin hc nc ta [Kho st n thi im nm hc 2006-2007] Gio vin -a s khng c o to bi bn v c h thng. Cc trng s phm ch mi otogiovinchnhquyngnhsphmTintrongvinmtrliyvs lng ra trng cn rt t. -Nhng ngi tho Tin hc th thng khng c nghip v s phm. -Nhng gio vin c nghip v s phm, c kinh nghim dy hc phn ln t cc chuyn mn khc (Ton, L,) chuyn sang, sau khi hc mt s kho o to Tin hc. -Vic dy Tin hc vn c coi l hot ng kim nhim, ci thin cuc sng, ch khngphilmtnghnghipcnutcchiusu,nghincuvrtkinh nghim. Chng trnh v sch gio khoa -Ngnh gio dc b trng vic gio dc Tin hc trong my thp k qua, khng c nh hng, quy hoch. -Cc phng n a Tin hc vo gio dc thay i nhiu ln, khng n nh, do khng c chng trnh chnh thc. -Ch mi nm hc 2006-2007, B GD & T chnh thc a chng trnh Tin hc t chn (bt buc)cho cp THCS v chnh khocho cp THPT. Tng ng vi chng trnh ny l cc sch gio khoa, sch gio vin cho cp lp 6 v lp 10. -Cc ti liu v Tin hc khc ging dy trong cc nh trng v cc trung tm cn likhngphilccschgiokhoamchldngcctiliuhngdns dng,doccnhxutbninncngtcvimtsngibinsonVitNam bin dch li, hoc l dng gio trnh bin son ni b em dy cho ngi hc.Vic dy v hc -Vkhngcnghipvsphm,giovintrnhbytngbctheotiliu hng dn hoc sch tham kho mt cch my mc v cng nhc. - Ti liu hng dn thng di, hoc mi v kh m thi lng lp t nn gio vin trnh by lt qua rt nhanh, ngi hc kh khn nm vn , vic theo di trc tip cc thao tc trn mn hnh my tnh cn rt hn ch. - Gio vin t u t chun b phng tin - thit b dy hc, nn mn Tin hc m thng dy chay, vic dy t c cc cp qun l u t ty theo iu kin ca trng lp, tng a phng. - Ngi hc tn cng sc my m nh hoc thu my thc hnh cc im dch v, do vic hc khng c nh hng ng n, t pht ty theo yu cu ca tng ngi hc. Ngc li, mt s ngi hc thiu hn vic u t cho thc hnh Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 76 do khch quan hoc ch quan nn khng rn luyn c k nng cn thit, ch bit l thuyt khng bit thc hnh. Cc c trng tng qut ca dy hc mn Tin Tin hc thng c xem l rt gn gi vi Ton hc, tuy nhin phng php dy hcTinhontonkhcviphngphpdyhcToncngnhviccmn truynthngkhc.Do,phngphpdyhcTincngcnhngctrng tng qut ca n.Dy hc khi nim, nguyn l v dy hc quy trnh, thao tc Dy hc Tin trong trng ph thng gn lin vi hai loi ni dung kin thc, l dy hc khi nim, nguyn l v dy hc quy trnh, thao tc, khng ging nh cc mn hc truyn thng khc chng hn Ton hc, phi dy cc khi nim, nh ngha, nh l, chng minh, Dy hc khi nim, nguyn l trong Tin hc v d nh khi nim v thng tin, d liu;khinimvhiuhnh;khinimvInternet;nguynlmhothng tin; nguyn l Von Neumann; Dy hc quy trnh, thao tc trong Tin hc c m t theo tng bc c th t, v d nh quy trnh son tho vn bn ting Vit; quy trnh ng k mt a ch mail free trn Yahoo; Mt im ng lu l cc khi nim Tin hc c trnh by trong chng trnh (sch gio khoa) c th khng theo mt logic nht qun, v vy dn n vic kh lachnvicdykhinimnotrc,khinimnosau.Lyvdtrongsch gio khoa (SGK) 10, khi nim thng tin, d liu (2) c dy trc khi nim v my tnh PC (3), vn l cc khi nim c th dng gii thch, m t ln nhau nn th t trnh by khng theo tun t cng nhc, cc tc gi ca SGK 10 th hin theo th t trn, da vo