Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/12/14
1
Gastroenterology/ Hematology
Sing-‐Yi Feng, M.D., F.A.A.P Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Medical Toxicologist UT Southwestern Dallas, Texas
Overview
• GI – HepaHc – Pancreas – AnH-‐moHlity – Inflammatory Bowel Meds
• Heme – AnHplatelet – AnHcoagulants – Procoagulants – ThrombolyHc – ErythropoieHn
SecreHons and Muscarinic Receptors
Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies 9th ediHon, Fig. 25-‐1
8/12/14
2
Regulatory Substances in GI tract
Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th ediHon, Table 25-‐1
SelecHve IgA deficiency-‐ Drug Associated
• Certain drugs can cause a transient IgA deficiency – AnH-‐inflammatory agents – Sulfasalazine – Hydantoin – Cyclosporine – Gold – Fenclofenac – Valproic acid – Captopril
Selected drugs that undergo primary syntheHc Phase II biotransformaHon
• GlucuronidaHon : – Valproic acid – Lamotrigine – Opioids – APAP – Irinotecan – 5-‐FU – Chloramphenicol
• AcetylaHon: – INH – Hydrazines – Sulfonamide – Dapsone A – Amonafidine
8/12/14
3
Hepatotoxin ClassificaHon Scheme
Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures .Sullivan and Kreiger.2001 .Figure18.3.pg 236.
HepaHc Toxophysiology • Ingested toxins: enter via portal blood • Inhaled and dermal toxins: enter via hepaHc artery
Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures.Sullivan and Kreiger.2001.Figure18.1.pg 234.
Zone 1 (periportal): highest O2,highest glycogen, highest mitochondria concentraHon, Krebs cycle, more protein synthesis
Zone 2 (intermediate)
Zone 3 (centrilobar or peripheral): Lowest O2 tension, Glycogen storage, fat formaHon, CYP 450
Zonal Hepatotoxicity • Zone 1 (periportal): Phosphorus, Iron, Allyl formate,
P. Vulgarus endotoxin
• Zone 2 (intermediate or midzonal): Beryllium, Ngaione
• Zone 3 (centrilobar or peripheral): Bromobenzene, halothane carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, APAP, paraquat, chlorinated hydrocarbons
-‐ *Think 2E1 metabolites *
8/12/14
4
Steatosis
• Macrovesicular: Nucleus displaced by intracellular fat accumulaHon
-‐ Ethanol, Amiodarone -‐ Amiodarone has lamellated intralysomal phospholipid inclusion bodies, ethanol doesn’t
• Microvesicular: No nuclear displacement by fat; *failed β oxidaBon, more severe
Microvesicular steatosis
• Tetracycline • Margosa oil • Valproic acid • Nucleoside inhibitors • Hypoglycin • Cerulide • Aflatoxin • Dimethylformamide (DMF)
HepaHc Veno-‐Occlusive Disease
• RadiaHon, AnHneoplasHcs (Cyclophosphamide) • Pyrrolinizide alkaloid plants -‐ Symphytum species (Comfrey tea) -‐ Heliotropium, Senecio (Ragwort) -‐ Crotalaria (Bush teas)
8/12/14
5
Buzzword HepaHHs
• Peliosis HepaBBs: Sinusoidal dilaHon, large blood filled caviHes : Androgenic Steroids
• Vitamin A Toxicity :Increased fat content of sinusoidal Ito cells with increased collagen formaHon
XenobioHc Autoimmune Liver Injury
• Covalent binding of reacBve electrophile with hepatocellular protein creates an adduct
• APAP, minocycline, halothane, dihydrazine, phenytoin, germander
Toxin-‐HepaHHs Immunomarkers
• Halothane : anH-‐trifluoroacetylated proteins • Iproniaziad : anH-‐mitochondrial type 6 autoanHbody (anH-‐M6)
• Tienilic acid: AnH-‐liver kidney type 2 autoanHbody (anH-‐LKM2) autoanHbody
• Dihydralazine: anHliver microsomal assay • Immunoallergic drug hepaHHs: Lymphocyte proliferaHon assay
8/12/14
6
Drug HypersensiHvity HepaHHs
• Halothane hepaHHs • Trimethoprim-‐sulfamethazole • AnHconvulsants • Allopurinol
Drug induced Cholestasis Without HepaHHs
• Estrogens/OCPs • Anabolic Steroids • Cyclosporin • 4,4’-‐methylenedianiline (Epping Jaundice) • Rapeseed oil aniline (Spanish toxic oil syndrome)
• Alpha-‐napthyl-‐isothiocyanate (ANIT) –acute cholangiHs with PMN infiltraHon
Drug HypersensiHvity Cholestasis
• Chlorpromazine • Erythromycin • Penicillin • Rifampin • Sulfonamides
8/12/14
7
OccupaHonal chemical Cholestasis
• Toluene diisocyanate • Methylenediamine • Paraquat
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
• Methylsergide • Stephania tetrandra (TCM) • Magnolia officinalis (TCM) • BromocripHne • LSD
Exocrine PancreaHHs
8/12/14
8
Exocrine PancreaHHs
• Tityus trinita+s • (Central/South American scorpion)
XenobioHc Endocrine PancreaHHs
• Alpha: Cobalt, Biguanide, Diguanide • Beta: Aflatoxin, Androgens, Cyclizine, Cyproheptadine, Diazoxide, Glucagon, Epinephrine, Growth Hormone, Pentamidine, Streptozocin, Sulfonamides, Vacor, Zinc Chelators
