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CHNG 5: TRM PHT IN TU THY

5.1. CU TRC CA TRM PHT IN TU THY

5.2. CC TI TIU TH IN DI TU THY

5.3. CC CH LM VIC CA TU THY

5.4. CC CH LM VIC CA PH TI

TNH KINH T KHI KHAI THC TRM PHT IN

5.5. NHNG VN CHUNG CA TRM PHT

IN TU THY

5.6. TNH CHN CNG SUT TRM PHT V LA

CHN MY PHT

*

*

*

2. Cc phng php tnh chn

5.7. T NG N NH IN P

QUY NH CA NG KIM

CC NGUYN L XY DNG B T NG IU CHNH

IN P CHO CC MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU

*C 4 dng h thng t ng iu chnh in p in hnh l :

- H thng t ng iu chnh in p theo nhiu.

+ H.T Phc hp dng.

+ H.T Phc hp pha : Phc hp pha song song v phc hp pha ni tip.

- H thng t ng iu chnh in p theo lch.

- H thng iu chnh in p theo nguyn l kt hp.

+ Kt hp gia phc hp dng vi lch.

+ Kt hp gia phc hp pha vi lch.

I) . H thng iu chnh in p theo nhiu lon :

1/ H thng phc hp dng ( Hay cn gi l b dng) .

- nh ngha : H thng T C A theo nguyn l phc hp dng l h

thng c hai tn hiu : tn hiu dng v tn hiu p hai tn hiu ny c

cng li vi nhau pha mt chiu ( sau chnh lu ) .

- Vi cu trc nh vy h thng ch c th cm bin c vi s thay i

ca ln dng ti . H thng phc hp dng ch c kh nng gi c

in p ca my pht do mt nguyn nhn l khi cng dng ti thay i

. Chnh v vy m n t c ng dng trong thc t trn tu thu cng nh

trn b.

*Ch : Cc iu kin t kch cho mt my pht in .

- My pht phi c t d .

- Chiu kch t trng vi chiu t d .

- C tc quay t nh mc .(nf = nm)

- Tng tr trong mch kch t nh hn in tr ti hn.( Rkt < R th)



2/ H thng phc hp pha :

*Khi nim : H thng phc hp pha l h thng T. iu chnh in p theo hai nhiu

chnh l dng ti (It) v tnh cht ca ti (cos) . H thng phc hp pha gm 2 tn

hiu chnh l tn hiu p v tn hiu dng hai tn hiu ny c cng vi nhau pha xoay

chiu ( trc chnh lu ).Tc l cng vi nhau v pha . H thng phc hp pha c th

chia lm 2 loi .

+ H thng phc hp pha song song l h thng phc hp pha m tn hiu dng v tn

hiu p song song cp cho cun kch t ( tn hiu dng v tn hiu p c cng dng vi

nhau ) .

(1)

+ H thng phc hp pha ni tip : L h thng phc hp pha c tn hiu dng v tn

hiu p cng p ni tip vi nhau cp cho cun kch t ( cng p ) .



- T hai biu thc (1), (2) ca h thng phc hp pha song song v phc hp pha ni tip ta

thy chc nng ca cun cm Xk trong cc s l khng th thiu c, n to ra tn hiu

Iu lch pha so vi Uf mt gc 90. T hai biu thc trn ta thy h thng phc hp pha ni

tip v song song c kh nng gi in p n nh khi ln dng ti v tnh cht ca ti

thay i

(2)

* Chng minh bng s vc t vi phc hp pha song song .

+ Khi dng ti thay i . (It= var) , cos = hng s th Ikt = var



U

I(U)

I2

I1

IKT2

IKT1

0

Hnh A

+ Khi cos = var cn It = hng s Ikt = var

IKT2

Ua

I(U)

I1

I2

IKT1

0

Hnh B

T th vect ( hnh A) ta chng

minh c rng khi c cos = cosnt

(=cosnt). Nu It thay i t I1 I2

th dng kch t thay i t Ikt1

Ikt2 lm cho in p my pht thay

i v c nh vy iu chnh in p

my pht n nh mc .

T th vect( hnh B) ta cng

chng minh c rng khi dng ti

khng thay i nu cos thay i (

tng t 1 2 ) th dng kch t

cng thay i tng t Ikt1 Ikt2

lm in p my pht tng ln , c

nh vy iu chnh in p ca my

pht n gi tr nh mc .

U NHC IM CA H THNG PHC HP PHA

* u im ca h thng phc hp pha :

- l h thng c nguyn l n gin, tui th cao ,

- H thng hot ng tin cy ,t hng hc .

- N c kh nng n nh c in p my pht vi 2 nguyn nhn chnh l khi ln

dng ti v tnh cht ti thay i v tnh n nh ng rt tt .

- Thi gian cng kch nhanh (v n iu chnh ngay t nguyn nhn gy ra dao ng

in p)

* Nhc im ca h thng phc hp pha:

- chnh xc thp .

- H thng thng c cu to cng knh kch thc v trng lng ln .

- Kh nng t kch ban u khng cao .

* Trong thc t ci thin qu trnh t kch ban u ngi ta lm nh sau :

+ Gim tnh phi tuyn ca mch kch t .

+ Thay i tr khng mch kch t trong gii hn t kch .

+ Gia tng t d ban u ..

NGUYN L XY DNG B T NG IU CHNH IN P

THEO LCH

II). H thng iu chnh in p theo lch .

- Mt trong nhng nhc im c bn ca h thng iu chnh in p theo nhiu ( phc hp pha ) l

chnh xc khng cao. iu cng tht d hiu v h thng phc hp pha ch c kh nng gi in

p n nh do hai nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s dao ng in p l dng ti v tnh cht ca ti.

M khi ni n cc nguyn nhn gy dao ng in p ta cn phi k n s thay i tc quay ca

diezen ( n = 5% ) v s thay i nhit ca cun dy kch t. H thng phc hp pha khng c

kh nng gi n nh in p ca my pht khi c cc nguyn nhn khc hai nguyn nhn ny gy ra .

- H thng iu chnh theo lch khng quan tm n nhiu hoc bt c nguyn nhn no gy ra s

thay i in p ca my pht. N ch bit rng nu c s sai lch in p thc t ca my pht ra

khc gi tr nh mc (hoc gi tr chun) th lp tc h thng s c tn hiu iu chnh dng kch t

cho ph hp gi cho in p pht ra ca my pht khng i. H thng iu chnh in p theo

lch ch c mt phn hi in p.(Uf) * Nguyn l hot ng: Khi in p

ca my pht dao ng khi in p

nh mc (Uf >Udm hoc Uf < Udm).

Lc c tn hiu iu khin U 0

c to ra qua b o v so snh.Tn

hiu ny c gi ti b khuyc i

khuych i ln tn hiu ln sau

a qua b chnh lu iu chnh Ikt

ln a in p ca my pht v

vi in p nh mc.

U NHC IM CA H THNG THEO LCH

* u im:

- D dng trong qu trnh t kch ban u ( v ch c mt phn hi in p ) .

- H thng n gin, c trng lng v kch thc nh ,

-C chnh xc iu chnh cao .

-y l h thng vn nng c th n nh in p cho my pht vi bt k nguyn nhn

no lm thay i Udm ca my pht.

* Nhc im :

- H thng c tnh n nh ng km. Nu khi ng cc ng c lng sc c cng sut

ln gn bng cng sut ca my pht, h thng s mt n nh dn n mt hon ton

kch t. Bi vy i vi nhng ng c c cng sut tng i ln bt buc phi p dng

cc phng php khi ng lm gim dng khi ng .

- Thi gian cng kch lu hn nguyn l nhiu.

- tin cy khng cao .

- Xc sut hng hc cao hn.

III) . H thng t ng iu chnh in p theo nguyn tc kt hp .

-Do mc in kh ho v t ng ho ngy cng cao nn vic ng dng cc phn t

in t, vi mch. ngy cng nhiu. Cht lng n nh in p ca my pht ngy cng

i hi cao hn. li dng c nhng u im c bn ca 2 nguyn l (iu chnh theo

nhiu v lch) ngi ta ch to ra c h thng iu chnh in p theo nguyn tc

kt hp. C ngha l: trn cng mt h thng ng dng 2 nguyn tc iu chnh theo nhiu

v theo lch.

- H thng t ng iu chnh in p theo nguyn tc kt hp c th phn lm 2 loi:

+ H thng kt hp gia phc hp pha v iu chnh theo lch (hnh A)

+ H thng kt hp gia phc hp dng v iu chnh theo lch (hnh B)

+ Trong phn phc hp pha (Hay phc hp dng) c gi l phn iu chnh cn

phn lch c gi l phn hiu chnh. h thng t ng iu chnh theo nguyn l

kt hp th phn phc hp pha thng to ra in p ln hn 110% Um (gi l b tha)

hoc n to ra in p cho my pht nh hn in p nh mc ( khong (6090)%Um

gi l b thiu .Sau phn hiu chnh theo lch s hiu chnh ko in p my pht

ln in p nh mc.

NGUYN L XY DNG B T NG IU CHNH IN

P KT HP

5 6

F

3 4

BAF

7

Uz

Hnh B

F

5 6

U

KT

2BA

U

1

Hnh A

Uz

- Trong (hnh A) , s dng tiristor lm phn t thc hin iu chnh . My pht c gii

thiu (hnh A) bao gm 2 cun kch t c sc t ng ngc chiu nhau, dng kch t

chnh c cp t cun tng hp ca bin p phc hp thng qua cu chnh lu dit 3 .

- Mch hiu chnh c cp ngun t cun tng hp thng qua tiristor 4 ti cun kch t

ph c sc t ng ngc chiu vi sc t ng ca cun kch t chnh. Sai s in p U

quyt nh ln ca sc t ng cun kch t ph .

+ Hnh B ng dng tiristor l phn t thc hin hiu chnh trong knh phn hi in p (s

nguyn l h thng iu chnh in p theo nguyn tc kt hp ) .

1 - Bin dng 2 - Bin p 3 - i t chnh lu 4 - Chnh lu tiristor 5 - Phn t so snh 6 - B to xung 7 - Cun cm .

GII THIU CC H THNG T NG IU

CHNH IN P CA CC MY PHT IN



Cc h thng t ng iu chnh in p

G

TP

DL

C

R W

R S T

P

1. H thng t ng iu chnh in p phc hp pha song song hng Still (c).

TP- Bin dng; DL- Cun cm; C- B t ci thin t kch;

P- Cn chnh lu; W- Cun kch t.

Qu trnh t kch: Khi ng iesel lai

my pht in, iu chnh tc ng c

lai t nh mc.Nh t d c sn trong

mch t rotor ca my pht lm xut hin

Ed = (25)%Em my pht. Nh Ed

qua tn hiu p qua cun cm 3 pha DL

a ti cu chnh lu to nn dng kch t

ban u cho my pht v qu trnh c nh

th lm cho in p my pht t in p

nh mc th dng li.

Qu trnh n nh in p: - Khi khng ti

tn hiu in p c xy dng da vo

tn hiu in p qua cun cm 3 pha DL.

a ti cu chnh lu to ra dng kch t

in p my pht t nh mc.