tiu ch dng khi nim tr nn ph bin, quen thuc trong x hi gii thch chocc khi nim khc, mc d khi nim cha c hc n. Kt hp phng php dng li v phng php trc quan DyhcTintrongtrngphthngthiuquyucucnphicskt hp gia cc phng php dng li (din ging, m thoi) v phng php trc quan(xemvttht,xemtranhnh,phimVideo),vdnhgiovinvadin ging va s dng my tnh cho hc sinh xem thao tc mu, va dinging va s dng bng biu, tranh nh minh ho. Dy hc thc hnh v rn luyn k nng s dng my tnh c trng ca dy hc Tin hc l s tit l thuyt v s tit thc hnh,bi tp gn ngangnhaunhphnbthilnglp10:64(38,19,7),lp11:48(25,16,7), lp 12: 32(20,12) xt nm hc 2007-2008, c bit l nhng hc phn trnh by Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 77 cc phn mm ng dng nh son tho vn bn (8,8), mng my tnh v Internet (6,4). Ngoicctitthchnhchnhthctrongphngmytnh,ivicctitl thuyt gio vin cng c th s dng my tnh trnh by cc thao tc, cc v d, cc thut gii, gii thiu cc phn mm, ng dng, nn yu cu s gi s dng mytnh,phngmytnhkhnhiu.Do,mtstrungtm,trnghcc iu kin tt, mn Tin hc c dy trc tip trn my tnh. Phn loi cc phng php dy hc b mn Cc tiu ch phn loi phng php dy hc b mnDa vophng tin chnh trong dy hcNhm phng php dng liNhm phng php trc quanNhm phng php thc hnh Da vo mc ch dy hc b mn Phng php nghin cu ti liu mi hnh thnh tri thc, k nng, k xoPhng php hon thin tri thc, k nng, k xoPhng php kim tra nh gi tri thc, k nng, k xo Da vo cch t chc hot ng nhn thcDy hc gii thch - minh ha ti hinDy hc tm ti b phn Dy hc nu vn Dy hc nghin cu Da vo hot ng hc tp ca hc sinh Hc th ng tng ng vi dy hc ly gio vin lm trung tmHc tch cc tng ng vi dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm Mi phng php dy hc u c mt tch cc v c th pht trin kin thc, k nng thc hnh, kh nng t duy ca hc sinh nu nh cc phng php c s dng ph hp vi ni dung dy hc v la tui hc sinh. Thngthngtrongthct,nnphatrnmtcchhplccphngphp dy hc trong mt tit dy, nh vy s tng thm hiu qu o to, v gio vin s to c mt khng kh linh hot, sinh ng trong gi hc. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 78 H thng ha cc phng php dy hc Phng php dy hc c th c gi tn theo nguyn tc nh nguyn (tn kp).- Mt v ch mt bn ngoi ca hot ng dy hc (phng tin dy hc). - Mt v ch mt bn trong ca hot ng dy hc (t chc nhn thc). H thng cc phng php dy hc c bn trong thc tin dy hc c trnh by nh bng sau: Mt bn ngoi ca PPDH (phng tin dy hc) Mt bn trong ca PPDH (t chc nhn thc) Thng boTm ti b phnNghin cu Dng li Din ging - Thng bo Hi p - Thng bo Lm vic vi SGK - Thng bo Bo co - Thng bo Din ging - tm ti b phn Hi p - tm ti b phn Lm vic vi SGK - tm ti b phn Bo Co - Tm ti b phn Lm vic vi SGK - nghin cu Bo co - nghin cu Trc quan Biu din vt tht -Thng bo Biu din vt - Thng bo Biu din th nghim - Thng bo Biu din vt tht - tm ti b phn Biu din vt- tm ti b phn Biu din th nghim - tm ti b phn Biu din vt tht - nghin cu Biu din th nghim - nghin cu Thc hnh Thc hnh quan st Thng bo Thc hnh th nghim (THTN) Thng bo Thc hnh quan st - tm ti b phn Thc hnh th nghim - tm ti b phn Thc hnh quan st - nghin cu Thc hnh