Pancrelipase (Pancrease)
• IndicaHon: MalabsorpHon Syndrome • Chronic use in CysHc Fibrosis * Fibrosing Colonopathy: abdominal pain, distension, consHpaHon
8/12/14
9
Inflammatory Bowel Meds
• Mesalamine, Sulfasalazine • Immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-‐MP, infliximab)
• Steroids • AnHbioHcs
Mesalamine
• Salicylate based • Metabolism: acetylaHon = n-‐acetyl-‐ 5-‐ASA • Topical bowel anH-‐inflammatory • AE: HA/Diarrhea • OD: low likelihood salicylate toxicity
Sulfasalazine
• Sulfa + salicylate ( 5-‐ASA) • Colonic bacteria split sulfa to free 5-‐ASA • 5-‐ASA Not absorbed in colon • AE: due to sulfapyridine *** decreased ferBlity, abnormal sperm *** folate inhibitor Other AE: HA, n/v/d, rashes
8/12/14
10
Azathioprine and 6-‐MP
Nature Reviews Cancer 8, 24-‐36 (January 2008)
6-‐thioguanine (6-‐TG)
hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
thiopurine S-‐methyltransferase
xanthine oxidase
thiopurine S-‐methyltransferase
Azathioprine/6MP Adverse effects
• InfecHon • Myelosuppression, Leukemia • GI: diarrhea,mucosiHs • Pregnancy D, NOT OK in Breasoeeding • Congenital anomalies: including polydactyly, plagiocephaly, congenital heart disease, hypospadias, and bilateral talipes equinovarus have occurred
• Monitoring: CBC and Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) acBvity
Hemostasis Pediatric Emergency Medicine Reports V14 N3 March 2009
8/12/14
11
AnHplatelets
Pharmacology Corner Flavio Guzmán, M.D. on 9/24/09
ADP Inhibitors
Ticlopidine • 3-‐5 days onset • 2C19 • AE: rash, neutropenia, TTP • Severe OD: reversal with
platelet transfusion
Clopidogrel • 2 hrs onset • 2C19, 3A, B6 and CYP1A2 • SS: 3-‐7 days • AE: bleeding, rash • 1 case report of HSP, TTP • Severe OD: reversal with
platelet transfusion
Drug Induced Thrombocytopenia
8/12/14
12
OccupaHonal Isolated Toxic Thrombocytopenia
• Immune: Toluene diisocyanate • Megakaryocyte hypoplasia: Dieldrin, Pyrethrin, Lindane, DDT
Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors
• Heparin: UFH ,LMWH (3,000-‐30,000 daltons) • Factor XA Inhibitors: Indirect/Direct • Vitamin K antagonist: Warfarin
8/12/14
13
Heparin
Most sensiHve to inhibiHon of ATIII/Heparin complex
Thrombin
Increased ATIII-‐thrombin (IIA) Rx 100-‐1000 fold
Protamine Sulfate
• Derived from male salmon gonads • Binds heparin, ↓interacHon with AT III • 1mg/unit heparin • Heparin rebound • ContraindicaHon: Allergy ( DM with AB due to protamine containing insulin)
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia
• Type I =Platelets ↓ • Type II = AnBplatelet IgG anBbodies Platelet 4 protein, paradoxical thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, 1 wk aser RX
• Primarily UFH, possible but less likely with LMWH
• All UFH/LMWH contraindicated in future, must use direct thrombin
8/12/14
14
LMWH
Choices • Ardeparin (Normiflo): • Daltaparen (Fragmin): • Enoxaparen (Lovenox): • Tinzoparin (Innohep):
Mechanism • AnH thrombin III mediated • SelecHve inhibiHon Xa and
to a lesser extent IIa
Factor XA Inhibitors
• Fondaparinux (Arixtra): Indirect, syntheHc pentasaccharide, selecHve Factor Xa inhibitor
• Rivaroxaban (Xarelto): Direct, oral, selecHve factor Xa inhibitor
• Apaxiban (Eliquis): Direct, oral, selecHve factor Xa inhibitor
8/12/14
15
Warfarin
Vitamin K epoxide reductase C1
Mayo Clinic Proceedings July 2010 85 (10)
Vitamin K(H2) Quinol Reduced (AcHve)
Warfarin
Reduced
AcHve InacHve
Vitamin K1 (Phytonadione)
• ½ life : 2 hrs • Oral: mephyton • IV: AquaMephyton • IV: only if lifethreat • (< 1mg/min) • AE: photosensiHvity, anaphylaxis
8/12/14
16
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors
• Hirudin (Refludan): Bivalent : Exosite 1, acHve site binding
• Bivalirudin: (Angiomax,Hirulog): Bivalent: exosite 1, acHve site binding
• Argatroban: Univalent: AcHve site only binding, N2-‐derivaHve of arginine
• Dabigatran (Pradaxa): Univalent: AcHve site ONLY binding
8/12/14
17
ThrombolyHcs
Thrombin specific fibrinolysis • Alteplase • Reteplase • Tenectaplase
Non specific fibrinolysis • Streptokinase • Urokinase Side effect: -‐Allergy rxn if re-‐exposure
Aminocaproic Acid
• Reversal of fibrinolyHcs • Analogue of the amino acid lysine • Inhibits plasminogen acHvators • Renal eliminaHon • AE: hypotension, rhabdomyolysis
8/12/14
18
ErythropoieHn
• SHmulate stem cells to mature RBCs • Side effects: ↑Hct, ↑plt acHvity, ↑systolic HTN
-‐Hyperviscosity, HTN, Thromboembolism • Chronic OD: Plethora, Black toes