2. H thng t ng iu chnh in p phc hp pha ni tip hng Rade Koncar.



TP

W

G

R

R S T

R C

C

TK

A

X Y

B

Z

C

x

a

y

b

z

c

x

a b

y z

c

Z

C

Y

B

X

A

F P

BC

I.V

X t

U

kt TP I.V z

R

I w

S nguyn l h thng phc hp pha ni tip

hng Rade Koncar

TK- Bin p phc hp; TP- Bin dng; BC- T

ci thin t kch ban u; P- Chnh lu; F- B

lc bo v in p nh xuyn.

3. H thng t ng iu chnh in p DISB hng A.Van Kaick



3~

2 1

2

3~

4

kt

2P

P1

wI

wwI

IR

DLui

i iwTP

U

S khi h thng iu chnh in p my pht ng

b k hiu DIEB hng Avan Kaick: 1- Phn t so

snh; 2- Phn t phn b ti v cng; 3- B ngun

khuch i trung gian; 4- Khuch i trung gian; 5-

Khuch i thc hin; DL- Cun cm; TP- Bin dng;

P1- Chnh lu quay; P2- Chnh lu t tnh.

My pht chnh v my kch t c t chung trong

cng mt v my, c trc v roto chung nhau. Phn ng

ca my kch t l cun dy ba pha t trn roto, cung cp

dng in cho cun kch t my pht qua b chnh lu

cu 3 pha bng cc it lp t ngay trn roto.

n nh in p ca my pht DISB c thc hin theo

nguyn tc kt hp gia:

- Phc hp pha song song v

- iu chnh theo lch

MY PHT TU M HNG - TAIYO

G

AVR

RT

F2 S2

Si2

SPACE HEARTER

CCT

CT

ACB

AUX

CONT

Exxx

S1

Si1

F1

RC

k l

K L

R1 S1 T1 k l K2

l2

1 2 3

A

B

3A

4A

3A

4A

H1

H2

H1

H2

R

S

T

R

S

T

VR

1 3

2

IAVR

I

ISP

R

S

T

K2

l2

L K

l k

CHNG 5

5.8. LM VIC SONG SONG GIA CC MY PHT

TU THY

- nghi ca lm vic song song cc my pht in:

+ S m bo cung cp nng lng in cho mi ch hot ng ca tu, c th ngt mt hay

mt s my khi t ti.

+ C kh nng khi ng c cc ng c d b c cng sut ln so vi cng sut ca my

pht .

+ C kh nng phc hi in p nhanh.

+ Khi chuyn t my ny sang my kia khng sy ra hin tng ngt in ( Ngun trn thanh

ci lc no cng c in).

+ Gim c trng lng ca cc thit b phn phi.

- Yu cu ca cc my pht khi lm vic song song:

+ Cung cp y nng lng in cho mi ch hot ng ca tu.

+ Cc my pht phi lm vic n nh vi phm vi thay i ti ln.

+ Qu trnh phn phi ti gia cc my pht phi u nhau.

+ Gi tr dng cn bng phi b nht (l tng bng khng)

ICB = dXe 2/

1

iu kin ha ng b cc my pht xoay chiu.

iu kin ha ng b l in p tc thi ca my pht bng in p tc thi ca li. Gi

s in p tc thi ca thanh ci l:

)240tsin(Uu

)120tsin(Uu

)tsin(Uu

0

1111C

0

1111B

1111A

v in p tc thi ca my pht nh ha l:

)240tsin(Uu

)120tsin(Uu

)tsin(Uu

0

2222C

0

2222B

2222A

iu kin ha yu cu:

- in p my pht bng in p li.

- Tn s my pht bng tn s li.

- Th t pha ca my pht trng th t pha ca li.

- Pha ca in p my pht trng vi pha ca in p li.

Thng thng cc my pht c lp t v th nghim nh my nn iu

kin th t pha lun tha mn, in p v tn s ca my pht v li c quan st

trn cc ng h. iu kin v gc pha trng nhau l iu kin cn thit phi xc

nh thng qua cc phng php ha ng b.

5.8. LM VIC SONG SONG GIA CC MY PHT

TU THY

2

CC PHNG PHP HA NG B CC

MY PHT XOAY CHIU 1. Phng php ha ng b th:

Ha ng b th l phng php ha ng b cc my pht khi cc iu kin ha cha han ta

tha mn. Khi s xut hin dng cn bng chy qua cc my pht, hn ch dng in cn

bng khi ng my pht vo li, ngi ta s dng cun khng ni my pht qua li in. Khi

tn s in p my pht gn bng tn s nh mc th ng my pht vo li qua cun khng.

Sau khi dng cn bng gim v my c ko vo ng b th ngt cun khng ra v ng

trc tip my pht ln li. Phng php ny xut hin dng cn bng nn xy ra hin tng

cng sut ngc cho nn khng th dng trn tu thy c v li in tu thy l li mn

nn phi trang b thit b bo v cng sut ngc khi s hat ng v ngt my pht khi

li.

2. Phng php t ng b:

T ha ng b l phng php ng my pht vo li khi cha kch t cho my pht khi

my hat ng nh l ng c khng ng b; sau tng dn kch t cho my ban u my

hat ng nh ng c ng b, nu c tip tc tng kch t cho n khi my tr thnh my

pht th qu trnh ha ng b kt thc. Phng php ny cng xut hin dng cn bng nn

xy ra hin tng cng sut ngc cho nn cng khng th dng trn tu thy c.

3. Phng php ha ng b chnh xc:

Ha ng b chnh xc l phng php ha ng b m tt c cc iu kin ha u c tha

mn. kim tra iu kin ha v gc pha trng nhau v tn s ngi ta s dng cc phng

php nh: phng php kim tra bng n tt, n kim tra bng quay, phng php kim tra

bng ng b k. 3

CC PHNG PHP KIM TRA IU KIN

HA NG B

G1

R' S' T'

R

S

T

D1 D2

R

R'

T'

T

S

S'

D1

D2

1200

: goc lech pha gia ien ap

li va ien ap may phat

a vao cong tac song song

S o he thong en tat S o vect he thong en tat

G

R' S' T'

R

S

T

D1 D3

RR'

T'

T

S

S'

D1

D2

1200

S o he thong en quay S o vect he thong en quay

D3

FA

ST

SL

OW

bo tr en tren bang

ien chnh

D2

D3

D1

D2

4


HA NG B

G

R S T

R

S

T

CB

4

3

2

1

ong bo ke thc chat la mot may ien ac biet co s o nguyen ly nh hnh ve.

Stator co cuon day 2 pha c noi vi li, rotor co 2 cuon day 2 pha noi vi may

phat. Truc rotor c gan mot kim ch th. Tan so gia ien ap may phat va ien

ap li chenh lech cang ln th kim ong bo ke quay cang nhanh.

Khi tan so cua ien ap may phat ln hn tan so cua ien ap li, f1 > f2 , th kim

ong bo ke quay thuan chieu kim ong ho va ngc lai. Khi kim ong bo ke qua

iem 0 ch th th goc pha au cua ien ap may phat va ien ap li bang nhau.

Do o thi iem ong may phat vao li khi kim ong bo ke quay cham theo

chieu kim ong ho va sap qua iem 0 ch th.

5

d. Phng phap hoa ong bo t ong:

Qua trnh hoa xay ra hoan toan t ong. Ngi van hanh ch can chuyen cong tac chon

may phat can hoa (Generator Selector), chuyen cong tac chon che o hoa (Mode

Selector) t tay (Man) sang t ong (Auto).

G1

CB1

G2

CB2

G3

CB3

Bo t ong hoa

ong bo

Cac tn hieu vao

f1, f2, ...u1,u2, ...

u1,f1 u2,f2 u3,f3

Thiet b hoa t ong se t ong thc hien cac chc

nang:

- Kiem tra ien ap cac may phat, ieu chnh can

bang cac ien ap neu can thiet.

- Kiem tra tan so, ieu chnh can bang tan so neu

can thiet.

- Chon thi iem hoa va ong may phat vao li.

V cac thiet b hoa c thiet ke lam viec che o

ngan han, cho nen khi may phat can hoa c hoa

thanh cong th thiet b hoa phai c ngat ra. Tong

phu tai tren thanh cai bay gi c chia eu cho cac

may phat khi cac may cong tac song song hoac

chuyen tat ca sang may phat mi neu oi may phat.

Khi hoat ong song song, bo ieu toc se ieu khien

trc tiep cong suat tac dung (kW) con bo AVR se

ieu khien cong suat phan tac dung (kVAr) hoac

cos.


HA NG B

6

PHAN CHIA TAI GIA CAC MAY PHAT KHI LAM

VIEC SONG SONG

Phan phoi tai eu an gia cac may phat ien lam viec song song vi nhau la mot viec

quan trong bi v neu chenh lech se dan ti kha nang lam viec khong ong eu may nay

non tai, may kia qua tai, tnh kinh te khong am bao

e khai thac thiet b khong vung toi u, co hai loai tai phai phan chia tai tac dung P

(tai kW); neu phan phoi bang tay thc hien bang cach tang thanh rang nhien lieu ieu

toc cua may mi hoa va giam may a chay trc o thong qua viec ieu khien ong c

servo gan bo ieu toc. Viec chia eu cong suat tac dung phu thuoc vao o cng cua

cac bo ieu toc

Viec phan chia tai phan tac dung Q (tai kVAr) phu thuoc vao o cng cua ac tnh

ngoai cac may phat (o cng cua AVR)

Trong he thong ien nang tau thuy e viec chia tai kW va kVAr eu gia cac may th

ac tnh cong suat f = g1(P) va ac tnh ngoai U = g2(I) tng ng cua cac may phai co o

doc giong nhau va bang 2-4%. oi vi cac he thong ien nang hien ai ngay nay con ap

dung nhieu bien phap khac e phan chia tai gia cac may phat

kW = kW1+ kW2

kW1 kW2

May phat 2May phat 1

50Hz

Tan so f

Cong suat P

kVAr= kVAr1+kVAr2

kVAr1 kVAr2

May phat 2May phat 1

380V

Cong suat Q

ie

n a

p U

7

PHN CHIA TI PHN TC DNG

1. Phan chia tai Q bang cach t ong phan chia :

Khi tai khong eu, nh co day can bang ma ap trai dau at len hai bo AVR lam thay oi

ien ap len hng ngc lai. Phng phap nay dung cho may t kch, phc hp va t

ieu chnh ien ap. Cuon cam khang lam giam anh hng cua song nhap nho.

8


2. Phan chia tai Q bang cach noi day can bang : - Noi ve pha mot chieu( cung ap kch t).

au day can bang ve pha mot chieu dung cho cac may phat cung kieu loai, cung gia tr

ien ap kch t, cung cong suat va ac tnh ngoai trung nhau. 9


- Noi ve pha xoay chieu( khac ap kch t).

10

PHN PHI TI TC DNG

11

T NG PHN CHIA TI TC DNG

12

5.9. BO V TRM PHT IN

Trong qua trnh van hanh khai thac he thong ien nang tau thuy, luon luon co the xay ra s

co hoac h hong trong cac che o cong tac khac nhau : H hong cac cuon day cua may

phat, ngan mach mot pha hoac hai pha hoac trong noi bo cac cuon day, mat kch t, qua

tai, qua nhiet...lam cho dong trong cuon day ln va lam xuat hien tia la ien lamh hong

stator, rotor, cac cuon day may phat. Hay may phat co the tr thanh ong c ien gay mat

on nh khi he thong lam viec song song. Do vay bao ve may phat la rat quan trong. Bao ve

tram phat ien bao gom 4 loai :

- Bao ve ngan mach cho may phat.