th nghim - nghin cu Davocsphnloitrn,tnhngphngphpchung,ccphngphp mkhitruynthccloikinthcbmn,giovinphibitvndngn mtcchhplvoqutrnhdyhc,phixemnthucloino,nhmno, tn c th, phng php c bn no.D D y y h h c c t tr ru uy y n n t th h n ng g v v d d y y h h c c t t c ch h c c c c Nhbit,hthngdyhcviccthnhphn:thytrtrithcmi trng, trong hot ng dy ca thy v hot ng hc ca tr ng vai tr rt quantrngdnnthnhcngcamtgidy.Munvy,thyphisdng mtcchlinhhotccphngphpdyhcsaochophhptcmc ch dy hc, trong cc phng php dy hc quen thuc t xa n nay nh dinging,thuyttrnh,mthoi,cgichunglphngphpdyhc truyn thng. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 79 Gn y, cc nh tm l s phm v gio dc ch trng nhiu n vic nghin cuimiphngphpdyhc,cthlchuynitvicsdngcc phng php dy hc truyn thng thnh cc phng php dy hc tch cc, hoc trongnhngiukinhnchthphatrn,hockthpmtphnccphng php dy hc tch cc vo qu trnh dy hc ca gio vin kch thch nhu cu v ng c hc tp ca hc sinh. Phng php dy hc (PPDH) truyn thng Cc c im ca phng php dy hc truyn thngGiovin:vngivtrtrungtmcahthngdyhc,ctrchnhimtruyn t kin thc cho hc sinh. Tuy nhin,gio vin ch ti vic m thoi vi hc sinh (vn p,gim, ), c s dng cc phng tin dyhc (bng biu, mytnh,),cthchnhquanst,luyntpnngcaochtlngdyv hc. Vi hnh thc ny gio vin quan tm ch yu ti cch trnh by ca mnh sao cho sng sa, r rng, logic v d hiu, nhng cha quan tm n "ci m hc sinh cn nm c" (nhu cu c nhn ca ngi hc). Giovinchmbomtsnguyntcvphngphpsphmtng qut nh: m bo tnh h thng, tnh trc quan, va sc, v ch c bit n k thut t cu hi. Hc sinh: hc theo kiu bt chc v th ng tip thu. H c gng ghi nh v p dng ng mu m gio vin trnh by. Kin thc: vn c cho trc tip v di dng c sn, phi hon cnh ho, phi thi gian ho, phi c nhn ho v mang ngha hnh thc. Gio vin cng coi trng vic luyn tp v n tp. nh gi: gio vin c vai tr gn nh tuyt i. Nhm cc phng php dy hc truyn thng +Nhmccphngphpdngli:dingingthngbo,thuyttrnh,m thoi (vn p) thng bo, lm vic vi sch, + Nhm cc phng php trc quan: biu din vt t nhin/ vt tht, biu din vttngtrnghaytnghnh,biudinthcnghim,bngghihnh,n chiu, phim vido, +Nhmccphngphpthchnh:luyntp,thchnhquanstvphng on, thc hnh th nghim,.. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 80 Phng php dy hc (PPDH) tch cc Cc c im ca phng php dy hc tch cc Gio vin: t nguyn ri b v tr trung tm ca mnh trong h thng dy hc. H chcnlngiodin,trngti,cvn,tchcchohcsinhtmnhkhm ph ra kin thc mi. Hc sinh: tr thnh ch th, v tr trung tm, c hng dn t mnh khm ph v lm ch tri thc. Hc sinh c vai tr ch ng. Kinthc:khngcnctruynthtrctipbigiovinmdochnhhc sinhtkhmphquaqutrnhhotnggiiquytccvndogiovin ngh. Kin thc mi ny sinh nh l kt qu ca hot ng gii quyt vn ca chnh hc sinh. nh gi: kt hp nh gi ca Thy v t nh gi ca Tr. Cc phng php dy hc tch cc: dy hc nu vn (dy hc pht hin-gii quyt vn ), dy hc theo tnh hung, dy hc phn ho, dy hc theo d n, Mt s kiu dy hc Ccphngphpdyhcucgnvimtkiudyhctngngtrong qu trnh dy hc.Ngi ta chia ra ba kiu dy hc chnh l:-Kiu dy hc thng bo. -Kiu dy hc nu vn .