- Bao ve qua tai cho may phat.

- Bao ve cong suat ngc cho may phat.

- Bao ve ien ap thap.

* y ngha cua bao ve

1. T ong ngat mach nhng phan t b s co e loai tr phan t o, am bao cho

cac phan t khac hoat ong bnh thng. Hnh thc nay cho phep ngan nga nhng

tac ong tiep theo cua s co co the dan ti hien tng ngan mach

2. T ong ngat mach mot so phan t thuoc he thong ien nang va d bao cac che

o cong tac khac vi che o nh mc co the ke ra la :

- Dong ien ln hn nh mc do qua tai.

- ien tr thiet b giam

- ien ap qua thap 13

5.9. BO V TRM PHT IN

* Cac yeu cau oi vi bao ve

- Tnh chon loc : Co ngha la thiet b bao ve ch ngat nhng phan t h hong, s co,

tnh chat nay se am bao tnh lien tuc cung cap ien cho cac phu tai khac khong b

s co trong mang ien tau

- Tnh tac ong nhanh : Nh co ac tnh nay ma co the ha che c nhng anh

hng xau oi vi may phat ien khi lam viec song song, giam tac hai nhiet va ien

ong cua dong ngan mach, giam tia la ien, tang nhanh kha nang phuc hoi ien

ap, nang cao tnh on nh cho he thong ien - o tin cay : Cac thiet b bao ve rat t khi hoat ong, nhng khi xay ra s co no

phai hoat ong ngay va chnh xac.

- o nhay : ay la mot ac tnh rat quan trong cua thiet b bao ve, ac trng cho

phan ng cua thiet b bao ve oi vi s co.

congtac

ngm

nI

Ik

min.

kn: o nhay

Ingm.min Dong ngan mach nho nhat ma thiet b hoat ong Icongtac Dong ien lam viec cua thiet b

14

1. Bao ve ngan mach cho may phat :

Bao ve ngan mach cho may phat la vo cung quan trong, co the khong co cac loai bao

ve khac cho may phat, nhng bao ve ngan mach phai co. Bao ve ngan mach bang cau ch

hoac ap to mat. Co cac kh cu ien c dung e bao ve ngan mach :

BO V NGN MCH

* Bao ve ngan mach dung ap tomat co ien:

Co 2 gia tr bao ve:

- Igh : dong gii han nho nhat bao ve qua tai .

- I: dong qua tai max vi o tre t.

- I I:dong ngan mach bao ve vi thi gian t (thc te loai nay phai co cau ch e cat dong ln hn I).

- t = 10 30 ms. t = 10 20 s.

* Bao ve ngan mach dung ap tomat co chon loc

Co ba nac bao ve: co hai giai oan bao ve qua tai t Igh I

- t I I:bao ve ngan mach.

- aptomat nay van phai ket hp vi cau ch.

- t = 10 30 ms. t = 10 20 s. t= 1.1 0.5 s 15

BO V NGN MCH

* Bao ve ngan mach dung ap tomat bao ve nhanh:

Co 4 nac bao ve: them mot nac bao ve

ngan mach co thi gian nho hn t.

Do vay vi aptomat nay khong can cau ch.

Thi gian cat t la mot vai ms (thi gian cat

nhanh hn ca cau ch)

* Bao ve ngan mach dung ap tomat ket hp vi cau ch

- Khi ngan mach thanh cai se co dong ln.

neu khong co aptomat tac ong nhanh th phai

co cau ch bao ve may phat cung nh cac phu

tai khac.

-Khi dong qua tai va ngan mach nho hn I th

ap tomat bao ve. Khi I> I cau ch se bao ve

vi thi gian nho hn t.

16

BO V QU TI CHO MY PHT

Cac may phat lam viec vi gai tr dong I > Im cua may phat th c goi

la cac may phat lam viec qua tai. Theo quy pham ang kiem cac may

phat ch c qua tai 110% trong vong 15 phut, qua tai 150% trong vong

2 phut. Khi I > 1.5 Im coi nh may phat ngan mach, luc nay cac thiet b

bao ve ngan mach phai lam viec. * Cac nguyen nhan gay ra qua tai cho may phat : - Viec ngat mot trong cac may phat khi cac may phat lam viec

song song. - Khi ong cac ong c d bo cong suat ln. - T ong khi ong lai cac ong c. - Do qua tai cac phu tai co cong suat ln. -Viec phan bo tai khong eu khi cac may phat lam viec song

song ( do ac tnh ngoai khac nhau, hay lng dau vao diezen khong

eu...).

- Do ngan mach t xa cua cac may phat.

Cc vn v qu ti:

17


R le dng

R le dng trc tip

R le dng gin tip

18


19

BO V CNG SUT NGC

oi vi may phat khi nhan nang lng t li vao, may phat tr thanh

ong c, tc tr thanh tai tieu thu cong suat cua li. Khi o oi vi may

phat xoay chieu co hien tng cong suat ngc, oi vi may mot chieu co

hien tng dong ien ngc. * Nguyen nhan : - oi may phat xoay chieu do : mat lng dau vao ong c diezen, mat

hi vao tua bin ( may phat tuy-bin) ; Do t day kch t, hoac do h

hong khp noi gia diezen va may phat. - oi vi may phat mot chieu con do mat kch t hay ien ap may phat

giam. * Hau qua : - May phat b cong suat ngc tr thanh ong c va nhan nang lng t

li va gay qua tai cho cac may phat khac ang cong tac tren li. - Gay xoan truc tc thi oi vi cac may phat.

e han che hien tng tren va han che kha nang ngat qua tai cua cac

may phat con lai can phai ngat ngay cac may phat lam viec che o

ong c, tc la can phai trang b thiet b bao ve cong suat ngc. oi may

phat ien mot chieu phai co thiet b bao ve hng dong ien. oi vi may

xoay chieu phai co thiet b nhay cam vi s bien oi pha cua dong ien

21

BO V CNG SUT NGC

R S T

RPR

J K

k

l

ACB

22

BO V THP P

Bao ve ien ap thap : Khi cac may phat c xac nh e cong tac song song vi nhau hay

vi cac nguon ien b th viec ong cac aptomat se khong cho phep neu

kch t cha at ti t nhat la 80% tr so nh mc. Vi muc ch tren ta

quan niem rang can co thiet b khong che ch cho phep ong aptomat

may phat cua no khi gia tr ien ap at gia tr nh mc.

23

Gii thieu s o tram phat ien cu the

24

5.10. BNG IN CHNH TU THY

25

CC PHNG PHP PHN PHI IN NNG Mang ien tau thuy thng co cac loai he thong phan phoi ien nang

sau: - He thong phan phoi hnh tia n gian (a): tat ca cac may phat cap ien

len bang ien chnh va t o cap trc tiep en cac phu tai. He thong

phan phoi thng c ap dung tren cac tau co trong tai trung bnh va

nho. - He thong phan phoi hnh tia phc tap (b): tat ca cac may phat cap ien

len bang ien chnh va t o cap trc tiep en cac phu tai va cac bang

ien phu, cac bang ien phu nay lai cap ien cho cac phu tai va cac

bang ien phu nho hn, Cac phu tai c cap ien trc tiep t bang ien chnh thng la cac phu tai co cong suat ln nh cac chan vt mui,

chan vt man, hoac la cac phu tai quan trong nh bm cu hoa, may lai,

G1

G2

Bang

ien

chnh

G1

G2

Bang

ien

chnh

5

1

1

2

3

32

2

3

4

4

4

4

a) b)

26

S THANH CI

Nhim v thanh cai: Trong tram phat ien tau thuy, toan bo nang lng ien c

tap trung len he thong thanh cai va t he thong thanh cai ien nang mi c

phan phoi en cac phu tai.

Thanh cai (busbar) c che tao bang ong v ong co o dan ien tot, o ben

c hoc cao, co kha nang chong an mon hoa hoc. Thanh cai co tiet dien hnh ch

nhat va kch thc c chon phu thuoc vao cac ch tieu kinh te hoac theo ieu

kien phat nong va kiem tra on nh lc ien ong khi co dong ngan mach chay

qua.

Thanh cai c gan co nh trong bang ien chnh nh cac ong s cach ien.

Khoang cach gia cac ong s cach ien phu thuoc vao tnh toan on nh ien

ong va thng vao khoang 30cm. Vi li ien 3 pha tau thuy th he thong

thanh cai gom 3 thanh cai at song song nhau. Khoang cach gia cac thanh cai

phu thuoc vao tnh toan on nh ien ong va u khong gian e thao tac o kiem

tra va siet bulong tren thanh cai, khoang cach nay thng vao khoang 8 12 cm.

27

CC S THANH CI

Tram phat vi mot he thong thanh cai khong phan oan (a): he thong thanh cai khong phan oan co cau truc n gian, nhng co nhc iem la neu co mot phu tai

nao o b ngan mach ma thiet b bao ve phu tai o khong hoat ong th cac may

phat se ngat ra khoi li va toan bo tau mat ien; va khi tien hanh bao dng thanh

cai phai cat ien toan bo cac may phat.

Tram phat vi mot he thong thanh cai phan oan (b): thanh cai c chia ra mot

so oan khong phu thuoc vao nhau va moi oan c cap nguon oc lap. Cac oan

nay c noi vi nhau bang cau dao, cau noi hoac aptomat.

G1

CB1

G2

CB2

G3

CB3

G4

CB4

G1

CB1

G2

CB2

G3

CB3

G4

CB4

a) b)

Phan oan thanh cai bang aptomat cho phep bao ve t ong ngat phan oan b s

co ra khoi he thong thanh cai. Phan oan bang cau dao hoac cau noi ch co tac

dung ngat tng phan oan ra e bao dng sa cha.

28

5.11. TRM PHT S C

Tram phat ien s co bao gom mot may phat s co cap ien ti Bang ien s co Toan bo tram phat s co at v tr cao hn boong chnh cua tau, ong c lai may

phat s co la diesel khi ong bang ien, ong c nay c lam mat bi mot quat

gio gan ong truc vi ong c. ong c ien khi ong la ong c mot chieu kch

t noi tiep c cap nguon t acqui, may phat ien s co la mot may phat xoay

chieu ong bo 3 pha co cung gia tr ien ap va tan so vi cac may phat chnh. Bang ien s co ch cap nguon cho mot so phu tai rat quan trong nh may lai, cac thiet b ien hang hai, bm cu hoa, bm cu am, thiet b vo tuyen ien, chieu

sang hanh lang, Trong che o cong tac bnh thng th may phat s co khong hoat ong va thanh cai bang ien s co c cap ien t bang ien chnh, khi Bang ien chnh mat

ien, thanh cai Bang ien s co mat ien, may phat s co t ong khi ong va

ong ien len thanh cai Bang ien s co, t Bang ien s co ien nang c cap

trc tiep en cac phu tai rat quan trong ma khong qua Bang ien chnh. Gia

aptomat t bang ien chnh va aptomat may phat s co co khoa lien ong lan

nhau, co ngha la may phat s co va cac may phat chnh khong the cong tac song

song

29

S NGUYN L BNG IN S C

C1 C2

VCU

GD.E.

R S T

T BC chnh

ti

C

K

S

Ly hp

Cuon gi

Cuon hut

Cuon kch t

K

F1

F3

Auto

Man

OFF

C1

F2

ON

TRIP

n

30

5.12. IU KHIN V BO V DIESEL LAI

MY PHT IN

1. ieu khien cac ong c diesel

ieu khien ong c diesel lai may phat thc chat thc hien thao tac khi

ong va dng. Hau het cac ong c diesel c khi ong bang gio.