-Kiu dy hc nghin cu.Kiu dy hc thng boKiu dy hc thng bo c th c tm tt bng s sau,Hc sinh Gio vinKin thc cn hcTri thc cn tmS kiu dy hc thng bo Bn chtGio vin ginggii- minh ha kin thc v cch thc hnh ng cho hc sinh, cn hc sinh ch tip thu, ti hin theo cc thao tc mu.Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 81 Giovinnghincunidungkinthc,saubngphngphpdngli truyn t thng tin n hc sinh v hc sinh s hc bi ghi c trn lp. Trnh t thc hin - t vn : gio vin thng bo ni dung sp hc di dng chung nht to s ch hc sinh.- Pht biu vn :gio vin nucu hivi mc ch pht biu vn sp trnh by.- Gii quyt vn : ni dung chnh ca bi ging c trnh by y c th bng con ng quy np hoc din dch.- Vn dng: tm c ng ca gio vin mt cch r rng, chnh xc, nu bt vn c bn, mu cht ca bi ging, mang tnh khi qut cao. u im-Truyntckhilnglnccthngtinchthng,chnhxc trong thi gian ngn.- Cn t phng tin dy hc, t tn cng sc. Nhc im- Theo xu hng p t - Cha pht huy y tnh tch cc, c lp v t duy sng to ca hc sinh. Mt s phng php p dng kiu dy hc thng bo+ Nhm phng php dng li - thng bo (din ging, trn thut, vn p, sch gio khoa, bng ghi m...).+ Nhm phng php trc quan - thng bo (th nghim, vt tht, m hnh, tranh, bng biu, phim Video, my tnh, tham quan...).Kiu dy hc nu vn Kiu dy hc nu vn c th c tm tt bng s sau, Gio vinTri thc cn tmHc sinhKin thc cn hc Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 82 Bn cht Gio vin nu ra cho hc sinh mt vn cn gii quyt (tnh hung gi vn ) ng thi to iu kin hc sinh t lc gii quyt vn trn c s nhng mi lin h ci c v ci cn bit, gia iu bit v iu cha bit.- Vn : c th l nhng mu thun, kh khn, vng mc m thin nhin x hi hay khoa hc t ra cho con ngi gii quyt. - Tnh hung gi vn : l tnh hung c vn trong hc sinh nhn thc c vn cn gii quyt, mong mun (c nhu cu) gii quyt vn v c kh nng gii quyt vn vi s n lc nht nh. Trnh t thc hin,gm 4 giai on + Giai on 1: nh hngBc 1: Nu vn .Bc 2: a hc sinh vo tnh hung c vn .Bc 3: Pht biu vn mt cch c th, r rng. + Giai on 2: Lp k hochBc 4: Hc sinh huy ng tri thc, tch ly t liu.Bc 5: xut gi thuyt, d on cc phng n.Bc 6: Lp k hoch gii quyt. + Giai on 3: Thc hinBc 7: Thc hin k hoch gii quyt. Bc 8: nh gi vic thc hin. Nu ng th tip tc sang bc 9. Nu bt hp l (sai) tr li bc 6. Bn cht ca kiu dy hc nu vn OKiu dy hc nu vn l tp hp nhiu PPDHc th nhm t chc hot ng nhn thc ca HS theo con ng hnh thnh v gii quyt vn . ODy hc nu vn nm trong h PPDHtch cc vi quan im hc sinh l trung tm ca qu trnh dy hc. OCc PPDHnh din ging, m thoi, th nghim...theo kiu nu vn u c hiu qu mang li s hng th cho HS chun b tip thu kin thc mi, tng cng nng lc hot ng c lp, sng to ca ch th nhn thc. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 83 + Giai on 4: Vn dngBc 9: Pht biu kt lun v cch gii quyt.Bc 10: Th nghim v ng dng thc t. Cc mc v hnh thc dy hc nu vn + Cc mc vn dng kiu dy hc nu vn Mc nghin cu: hc sinh thc hin 10 bc.Mc tm ti b phn: hc sinh khng thc hin y 10 bc.Mc thng bo: gio vin thc hin c 10 bc. + Hnh thc dy hc nu vn : c th thc hin trn lp, cho tng nhm nh, hoc nh. u im- Kiu dy hc mang tnh tch cc. - Hc sinh nm tri thc vng chc, sng to, linh hot. - Hc sinh nm c phng php t hc.