Cac ong c diesel lai may phat co 3 che o khi ong

Khi ong tay: m trc tiep van gio va thanh rang nhien lieu en khi at toc o nh mc, ngat gio bang tay. ay la che o khi ong s co.

Khi ong t ong: khi ong thong qua nut an cap ien ti van gio va bo ieu toc t ong keo thanh rang nhien lieu, r-le toc o t ong ngat gio va

t ong lam viec toc o nh mc.

T ong khi ong: thc hien khi at che o sn sang (Stand by), may phat se t ong khi ong khi tram phat b qua tai va can them 1 to hp

diesel - may phat hoat ong hoac khi may phat ang hoat ong gap s co

phai dng khan cap.

31


MY PHT IN Cac ong c diesel lai may phat co 3 che o dng

Dng bang tay: trc tiep keo thanh rang nhien lieu ve v tr dng cho en khi diesel dng han. ay la che o dng s co.

Dng t ong: an nut dng cap ien cho cuon dng keo thanh rang nhien lieu ve v tr dng. Cuon dng nay t ong gi cho en khi diesel dng han.

Cuon dng thng la xi lanh kh ieu khien bang ien hoac la cuon hut

ien t.

T ong dng (t ong dng khi tram phat non tai va ngat bt 1 to hp diesel - may phat hoac khi to hp diesel - may phat ang hoat ong xay ra

s co)

ieu khien toc o diesel:

ieu khien tay: tac ong tang giam tan so thong qua ong c servo gan bo ieu toc.

ieu khien t ong: tac ong nh c cau t ong phan chia tai tac dung (co thiet b t ong hoa va phan phoi tai) thong qua ong c servo gan

bo ieu toc.

32


MY PHT IN Bao ve cac ong c diesel

ong c diesel lai may phat thng co 2 cap bao ve: bao ong va dng

may. Bng pha di liet ke cac thong so c ban bao ve diesel lai may

phat, cac thong so nay phu thuoc vao loai tau, cap tau, cong suat diesel,

loai diesel va mc o hien ai cua he thong bao ve.

Cac thong so bao ve nay co the c bo tr rieng cho tng to hp dieselmay phat hoac cac thong so bao ong c gi en He thong bao ong

chung buong may con cac thong so dng c lap at rieng cho tng

diesel va thng bo tr chung trong he thong ieu khien ong c diesel lai

may phat. Bao ong Dng

1. Nhiet o nc ngot lam mat cao (*) 1. Nhiet o nc ngot lam mat qua cao(*)

2. Nhiet o dau boi trn cao 2. Ap lc dau boi trn qua thap (*)

3. Ap lc dau boi trn thap (*) 3. Qua toc (*)

4. Ap lc nc bien thap 4. Nhiet o kh xa qua cao

5. Nhiet o kh xa cao 33

S IU KHIN V BO V DIESEL LAI

MY PHT IN

A-1

d1

A-2

d2

A-3

d3

A-4

d4L1 L2 L3 L4

LO-P FW-T SW-P LO-P

A-5

d5

A-6

d6L5 L6

LO-P FW-T

A-7

d7 L7

n2

24V

DC

0V

b)

34

S IU KHIN V BO V DIESEL LAI

MY PHT IN

1R3 1R4

d6d5d4d3d2d1 d6d5 1R3 1R3

RL BZ

d7 d7

RESET

24V

DC

0V

SPR

1n1 1n2

G

R

STOPALARMc)

LO

WE

R

OFF

RA

ISE

1

3

2

4

5

7

6

8

165

R

165

L

GM1

GM

GS11

L1

L2

T

U

V

W3A

10A

F13

T11

1 2

3 4

13 14

1 2

3 4

13 14

5 6

5 656

56

LS11

LS12

d)

iu tc Diesel Dng ng c servo

35

AC QUY TU THY

* Chc nang

Acqui c dung lam nguon ien nang d tr cho cac phu tai nh anh sang s co,

he thong thong tin lien lac, nguon khi ong ong c diesel lai may phat s co, *Yeu cau oi vi acqui va s dung acqui tren tau thuy

-Acqui tau thuy phai chu c chan ong, co the cong tac trong ieu kien tau b

nghieng ma dung dch khong b o ra ngoai, tuoi tho cao va de dang thay the cac

ban cc.

-Day cap noi acqui axit c lam bang hp chat ong - ch, cap noi acqui kiem c

lam bang hp chat ong niken. -Acqui c at trong cac thung go co sn chu c dung dch ien phan.

-Acqui c at trong phong co thong gio e tranh chay no.

-Acqui axt va acqui kiem khong c at chung phong v hi axit H2SO4 co the

phan ng hoa hoc vi dung dch ien phan cua acqui kiem.

*Cac thong so ky thuat c ban cua acqui:

-ien ap: c o bang V, acqui thng c che tao co ien ap 6V, 12V. Muon co

ien ap cao hn ta phai ghep noi tiep nhieu bnh.

-Dung lng: c o bang Ah (ampe gi), v du mot acqui 50Ah neu phong

lien tuc vi dong 5A th s dung c trong 10 gi.

IdtQ

36

CC LOI ACQUY C S DNG DI TU THY

a. Acqui axit:

Cau tao cua acqui axit gom mot bnh lam bang vat lieu chong axit nh nha ebonit,

ben trong at xen ke cac ban cc dng va am. Moi ban cc dng c xen ke

gia hai ban cc am, nh vay so ban cc am bao gi cung nhieu hn so ban cc

dng mot ban.

Cac ban cc co ket cau dang li ch co pha them 6 8% angtimon e tang o ben c hoc. Cac ban cc dng c lam bang ioxit ch PbO2 va c noi vi

nhau tao thanh mot to ban cc dng. Cac ban cc am c lam bang ch Pb va

c noi vi nhau tao thanh mot to ban cc am. e giam kch thc va ien tr

trong cua acqui th khoang cach cac ban cc phai nho. e tranh ngan mach th

gia hai ban cc co at tam ngan li bang nha ebonit.

Dung dch ien phan cua acqui axt la dung dch axit sunfurich H2SO4. Tuy ieu

kien cong tac ma nong o dung dch khac nhau. Nong o dung dch cao th kch

thc va trong lng acqui nho, ien tr trong acqui nho. Tuy nhien nong o dung

dch cao se sinh ra hien tng sun phat hoa ban cc lam giam tuoi tho cua acqui.

Trong lng rieng cua dung dch ien phan cua acqui at tnh la 1,20g/cm2, acqui

di ong la 1,28g/cm2.

Sc ien ong cua acqui khi nap no la 2,1 2,2 V. e c 6 hay 12 V ta phai noi 3 hoac 6 bnh thanh to acqui.

37


Nguyen l hoat ong cua acquy axit:

Khi acqui phong ien, th phan ng hoa hoc xay ra nh sau:

PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb => 2PbSO4 + 2H2O

Pb PbO2

.

.e

Hnh 3.1 Nguyen ly hoat ong cua ac qui ch

Nong o dung dch giam, ien tr trong tang, ien ap tren cac ban cc cua acqui giam, dong

phong cang ln th ien ap giam cang nhanh. Khi ien ap ch con 1,8V th phai dng lai, neu

khong th sun phat ch tao ra tren thanh cc qua day, acqui se b hong va khong nap lai c

na.

Khi nap ien cho acqui, qua trnh xay ra ngc lai:

2PbSO4 + 2H2O => PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb

Nong o dung dch tang, ien ap tren cac ban cc tang, ien

tr trong tang.

Hien tng t phong ien: mac du khong cho acqui phong

ien nhng dung lng c giam dan, khoang 1-2% dung

lng nh mc trong mot ngay em. Nguyen nhan la do

trong dung dch ien phan va cac ban cc co lan nhieu tap

chat

Hien tng sun phat hoa: cac ban cc b bao phu bi mot lp

tinh the sun phat ch mau trang. Lp tinh the nay khong dan

ien va ngan cach cac ban cc va dung dch lam cho ien tr

trong rat ln. Khi phong, ien ap giam rat nhanh va hau nh

khong s dung c. 38


b. Acqui kiem:

Acqui kiem co cau tao tng t acqui axt va co hai loai phu thuoc vao chat tac dung ban

cc am. Cac ban cc am la Ni-Fe vi loai acqui sat ken va la Ni-Cd vi loai acqui cadmi

ken. Cac ban cc dng la hydroxit kiem Ni(OH)3. Dung dch ien phan trong acqui kiem la

dung dch hydro kali KOH. Sc ien ong cua acqui kiem t phu thuoc vao nong o cua dung

dch ien phan, va khoang 1,25V sau khi nap no.

Phan ng hoa hoc khi phong va nap acqui kiem nh sau:

Vi acqui sat ken:

2Ni(OH)3 + KOH + Fe 2Ni(OH)2 + KOH + Fe(OH)2 Vi acqui Cadmi ken:

2Ni(OH)3 + KOH + Cd 2Ni(OH)2 + KOH + Cd(OH)2 Nong o dung dch ien phan hau nh khong thay oi trong qua trnh phong nap acqui.

Do o ch can t dung dch ien phan cho nen acqui kiem co trong lng kch thc nho hn

acqui axit. ien tr trong cua acqui kiem ln cho nen sut ap tren acqui ln.

So sanh acqui kiem vi acqui axit

ien ap acqui axit ln hn, hieu suat cao hn, gia thanh tren n v cong suat thap, dung

lng t phu thuoc nhiet o.

Acqui kiem co o ben c hoc cao hn, tuoi tho dai hn, va qua trnh t phong t hn.

Noi tr acqui kiem ln hn acqui axit nen chu ngan mach tot hn.

Acqui kiem co thi gian phong dai hn acqui axit. 39

VN HNH ACQUY

Ch khi np in cho acquy: - Khi nap AQ can o ay dung dch ien phan ngap tren ban

cc 10 15 cm. Nhiet o nho hn 25 C, khi nap nhiet o ln hn 45 C, khi nao nhiet o xuong di 30 C lai tiep tuc nap.

- e yen trong 4 12h sau khi o dung dch mi c nap. - Can co dong mot chieu e nap, co hai cach nap : I khong oi va U khong oi.

Nap AQ vi dong khong oi : Nap hai cap.

Cap 1 : Nap vi Im trong 10 gi hay 8 gi, khi dung lng at 90% nap cap 2.

Cap 2 : Nap vi I = 0.5Im.

oi vi AQ kiem co the nap Im ngay t au en cuoi. Dau hieu cua nap no la co hien tng

thoat kh manh va ien ap khong oi trong 3 h.

u iem : - au noi tiep c nhieu Acquy co cung dung lng.

- Co the ieu chnh ien ap nap e Acquy no hoan toan.

- Phng phap nay tot cho Acquy nap lan au va Acquy b sun phat hoa.

Nhc iem : - Thi gian nap lau va ta phai ieu chnh dong nap .

Nap AQ vi ap khong oi :

at len mot phan t vi ien ap la 2.35v ( oi vi Acquy axt), ien ap la 2v ( oi Acquy

kiem).

u iem : Thi gian nap nhanh, nhng khong s dung cho acquy nap lan au, va Acquy b

sunphat hoa. Co the nap cho nhieu acquy co dung lng khac nhau( v au song song).