- Hc sinh pht trin c t duy.- Hc sinh xy dng c nim tin v kh nng ca mnh. Nhc im- Gio vin tn nhiu thi gian u t cho vic dy hc. - Gio vin cn nhiu iu kin h tr (c s vt cht, phng tin).- Khng phi lc no cng p dng c (iu kin thc hin). Mt s phng php p dng kiu dy hc nu vn Nhmphngphpdyhcnuvn:dingingnuvn,mthoinu vn , nghin cu nu vn , Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 84 Hc sinhGio vinKin thc cn hcTri thc cn tmS kiu dy hc nghin cuKiu dy hc nghin cu Kiu dy hc nghin cu c th c tm tt bng s sau, Bn chtGiovinnutinghincucnhcsinhbngtmti,sngtoslngi trc tip tc ng vo i tng nghin cu, tm ti ton b vn . Trnh t thc hin,gm 4 giai on + Giai on 1: nh hngBc 1: t vn bng cch thng bo ti liu nghin cuBc 2: Pht biu vn , nu nhim v ca ti + Giai on 2: Lp k hochBc 3: Huy ng tri thc, tch ly t liuBc 4: xut gi thuyt, d on phng n gii quytBc 5: Lp k hoch gii quyt + Giai on 3 : Thc hin k hochBc 6: Thc hin k hoch gii quyt Bc 7: nh gi vic thc hin. Nu ng th tip tc sang bc8. Nu sai th tr li bc 4Bc 8: Pht biu kt lun + Giai on 4 : Kim tra nh gi cui cngBc 9: Kim tra ng dng kt lun ca k hoch gii quyt nh giy l phng php dy hc tt nht trau di t duy, tnh t lc, sng to ca hc sinh. Tuy nhin nn s dng phng php ny cc lp cui cp v vi i tng hc sinh tng i kh gii. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 85 C C c c p ph h n ng g p ph h p p d d y y h h c c t tr ru uy y n n t th h n ng g Nhm cc phng php dng liPhng php din ging (thuyt trnh)Phng php din ging l phng php trnh by c h thng, sng to, bng li ni sinh ng theo mt trnh t logic cht ch, mt khi lng tri thc ln, phong ph cho hc sinh. Thng qua din ging, gio vin trnh by nhng vn c tnh cht thi s, phc tp v mi m trong thi gian ngn; thng thng trong qu trnh dy hc l cc tri thc chng trnh, nhng vn ny tc ng mnh m n t tng, tnh cm cahcsinhngthititkimvmtkinht,vchcnmtgiovincth phc v mt s lng kh ln hc sinh. Tuynhintrongqutrnhdinging,hcsinhdthng,cngthngvmt mi, cng v sau cng gim s ch ca hc sinh; kh c bit ha vic dy hc v c th xa ri thc tnu khng bit kt hpvi cc phng php khc. Din ging c vai tr ch o trong mt chng mc, cn bit kt hp din ging vi cc hnhthctchcdyhcnhmthoiphtvn,tholun,quanstthc nghim, Phng php din ging - thng bo (thuyt trnh - thng bo)Sau y ta xem xt mt s c trng ca phng php, Bn cht Tnhchtthngbotrongligingcagiovinlimnibtcaphng phpny,cnhcsinhchnghe,nhn,hiu,ghichpvghinh.Hcsinhth ng nm tri thc c gio vin chun b v trnh by mt cch cht ch trong thi gian tng i di.Yu cu-Hc sinh nm ti liu theo mt trnh t logic cht ch.-Li ging phi gy cm xc mnh, n tng su sc.-Mtdidngngngnvccskinringr,truynthccthngs, trnh by cc quan h v cho nhng khi qut.-B sung cc ti liu ngoi sch gio khoa nh gio trnh bin son, sch tham kho.-m bo tnh dn ch, thng nht gia gio vin v hc sinh. Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 86 Trnh t thc hin Phng php thuc kiu dy hc thng bo, nn trnh t thc hin bao gm: + Bc 1: t vn , gio vin thng bo dng chung nht, khi qut, nhm gy s ch hc sinh v vn mi sp hc.+ Bc 2: Pht biu vn , gio vin t nhng cu hi c th vch ra trng tm ca bi hay thng bo dn bi chnh ca tit ging nhm to nhu cu mun hiu bit ca hc sinh.+ Bc 3: Gii quyt vn , thng qua vic trnh by vn theo hng quy np hay din dch, gio vin gii thch v lm r vn t ra. Cthkthpviphngphptrcquan(tranhv,mhnh,vtmu,th nghim), gio vin trnh by, lm r c ch, sau nu khi nim, quy trnh.+ Bc 4: Kt lun, l s kt tinh ca bi ging, s khi qut nht bn cht vn nghin cu bng nhng pht biu sc tch, cht ch.Ngoi ra, c th vn dng kin thc hc vo cc bi tp, v d minh ho c th hc sinh hiu su vn v c kh nng ng dng kin thc hc vo thc t. Phng php din ging (thuyt trnh) thng bo l phng php dy hc c s dng rt ph bin trong dy hc b mn cc trng ph thng t trc n nay.V d minh ho 01 S dng phng php din ging thng bo trnh by ch "KHI NIM V THNG TIN V D LIU" (SGK 10, 2006) (1) t vn Em bit c g khi quan st cc hnh nh ? a) n giao thng b) Phiu bo im c) on Video clip Bo s 6 Xangsane Min Trung thng 10/2006Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 87 (2) Pht biu vn a) n giao thng: ngha ca n Vng Xanh b) Phiu bo im: cho bit kt qu hc tp ca 1 hc sinh c)VideoClip:miutsctnphkhngkhipvhuqunngnca cn bo ti cc tnh min Trung, Vit Nam. Nhng hiu bit c c thng qua cc knh truyn thng ny dn n hai thut ng rt thng dng trong Tin hc m ta cn bit n l THNG TIN V D LIU. Th no l thng tin ? d liu l g ? (3) Gii quyt vn * Nhng hnh nh, m thanh, vn bn nh trn l nhng dng thng tin quen thuc trong i sng.* Khi nim thng tin, l nhng hiu bit c c v mt s vt, s kin. * Khi nim d liu l thng tin a vo my tnh tnh ton v x l. (4) Kt lun V d minh ho 02 S dng phng php din ging thng bo trnh by ch "KHI NIM V THUT TON V CC C TRNG C BN CA THUT TON" (SGK 10, 2006) (1) t vn Khidngmytnhgiiquytccbitontrongthct,tathngcungcp cho my cc thng tin, d liu u vo (INPUT) v yu cu nhn li cc kt qu mong mun u ra (OUTPUT).Nh vy, t INPUT lm th no my tnh tm ra OUTPUT ? Hnh nh, m thanh, vn bn,. (thng tin ca con ngi) M ho thng tin 010000010100001001000011 (d liu ca my tnh) Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 88 (2) Pht biu vn Cc bn cn tm ra cch gii ca bi ton v ch ra tng minh cc bc cn thit my tnh tm ra Output ca mt bi ton. Cc bc c gi l thut ton. Khinimthutton,lmtdyhuhn cc thao tc c sp xp theo mt trnh t xc nh sao cho sau khi thc hin dy thao tc y, t Input ca bi ton, ta nhn c Output cn tm. (3) Gii quyt vn Xtv d,kim tra tnh nguyn t ca mt s nguyn dng -Input: N l mt s nguyn dng -Output: N l s nguyn t hoc N khng l s nguyn t tng gii quyt bi ton nh sau : T tng trn, ta xy dng cc bc c th gii quyt nh sau : Bc 1: Nhp s nguyn dng N; Bc 2: Nu N=1 th thng bo N khng l s nguyn t, kt thc; Bc 3: Nu N N ?(i l c ca N) v (i l c ca M)i 1; UCLNiUCLN iB.1B.2B.3B.4B.5SSi i + 1B.6 Nhp N, Ma ra UCLN l N;Kt thcN=M?N>M?N N - MB.1B.2B.3B.4 B.5SSM M - NCopyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 101 Mc 4.Phn tch 1.N=8; M=11 2.Sa Bc 4 : Nu Y>X th lp li bc 3. Khi kt thc X=500, Y=499 Mc 5. Tng hp 1. 