Nhc iem : Acquy nap khong c no hoan toan.

40

CHNG 6: TRUYN NG IN

NI DUNG CHNG:

1. TRUYN NG IN THIT B LI TU THY

2. TRUYN NG IN THIT B LM HNG

3. TRUYN NG IN THIT B NEO V TI QUN DY

4. TRUYN NG IN THIT B IN BM, QUT GI

1

6.1. TRUYN NG IN THIT B LI

1. Chc nng ca h thng li tu thy:

H thng li tu thy c hai chc nng c bn l:

- iu iu khin thay i hng i ca con tu. Chc nng ny cho php

iu ng tu chy trong lung, trong vng nc hn ch, iu ng tu

cp cu, cp phao,...

- T ng iu khin tu i theo mt hng i khng i cho trc.

Ngoi ra c thm mt s chc nng nh:

- T ng iu khin tu chy theo mt hnh trnh cho trc.

- T ng dn tu bm theo mt mc tiu di ng.

- T ng trnh va.

2. Yu cu ca h thng li tu thy:

* Yu cu chung:

- H thng li phi hot ng an ton, tin cy trong mi iu kin thi tit.

- Chu c tc ng ca lc ngang n 22.50 v lc dc 11.50. Chu c

rung ng vi tn s (5 30)Hz

- Hot ng bnh thng trong iu kin nhit mi trng thay i trong

khong (-10 50)0C, v m tng i trong khong (90 95)% 2


* Yu cu i vi my li:

- My li phi c cng sut ph hp vi kch thc, trng ti, hnh dng tu.

- My li phi c cp in t hai ngun khc nhau bi hai ng cp t cch nhau

bng chiu rng thn tu.

- My li phi c ch hot ng s c c th thc hin b li c k c khi mt

in ton tu.

- Phi c ch th c kh v tr bnh li.

- My li phi bao gm hai h thng c th hot ng c lp v ng thi, trong

mt h thng phi c cng sut iu khin tu trong mi iu kin thi tit.

- My li phi c kh nng chu c qu ti 150% trong khong thi gian 1 pht.

- My li phi c bo v dng khi ngn mch, bo ng khi qu ti, phi c bo v

cui hnh trnh bng ngt in v c kh

- My li hot ng phi m, tin cy v chnh xc.

- My li phi c kh nng hot ng lin tc, phi c kh nng b li vi tn s cao

hng chc ln trong mt pht.

- Thi gian b li t ht mn ny sang ht mn khc khi tu y ti v tin ht khng

qu 28s.

- Gc b li cc i ph thuc vo loi tu, thng l 350 mi pha. 3


* Yu cu i vi h thng iu khin:

- H thng iu khin phi c nhiu ch hot ng: li n gin, li lp, li t

xa, li t ng.

- Phi c cc nm chnh nh cc thng s c bn ca h thng iu khin ph

hp vi iu kin thi tit, trng ti hng ha, tc tu,

- Phi c thit b iu khin v theo di tnh trng hot ng ca my li.

- Phi bo ng khi tu lch khi hng i mt gc t trc (thng 3, 5, 7, 90)

- Phi c y cc thit b ch th hng tu, gc quay bnh li, hng v tc

gi,

- C kh nng gi hng i con tu vi chnh xc < 10 khi tu tin vi tc

ln hn 6 hi l/gi khng ph thuc vo trng ti tu v sng n cp 3, <

30 khi sng n cp 6, < 4-50 khi sng ln hn cp 6.

4


Phan loai da vao may lai: - May lai ien c, ch s dung cho cac tau co trong tai nho hn 2000 tan, hien nay t c s dung. - May lai thuy lc s dung bm lu lng khong oi, s dung cho cac tau co trong tai nho hn 5000 tan. - May lai thuy lc s dung bm bien lng, s dung rong rai cho cac loai tau co trong tai khac nhau.

Phan loai da vao che o lai: - Che o lai n gian, t xa: s dung nut an thc hien chc nang thay oi hng i. - Che o lai lap: s dung vo lang thc hien chc nang thay oi hng i - Che ong lai t ong: t ong ieu khien tau theo mot hng at trc.

5


ac iem cua he thong lai - Con tau tren moi trng nc la mot oi tng quan tnh co ac tnh ong lc hoc rat phc tap, cac thong so ong hoc cua no thay oi theo toc o, tai

trong, song gio, dong chay, do o ngi ieu khien phai thng xuyen chnh nh cac thong so cua bo ieu khien phu hp vi ieu kien hoat ong

cua con tau. - Con tau la mot khau dao ong do o khi co tac ong cua nhieu (song gio, dong chay) th con tau khong t on nh ma he thong lai phai hoat ong lien

tuc e am bao con tau hoat ong on nh. - ac tnh an lai cua con tau phu thuoc vao toc o, trong tai, ieu kien moi trng, o sau, hnh dang b (khi tau chay trong luong hep),

6

CU TRC H THNG LI

7

CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY LI

1. May lai thuy lc s dung bm lu lng khong oi Trong may lai thuy lc loai nay bm c lai bi mot ong c ien va hoat

ong lien tuc, luon tao ra mot lu lng khong oi. Bm co lu lng khong

oi thng la loai bm canh dan.

M

a

A2 A1

S

10

9

S

1

3

6

A B

P T

7

A B

P T

8

A2 A1 B1 B2

B1

A1

B1

A2

B2

A1

13

2

4

511

12

Trong hnh ve tren th: 1- ket dau thuy lc dung cho may

lai, 2- ong c ien lai bm, 3- la bm thuy lc lu lng

khong oi, 4- van bao ve qua ap, 5- ong ho ch th ap

suat bm, 6- cum van ieu khien va phan phoi, 7-8- cac

van ien t ieu khien be lai sang trai hoac sang phai, s

dung 2 van e tang o tin cay, 9- cum bm s co, 10-

bm tay (c s dung trong trng hp he thong lai

hong hoac mat ien), 11- phin loc dau hoi, 12- cac van

bao ve ap suat cc ai khi may lai b qua tai, 13- xi-lanh

lc quay banh lai. Khi cha co tn hieu ieu khien th ca hai cuon hut ien

t cua van ien t 7 (8) eu khong co ien, dau chay

tuan hoan t ket bm van ket. Khi co tn hieu be lai trai (hoac phai) th cuon hut ien t

tng ng be lai trai (hoac phai) cua van 7 (8) c cap

ien, dau qua van vao cac xi-lanh tao mo-men quay

banh lai theo chieu tng ng, au t pha kia cua cac

xi-lanh thong qua van hoi ve ket.

May lai tren cac tau co vung bien hoat ong rong th e

tang tnh an toan ngi ta trang b hai he thong may lai

oc lap nhau. Mot may lai bao gom mot cum bm thuy

lc, van, he thong ong, va hai xi-lanh lc. 8

CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG CA MY LI

2. May lai thuy lc s dung bm lu lng thay oi

- Bm thuy lc c s dung trong may lai loai nay la bm bien lng hnh sao rotor hng truc

hoac rotor hng knh. Loai bm nay cho phep ieu khien hng va lu lng dong chay bang

cach tac ong vao c cau ieu khien tam bm. May lai vi bm bien lng co u iem la co kha

nang tao lap thuy lc nen may lai hoat ong em hn va co o on nh cao hn loai may lai vi

bm co lu lng khong oi.

- Hnh mo ta cau tao cua bm bien lng hnh sao, truc 1 co hai ranh chay theo hng doc truc

va c noi vi hai ca ra 7 va 8 cua bm, rotor 2 co gan cac xi-lanh 3 va piston 4, vanh nh

tam 5 mot au cua cac xi-lanh 4, can ieu khien 6 la c cau dch vanh nh tam bm. Khi

rotor quay, neu tam cua vanh nh tam trung vi tam bm th cac khong dch chuyen trong cac

xi-lanh, lu lng ra bang 0. Neu tac ong dch vanh nh tam ve mot pha nao o so vi tam

bm, cac piston chuyen ong trong cac xi-lanh va xuat hien ap suat ra theo chieu tng ng (hut

vao ca 7, ay ra ca 8 va ngc lai). o ln lech tam ty le vi hanh trnh cac piston va do o ty

le lu lng ca ra.

- Vi s o tren s dung truc vt, bo tao tn hieu 16 va thu tn hieu phan hoi 17 c noi thanh

cau tao lap tao ra tn hieu ieu khien may phat 11 gi tn hieu quay ong c tr ong 8, ong c

8 quay truc quay 9 va con chay 10, iem c dch en iem c1, tam bm dch mot khoang bb1,

bm tao ra lu lng tng ng cap cho cac xi-lanh quay banh lai. Khi banh lai quay, a dch en

a1, b1 tr ve b luc nay tam bm tr ve v tr trung tnh, banh lai dng.

9

BM BIN LNG HNH SAO

7

8

1

2 5

3

46

7

8

4

1

2

5

2. May lai thuy lc s dung bm lu lng thay oi

- Bm thuy lc c s dung trong may lai loai nay la bm

bien lng hnh sao rotor hng truc hoac rotor hng

knh. Loai bm nay cho phep ieu khien hng va lu

lng dong chay bang cach tac ong vao c cau ieu

khien tam bm. May lai vi bm bien lng co u iem la

co kha nang tao lap thuy lc nen may lai hoat ong em

hn va co o on nh cao hn loai may lai vi bm co lu

lng khong oi.

- Hnh mo ta cau tao cua bm bien lng hnh sao, truc

1 co hai ranh chay theo hng doc truc va c noi vi

hai ca ra 7 va 8 cua bm, rotor 2 co gan cac xi-lanh 3

va piston 4, vanh nh tam 5 mot au cua cac xi-lanh

4, can ieu khien 6 la c cau dch vanh nh tam bm.

Khi rotor quay, neu tam cua vanh nh tam trung vi

tam bm th cac khong dch chuyen trong cac xi-lanh,

lu lng ra bang 0. Neu tac ong dch vanh nh tam

ve mot pha nao o so vi tam bm, cac piston chuyen

ong trong cac xi-lanh va xuat hien ap suat ra theo

chieu tng ng (hut vao ca 7, ay ra ca 8 va ngc

lai). o ln lech tam ty le vi hanh trnh cac piston va

do o ty le lu lng ca ra.

10

MY LI VI BM BIN LNG

- Vi s o tren s dung truc vt, bo

tao tn hieu 16 va thu tn hieu phan

hoi 17 c noi thanh cau tao lap

tao ra tn hieu ieu khien may phat

11 gi tn hieu quay ong c tr ong

8, ong c 8 quay truc quay 9 va con

chay 10, iem c dch en iem c1,

tam bm dch mot khoang bb1, bm

tao ra lu lng tng ng cap cho

cac xi-lanh quay banh lai. Khi banh

lai quay, a dch en a1, b1 tr ve b

luc nay tam bm tr ve v tr trung

tnh, banh lai dng.

11

CU TO V NGUYN L HOT NG CA H

IU KHIN

1. He thong lai n gian Chc nang cua he thong lai n gian la thay oi hng tau. Khi thc hien be

lai, ta phai quan sat ong ho ch th goc quay banh lai, khi goc ch th tren

ong ho gan bang goc banh lai muon quay th ta bo nut an ieu khien ra.

He thong lai n gian s dung nguyen tac ieu khien ON/FF. Thiet b ieu

khien la hai nut an hoac tay ieu khien (co c cau lo xo tra ve v tr trung

gian), ong ngat hai tiep iem tng ng ieu khien quay banh lai theo hai

chieu trai phai. Nh vay khi ieu khien lai che o n gian, chung ta phai

quan sat ong ho ch th goc quay banh lai. Khi goc quay banh lai at gia tr

yeu cau th chung ta ngng ieu khien (bo nut an ra). V du can quay banh lai

sang trai 50, ta an nut trai (T) e be lai trai, ong thi mat quan sat ong ho

ch th goc quay banh lai. Khi o ho nay ch 50, chung ta nha nut an. Thc te

e banh lai dng ung v tr 50, chung ta phai nha nut an ra sm hn v banh

lai, may lai va ong ho ch th co quan tnh. e tranh sai sot do ngi ieu

khien an hai nut T/ P ong thi th trong he thong lai cac nut an co ket cau

khoa lien ong nhau. LWP va LWT la hai ngat cuoi han che goc quay banh lai

trong gii han cho phep (vi tau hang, tau cong-t-n, tau khach, tau dch vu,

th goc gii han nay khoang 350 trai / phai)

y(t)

t,

o

phai

trai

y

y

0 350

350

P

T

LP

LT

LWP

LWT

P

T

TP

P

T

V+ V-

12


IU KHIN 2.

13


IU KHIN

Hnh bn la s o minh hoa mot he thong

lai lap may lai thuy lc bm bien lng

hnh sao. e ieu khien vanh nh tam

bm ngi ta s dung ong c tr ong

C (la ong c d bo 3 pha cong suat

nho, c 500W). co ham ong nang e

dng nhanh. Bo khuech ai la hai khuech ai t MY1 va MY2. Khuech ai

t co cau tao tng t may bien ap

nhng co nhieu cuon day, cuon ieu

khien WY ieu khien dong qua cuon

cong tac, dong qua cuon cong tac ty le

thuan vi dong qua cuon ieu khien.

Tn hieu ra lay t cuon rotor cua sensin thu c chnh lu nhay pha a en ieu khien hai cuon ieu khien cua

khuech ai t WYP va WYT. Tn hieu ra cua khuech ai t lay tren cuon cong tac Wp. Tuy thuoc chieu quay cua

vo-lang sang trai hay phai ma r-le KT hay KP co ien ieu khien quay banh lai sang trai hoac phai. Khi banh lai

quay, rotor sensin thu quay theo, tn hieu ien ap ra cua XXT giam dan, khi banh lai en ung v tr yeu cau (bang

goc quay vo lang) th tn hieu ra XXT bang 0, banh lai dng.

14


IU KHIN

3. He thong lai t ong Chc nang cua he thong lai t ong la ieu khien con tau i theo mot hng at trc.

15


IU KHIN

16

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-

73862002000200009

http://www.etrust-marine.com/repair/case-7.html

http://www.diedrichs-

schiffstechnik.de/index.php/produkte/navitron/autopilot-

systems/nt-999g

1

6.2. TRUYN NG IN THIT B LM HNG

ac diem

Thiet b lam hang thuoc nhom phu tai quan trong tren tau. Cong suat cua thiet b

lam hang chiem ty trong rat ln trong toan bo cong suat tram phat tau (khoang 40

60% vi tau hang). Thiet b lam viec che o ngan han lap lai (25% hoac 40%) va co cong suat ln nen che o khi ong khi ong anh hng ln en trang thai

hoat ong cua tram phat ien, cho nen can phai co bien phap cai thien qua trnh

qua o cua thiet b lam hang.

Chc nang

Chc nang c ban la xep d hang hoa t tau len b (hoac sang phng tien khac)

va ngc lai. Ngoai ra he thong lam hang co the c s dung e ong m nap

ham hang, thu tha day cap,

Phan loai

a) Phan loai theo c cau lam hang

Can cau: co cau tao u 3 c cau la nang ha can, nang ha hang va quay mam; u

iem la thi gian chuan b can cau e lam hang nhanh; nhc iem la tam vi

han che, kha nang chu qua tai kem, lam viec khong an toan khi tau nghieng; can

cau c s dung tren cac tau co trong tai nho va trung bnh.

Ti kep: co ket cau hai can bo tr oi xng ve hai pha man tau;

Ti n: co ket cau mot can co the quay 3 chieu tren mot goi ;

2

6.2. TRUYN NG IN THIT B LM HNG

b) Phan loai theo c cau truyen ong Truyen ong ien c : s dung ong c ien lai thong qua hop so; u iem la co cau tao n gian, hieu suat cua toan he thong cao (khoang 0.7 0.9); nhc iem la van e ieu khien toc o, e ieu khien toc o lang th mach ieu khien rat phc

tap.

Truyen ong ien thuy lc: s dung ong c ien hoac ong c diesel lai bm thuy lc cap dau ap lc cho cac ong c thuy lc qua c cau van; u iem la co ac

tnh ieu khien toc o tot, kha nang chu qua tai tot; hien nay c s dung rong rai

tren cac loai tau bien.

Yeu cau

- T yeu cau kinh te trong viec khia thac tau ma yeu cau oi vi thiet b lam hang

la nang suat lam hang phai cao, co ngha la thi gian lam hang ngan. He thong

phai hoat ong tin cay va co ac tnh ieu khien tot. An toan cho hang hoa, thiet

b va con ngi.

- Toc o nang ha hang vi tai nh mc thng 0.2 1.0 m/s vi thiet b lam hang the he cu, 1.0 2.0 vi thiet b lam hang hien ai.

- Thiet b phai co cac bao ve sc cang cap, bao ve hanh trnh gii han (moc cham

nh, can nang qua cao hoac qua thap,

- Toc o nang ha hang vi tai nh mc la Vm th toc o nang ha hang vi tai

la 1.5 1.7 Vm, toc o nang ha moc khong la 3 3.5 Vm.

3

NG C S DNG TRONG H THNG LM HNG

Loai truyen ong ien - c Loai truyen ong ien c thng s dung cac loai ong c sau: ong c khong ong bo ba pha rotor long soc ba cuon day rieng biet au sao co so oi

cc la 8/16/32. Loai nay co 3 cap toc o. ong c khong ong bo ba pha hai cuon day ba cap toc o. Cuon th nhat c oi

noi - YY co so oi cc la 8/16, cuon th hai au sao co so oi cc la 32. Loai nay co

3 cap toc o.

A CB

Day quan ong c KBBP hai cuon day, ba cap toc

p = 8

p = 16

()

w0/2

w0/4

M

p = 32

w0

Loai truyen ong ien thuy lc - Loai truyen ong ien thuy lc thng s dung loai ong c rotor long soc mot cap toc o co ac tnh khi ong tot (rotor ranh sau, rotor hai long).

4

H THNG IU KHIN CA THIT B LM HNG

Yeu cau:

He thong ieu khien truyen ong ien thiet b lam hang c la chon tren c s

ap ng cao nhat cac yeu cau a c at ra cho thiet b lam hang, cu the la: - Phai co kha nang ieu khien e tao ra c nhieu cap toc o. - Khong thay oi toc o qua ot ngot ma phai theo th t t thap en cao hoac

ngc lai e tranh gay lac hang hoac tao xung lc ot ngot len day cap. - Phai co cac bao ve ve ien va c kh e am bao an toan cho thiet b va hang

hoa.

Cac thong so bao ve Thiet b lam hang phai co cac thong so bao ve sau: - Bao ve ngan mach cho mach ong lc va mach ieu khien. - Bao ve qua tai cac cap toc o. - Bao ve khong tranh he thong t khi ong khi tay ieu khien at v tr khac khong. - Bao ve hanh trnh cua c cau nang hang can, nang ha hang, quay mam, - Bao ve sc cang cap.

5

V D H THNG LM HNG HNG SIEMENS

6

H THNG LM HNG HNG SIEMENS

CHNG 7: H THNG NEO V TI QUN DY

1


2


3

CC I LNG C BN TI NEO

2. Cac ai lng c ban ac trng cho che o cong tac cua truyen ong

ien neo

Cong tac cua truyen ong ien neo c ac trng bi cac ai lng sau:

- Toc o thu xch neo: theo qui nh cua ang kiem, toc o thu

neo trung bnh vi tai nh mc V 10 m/phut, khi thu xch neo e a

neo vao lo th toc o V < 7 m/phut, toc o thu cap buoc tau V = (25 35) m/phut.

- Thi gian cong tac cua mot chu ky: phu thuoc vao chieu dai

oan xch neo c tha va ieu kien nho neo khoi bun. Theo qui nh

cua ang kiem th thi gian nay khong qua 30 phut.

- Van toc tau luc thu neo v, van toc tau thay oi theo tng giai

oan thu neo.

- Lc keo tren a hnh sao Tk: phu thuoc vao ng knh mac

xch va chieu dai ng xch neo c tha. Ngoai ra con phu thuoc vao

cac yeu to ben ngoai tac ong ti con tau nh gio, dong chay, - Hnh dang cua oan xch neo trong nc: ac trng bi goc

hp bi lc keo Tk vi mat phang nam ngang.

4

CC GIAI ON THU NEO

3. Cac giai oan thu neo.

Trong he thong neo, che o lam viec chnh la thu neo t mot o sau cho

phep con che o tha neo tan dung trong lng cua neo va xch neo tha neo

t do. ac iem chnh cua he thong khi lam viec che o thu neo la mo men

can Mc tren truc ong c luon luon thay oi, phu thuoc vao cac giai oan thu

neo, ieu kien thi tiet, o nong sau cua bai tha neo, Ngi ta chia cac giai oan thu neo thanh 5 giai oan vi cac ieu kien sau:

o sau tha neo ung quy nh. o dai xch neo cc ai. Song gio t cap 5 en cap 7. Toc o dong chay t 2 knot en 3 knot.

Giai oan 1

ay la giai oan thu phan xch neo nam trong bun, xch neo c thu vi

toc o khong oi. C mot mac xch neo c nhac len khoi bun th co mot

mac xch neo i qua a hnh sao. Tau t t en iem tha neo vi toc o

khong oi. Trong suot giai oan nay oan xch neo trong nc khong thay oi

hnh dang, sc cang tren xch neo va lc keo neo tren a hnh sao khong thay

oi, tc la Tk = const, = const, v = const. Giai oan nay ket thuc khi mat

xch neo cuoi cung c nhac nen khoi bun nhng neo van nam trong bun.

5

CC GIAI ON THU NEO

Tk

TkTkTkTk

= 900

v

Tk

= 900

IIIIIIIV

Giai oan 2

Giai oan nay bat au ngay khi giai oan 1 ket thuc, ay la giai oan thu

phan xch neo vong trong nc. giai oan nay oan xch neo c rut

ngan dan va thang dan ra trong nc, sc cang tren a hnh sao tang dan,

tau tiep tuc tien ve iem tha neo vi toc o khong oi, tc la Tk = tang, =

tang, v = const. Giai oan nay ket thuc khi xch neo thang trong nc. 6

CC GIAI ON THU NEO

Giai oan 3

ay la giai oan rat ngan cua qua trnh thu neo, c tnh t khi xch neo

het o vong en khi neo c nho bat nen khoi bun. Luc nay tau a tien en

gan iem tha neo, sc cang tren a hnh sao at gia tr ln nhat, neu neo

khong c nho bat khoi bun th ong c se b dng di ien (do lc keo

neo nho hn lc can cua neo hoac neo mac vao a ngam). Toc o cua tau

giam. Tk = max = const, = tang (900 cuoi giai oan III), v = giam.