2.Thut ton theo kiu lit k nh sau:B1: Nhp 3 s a, b, c B2: Max a; Min a; B3: Nu b > Max th Max b; B4: Nu b < Min th Min b; B5: Nu c > Max th Max c; B6: Nu c < Min th Min c; B7: Xut Max, Min; ri kt thc; Mc 6. nh gi 1.Thut ton ngh ph hp vi trng hp c th l 3 s a, b, c; khng s dngcchotrnghptngqutvimtdysgmnphnt.Khi xydngmtthuttoncnphimangtnhtngqut,ycnglmt trong nhng c trng ca thut ton. 2.Thut ton 2 tt hn. V d c th, choN = 4 vM = 8 Thut ton 1:Ln1234 i 11234 UCLN11224 Thut ton 2:Ln1 N 44 M84 Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 102 Phngphplmvicvischgiokhoa(SGK),tiliutham khoSau y ta xem xt mt s c trng ca phng php, Bn cht L phng php dy hc m hc sinh c lp tip nhn tri thc t SGK, ti liu thamkho,nhmtrangbknngctiliuvtracutiliuchohcsinh. SGK,ti liu tham kho l ngun tri thc quan trng cho hc sinh, l phng tin h tr c lc cho gio vin trn lp.Yu cu Phng php lm vic vi ti liu nn c s dng trong nhng trng hp:-Hc sinh n tp, cng c, hc thuc lng.-Hc sinh tra cu chnh xc s liu, nh ngha, nh l, cng thc, s kin...-Khi qut ha ni dung theo ch .-H thng ho ti liu theo mt quan im no .-Gii quyt mt vn do gio vin t ra. Nh vy, SGK cng nh ti liu tham kho khng ch l cng c ca tr m l c ca thy, khng ch s dng nh m cn c s dngmt cch c lc trn lp, khng ch n tp m cn tip thu kin thc mi. Cc k nng cn rn luyn khi lm vic vi SGK, ti liu tham kho + K nng tch ra ni dung bn cht t ti liu c: cn dy hc sinh lun t t cu hi " y ni v ci g ?", "ci cp nhng kha cnh no, kha cnh no l ch yu nht ?". T , hc sinh din t li chnh (tm tt chnh) ca ni dungcc,ttnmcchophncsaochotnmcphnnh c chnh.+ K nng phn loi ti liu c c.+ K nng tr li cu hi da trn ti liu c c.+ K nng lp dn bi, son cng, lm tm tt.+ K nng c v phn tch bng s liu, biu , th, hnh v trong ti liu.c trng bng cc bin php sau y:-HcsinhlmvicviSGKngaysaukhigiovinrabitp,ngaykhim u bi mi, khi gio vin to tnh hung c vn .-Hc sinh c mt s on m t s kin, gii thiu chung , cn nhng vn phc tp, kh gio vin s gii thch.-Hc sinh lm vic vi SGK khi cn nhc li nhng ti liu hc trc , lm "nn" tip thu kin thc mi.-Hc sinh c SGK sau khi gio vin biu din th nghim, thc hnh mu.Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 103 -Hc sinh c SGK khi cn ghi nh ti liu mt cchchnh xc.Bin php t chc hot ng c lp ca hc sinh vi SGK khi cng c, n tp, rn luyn k nng k xo.-Hc sinh c SGK sau khi gio vin gii thiu ni dung ti liu.-Hc sinh c SGK nhm n tp cng c kin thc trn c s h thngkin thc ca mt hay nhiu chng (hot ng ph bin nh).-Hc sinh nghin cu SGK sau khi gio vin ra cc bi tp khc nhau.Phng php bo co ca hc sinhBn chtBococahcsinhltngtrnhngncahcsinhdogiovinhngdn theomtchnotronggilnlpcagiovinlmcliuchobi ging hay mt phn bi ging. Phngphpbococahcsinhthngcpdngivinhmhcsinh thng qua cc hot ng nhm. Yu cu +Phngphpcsdngkhigingnhngbickmquanst,thnghim, nghin cu, bi tp.+ Hc sinh, hoc nhm bo co phi c dn mch lc, r rng, cht ch, v ngn gn.