Chu y: Cuoi giai oan III, tau tien en iem tha neo, oan xch neo t lo

neo en neo la ngan nhat (bang o sau tha neo). Theo quan tnh tau tiep

tuc tien ve pha trc lam neo bat ra khoi bun.

Giai oan 4

Giai oan nay c tnh t khi neo c nho nen khoi bun cho en khi

chuan b c a vao lo neo. giai oan nay neo va xch neo c thu ngan

dan, viec thu neo khong anh hng en toc o cua tau. Tk = giam, = 900, v

= tang dan.

7

QU TRNH TH NEO

4. Qua trnh tha neo

Neu o sau tha neo di 25m, th co the tha neo ri t do. Tha neo t do c

thc hien bang cach nha ly hp, tach a hnh sao ra khoi he thong truyen ong c kh,

ni long phanh c kh, trong lng cua neo se lam neo va xch ri t do.

Neu o sau tha neo ln, viec tha neo c thc hien nh ong c ien. Trng

hp nay khong c e neo ri t do v se nguy hiem cho he thong.

5. ong c s dung trong truyen ong ien neo ti quan day Loai ong c s dung trong truyen ong ien ti neo tng t nh trong truyen ong

ien thiet b lam hang.

5.1 Loai truyen ong ien - c

Loai truyen ong ien c thng s dung cac loai ong c sau: ong c khong ong bo ba pha rotor long soc ba cuon day rieng biet au sao co so oi cc la 8/16/32. Loai nay co 3 cap toc o.

ong c khong ong bo ba pha hai cuon day ba cap toc o. Cuon th nhat c oi noi - YY co so oi cc la 8/16, cuon th hai au sao co so oi cc la 32. Loai nay co

3 cap toc o.

ong c ien khong ong bo ba pha rotor long soc: s dung vi bo ieu khien bien tan. Loai nay co the ieu khien toc o lang.

5.2 Loai truyen ong ien thuy lc Loai truyen ong ien thuy lc thng s dung loai ong c rotor long soc mot cap

toc o co ac tnh khi ong tot (rotor ranh sau, rotor hai long).

8

H THNG IU KHIN

6. He thong ieu khien

1.Khai niem chung

phan nay chung ta ch gii han thiet b neo ien c.

He thong ieu khien truyen ong ien thiet b neo c la chon tren c s ap ng cao nhat

cac yeu cau a c at ra cho thiet b neo, cu the la:

Phai co kha nang ieu khien e tao ra c nhieu cap toc o. Khong thay oi toc o qua ot ngot ma phai theo th t t thap en cao hoac ngc lai e tao xung lc ot ngot len a hnh sao.

Phai co cac bao ve ve ien va c kh e am bao an toan cho thiet b va con ngi. Ngay nay thiet b truyen ong ien neo tren tau thuy thng co cac hnh thc ieu khien sau:

Dung tay khong che ieu khien trc tiep ong c ien. Loai nay thng s dung cho cac thiet b co cong suat nho. He thong nay co cau tao n gian, de dang lap rap sa cha.

Dung tay ieu khien ket hp vi tram t. Tay ieu khien c at v tr thuan li cho viec ieu khien, tram t co the at mot buong rieng biet am bao kn nc, de bao dng sa cha, Loai nay c s dung cho cac thiet b co cong suat trung bnh va ln.

Dung bo bien tan ieu khien ong c ien. Loai nay co toc o ieu khien lang va ac tnh ieu khien tot nhat, dai toc o ieu khien rong, ngay cang c s dung rong rai cho cac thiet b co

cong suat t nho en ln.

6.2 Cac thong so bao ve

Thiet b neo phai co cac thong so bao ve sau:

Bao ve ngan mach cho mach ong lc va mach ieu khien. Bao ve qua tai cac cap toc o. Bao ve khong tranh he thong t khi ong khi tay ieu khien at v tr khac khong. 9

C TNH C CA NG C

n+

n-

Mc

Mc

n01

n02

n03

n01

n02

n03

M+M-

MCT

11

TRUYN NG IN MY PH BUNG MY

4.1. ac tnh chung cua thiet b bm quat gio. 1. ac tnh chung

Tren tau thuy, thiet b bm quat gio c xep vao nhom may phu quan trong. Nh ta a biet, truyen ong ien may phu tren tau thuy tieu thu ti

90% tong cong suat cua toan tram trong o nhom may phu buong may chiem

40% - 60% . nhng tau chuyen dung (tau dau) truyen ong ien thiet b bm quat gio co y ngha rat quan trong va cong suat chung tieu thu con ln

hn.Thong thng nhom nay khong yeu cau ieu chnh toc o va ao chieu.

Do o ong c lai la ong c long soc toc o cao.

Truyen ong ien thiet b bm quat gio tren tau thuy thc hien cac chc nang:

Phuc vu cho hanh trnh cua con tau: cac loai bm dau ot, bm dau boi

trn, cac loai bm nc lam mat.

am bao an toan khi chay tau: cac loai bm chuyen dau ot, bm

chuyen dau nhn, bm la canh, bm cu hoa.

am bao sinh hoat cho thuyen vien: cac quat thong gio phong , cac

ni sinh hoat, cac bm nc sinh hoat cho phong thuyen vien Phuc vu cho khai thac: cac loai bm thuy lc cac thiet b thuy lc, cac

loai bm chuyen dau, quat gio thong gio ham hang 12

IU KHIN BM NC SINH HOT

13

C

IU KHIN MY NN KH

14

BM

BALAT

16

CHNG 8: CHIU SNG TU THY

1. Khai niem chung.

Nang lng ien cap nen thanh

cai trong bang ien chnh roi t o

phan phoi en cac bang ien phu va

cac phu tai.

Trong he thong ien di tau thuy

ngi ta chia ra lam 2 loai li ien :

- Li ien cho mang ong lc.

- Li ien cho mang chieu sang, sinh

hoat, kiem tra, bao chay He thong nang lng phai ap ng

c nhng yeu cau ve o tin cay,

cung cap nang lng lien tuc, c ong

thuan tien va de dang cho ngi s

dung va co tnh kinh te cao.

en cac bang ieu khien

chieu sang chnh 220V

en cac bang ieu khien

chieu sang s co 220V

Bang phan phoi ien chnh Bang phan phoi ien s co

Bien ap chieu sang so 1 Bien ap chieu sang so 2Bien ap chieu sang s co

Bien ap 220V/24V nap ac-qui

cap cho thiet b radio va chieu

sang s co 24VDC

Nap acqui

so 1 & 2

Chieu sang s co

24VDC

1

CHNG 8: CHIU SNG TU THY

CAC LOAI EN S DUNG TREN TAU THUY:

Tau luon hoat ong trong ieu kien rat khac nghiet ( Song, gio, rung lac ) nen he thong

chieu sang phai am bao c yeu cau cua ang kiem, co cau tao chac chan, bo tr hp ly Tren tau thng s dung cac loai en chu yeu sau :

- en si ot.

-en Neon.

-en cao ap thuy ngan.

- en pha

Ngoai en chieu sang bnh thng, nhng v tr quan trong con co cac en s co. Khi

tram phat ien chnh b s co th tram phat ien s co se t ong ong ien cho cac v tr chieu

sang quan trong.

Cac thong so cua en:

- ien ap nh mc U < 220V.

- Cong suat nh mc 1500W tr xuong.

- Quang thong cua en : Tuy U va P trong bang se co cac gia tr khac nhau.

- Hieu suat phat quang : t 7 12 lm/w (lumen/wat). - Tuoi tho trung bnh : 1000h. Sau 1000h quang thong giam 75 % coi nh en hong.Tuoi tho

cua bong en phu thuoc rat nhieu vao s on nh cua ien ap

- Mau sac cua anh sang : vang + o + trng ....

2

CAC LOAI EN S DUNG TREN TAU THUY

Cau tao : Day toc at trong bong thuy

ngan co cha kh tr hoac a hut het

khong kh. Day toc lam bang kim loai co

kha nang phat quang va chu c nhiet

o cao, thng la Vonfram. Thng dung

cac loai bong ui xoay do loai nay co o

chac chan va o tin cay cao.

1. en si ot

ui en

Bot dap ho quang

Cau ch bao ve

Bong en

Day va a ien en

si ot

Si ot

Ap suat kh tr cao lam

tang tuoi tho si ot

2. en phong ien

a) en hi Natri thap ap:

en co dang ong, cha hi natri va kh neon. Cac ac iem cua en Natri la:

en co anh sang o da cam. Hieu suat phat sang len en 190lm/W.

Tuoi tho cao, khoang 8000 gi.

b) en Natri cao ap

Co the lam viec ap suat hi va nhiet o cao hn (10000C).

en co anh sang trang.

Hieu qua chieu sang len en 120lm/W.

Tuoi tho cao, khoang 10 000 gi.

3


c) en halogen kim loai

en halogen kim loai s dung hon hp hi

thuy ngan va halogen. Cac dac trng cua en la:

Hieu suat chieu sang la 95lm/W.

Tuoi tho khoang 4000 gi.

Dai cong suat (250 2000)W

d) en thy ngan cao ap

Co the lam viec ap suat hi va nhiet o cao hn (10000C).

en co anh sang trang.

Hieu qua chieu sang len en 120lm/W.

Tuoi tho cao, khoang 10 000 gi.

ien tr noi tiep

ien cc phu

ui en Niken

ien cc chnh

Ong phong ien

ien cc chnh

Hi argon - thuy ngan

Gia

U ~

Chan lu

Noi chan lu song song neu en

700 1000W

C

en thuy ngan

cao ap

4


e) en huynh quang thuy ngan thap ap

Cau tao bao gom mot ong thuy tinh m trong o cha argon va mot lng rat

nho thuy ngan. Tren thanh ong trang lp bot phat quang (phot-pho) phat ra

anh sang trang, thay oi vat lieu bot phat quang se cho ra cac mau khac

nhau.

Cau tao en huynh quang thuy ngan

Hi argon + thuy ngan Vo ca-tot Gia si nung

ui en Thuy nganLp phu

phot-pho

Ca-totDay dan

S o mach ien en huynh quang thuy ngan

Chan lu

Tu ien

Ong huynh quang

Tac-te

U ~

Chan lu

Ong huynh quang

Tac-te

U ~Ong huynh quang

Tac-te

Chan lu

Cac ac tnh cua loai en nay nh

sau:

- Hieu suat phat sang (40 60)lm/W. - Tuoi tho khoang 7000 gi.

5


f. en pha

e chieu sang xa va manh ta dung cac en pha.

Cau tao gom cac phan :

- He thong quang hoc (gng cau parabol)

- Nguon sang (cac loai en).

- Vo va hop ieu khien

6

H THNG NH SNG TN HIU

3.1. He thong en hanh trnh.(ch s dung khi tau chay)

en hanh trnh la mot loai en tn hieu c s dung khi tau hanh trnh trong

em hoac khi co sng mu. Nhn vao bo tr he thong cac en hanh trnh tau ban ma

s quan hang hai nhan biet tau o ang i theo hng nao so vi tau ta e quyet

nh phng an tranh va tot nhat.

So lng, v tr, va cong suat cua en hanh trnh tren tau c qui nh bi To

chc Hang hai Quoc te (International Maritime Organisation) - IMO va Cuc hang hai

cac nc. Tuy nhien bo tr chung cua en hanh trnh nh sau:

- Nam v tr la mui tau, cot chnh, man trai, phai, va uoi tau.

- Cac en man co mau o ben trai va xanh ben phai. Cac en khac co mau trang.

ay la loai en si ot ac biet (chu c rung lac c hoc, chu c anh hng

cua moi trng, ) co cong suat 65W (co the s dung 40W, 60W). Nguon cho en hang hai c cap t mot bang ien phu rieng, bang ien nay

c cap t hai nguon, mot nguon t bang ien chnh va mot nguon t bang ien s

co.

Do yeu cau ve an toan oi vi en hanh trnh ma tai moi v tr thng c lap 2

en: mot en chnh (220V) va mot en s co ( co the dung ien 220 V giong en

chnh hoac dung 24V). Khi en chnh b hong th en s co t ong sang len.

Trang thai cua en (hoat ong bnh thng, hong) phai c ch th tren panel

ieu khien trong buong lai. Khi en hong phai co bao ong bang en ch th va

chuong e ngi s dung biet e thay the.

7

H THNG NH SNG TN HIU

Mui tau

en

neo lai

Man trai

va phai

Cot chnh

uoi

tau

Suze

en neo

mui

11205

11205

2250

2250

1350

Bo tr he thong en hanh trnh va goc chieu sang

8

en tn hieu.

en neo c s dung e bao kch thc tau khi neo au va bao gom hai en: en

neo mui va en neo lai, vi tau co chieu dai tren 150m th bo tr them mot en neo

khoang gia than tau. en neo cung la loai en si ot co cau tao ac biet chu c

rung lac va anh hng cua moi trng bien. en neo khong b han che ve goc.

- en neo anh sang trang, chieu sang 360 o, sang khi tau tha neo vao ban em.

- en s co anh sang o, co 1 hoac 2 bong oi xng nhau qua cot chnh.

- en lai dat sang khi lai dat tau khac, en nay co mau theo quy nh tng nc.

- en hoa tieu, en qua kenh ao, en mat chu ong - Cac en nay en c cap nguon qua cong tac 2 cc at tai bang en tn hieu

trong buong lai

- en NUC (Not Under Command) s dung hai en o c at cach nhau toi thieu

2m theo chieu thang ng. en nay c trang b 2 he thong oc lap: mot c cap

nguon 220VAC t bang ien s co, mot c cap nguon 24VDC s co.

9

H THNG T NG KIM TRA

10

H THNG T NG KIM TRA

1. Chc nng:

He thong t ong kiem tra va bao ong thong so buong may co cac chc nang c ban sau:

Phat hien va bao ong bang en, coi cac thong so vt qua gia tr nh mc. o va hien th cac thong so quan trong. Bao cam bien t cap, cham mat. Thc hien bao ve cac thiet b ien khi xay ra s co. D bao va thong bao hong hoc, a ra nguyen nhan va hng x ly. Ghi nhat ky. Hai chc nang au tien la c ban va bat buoc phai co.

2. Yeu cu:

Ngoai cac yeu cau chung cho thiet b tau thuy, he thong t ong kiem tra va bao ong

con phai thoa man cac yeu cau sau:

Phai hoat ong tin cay chnh xac, khong c bao ong sai, bao ong nham, bao ong sot, khong b anh hng cua nhieu.

Thuat toan bao ong phai ro rang, phan biet c cac thong so a bao ong va a c chap nhan vi cac thong so ang bao ma cha c chap nhan.

Phai co chc nang th he thong (toi thieu la th c en va coi). Bo tr cac thong so phai hp ly (theo nhom e de dang quan ly va nhan biet s co thiet b nao).

Phai c nuoi t t nhat t hai nguon: nguon chnh (t li ien tau) va nguon s co (24V t ac-qui).

De dang bao dng sa cha. 11

H THNG T NG KIM TRA

Thut ton: Thuat toan c ban cua mot thong so kiem tra bao ong co the mo ta nh sau: Khi khong co s co, en khong sang, coi khong keu. Khi xay ra s co, sau mot thi gian tre cho phep (neu co), en nhay, coi keu. Ngi van hanh quan sat va xac nh chnh xac thong so b s co, an nut chap nhan

s co (Accepted/Reset/Ackowledge), coi tat, en chuyen sang sang lien tuc ghi nh s

co.

Sau khi s co c x ly xong, en tat, he thong tr lai trang thai bnh thng. Mot so he thong hien ai co kha nang ghi nhan lai thi gian xay ra s co, thi gian

reset, xac nh nguyen nhan s co va a ra hng giai quyet, lu gi d lieu, thc

hien tac ong bao ve thiet b lien quan,

Trang thai en en quay Coi

Bnh thng Tat Tat Khong keu

S co Nhay Sang & quay Keu

Nhan biet s co Sang lien tuc Tat Khong keu

Het s co Tat Tat Khong keu

12

H THNG T NG KIM TRA

Accept/

Test

Cam bien

ON/OFF

Ghi

nhat ky

Thong tin

Bao ong

So sanh

Bien oiCam bien

tng tCh th

Bao ve

S o chc nang

H thng Scadar tu thy

13

S H THNG T NG KIM TRA V BO NG T

HO

NG

SO

TA

C

O

NG

T

C T

H

I

TH

ON

G S

O

CO

TR

E

TH

ON

G S

O O

N/O

FF

DO

NG

4-2

0m

A

IE

N T

R

TH

ON

G S

O T

NG

T

CA

P N

HIE

T

NG

AU

SS/

DELAY

R/I(F)

U/I(F)

K

SS/

DELAYK

K

CH TH

CH TH

CH TH

TRIGER

TRIGER

SS/

DELAY

SS/

DELAY

TRIGER

TRIGER

CLOCK

TRIGER

R

R

R

R

R

L

BZ

LAMP TESTRESET

THIET B

GIAM SAT

TRUYEN

TINBAO VE

14

S H THNG T NG KIM TRA V BO NG

15

S H THNG T NG KIM TRA V BO NG

16

H THNG BO CHY

Khi nim.

Trn tu thu mi trng lm vic khc ngit, tc nhn chy tn ti rt nhiu. Hu qu ca

sa chy rt nguy him, gy thit hi ln v ti sn, tnh mng con ngi v tu. C 3 yu

t hnh thnh s chy : Vt chy Oxy Ngun nhit. Vt chy ch yu l du, gi,

cc kh d chy n, xp cch nhit, Oxy tn ti xung quanh ta m bo s sng. Do

vy nguy c sinh chy rt cao, ch cn mt s sut pht sinh ngun nhit c th gy

chy. Do vy theo quy nh ca ng kim th trn tt c cc tu hin nay u phi c h

thng bo chy t ng. c bit l trn cc gin khoan, tu cha du, tu kh ho lng,

gas th i hi rt cao.

cm bin s chy th ngi ta dng cc cm bin: C hai loi l cm bin nhit v

cm bin khi, hai yu t sinh ra khi c s chy.

nhanh chng nhn bit khu vc c chy th h thng phi chia ra lm cc knh khc

nhau cho tng khu vc khc nhau. Tu kch thc v kt cu v tnh cht ca tu m h

thng c nhiu hay t cc khu vc v s lng cm bin khc nhau.

cha chy ngi ta trang b cc trm kh CO2, hoc bt FOAM. Vic iu khin cha

chy tp trung bng cch cp in cho cc van in t x tc nhn cha chy vo khu

vc c chy. Trc khi x kh cha chy phi c tn hiu bo ng cho ngi bit. Thng

i km l h thng cc ca kn nc, trc khi x kh cha chy, ng cc ca ny cch

ly khu vc chy.

17

H THNG BO CHY

Cc yu cu v chc nng .

H thng phi c t nht hai ngun cung cp, AC v DC. Ngun chnh mt th t ng

chuyn sang ngun s c ng thi c tn hiu bo ng bng m thanh v nh sng.

H thng phi c cc nt nhn bng tay t ti nhng khu vc cng cng nh hnh lang, ca

bung my, bung li,

Cc tn hiu bo ng bng m thanh v nh sng phi c bit d phn bit vi cc tn

hiu bo ng khc. Cc chung bo ng v n phi c sn mu .

Khi c tn hiu bo chy th h thng phi c tn hiu ct tt c cc bm du, qut thng gi

hoc phi c cc trm dng s c tt c cc thit b ny ng thi phi c tn hiu bo khu

vc chy.

Phi c chc nng test h thng bo chy.

Phi c chc nng bo li trong h thng bo chy nh : chm mass, ngn mch, t cp,

mt cm bin.

Phi c chc nng reset h thng bo chy.

Phi c nt test n, ci.

Phi c chc nng tt bo ng, xc nhn s c.

(Cc yu cu c th xem thm quy nh ng kim)

18

CU TRC H THNG BO CHY

BAO KHU VUC CHAY

KHOI XU LY TIN HIEU TRUNG TAM

BAO SU CO MACH

NGAT BOM DAU, QUAT GIO

BAO DONG CHUNG

COI HU, DEN QUAY,

CHUONG

KENH BAO

CHAY 1

KENH BAO

CHAY 2

KENH BAO

CHAY n

NGUON CAPAC

DC

- H thng gm cc knh bo chy

t 1-n, tu thuc vo kch thc tu

m s knh ny c th t vi n vi

chc. S lng cm bin t vi chc

n vi trm.

- B ngun cp gm hai ngun AC

v DC. C bo ng khi mt mt

trong hai ngun trn.

- Khi bo ng chung gm c

chung ,ci h, n quay.

- Khi s l tn hiu trung tm pht

hin chy ti tng khu vc, pht

hin cc li trong h thng nh t

cp, chm chp,

- Khi c tn hiu chy h thng xut

tn hiu ra ngt cc bm du, qut

gi, iu ho khng kh chung ton

tu.

19

CM BIN CHY

a. Cm bin nhit: Phm vi hot ng trong khong 65-90 C

b. Cm bin tc gia nhit: Dng trong cc khu vc nguy him, c nguy c chy cao

nh trn cc tu du, kho sn, Cm bin tc tng nhit ti khu vc t. Mc d nhit

thp, nhng tc tng nhit qu nhanh, thay i gi tr, tc ng n trung tm( Rate

of rise) c. Cm bin khi

20

TN HIU CHY V TRUNG TM X L TN HIU

Tn hiu bo chy:

Tn hiu bo ng khi c chy c t ti nhng ni ng ngi, v d bung li, bung

my, cc hnh lang, cu lc b,..

Tn hiu bo ng gm chung, ci n, chng c sn mu d nhn bit. Trn nhiu

tu khi c tn hiu bo ng chy th c tn hiu gi qua h thng bo ng chung ton tu.

Trung tm x l tn hiu.

Tp trung tn hiu t cc mch bo chy cc khu vc, x l tn hiu v pht ra cc tn hiu

cn thit.

Trung tm c th ch to bng cc rle, cc mch bn dn, vix l.

Trn trung tm x l c cc n bo chy ch r tng khu vc bo chy, ngoi ra cn c cc

nt n, cng tc chc nng, gm:

Cng tc th chc nng chy.

Cng tc tt ci bo ng.

Cng tc tt bo ng trc trc h thng nh mt ngun, t cp, chm chp h

thng.

Nt n Reset h thng.

Nt n hoc cng tc th n, ci bo ng.

Aptomt cp ngun.

ng h o in p,

21

TN HIU CHY V TRUNG TM X L TN HIU

22

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