+ Gio vin phi c k hoch lm vic c th, hng dn phng php lm vic cho hc sinh, c mu nh gi, c phn tng kt v cc x l tnh hung.Cc loi bo co - Bo co - thng bo: nhm minh ha, m rng, c th ha bi hc hoc trn c s vn dng nhng kin thc m SGK hay gio vin trnh by. Luyn tp cho hc sinh t tm t liu, bit tp hp ti liu tham kho, bit h thng ha ni dung bi hc.V d nh, hc sinh bo co kt qu thc hnh vCc chc nng ca h iu hnh Windows. Cc bc ng k mt a ch Mail min ph (Yahoo Mail). -Boco-nghincu:Hcsinhbocochnodotmnhtm ticc kin thc mi m hc sinh cn lnh hi.Nhm cc phng php trc quanTrong dy hc Tin hc, nguyn tc trc quan rt quan trng khng ch v n c ngha to ln trong qu trnh nhn thc m cn v n c nhiu iu kin thun li thc hin (my tnh, thit b truyn thng). Tyvo cc loi phng tin trc quan c s dng trong dy hc, ngi ta thng phn chia ra 3 phng php:Copyright by Duc-Long, Le 2007 104 Phng php biu din cc vt tng hnh.Phng php biu din cc vt t nhin, vt tht.Phng php biu din cc th nghim.Dbiudinphngtintrcquantheophngphpno,giovincngcn tun theo mt s quy tc sau:- Biu din ng lc, dng n u a n .- i tng quan st ln, r.- Biu din c tin hnh thong th theo mt trnh t nht nh hc sinh d theo di, kp quan st.- Nn phi hp, b sung cc loi phng tin trc quan khc nhau.- Hng dn hc sinh cch quan st, cc lu trc khi biu din.Phng php biu din vt tng trng, tng hnhPhng tin trc quan c s dng thng bao gm: m hnh, biu bng, tranh v, nh chp, s , biu , phim Video, ... Phng php ny dng cung cp chohcsinhnhngphngtinmphngvcuto,hnhdng,cutrcv nguyn l vn hnh, hot ng ca chi tit, thitb,cc nguyn l, thutgii mt cch trc quan. Vic s dng cc phng tin trc quan trong dy hc cng chnh l mt trong nhng yu cu bt buc khi trin khai phng php dy hc tch cc. Phng php biu din tranh - thng boKthpgiaphngphpdingingthngbovivicbiudintranh,gio vin thuyt trnh, ging gii ni dung kin thc da trn tranh nh.Chng hn nh, khi dyni dung "Bi ton v thut ton" (SGK 10, 2006), gio vinsaukhitrnhbycctnhchtcathuttonsminhhatrcquanbng tranh "S khi biu din thut ton tm USCLN ca 2 s nguyn dng a, b" v da trn gii thch chi tit.Phng php biu din tranh - tm ti b phn Mcchlnghincukhmphtngphn.Kthpgiaphngphpm thoi vi vic biu din tranh hc sinh tham gia gii quyt vn do gio vin a ra.Gio vin tun t v s ln bng, hoc xy dng tng bc thao tc trn tranh da theo s tham gia tr li ca hc sinh. Bng cch ny, vic nghin cu v khi nim/nguynlcntruynttronggihckchthchcsthamgiatch cc ca hc sinh trong vic khm ph gii quyt vn tng phn.Phng php biu din vt tht Nhmtrnhbycckinthcvmt,cim,hnhthnhmiquanhgia cutovchcnng,xemxtnguynlhotng,nguynllmviccavt tht mt cch trc quan, sinh ng, mang tnh thc t cao, gip hc sinh tip cn vn mt cch r rng t hc sinh d hiu bi hc, c hng th trong hc tp.Copyright by Duc-Long, Le - 2007 105 Phng php biu din vt tht - thng bo Phng php mang tnh cht b sung, minh ha trong qu trnh dy hc.Giovinsdngmuvttht,chohcsinhquanstvtrlinhngcuhi ca gio vin. Thng thng tin hnh qua cc bc: Bc 1, gio vin thng bo cho hc sinh khi nim.Bc 2, cho hc sinh quan st mu vt.Phng php biu din vt tht - tm ti b phnKin thc mi c hnh thnh qua vic t chc cho hc sinh quan st vt tht v t nhn xt thng qua cc thao tc t duy.Nhm cc phng php thc hnhDy hc thc hnh l mt trong nhng c trng caphng php dy hc mn Tin. Thc hnh l s